1
καὶ ἤκουσαν οἱ θλίβοντες Ιουδα καὶ Βενιαμιν ὅτι οἱ υἱοὶ τῆς ἀποικίας οἰκοδομοῦσιν οἶκον τῷ κυρίῳ θεῷ Ισραηλ
And those who afflicted Judah and Benjamin heard that the sons of the exile were building a house to the Lord God of Israel.
The chapter opens by introducing the hostile observers whose reaction will shape the whole movement that follows.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤκουσανhearVAI AAI3P · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀκούω: meaning 'hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θλίβοντεςafflictingV1 · παπνπμ θλίβωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ θλίβω: meaning 'afflicting'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΙουδαJudahN ASM · Ἰουδάnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΒενιαμινBenjaminN ASM · Βενιαμίνnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΒενιαμιν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ὅτιotiC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'oti'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonN2 NPM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀποικίαςexileN1A GSF · ἀποικίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀποικία: meaning 'exile'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οἰκοδομοῦσινbuildV2 PAI3P · οἰκοδομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'build'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDN2 DSM · κύριοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
θεῷGodN2 DSM · θεόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
2
καὶ ἤγγισαν πρὸς Ζοροβαβελ καὶ πρὸς τοὺς ἄρχοντας τῶν πατριῶν καὶ εἶπαν αὐτοῖς οἰκοδομήσομεν μεθ' ὑμῶν ὅτι ὡς ὑμεῖς ἐκζητοῦμεν τῷ θεῷ ὑμῶν καὶ αὐτῷ ἡμεῖς θυσιάζομεν ἀπὸ ἡμερῶν Ασαραδδων βασιλέως Ασσουρ τοῦ ἐνέγκαντος ἡμᾶς ὧδε
And they approached Zerubbabel and the heads of the ancestral houses and said to them, 'Let us build with you, for like you we seek your God, and to him we sacrifice from the days of Esarhaddon king of Assyria, who brought us up here.'
The adversaries present themselves as fellow worshipers and seek entry into the building project on terms that would blur covenant boundaries.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤγγισανeggizoVAI AAI3P · ἐγγίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἐγγίζω: meaning 'eggizo'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΖοροβαβελZerubbabelN ASM · Ζοροβαβελnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΖοροβαβελ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρχονταςleaderN3 APM · ἄρχωνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄρχων: meaning 'leader'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατριῶνfather-houseN1A GPF · πατριάgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπατριά: meaning 'father-house'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπανeiponVAI AAI3P · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'eipon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοῖςhisRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οἰκοδομήσομενbuildVF FAI1P · οἰκοδομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'build'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μεθ'afterP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμεθ': meaning 'after'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὑμῶνsuRP GP · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'su'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὅτιotiC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'oti'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑμεῖςsuRP NP · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὑμεῖς: meaning 'su'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκζητοῦμενzeteo + ekV2 PAI1P · ζητέω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processζητέω + ἐκ: meaning 'zeteo + ek'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεῷGodN2 DSM · θεόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὑμῶνsuRP GP · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'su'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτῷhisRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἡμεῖςmeRP NP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἡμεῖς: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
θυσιάζομενsacrificeV1 PAI1P · θυσιάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processθυσιάζω: meaning 'sacrifice'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἡμερῶνdayN1A GPF · ἡμέραgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΑσαραδδωνEsarhaddonN GSM · Ασαραδδωνnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑσαραδδων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΑσσουρAssourN GSM · Ασσουρnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑσσουρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνέγκαντοςenegkantosVAI AAPGSMFE/RWverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participial qualificationἐνέγκαντος: meaning 'enegkantos'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡμᾶςmeRP AP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὧδεhereD · ὧδεadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὧδε: meaning 'here'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
3
καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτοὺς Ζοροβαβελ καὶ Ἰησοῦς καὶ οἱ κατάλοιποι τῶν ἀρχόντων τῶν πατριῶν τοῦ Ισραηλ οὐχ ἡμῖν καὶ ὑμῖν τοῦ οἰκοδομῆσαι οἶκον τῷ θεῷ ἡμῶν ὅτι ἡμεῖς αὐτοὶ ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ οἰκοδομήσομεν τῷ κυρίῳ θεῷ ἡμῶν ὡς ἐνετείλατο ἡμῖν Κῦρος ὁ βασιλεὺς Περσῶν
But Zerubbabel and Jeshua and the rest of the heads of the ancestral houses of Israel said to them, 'It is not for us and you together to build a house for our God; rather, we ourselves alone will build to the Lord our God, as Cyrus king of the Persians commanded us.'
Judah's leaders reject the offer and define the rebuilding as a task entrusted specifically to them under Cyrus' command.
Word-by-word analysis· 44 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενeiponVBI AAI3S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'eipon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτοὺςhisRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ΖοροβαβελZerubbabelN NSM · Ζοροβαβελnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΖοροβαβελ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἸησοῦςJeshuaN NSM · Ἰησοῦςnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationἸησοῦς: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατάλοιποιrestA1B NPM · κατάλοιποςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκατάλοιπος: meaning 'rest'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχόντωνleaderN3 GPM · ἄρχωνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄρχων: meaning 'leader'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατριῶνfather-houseN1A GPF · πατριάgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπατριά: meaning 'father-house'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
οὐχouD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐχ: meaning 'ou'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμῖνmeRP DP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑμῖνsuRP DP · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'su'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκοδομῆσαιbuildVA AAN · οἰκοδομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'build'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεῷGodN2 DSM · θεόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἡμῶνmeRP GP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὅτιotiC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'oti'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμεῖςmeRP NP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἡμεῖς: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
αὐτοὶhisRD NPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὶ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτὸhisRD ASN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οἰκοδομήσομενbuildVF FAI1P · οἰκοδομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'build'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDN2 DSM · κύριοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
θεῷGodN2 DSM · θεόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἡμῶνmeRP GP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνετείλατοtello + enVAI AMI3S · τέλλω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristτέλλω + ἐν: meaning 'tello + en'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡμῖνmeRP DP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ΚῦροςCyrusN2 NSM · Κῦροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant identificationΚῦρος: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΠερσῶνPersianN1M GPM · Πέρσηςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationΠερσῶν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
4
καὶ ἦν ὁ λαὸς τῆς γῆς ἐκλύων τὰς χεῖρας τοῦ λαοῦ Ιουδα καὶ ἐνεπόδιζον αὐτοὺς τοῦ οἰκοδομεῖν
Then the people of the land were weakening the hands of the people of Judah and hindering them from building,
After exclusion, the people of the land turn to weakening and obstructing the builders directly.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνbeV9 IAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'be'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐκλύωνweakeningV1 · παπνσμ λύω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ λύω + ἐκ: meaning 'weakening'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραςhandN3 APF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleN2 GSM · λαόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΙουδαJudahN GSM · Ἰουδάnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνεπόδιζονpodizo + enV1I IAI3P · ποδίζω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processποδίζω + ἐν: meaning 'podizo + en'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοὺςhisRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκοδομεῖνbuildV2 PAN · οἰκοδομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'build'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
5
καὶ μισθούμενοι ἐπ' αὐτοὺς βουλευόμενοι τοῦ διασκεδάσαι βουλὴν αὐτῶν πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας Κύρου βασιλέως Περσῶν καὶ ἕως βασιλείας Δαρείου βασιλέως Περσῶν
and hiring counselors against them to scatter their plan all the days of Cyrus king of the Persians, even until the reign of Darius king of the Persians.
The harassment becomes organized counsel and bureaucratic pressure designed to dissolve Judah's plans over time.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μισθούμενοιpmpnpm misthooV4 · πμπνπμ μισθόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνπμ μισθόω: meaning 'pmpnpm misthoo'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτοὺςhisRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
βουλευόμενοιpmpnpm bouleuoV1 · πμπνπμ βουλεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνπμ βουλεύω: meaning 'pmpnpm bouleuo'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διασκεδάσαιskedazo + diaVA AAN · σκεδάζω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementσκεδάζω + δια: meaning 'skedazo + dia'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
βουλὴνbouleN1 ASF · βουλήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβουλή: meaning 'boule'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πάσαςeveryA1S APF · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'every'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdayN1A APF · ἡμέραaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ΚύρουCyrusN2 GSM · Κῦροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationΚύρου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΠερσῶνPersianN1M GPM · Πέρσηςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationΠερσῶν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἕωςeosD · ἕωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: meaning 'eos'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βασιλείαςkingdomN1A GSF · βασιλείαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβασιλεία: meaning 'kingdom'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΔαρείουDariusN2 GSM · Δαρεῖοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationΔαρείου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΠερσῶνPersianN1M GPM · Πέρσηςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationΠερσῶν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
6
καὶ ἐν βασιλείᾳ Ασουηρου ἐν ἀρχῇ βασιλείας αὐτοῦ ἔγραψαν ἐπιστολὴν ἐπὶ οἰκοῦντας Ιουδα καὶ Ιερουσαλημ
And in the reign of Ahasuerus, at the beginning of his reign, they wrote an accusation against the inhabitants of Judah and Jerusalem.
The narrative broadens chronologically to show that hostility to Jerusalem persisted across reigns and took written form.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
βασιλείᾳkingdomN1A DSF · βασιλείαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceβασιλεία: meaning 'kingdom'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ΑσουηρουAhasuerusN2 GSM · Ασουηροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationΑσουηρου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀρχῇbeginningN1 DSF · ἀρχήdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀρχή: meaning 'beginning'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
βασιλείαςkingdomN1A GSF · βασιλείαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβασιλεία: meaning 'kingdom'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔγραψανwriteVAI AAI3P · γράφωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγράφω: meaning 'write'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπιστολὴνletterN1 ASF · ἐπιστολήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐπιστολή: meaning 'letter'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
οἰκοῦνταςdwellingV2 · παπαπμ οἰκέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπαπμ οἰκέω: meaning 'dwelling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΙουδαJudahN GSM · Ἰουδάnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN GSF · Ἰερουσαλήμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
7
καὶ ἐν ἡμέραις Αρθασασθα ἔγραψεν ἐν εἰρήνῃ Μιθραδάτῃ Ταβεηλ σὺν καὶ τοῖς λοιποῖς συνδούλοις αὐτοῦ πρὸς Αρθασασθα βασιλέα Περσῶν ἔγραψεν ὁ φορολόγος γραφὴν Συριστὶ καὶ ἡρμηνευμένην
And in the days of Artaxerxes, Mithradates wrote in peace to Tabeel, along with the rest of his fellow servants, to Artaxerxes king of the Persians. The document was written in Aramaic and translated.
The chapter introduces the machinery of imperial communication, where opposition becomes formal documentation.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἡμέραιςdayN1A DPF · ἡμέραdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ΑρθασασθαArtaxerxesN GSM · Αρθασασθαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑρθασασθα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἔγραψενwriteVAI AAI3S · γράφωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγράφω: meaning 'write'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
εἰρήνῃpeaceN1 DSF · εἰρήνηdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceεἰρήνη: meaning 'peace'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ΜιθραδάτῃMithradatesN1M DSM · Μιθραδάτηςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ participant identificationΜιθραδάτῃ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ΤαβεηλTabeelN NSM · Ταβεηλnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΤαβεηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
σὺνsunP · σύνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingσὺν: meaning 'sun'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
καὶandD · καίadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιποῖςloiposA1 DPM · λοιπόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceλοιπός: meaning 'loipos'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
συνδούλοιςfellow servantN2 DPM · σύνδουλοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσύνδουλος: meaning 'fellow servant'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΑρθασασθαArtaxerxesN ASM · Αρθασασθαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑρθασασθα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
βασιλέαkingN3V ASM · βασιλεύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ΠερσῶνPersianN1M GPM · Πέρσηςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationΠερσῶν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἔγραψενwriteVAI AAI3S · γράφωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγράφω: meaning 'write'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φορολόγοςdocumentN2 NSM · φορολόγοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφορολόγος: meaning 'document'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γραφὴνgrapheN1 ASF · γραφήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγραφή: meaning 'graphe'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ΣυριστὶAramaicN DS · Συριστίnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣυριστὶ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡρμηνευμένηνchppasph ermeneuoVM · χππασφ ἑρμηνεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχππασφ ἑρμηνεύω: meaning 'chppasph ermeneuo'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
8
Ραουμ βααλταμ καὶ Σαμσαι ὁ γραμματεὺς ἔγραψαν ἐπιστολὴν μίαν κατὰ Ιερουσαλημ τῷ Αρθασασθα βασιλεῖ
Rehum the governor and Shimshai the scribe wrote one letter against Jerusalem to King Artaxerxes, as follows:
The named officials stand at the front of the accusation, giving it governmental weight.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ΡαουμRaoumN NSM · Ραουμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΡαουμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
βααλταμBaaltamN NSM · βααλταμadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastβααλταμ: meaning 'Baaltam'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΣαμσαιSamsaiN NSM · Σαμσαιnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣαμσαι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γραμματεὺςscribeN3V NSM · γραμματεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγραμματεύς: meaning 'scribe'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἔγραψανwriteVAI AAI3P · γράφωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγράφω: meaning 'write'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπιστολὴνletterN1 ASF · ἐπιστολήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐπιστολή: meaning 'letter'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μίανoneA1A ASF · εἷςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ measure or countμίαν: meaning 'one'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN ASF · Ἰερουσαλήμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑρθασασθαArtaxerxesN DSM · Αρθασασθαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑρθασασθα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
βασιλεῖkingN3V DSM · βασιλεύςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
9
τάδε ἔκρινεν Ραουμ βααλταμ καὶ Σαμσαι ὁ γραμματεὺς καὶ οἱ κατάλοιποι σύνδουλοι ἡμῶν Διναῖοι Αφαρσαθαχαῖοι Ταρφαλλαῖοι Αφαρσαῖοι Αρχυαῖοι Βαβυλώνιοι Σουσαναχαῖοι οἵ εἰσιν Ηλαμαῖοι
Then Rehum the governor and Shimshai the scribe and the rest of their fellow servants, the Dinaeans, the Apharsathachaeans, the Tarpelites, the Apharsites, the Archevites, the Babylonians, the Shushanchites, that is, the Elamites,
The letter identifies a coalition of transplanted peoples, presenting the complaint as broad regional consensus.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
τάδεodeRD NPN · ὅδεpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτάδε: meaning 'ode'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔκρινενkrinoVAI AAI3S · κρίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρίνω: meaning 'krino'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΡαουμRaoumN NSM · Ραουμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΡαουμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
βααλταμBaaltamN NSM · βααλταμadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastβααλταμ: meaning 'Baaltam'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΣαμσαιSamsaiN NSM · Σαμσαιnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣαμσαι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γραμματεὺςscribeN3V NSM · γραμματεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγραμματεύς: meaning 'scribe'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατάλοιποιrestA1B NPM · κατάλοιποςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκατάλοιπος: meaning 'rest'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σύνδουλοιfellow servantN2 NPM · σύνδουλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσύνδουλος: meaning 'fellow servant'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡμῶνmeRP GP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ΔιναῖοιDinaeansN NPM · Διναῖοιnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΔιναῖοι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ΑφαρσαθαχαῖοιApharsathachaeansN NPM · Αφαρσαθαχαῖοιnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑφαρσαθαχαῖοι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ΤαρφαλλαῖοιTarpelitesN NPM · Ταρφαλλαῖοιnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΤαρφαλλαῖοι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ΑφαρσαῖοιApharsitesN NPM · Αφαρσαῖοιnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑφαρσαῖοι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ΑρχυαῖοιArchevitesN NPM · Αρχυαῖοιnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑρχυαῖοι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ΒαβυλώνιοιBabulonioiN NPM · Βαβυλώνιοςnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΒαβυλώνιοι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ΣουσαναχαῖοιShushanchitesN NPM · Σουσαναχαῖοιnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣουσαναχαῖοι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
οἵwhoRR NPM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceοἵ: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἰσινbeV9 PAI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΗλαμαῖοιElamitesN NPM · Ηλαμαῖοιnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΗλαμαῖοι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
10
καὶ οἱ κατάλοιποι ἐθνῶν ὧν ἀπῴκισεν Ασενναφαρ ὁ μέγας καὶ ὁ τίμιος καὶ κατῴκισεν αὐτοὺς ἐν πόλεσιν τῆς Σομορων καὶ τὸ κατάλοιπον πέραν τοῦ ποταμοῦ
and the rest of the nations whom the great and noble Osnappar carried away and settled in the cities of Samaria and in the rest of the region Beyond the River, wrote also.
The resettled nations are tied to imperial relocation policy, clarifying the mixed population from which the complaint arises.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατάλοιποιrestA1B NPM · κατάλοιποςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκατάλοιπος: meaning 'rest'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐθνῶνnationN3E GPN · ἔθνοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὧνwhoRR GPN · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationὧν: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀπῴκισενcarry awayVAI AAI3S · οἰκίζω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristοἰκίζω + ἀπο: meaning 'carry away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΑσενναφαρOsnapparN NSM · Ασενναφαρnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑσενναφαρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μέγαςgreatA3 NSM · μέγαςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμέγας: meaning 'great'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τίμιοςnobleA1A NSM · τίμιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτίμιος: meaning 'noble'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατῴκισενoikizo + kataVAI AAI3S · οἰκίζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristοἰκίζω + κατα: meaning 'oikizo + kata'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοὺςhisRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πόλεσινcityN3I DPF · πόλιςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣομορωνSamariaN GSF · Σομορωνnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣομορων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατάλοιπονrestA1B ASN · κατάλοιποςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκατάλοιπος: meaning 'rest'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πέρανbeyondD · πέρανadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπέραν: meaning 'beyond'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποταμοῦriverN2 GSM · ποταμόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationποταμός: meaning 'river'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
11
αὕτη ἡ διαταγὴ τῆς ἐπιστολῆς ἧς ἀπέστειλαν πρὸς αὐτόν πρὸς Αρθασασθα βασιλέα παῖδές σου ἄνδρες πέραν τοῦ ποταμοῦ
This is the copy of the letter that they sent to him, to King Artaxerxes: 'Your servants, men of Beyond the River.'
The narrative now reproduces the substance of the accusation so the reader can hear the rhetoric directly.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
αὕτηoutosRD NSF · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὕτη: meaning 'outos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαταγὴcopyN1 NSF · διαταγήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδιαταγή: meaning 'copy'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιστολῆςletterN1 GSF · ἐπιστολήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἐπιστολή: meaning 'letter'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἧςwhoRR GSF · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἧς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀπέστειλανstello + apoVAI AAI3P · στέλλω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristστέλλω + ἀπο: meaning 'stello + apo'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτόνhisRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΑρθασασθαArtaxerxesN ASM · Αρθασασθαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑρθασασθα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
βασιλέαkingN3V ASM · βασιλεύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
παῖδέςservantsN3D NPM · παῖςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπαῖς: meaning 'servants'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουsuRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'su'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἄνδρεςmanN3 NPM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πέρανbeyondD · πέρανadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπέραν: meaning 'beyond'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποταμοῦriverN2 GSM · ποταμόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationποταμός: meaning 'river'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
12
γνωστὸν ἔστω τῷ βασιλεῖ ὅτι οἱ Ιουδαῖοι ἀναβάντες ἀπὸ σοῦ ἐφ' ἡμᾶς ἤλθοσαν εἰς Ιερουσαλημ τὴν πόλιν τὴν ἀποστάτιν καὶ πονηρὰν οἰκοδομοῦσιν καὶ τὰ τείχη αὐτῆς κατηρτισμένοι εἰσίν καὶ θεμελίους αὐτῆς ἀνύψωσαν
Let it be known to the king that the Jews who came up from you to us have come to Jerusalem; they are building the rebellious and wicked city, and its walls are being restored, and they have raised up its foundations.
The accusers frame the rebuilding as dangerous statecraft, describing Jerusalem in inflammatory political terms.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
γνωστὸνknownA1 ASN · γνωστόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγνωστός: meaning 'known'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔστωbeV9 PAD3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingN3V DSM · βασιλεύςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὅτιotiC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'oti'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδαῖοιJewsN2 NPM · Ἰουδαῖοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant identificationΙουδαῖοι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀναβάντεςaapnpm baino + anaVZ · ααπνπμ βαίνω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateααπνπμ βαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'aapnpm baino + ana'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σοῦsuRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'su'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐφ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐφ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἡμᾶςmeRP AP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἤλθοσανerchomaiVBI AAI3P · ἔρχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: meaning 'erchomai'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςeisP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'eis'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN ASF · Ἰερουσαλήμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλινcityN3I ASF · πόλιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀποστάτινrebelliousN3I ASF · ἀποστάτιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀποστάτις: meaning 'rebellious'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πονηρὰνwickedA1A ASF · πονηρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπονηρός: meaning 'wicked'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οἰκοδομοῦσινbuildV2 PAI3P · οἰκοδομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'build'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τείχηwallN3E NPN · τεῖχοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτεῖχος: meaning 'wall'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῆςhisRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κατηρτισμένοιchppnsm artizo + kataVT · χππνσμ ἀρτίζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχππνσμ ἀρτίζω + κατα: meaning 'chppnsm artizo + kata'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰσίνbeV9 PAI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θεμελίουςfoundationN2 APM · θεμέλιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθεμέλιος: meaning 'foundation'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςhisRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀνύψωσανupsoo + anaVA AAI3P · ὑψόω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὑψόω + ἀνα: meaning 'upsoo + ana'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
13
νῦν οὖν γνωστὸν ἔστω τῷ βασιλεῖ ὅτι ἐὰν ἡ πόλις ἐκείνη ἀνοικοδομηθῇ καὶ τὰ τείχη αὐτῆς καταρτισθῶσιν φόροι οὐκ ἔσονταί σοι οὐδὲ δώσουσιν καὶ τοῦτο βασιλεῖς κακοποιεῖ
Now therefore let it be known to the king that if that city is rebuilt and its walls are completed, they will not pay tribute, nor will they give revenue, and this will harm kings.
The complaint presses the imperial nerve of lost revenue, arguing that a rebuilt city will withhold tribute.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
νῦνnowD · νῦνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastνῦν: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὖνounX · οὖνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὖν: meaning 'oun'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γνωστὸνknownA1 ASN · γνωστόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγνωστός: meaning 'known'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔστωbeV9 PAD3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingN3V DSM · βασιλεύςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὅτιotiC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'oti'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐὰνeanC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'ean'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλιςcityN3I NSF · πόλιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐκείνηekeinosRD NSF · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐκείνη: meaning 'ekeinos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀνοικοδομηθῇoikodomeo + anaVC APS3S · οἰκοδομέω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyοἰκοδομέω + ἀνα: meaning 'oikodomeo + ana'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τείχηwallN3E APN · τεῖχοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτεῖχος: meaning 'wall'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςhisRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καταρτισθῶσινartizo + kataVS APS3P · ἀρτίζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἀρτίζω + κατα: meaning 'artizo + kata'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φόροιtributeN2 NPM · φόροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφόρος: meaning 'tribute'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐκouD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'ou'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσονταίbeVF FMI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοιsuRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'su'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐδὲoudeC · οὐδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'oude'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώσουσινpayVF FAI3P · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureδίδωμι: meaning 'pay'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦτοoutosRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'outos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
βασιλεῖςkingN3V APM · βασιλεύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κακοποιεῖharmV2 PAI3S · κακοποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processκακοποιέω: meaning 'harm'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
14
καὶ ἀσχημοσύνην βασιλέως οὐκ ἔξεστιν ἡμῖν ἰδεῖν διὰ τοῦτο ἐπέμψαμεν καὶ ἐγνωρίσαμεν τῷ βασιλεῖ
And since it is not lawful for us to see the king's dishonor, therefore we have sent and made this known to the king,
The writers justify their intervention as loyalty to royal honor, masking self-interest with imperial concern.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀσχημοσύνηνdishonorN1 ASF · ἀσχημοσύνηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀσχημοσύνη: meaning 'dishonor'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οὐκouD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'ou'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔξεστινeimi + ekV9 PAI3S · εἰμί + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί + ἐκ: meaning 'eimi + ek'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡμῖνmeRP DP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἰδεῖνoraoVB AAN · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementὁράω: meaning 'orao'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
διὰdiaP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'dia'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦτοoutosRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'outos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπέμψαμενpempoVAI AAI1P · πέμπωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπέμπω: meaning 'pempo'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγνωρίσαμενmake knownVAI AAI1P · γνωρίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγνωρίζω: meaning 'make known'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingN3V DSM · βασιλεύςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
15
ἵνα ἐπισκέψηται ἐν βιβλίῳ ὑπομνηματισμοῦ τῶν πατέρων σου καὶ εὑρήσεις καὶ γνώσῃ ὅτι ἡ πόλις ἐκείνη πόλις ἀποστάτις καὶ κακοποιοῦσα βασιλεῖς καὶ χώρας καὶ φυγάδια δούλων ἐν μέσῳ αὐτῆς ἀπὸ χρόνων αἰῶνος διὰ ταῦτα ἡ πόλις αὕτη ἠρημώθη
so that a search may be made in the book of the records of your fathers. And you will find and know in the record book that this city is a rebellious city and harmful to kings and provinces, and that revolts have been stirred up within it from ancient days; therefore this city was laid waste.
They invite archival verification, seeking to ground their slander in Jerusalem's remembered history of revolt.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
ἵναinaC · ἵναconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'ina'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπισκέψηταιskeptomai + epiVA AMS3S · σκέπτομαι + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyσκέπτομαι + ἐπι: meaning 'skeptomai + epi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
βιβλίῳbookN2N DSN · βιβλίονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: meaning 'book'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὑπομνηματισμοῦrecordN2 GSM · ὑπομνηματισμόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὑπομνηματισμός: meaning 'record'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersN3 GPM · πατήρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπατήρ: meaning 'fathers'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σουsuRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'su'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὑρήσειςfindVF FAI2S · εὑρίσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεὑρίσκω: meaning 'find'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γνώσῃgignoskoVF FMI2S · γιγνώσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureγιγνώσκω: meaning 'gignosko'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅτιotiC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'oti'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλιςcityN3I NSF · πόλιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐκείνηekeinosRD NSF · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐκείνη: meaning 'ekeinos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πόλιςcityN3I NSF · πόλιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀποστάτιςrebelliousN3I NSF · ἀποστάτιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀποστάτις: meaning 'rebellious'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κακοποιοῦσαdoing harmV2 · παπνσφ κακοποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσφ κακοποιέω: meaning 'doing harm'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
βασιλεῖςkingN3V APM · βασιλεύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χώραςprovinceN1A APF · χώραaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχώρα: meaning 'province'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φυγάδιαphugadionN2N NPN · φυγάδιονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφυγάδιον: meaning 'phugadion'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δούλωνdoulosN2 GPM · δοῦλοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδοῦλος: meaning 'doulos'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μέσῳmesosA1 DSN · μέσοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceμέσος: meaning 'mesos'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτῆςhisRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
χρόνωνancient timeN2 GPM · χρόνοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationχρόνος: meaning 'ancient time'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αἰῶνοςforeverN3W GSM · αἰώνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationαἰών: meaning 'forever'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
διὰdiaP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'dia'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ταῦταoutosRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceταῦτα: meaning 'outos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλιςcityN3I NSF · πόλιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὕτηoutosRD NSF · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὕτη: meaning 'outos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἠρημώθηlay wasteVCI API3S · ἐρημόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἐρημόω: meaning 'lay waste'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
16
γνωρίζομεν οὖν ἡμεῖς τῷ βασιλεῖ ὅτι ἐὰν ἡ πόλις ἐκείνη οἰκοδομηθῇ καὶ τὰ τείχη αὐτῆς καταρτισθῇ οὐκ ἔστιν σοι εἰρήνη
We make known to the king that if that city is rebuilt and its walls are completed, you will have no peace in the region Beyond the River.'
The accusation culminates by warning the king that control beyond the River will be jeopardized if Jerusalem rises again.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
γνωρίζομενmake knownV1 PAI1P · γνωρίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processγνωρίζω: meaning 'make known'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὖνounX · οὖνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὖν: meaning 'oun'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμεῖςmeRP NP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἡμεῖς: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingN3V DSM · βασιλεύςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὅτιotiC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'oti'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐὰνeanC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'ean'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλιςcityN3I NSF · πόλιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐκείνηekeinosRD NSF · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐκείνη: meaning 'ekeinos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οἰκοδομηθῇbuildVC APS3S · οἰκοδομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'build'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τείχηwallN3E APN · τεῖχοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτεῖχος: meaning 'wall'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςhisRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καταρτισθῇartizo + kataVS APS3S · ἀρτίζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἀρτίζω + κατα: meaning 'artizo + kata'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐκouD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'ou'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοιsuRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'su'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἰρήνηpeaceN1 NSF · εἰρήνηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceεἰρήνη: meaning 'peace'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
17
καὶ ἀπέστειλεν ὁ βασιλεὺς πρὸς Ραουμ βααλταμ καὶ Σαμσαι γραμματέα καὶ τοὺς καταλοίπους συνδούλους αὐτῶν τοὺς οἰκοῦντας ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ καὶ τοὺς καταλοίπους πέραν τοῦ ποταμοῦ εἰρήνην καί φησιν
And the king sent word to Rehum the governor and Shimshai the scribe and the rest of their fellow servants who dwell in Samaria and the rest of the region Beyond the River: 'Peace,' and he said,
Artaxerxes answers the officials directly, signaling that the complaint has successfully entered the court.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενstello + apoVAI AAI3S · στέλλω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristστέλλω + ἀπο: meaning 'stello + apo'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΡαουμRaoumN ASM · Ραουμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΡαουμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
βααλταμBaaltamN A · βααλταμadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastβααλταμ: meaning 'Baaltam'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΣαμσαιSamsaiN ASM · Σαμσαιnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣαμσαι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
γραμματέαscribeN3V ASM · γραμματεύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγραμματεύς: meaning 'scribe'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταλοίπουςrestA1B APM · κατάλοιποςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκατάλοιπος: meaning 'rest'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
συνδούλουςfellow servantN2 APM · σύνδουλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσύνδουλος: meaning 'fellow servant'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκοῦνταςdwellingV2 · παπαπμ οἰκέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπαπμ οἰκέω: meaning 'dwelling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΣαμαρείᾳSamareiaN1A DSF · Σαμαρείαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ participant identificationΣαμαρείᾳ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταλοίπουςrestA1B APM · κατάλοιποςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκατάλοιπος: meaning 'rest'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πέρανbeyondD · πέρανadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπέραν: meaning 'beyond'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποταμοῦriverN2 GSM · ποταμόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationποταμός: meaning 'river'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
εἰρήνηνpeaceN1 ASF · εἰρήνηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationεἰρήνη: meaning 'peace'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καίandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φησινphemiV6 PAI3S · φημίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφημί: meaning 'phemi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
18
ὁ φορολόγος ὃν ἀπεστείλατε πρὸς ἡμᾶς ἐκλήθη ἔμπροσθεν ἐμοῦ
'The document that you sent to us was read plainly before me,
The king confirms that the submitted document has been read before him in full clarity.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φορολόγοςdocumentN2 NSM · φορολόγοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφορολόγος: meaning 'document'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὃνwhoRR ASM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃν: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀπεστείλατεstello + apoVAI AAI2P · στέλλω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristστέλλω + ἀπο: meaning 'stello + apo'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἡμᾶςmeRP AP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκλήθηreadVCI API3S · καλέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκαλέω: meaning 'read'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔμπροσθενbeforeP · ἔμπροσθενpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἔμπροσθεν: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐμοῦmeRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
19
καὶ παρ' ἐμοῦ ἐτέθη γνώμη καὶ ἐπεσκεψάμεθα καὶ εὕραμεν ὅτι ἡ πόλις ἐκείνη ἀφ' ἡμερῶν αἰῶνος ἐπὶ βασιλεῖς ἐπαίρεται καὶ ἀποστάσεις καὶ φυγάδια γίνονται ἐν αὐτῇ
and a decree was issued by me, and we searched and found that from ancient days that city has risen up against kings, and rebellions and revolts have happened in it.
The response accepts the historical frame offered in the complaint and confirms Jerusalem's rebellious past.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρ'paraP · παράpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρ': meaning 'para'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐμοῦmeRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐτέθηsetVCI API3S · τίθημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristτίθημι: meaning 'set'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γνώμηdecreeN1 NSF · γνώμηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγνώμη: meaning 'decree'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπεσκεψάμεθαskeptomai + epiVAI AMI1P · σκέπτομαι + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristσκέπτομαι + ἐπι: meaning 'skeptomai + epi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὕραμενfindVA AAI1P · εὑρίσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: meaning 'find'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅτιotiC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'oti'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλιςcityN3I NSF · πόλιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐκείνηekeinosRD NSF · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐκείνη: meaning 'ekeinos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀφ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀφ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἡμερῶνdayN1A GPF · ἡμέραgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αἰῶνοςforeverN3W GSM · αἰώνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationαἰών: meaning 'forever'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
βασιλεῖςkingN3V APM · βασιλεύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐπαίρεταιairo + epiV1 PMI3S · αἴρω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processαἴρω + ἐπι: meaning 'airo + epi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποστάσειςapostasisN3I NPF · ἀπόστασιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀπόστασις: meaning 'apostasis'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φυγάδιαphugadionN2N NPN · φυγάδιονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφυγάδιον: meaning 'phugadion'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γίνονταιgignomaiV1 PMI3P · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processγίγνομαι: meaning 'gignomai'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτῇhisRD DSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
20
καὶ βασιλεῖς ἰσχυροὶ γίνονται ἐπὶ Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ἐπικρατοῦντες ὅλης τῆς ἑσπέρας τοῦ ποταμοῦ καὶ φόροι πλήρεις καὶ μέρος δίδοται αὐτοῖς
And mighty kings have been over Jerusalem, ruling over all the region Beyond the River, and full tribute and revenue were given to them.
The king notes Jerusalem's earlier regional dominance, which makes the prospect of renewed strength seem politically dangerous.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βασιλεῖςkingN3V NPM · βασιλεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἰσχυροὶmightyA1A NPM · ἰσχυρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἰσχυρός: meaning 'mighty'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γίνονταιgignomaiV1 PMI3P · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processγίγνομαι: meaning 'gignomai'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN ASF · Ἰερουσαλήμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπικρατοῦντεςruling overV2 · παπνπμ κρατέω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ κρατέω + ἐπι: meaning 'ruling over'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅληςolosA1 GSF · ὅλοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὅλος: meaning 'olos'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑσπέραςwestN1A GSF · ἑσπέραgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἑσπέρα: meaning 'west'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποταμοῦriverN2 GSM · ποταμόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationποταμός: meaning 'river'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φόροιtributeN2 NPM · φόροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφόρος: meaning 'tribute'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πλήρειςpleresA3H NPM · πλήρηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπλήρης: meaning 'pleres'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μέροςMerosN3E NSN · μέροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμέρος: meaning 'Meros'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δίδοταιpayV8 PPI3S · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processδίδωμι: meaning 'pay'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοῖςhisRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
21
καὶ νῦν θέτε γνώμην καταργῆσαι τοὺς ἄνδρας ἐκείνους καὶ ἡ πόλις ἐκείνη οὐκ οἰκοδομηθήσεται ἔτι ὅπως ἀπὸ τῆς γνώμης
So now set an order to make those men stop, and let that city not be rebuilt any more until a decree is made by me.
The imperial answer now becomes actionable, commanding that the builders be stopped until further decree.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νῦνnowD · νῦνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastνῦν: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θέτεsetVE AAD2P · τίθημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateτίθημι: meaning 'set'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γνώμηνdecreeN1 ASF · γνώμηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγνώμη: meaning 'decree'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καταργῆσαιargeo + kataVA AAN · ἀργέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἀργέω + κατα: meaning 'argeo + kata'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνδραςmanN3 APM · ἀνήρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐκείνουςekeinosRD APM · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐκείνους: meaning 'ekeinos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλιςcityN3I NSF · πόλιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐκείνηekeinosRD NSF · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐκείνη: meaning 'ekeinos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐκouD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'ou'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἰκοδομηθήσεταιbuildVC FPI3S · οἰκοδομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'build'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔτιany longerD · ἔτιadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἔτι: meaning 'any longer'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅπωςuntilC · ὅπωςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅπως: meaning 'until'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γνώμηςdecreeN1 GSF · γνώμηgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγνώμη: meaning 'decree'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
22
πεφυλαγμένοι ἦτε ἄνεσιν ποιῆσαι περὶ τούτου μήποτε πληθυνθῇ ἀφανισμὸς εἰς κακοποίησιν βασιλεῦσιν
And take care not to be negligent in this matter, lest destruction increase to the harm of kings.'
The officials are urged to execute the order diligently so that royal interests do not suffer further loss.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
πεφυλαγμένοιφυλασσωVK · χμπνπμ φυλάσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπνπμ φυλάσσω: meaning 'φυλασσω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἦτεbeV9 IAI2P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄνεσινnegligenceN3I ASF · ἄνεσιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄνεσις: meaning 'negligence'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ποιῆσαιdoVA AAN · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementποιέω: meaning 'do'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
περὶperiP · περίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'peri'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τούτουoutosRD GSM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationτούτου: meaning 'outos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μήποτεmepoteD · μήποτεadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμήποτε: meaning 'mepote'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πληθυνθῇincreaseVC APS3S · πληθύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyπληθύνω: meaning 'increase'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀφανισμὸςdestructionN2 NSM · ἀφανισμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀφανισμός: meaning 'destruction'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἰςeisP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'eis'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κακοποίησινkakopoiesisN3I ASF · κακοποίησιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκακοποίησις: meaning 'kakopoiesis'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
βασιλεῦσινkingN3V DPM · βασιλεύςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
23
τότε ὁ φορολόγος τοῦ Αρθασασθα βασιλέως ἀνέγνω ἐνώπιον Ραουμ καὶ Σαμσαι γραμματέως καὶ συνδούλων αὐτῶν καὶ ἐπορεύθησαν σπουδῇ εἰς Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ἐν Ιουδα καὶ κατήργησαν αὐτοὺς ἐν ἵπποις καὶ δυνάμει
Then, when the document of King Artaxerxes was read before Rehum and Shimshai the scribe and their fellow servants, they went in haste to Jerusalem and to Judah, and by force of horses and strength they made them stop.
The local officials implement the order with haste and coercive strength, converting paperwork into immediate stoppage.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
τότεthenD · τότεadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastτότε: meaning 'then'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φορολόγοςdocumentN2 NSM · φορολόγοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφορολόγος: meaning 'document'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑρθασασθαArtaxerxesN GSM · Αρθασασθαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑρθασασθα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀνέγνωgignosko + anaVZI AAI3S · γιγνώσκω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγιγνώσκω + ἀνα: meaning 'gignosko + ana'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνώπιονbeforeD · ἐνώπιονadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐνώπιον: meaning 'before'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΡαουμRaoumN GSM · Ραουμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΡαουμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΣαμσαιSamsaiN GSM · Σαμσαιnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣαμσαι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
γραμματέωςscribeN3V GSM · γραμματεύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγραμματεύς: meaning 'scribe'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνδούλωνfellow servantN2 GPM · σύνδουλοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσύνδουλος: meaning 'fellow servant'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθησανporeuomaiVCI API3P · πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: meaning 'poreuomai'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σπουδῇhasteN1 DSF · σπουδήdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσπουδή: meaning 'haste'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
εἰςeisP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'eis'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN ASF · Ἰερουσαλήμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΙουδαJudahN DSM · Ἰουδάnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατήργησανergeo + kataVAI AAI3P · ἐργέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἐργέω + κατα: meaning 'ergeo + kata'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοὺςhisRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἵπποιςhorseN2 DPM · ἵπποςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἵππος: meaning 'horse'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δυνάμειforceN3I DSF · δύναμιςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceδύναμις: meaning 'force'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
24
τότε ἤργησεν τὸ ἔργον οἴκου τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ἦν ἀργοῦν ἕως δευτέρου ἔτους τῆς βασιλείας Δαρείου τοῦ βασιλέως Περσῶν
Then the work of the house of God that is in Jerusalem ceased, and it remained stopped until the second year of the reign of Darius king of the Persians.
The chapter closes by linking the opposition and the decree to a prolonged halt in the temple project until Darius.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
τότεthenD · τότεadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastτότε: meaning 'then'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤργησενergeoVAI AAI3S · ἐργέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἐργέω: meaning 'ergeo'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργονworkN2N NSN · ἔργονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔργον: meaning 'work'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνbeV9 IAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'be'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀργοῦνlying idleV2 · παπνσν ἀργέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσν ἀργέω: meaning 'lying idle'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἕωςeosP · ἕωςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'eos'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δευτέρουsecondA1A GSN · δεύτεροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδεύτερος: meaning 'second'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἔτουςyearN3E GSN · ἔτοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἔτος: meaning 'year'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλείαςkingdomN1A GSF · βασιλείαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβασιλεία: meaning 'kingdom'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΔαρείουDariusN2 GSM · Δαρεῖοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationΔαρείου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΠερσῶνPersianN1M GPM · Πέρσηςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationΠερσῶν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.