2 Esdras 5 — Greek, Translation, Interlinear & Discourse

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

καὶ ἐπροφήτευσεν Αγγαιος ὁ προφήτης καὶ Ζαχαριας ὁ τοῦ Αδδω προφητείαν ἐπὶ τοὺς Ιουδαίους τοὺς ἐν Ιουδα καὶ Ιερουσαλημ ἐν ὀνόματι θεοῦ Ισραηλ ἐπ' αὐτούς

And Haggai the prophet and Zechariah son of Iddo prophesied over the Judeans in Judah and Jerusalem in the name of the God of Israel who was over them.

Prophetic authorizationκαὶ

The rebuilding narrative opens with prophetic speech. The chapter frames the resumed work as grounded first in the name and authority of Israel's God.

Word-by-word analysis· 25 words

καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐπροφήτευσενprophesyVAI AAI3S · προφητεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπροφητεύω: meaning 'prophesy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ΑγγαιοςHaggaiN NSM · Αγγαιοςnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑγγαιος: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

προφήτηςprophetN1M NSM · προφήτηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπροφήτης: meaning 'prophet'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

ΖαχαριαςZechariahN1 NSM · Ζαχαριαςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant identificationΖαχαριας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΑδδωIddoN GSM · Αδδωnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑδδω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.

προφητείανpropheteianN1A ASF · προφητείαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπροφητεία: meaning 'propheteian'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΙουδαίουςJudeansN2 APM · Ἰουδαῖοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ participant identificationΙουδαίους: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

Ιουδαof JudahN DSM · Ἰουδάnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.

ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

ὀνόματιnameN3M DSN · ὄνομαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὄνομα: meaning 'name'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.

ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

τότε ἀνέστησαν Ζοροβαβελ ὁ τοῦ Σαλαθιηλ καὶ Ἰησοῦς ὁ υἱὸς Ιωσεδεκ καὶ ἤρξαντο οἰκοδομῆσαι τὸν οἶκον τοῦ θεοῦ τὸν ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ μετ' αὐτῶν οἱ προφῆται τοῦ θεοῦ βοηθοῦντες αὐτοῖς

Then Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel and Jeshua son of Jozadak arose and began to build the house of God in Jerusalem, and the prophets of God were with them, helping them.

Narrative advanceτότε

Prophetic word becomes immediate public action. The leaders resume construction, and the prophets remain present as active support rather than distant inspiration.

Word-by-word analysis· 30 words

τότεthenD · τότεadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastτότε: meaning 'then'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἀνέστησανstand upVHI AAI3P · ἵστημι + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἵστημι + ἀνα: meaning 'stand up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ΖοροβαβελZerubbabelN NSM · Ζοροβαβελnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΖοροβαβελ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΣαλαθιηλSalathielN GSM · Σαλαθιηλnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣαλαθιηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.

ἸησοῦςJeshuaN NSM · Ἰησοῦςnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationἸησοῦς: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

ΙωσεδεκJosedekN GSM · Ιωσεδεκnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙωσεδεκ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.

ἤρξαντοbeginVAI AMI3P · ἄρχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἄρχω: meaning 'begin'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

οἰκοδομῆσαιbuildVA AAN · οἰκοδομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'build'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

οἶκονhouse / householdN2 ASM · οἶκοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

μετ'withP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

προφῆταιprophetN1M NPM · προφήτηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπροφήτης: meaning 'prophet'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βοηθοῦντεςboethontesV2 · παπνπμ βοηθέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ βοηθέω: meaning 'boethontes'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ καιρῷ ἦλθεν ἐπ' αὐτοὺς Θανθαναι ἔπαρχος πέραν τοῦ ποταμοῦ καὶ Σαθαρβουζανα καὶ οἱ σύνδουλοι αὐτῶν καὶ τοῖα εἶπαν αὐτοῖς τίς ἔθηκεν ὑμῖν γνώμην τοῦ οἰκοδομῆσαι τὸν οἶκον τοῦτον καὶ τὴν χορηγίαν ταύτην καταρτίσασθαι

At that time Tattenai, governor beyond the River, and Shethar-bozenai and their colleagues came to them and spoke as follows: "Who issued you a decree to build this house and to complete this structure?"

Official inquiryἐν

Imperial oversight arrives as soon as the work restarts. The first question is legal and administrative: by what authorization is this temple being rebuilt?

Word-by-word analysis· 36 words

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

καιρῷtimeN2 DSM · καιρόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκαιρός: meaning 'time'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

ἦλθενcomeVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: meaning 'come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ΘανθαναιTattenaiN NSM · Θανθαναιnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΘανθαναι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.

ἔπαρχοςgovernorA1B NSM · ἔπαρχοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔπαρχος: meaning 'governor'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

πέρανperanD · πέρανadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπέραν: meaning 'peran'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ποταμοῦriverN2 GSM · ποταμόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationποταμός: meaning 'river'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

ΣαθαρβουζαναShethar-bozenaiN NSM · Σαθαρβουζαναnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣαθαρβουζανα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

σύνδουλοιfellow servantN2 NPM · σύνδουλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσύνδουλος: meaning 'fellow servant'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

τοῖαsuch thingsA1A APN · τοῖοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτοῖος: meaning 'such things'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

εἶπανthey saidVAI AAI3P · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'they said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τίςwho?RI NSM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who?'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἔθηκενissuedVAI AAI3S · τίθημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristτίθημι: meaning 'issued'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ὑμῖνto youRP DP · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

γνώμηνdecreeN1 ASF · γνώμηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγνώμη: meaning 'decree'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τοῦτονthisRD ASM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτον: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

χορηγίανprovisionN1A ASF · χορηγίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχορηγία: meaning 'provision'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ταύτηνthisRD ASF · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceταύτην: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

καταρτίσασθαιto completeVA AMN · ἀρτίζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἀρτίζω + κατα: meaning 'to complete'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τότε ταῦτα εἴποσαν αὐτοῖς τίνα ἐστὶν τὰ ὀνόματα τῶν ἀνδρῶν τῶν οἰκοδομούντων τὴν πόλιν ταύτην

Then they said this to them: "What are the names of the men who are building this city?"

Expanded inquiryτότε

The officials move from the building itself to the identities of its builders, turning the episode into a recorded investigation of responsible leadership.

Word-by-word analysis· 15 words

ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceταῦτα: meaning 'these things'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

εἴποσανeiponVBI AAI3P · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'eipon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τίναwhomRI NPN · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίνα: meaning 'whom'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἐστὶνeimiV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'eimi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὀνόματαnamesN3M NPN · ὄνομαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὄνομα: meaning 'names'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἀνδρῶνof menN3 GPM · ἀνήρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'of men'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

οἰκοδομούντωνpapgpm oikodomeoV2 · παπγπμ οἰκοδομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγπμ οἰκοδομέω: meaning 'papgpm oikodomeo'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πόλινcityN3I ASF · πόλιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

καὶ οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ τοῦ θεοῦ ἐπὶ τὴν αἰχμαλωσίαν Ιουδα καὶ οὐ κατήργησαν αὐτούς ἕως γνώμη τῷ Δαρείῳ ἀπηνέχθη καὶ τότε ἀπεστάλη τῷ φορολόγῳ ὑπὲρ τούτου

But the eyes of God were upon the elders of the Judean captivity, and they did not stop them until a report had been brought to Darius; then an answer in writing concerning this matter was sent to the tax official.

Divine protection amid reviewκαὶ

The narrator interprets the delay theologically. The builders are still subject to review, but God prevents the inquiry from becoming an unlawful interruption.

Word-by-word analysis· 25 words

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὀφθαλμοὶeyeN2 NPM · ὀφθαλμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eye'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

αἰχμαλωσίανcaptivity / captivesN1A ASF · αἰχμαλωσίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationαἰχμαλωσία: meaning 'captivity'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ΙουδαJudahN GSM · Ἰουδάnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.

οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

κατήργησανstoppedVAI AAI3P · ἀργέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀργέω + κατα: meaning 'stopped'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἕωςuntilC · ἕωςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: meaning 'until'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

γνώμηdecreeN1 NSF · γνώμηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγνώμη: meaning 'decree'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΔαρείῳDariusN2 DSM · Δαρεῖοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ participant identificationΔαρείῳ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

ἀπηνέχθηwas broughtVQI API3S · φέρω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristφέρω + ἀπο: meaning 'was brought'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἀπεστάληwas sent awayVDI API3S · στέλλω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristστέλλω + ἀπο: meaning 'was sent away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

φορολόγῳtax officialN2 DSM · φορολόγοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceφορολόγος: meaning 'tax official'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

ὑπὲρunder / byP · ὑπέρpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὲρ: meaning 'under'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τούτουthis / theseRD GSN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationτούτου: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

διασάφησις ἐπιστολῆς ἧς ἀπέστειλεν Θανθαναι ὁ ἔπαρχος τοῦ πέραν τοῦ ποταμοῦ καὶ Σαθαρβουζανα καὶ οἱ σύνδουλοι αὐτῶν Αφαρσαχαῖοι οἱ ἐν τῷ πέραν τοῦ ποταμοῦ Δαρείῳ τῷ βασιλεῖ

A copy of the letter that Tattenai, governor beyond the River, and Shethar-bozenai and their colleagues the Apharsachites who were beyond the River sent to Darius the king:

Document headingδιασάφησις

The narrative shifts into documentary mode. The quoted letter preserves the imperial procedure surrounding the temple dispute.

Word-by-word analysis· 27 words

διασάφησιςinterpretation / clear explanationN3I NSF · διασάφησιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδιασάφησις: meaning 'interpretation'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

ἐπιστολῆςletterN1 GSF · ἐπιστολήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἐπιστολή: meaning 'letter'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

ἧςwho / whichRR GSF · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἧς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἀπέστειλενsentVAI AAI3S · στέλλω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristστέλλω + ἀπο: meaning 'sent'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἔπαρχοςgovernorN2 NSM · ἔπαρχοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔπαρχος: meaning 'governor'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΑφαρσαχαῖοιApharsachitesN NPM · Αφαρσαχαῖοιnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑφαρσαχαῖοι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βασιλεῖkingN3V DSM · βασιλεύςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

ῥῆσιν ἀπέστειλαν πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ τάδε γέγραπται ἐν αὐτῷ Δαρείῳ τῷ βασιλεῖ εἰρήνη πᾶσα

They sent a message to him, and this is what was written in it: "To King Darius: complete peace.

Epistolary addressῥῆσιν

The letter begins with formal royal address and conventional wishes of peace, establishing the bureaucratic tone of the report.

Word-by-word analysis· 14 words

ῥῆσινmessageN3I ASF · ῥῆσιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationῥῆσις: meaning 'message'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἀπέστειλανsentVAI AAI3P · στέλλω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristστέλλω + ἀπο: meaning 'sent'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

πρὸςto / towardP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

αὐτόνhe / she / itRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

τάδεthese thingsRD NPN · ὅδεpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτάδε: meaning 'these things'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

γέγραπταιwrite downVP XMI3S · γράφωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateγράφω: meaning 'write down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

εἰρήνηpeaceN1 NSF · εἰρήνηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceεἰρήνη: meaning 'peace'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

πᾶσαallA1S NSF · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

γνωστὸν ἔστω τῷ βασιλεῖ ὅτι ἐπορεύθημεν εἰς τὴν Ιουδαίαν χώραν εἰς οἶκον τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ μεγάλου καὶ αὐτὸς οἰκοδομεῖται λίθοις ἐκλεκτοῖς καὶ ξύλα ἐντίθεται ἐν τοῖς τοίχοις καὶ τὸ ἔργον ἐκεῖνο ἐπιδέξιον γίνεται καὶ εὐοδοῦται ἐν ταῖς χερσὶν αὐτῶν

Let it be known to the king that we went to the land of Judea, to the house of the great God. It is being built with chosen stones, and timber is being set into the walls; this work proceeds skillfully and prospers in their hands.

Report of observed workγνωστὸν

The officials describe the project as materially substantial and energetically advanced. The wording acknowledges both quality and momentum in the builders' labor.

Word-by-word analysis· 39 words

γνωστὸνknownA1 ASM · γνωστόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγνωστός: meaning 'known'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἔστωisV9 PAD3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐπορεύθημενwe journeyedVCI API1P · πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: meaning 'we journeyed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

εἰςinto/toP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΙουδαίανIoydaianN1A ASF · Ἰουδαίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ participant identificationΙουδαίαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

χώρανcountry / landN1A ASF · χώραaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχώρα: meaning 'country'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

μεγάλουgreatA1 GSM · μέγαςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμέγας: meaning 'great'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

αὐτὸςhe / she / itRD NSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸς: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

οἰκοδομεῖταιis being builtV2 PPI3S · οἰκοδομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'is being built'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

λίθοιςstoneN2 DPM · λίθοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceλίθος: meaning 'stone'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

ἐκλεκτοῖςchoicest / chosenA1 DPM · ἐκλεκτόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἐκλεκτός: meaning 'choicest'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

ξύλαtree / woodN2N NPN · ξύλονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceξύλον: meaning 'tree'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

ἐντίθεταιis set in placeV7 PPI3S · τίθημι + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processτίθημι + ἐν: meaning 'is set in place'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τοίχοιςwallN2 DPM · τοῖχοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceτοῖχος: meaning 'wall'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἔργονmatterN2N NSN · ἔργονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔργον: meaning 'matter'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

ἐκεῖνοthatRD NSN · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐκεῖνο: meaning 'that'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἐπιδέξιονskillfullyA1B NSN · ἐπιδέξιονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐπιδέξιον: meaning 'skillfully'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

γίνεταιbecomeV1 PMI3S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processγίγνομαι: meaning 'become'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

εὐοδοῦταιprospersV4 PPI3S · εὐοδόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεὐοδόω: meaning 'prospers'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

χερσὶνhandN3 DPF · χείρdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

τότε ἠρωτήσαμεν τοὺς πρεσβυτέρους ἐκείνους καὶ οὕτως εἴπαμεν αὐτοῖς τίς ἔθηκεν ὑμῖν γνώμην τὸν οἶκον τοῦτον οἰκοδομῆσαι καὶ τὴν χορηγίαν ταύτην καταρτίσασθαι

Then we questioned those elders and said this to them: "Who issued you a decree to build this house and to complete this provision?"

Reported interrogationτότε

The letter recounts the official questioning in direct form, stressing that the elders were asked to justify both the building itself and its supporting arrangements.

Word-by-word analysis· 22 words

ἠρωτήσαμενwe askedVAI AAI1P · ἐρωτάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἐρωτάω: meaning 'we asked'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πρεσβυτέρουςeldersA1A APM · πρεσβύτεροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπρεσβύτερος: meaning 'elders'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἐκείνουςekeinosRD APM · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐκείνους: meaning 'ekeinos'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

οὕτωςthus / soD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

εἴπαμενsaidVAI AAI1P · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

καὶ τὰ ὀνόματα αὐτῶν ἠρωτήσαμεν αὐτοὺς γνωρίσαι σοι ὥστε γράψαι σοι τὰ ὀνόματα τῶν ἀνδρῶν τῶν ἀρχόντων αὐτῶν

We also asked them their names, in order to make them known to you, so that we might write to you the names of the men who lead them.

Identification of leadersκαὶ

The report underlines that named responsibility has been established. This is not anonymous construction but a traceable leadership effort.

Word-by-word analysis· 18 words

τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὀνόματαnamesN3M APN · ὄνομαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὄνομα: meaning 'names'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

γνωρίσαιmake knownVA AAN · γνωρίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementγνωρίζω: meaning 'make known'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ὥστεso thatC · ὥστεconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὥστε: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

γράψαιwriteVA AAN · γράφωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementγράφω: meaning 'write'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἀρχόντωνof rulersN3 GPM · ἄρχωνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄρχων: meaning 'of rulers'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

καὶ τοιοῦτο ῥῆμα ἀπεκρίθησαν ἡμῖν λέγοντες ἡμεῖς ἐσμεν δοῦλοι τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ τῆς γῆς καὶ οἰκοδομοῦμεν τὸν οἶκον ὃς ἦν ᾠκοδομημένος πρὸ τούτου ἔτη πολλά καὶ βασιλεὺς τοῦ Ισραηλ μέγας ᾠκοδόμησεν αὐτὸν καὶ κατηρτίσατο αὐτὸν

And they answered us with this word, saying, "We are servants of the God of heaven and earth, and we are rebuilding the house that was built many years ago, which a great king of Israel built and completed."

Builder self-defenseκαὶ

The Judean elders answer by defining their identity and their task theologically. They claim continuity with the former temple of Israel's earlier monarchy.

Word-by-word analysis· 37 words

τοιοῦτοsuchA1 ASN · τοιοῦτοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτοιοῦτος: meaning 'such'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ῥῆμαword / matterN3M ASN · ῥῆμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationῥῆμα: meaning 'word'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἀπεκρίθησανanswerVCI API3P · κρίνω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρίνω + ἀπο: meaning 'answer'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'to us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

λέγοντεςsayingV1 · παπνπμ λέγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ λέγω: meaning 'saying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἡμεῖςweRP NP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἡμεῖς: meaning 'we'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἐσμενbeV9 PAI1P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

δοῦλοιservant / slaveN2 NPM · δοῦλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδοῦλος: meaning 'servant'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

οὐρανοῦheavenN2 GSM · οὐρανόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationοὐρανός: meaning 'heaven'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

οἰκοδομοῦμενyou shall buildV2 PAI1P · οἰκοδομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'you shall build'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὃςwhoRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ᾠκοδομημένοςbuiltVX · χππνσμ οἰκοδομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχππνσμ οἰκοδομέω: meaning 'built'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

πρὸbeforeP · πρόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸ: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τούτουthis / theseRD GSM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationτούτου: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἔτηyearsN3E APN · ἔτοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔτος: meaning 'years'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

πολλάmuchA1 APN · πολύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπολύς: meaning 'much'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

μέγαςgreatA3 NSM · μέγαςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμέγας: meaning 'great'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

ᾠκοδόμησενbuiltVAI AAI3S · οἰκοδομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'built'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

κατηρτίσατοhe completedVAI AMI3S · ἀρτίζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀρτίζω + κατα: meaning 'he completed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

αὐτοῖς ἀφ' ὅτε δὲ παρώργισαν οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν τὸν θεὸν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἔδωκεν αὐτοὺς εἰς χεῖρας Ναβουχοδονοσορ βασιλέως Βαβυλῶνος τοῦ Χαλδαίου καὶ τὸν οἶκον τοῦτον κατέλυσεν καὶ τὸν λαὸν ἀπῴκισεν εἰς Βαβυλῶνα

"But after our fathers provoked the God of heaven to wrath, he gave them into the hands of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, the Chaldean, and he destroyed this house and carried the people away to Babylon.

Historical explanation of judgmentἀφ'

The defense refuses to romanticize the past. The ruined temple is explained as the consequence of covenantal provocation and divine judgment.

Word-by-word analysis· 32 words

ἀφ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀφ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

ὅτεwhenD · ὅτεadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτε: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

παρώργισανprovoked to wrathVAI AAI3P · ὀργίζω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὀργίζω + παρα: meaning 'provoked to wrath'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πατέρεςfathersN3 NPM · πατήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπατήρ: meaning 'fathers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

ἡμῶνIRP GP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεὸνGodN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἔδωκενgiveVAI AAI3S · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristδίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

χεῖραςhandsN3 APF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ΝαβουχοδονοσορNebuchadnezzarN NSM · Ναβουχοδονοσορnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΝαβουχοδονοσορ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.

βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

ΒαβυλῶνοςBabylonN3W GSF · Βαβυλώνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationΒαβυλῶνος: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΧαλδαίουChaldeanN2 GSM · Χαλδαῖοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationΧαλδαίου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

κατέλυσενλύωVAI AAI3S · λύω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλύω + κατα: meaning 'λύω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

λαὸνpeopleN2 ASM · λαόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἀπῴκισενcarry awayVAI AAI3S · οἰκίζω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristοἰκίζω + ἀπο: meaning 'carry away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ΒαβυλῶναBabylonN1A ASF · Βαβυλῶναaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ participant identificationΒαβυλῶνα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἀλλ' ἐν ἔτει πρώτῳ Κύρου τοῦ βασιλέως Κῦρος ὁ βασιλεὺς ἔθετο γνώμην τὸν οἶκον τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦτον οἰκοδομηθῆναι

"But in the first year of Cyrus the king, King Cyrus issued a decree that this house of God should be rebuilt.

Appeal to Cyrus decreeἀλλ'

After naming judgment, the elders appeal to restoration under Cyrus. Their authority claim rests not on innovation but on remembered royal authorization.

Word-by-word analysis· 18 words

ἀλλ'butC · ἀλλάconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλ': meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

ἔτειyearsN3E DSN · ἔτοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἔτος: meaning 'years'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

πρώτῳfirstA1 DSMS · πρῶτοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπρῶτος: meaning 'first'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

ΚύρουCyrusN2 GSM · Κῦροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationΚύρου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΚῦροςCyrusN2 NSM · Κῦροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant identificationΚῦρος: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἔθετοplace / appointVEI AMI3S · τίθημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristτίθημι: meaning 'place'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

οἰκοδομηθῆναιbuildVC APN · οἰκοδομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'build'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

καὶ τὰ σκεύη τοῦ οἴκου τοῦ θεοῦ τὰ χρυσᾶ καὶ τὰ ἀργυρᾶ ἃ Ναβουχοδονοσορ ἐξήνεγκεν ἀπὸ οἴκου τοῦ ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ἀπήνεγκεν αὐτὰ εἰς ναὸν τοῦ βασιλέως ἐξήνεγκεν αὐτὰ Κῦρος ὁ βασιλεὺς ἀπὸ ναοῦ τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ ἔδωκεν τῷ Σασαβασαρ τῷ θησαυροφύλακι τῷ ἐπὶ τοῦ θησαυροῦ

"And the gold and silver vessels of the house of God, which Nebuchadnezzar took from the house in Jerusalem and brought into the temple of Babylon, King Cyrus took them out of the temple of Babylon.

Evidence from temple vesselsκαὶ

The returned vessels function as tangible proof that imperial policy once moved toward restoration rather than suppression.

Word-by-word analysis· 46 words

τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

σκεύηimplementsN3E APN · σκεῦοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσκεῦος: meaning 'implements'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

χρυσᾶgoldenA1C APN · χρυσοῦςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχρυσοῦς: meaning 'golden'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἀργυρᾶsilverA1C APN · ἀργυροῦςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀργυροῦς: meaning 'silver'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἃwhichRR APN · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἃ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἐξήνεγκενbrought outVAI AAI3S · φέρω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristφέρω + ἐκ: meaning 'brought out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

ἀπήνεγκενcarry awayVAI AAI3S · φέρω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristφέρω + ἀπο: meaning 'carry away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

αὐτὰhe / him / hisRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὰ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ναὸνtempleN2 ASM · ναόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationναός: meaning 'temple'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ναοῦtempleN2 GSM · ναόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationναός: meaning 'temple'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΣασαβασαρSheshbazzarN DSM · Σασαβασαρnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣασαβασαρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.

τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θησαυροφύλακιtreasurerN3K DSM · θησαυροφύλαξdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceθησαυροφύλαξ: meaning 'treasurer'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θησαυροῦtreasureN2 GSM · θησαυρόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθησαυρός: meaning 'treasure'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ πάντα τὰ σκεύη λαβὲ καὶ πορεύου θὲς αὐτὰ ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ τῷ ἐν Ιερουσαλημ εἰς τὸν ἑαυτῶν τόπον

"And he said to him, 'Take all the vessels and go; place them in the house in Jerusalem in their own place.'

Specific royal instructionκαὶ

The quoted command sharpens the appeal. Cyrus' policy did not stop at permission in the abstract but included concrete restoration of cultic property.

Word-by-word analysis· 21 words

εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

λαβὲtakeVB AAD2S · λαμβάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateλαμβάνω: meaning 'take'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

πορεύουgoV1 PMD2S · πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπορεύομαι: meaning 'go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

θὲςset / placeVE AAD2S · τίθημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateτίθημι: meaning 'set'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

οἴκῳhouseN2 DSM · οἶκοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἑαυτῶνhimself / themselvesRD GPM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἑαυτῶν: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

τόπονplaceN2 ASM · τόποςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτόπος: meaning 'place'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

τότε Σασαβασαρ ἐκεῖνος ἦλθεν καὶ ἔδωκεν θεμελίους τοῦ οἴκου τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ἀπὸ τότε ἕως τοῦ νῦν ᾠκοδομήθη καὶ οὐκ ἐτελέσθη

"Then that Sheshbazzar came and laid the foundations of the house of God in Jerusalem, and from that time until now it has been under construction and has not yet been finished."

Continuity of unfinished projectτότε

The work now underway is described as the continuation of an earlier, legally authorized beginning. The point is continuity, not novelty.

Word-by-word analysis· 24 words

ΣασαβασαρSheshbazzarN NSM · Σασαβασαρnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣασαβασαρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.

ἐκεῖνοςthat / thoseRD NSM · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐκεῖνος: meaning 'that'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

θεμελίουςfoundationA1B APM · θεμέλιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθεμέλιος: meaning 'foundation'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

νῦνnowD · νῦνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastνῦν: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ᾠκοδομήθηwas builtVCI API3S · οἰκοδομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'was built'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐτελέσθηteleoVSI API3S · τελέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristτελέω: meaning 'teleo'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

καὶ νῦν εἰ ἐπὶ τὸν βασιλέα ἀγαθόν ἐπισκεπήτω ἐν οἴκῳ τῆς γάζης τοῦ βασιλέως Βαβυλῶνος ὅπως γνῷς ὅτι ἀπὸ βασιλέως Κύρου ἐτέθη γνώμη οἰκοδομῆσαι τὸν οἶκον τοῦ θεοῦ ἐκεῖνον τὸν ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ γνοὺς ὁ βασιλεὺς περὶ τούτου πεμψάτω πρὸς ἡμᾶς

And now, if it seems good to the king, let a search be made in the king's treasury in Babylon whether a decree was issued by King Cyrus to build this house of God in Jerusalem, and let the king send us his decision concerning this matter.

Request for archival verificationκαὶ

The letter ends by handing the matter back to imperial records. The governor asks Darius to decide by verifying Persia's own documentary memory.

Word-by-word analysis· 41 words

εἰifC · εἰconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βασιλέαkingN3V ASM · βασιλεύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἀγαθόνgoodA1 ASM · ἀγαθόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀγαθός: meaning 'good'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἐπισκεπήτωsearchVD APD3S · σκέπτομαι + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateσκέπτομαι + ἐπι: meaning 'search'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γάζηςtreasuryN1S GSF · γάζαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγάζα: meaning 'treasury'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὅπωςthatC · ὅπωςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅπως: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

γνῷςknowingVZ AAS2S · γιγνώσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyγιγνώσκω: meaning 'knowing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐτέθηsetVCI API3S · τίθημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristτίθημι: meaning 'set'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐκεῖνονthat / thoseRD ASM · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐκεῖνον: meaning 'that'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

γνοὺςhaving knownVZ · ααπνσμ γιγνώσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateααπνσμ γιγνώσκω: meaning 'having known'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

περὶconcerning / aboutP · περίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

πεμψάτωlet him sendVA AAD3S · πέμπωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπέμπω: meaning 'let him send'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἡμᾶςIRP AP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

The Second Book of Esdras, Chapter 5ΕΣΔΡΑΣ Β′ Ε′

Theme

Translation & textual notes