ὅτιforcausal conjunction (explanatory, linking to v. 21)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; introduces the explanation of Solomon's gold abundance — the triennial Tarshish trade.
ναῦςshipNominativesubject→ participant prominenceναῦς: 'ship'; here a 'ship of Tarshish,' a large ocean-going merchant vessel (the type-name became a class designation).
ΘαρσιςTarshishgenitival modifier of ναῦς (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΘαρσις: transliteration of Hebrew תַּרְשִׁישׁ (Tarshish), a distant maritime trading destination; 'ship of Tarshish' denotes a deep-sea merchantman; indeclinable.
τῷto the / for theDativearticle (with βασιλεῖ, dative of possession)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative of possession ('the king had a ship')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon, owner of the Tarshish fleet.
ἐνin / onpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θαλάσσῃseaDativedative of place (locative: 'on the sea')→ sphere or referenceθάλασσα: 'sea'; renders יָם; the maritime sphere of Solomon's trade fleet.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νηῶνshipsGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationναῦς (pl. νηῶν): 'ships'; the fleet of Hiram with which Solomon's ship sailed in joint venture.
Χιραμof Hiramgenitival modifier of νηῶν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΧιραμ: Hiram of Tyre (cf. v. 11), Solomon's maritime partner.
μίαoneNominativenumeral (subject of ἤρχετο: 'one [ship]')→ measure or countεἷς (fem. μία): 'one'; 'one ship' came every three years (or 'once' every three years).
διὰevery / throughpreposition + genitive (interval of time)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + gen. of time: 'at intervals of / every'; διὰ τριῶν ἐτῶν = 'once every three years.'
τριῶνthreeGenitivenumeral (modifying ἐτῶν)→ relational specificationτρεῖς (gen. τριῶν): 'three'; the triennial cycle of the Tarshish voyage.
ἐτῶνyearsGenitivegenitive of time (with διά: 'every three years')→ relational specificationἔτος (pl. ἐτῶν): 'year'; the interval of the long-haul trading voyage.
ἤρχετοwould comeImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ iterative imperfect (repeated triennial arrival)ἔρχομαι (impf. ἤρχετο): 'come'; the iterative imperfect denotes the recurring arrival of the fleet every three years.
τῷto theDativearticle (with βασιλεῖ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative of advantage ('came to the king')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon, the recipient of the fleet's cargo.
ναῦςshipNominativesubject (in apposition to μία)→ participant prominenceναῦς: 'ship'; the Tarshish vessel resumed as subject.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΘαρσιςTarshishgenitive object of ἐκ (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΘαρσις: the distant port of origin of the cargo.
χρυσίουof goldGenitivegenitive of content (the cargo)→ relational specificationχρυσίον: 'gold'; the principal cargo of the Tarshish fleet.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀργυρίουof silverGenitivegenitive of content→ relational specificationἀργύριον: 'silver'; second item of the cargo.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λίθωνstonesGenitivegenitive of content→ relational specificationλίθος (pl. λίθων): 'stone'; here precious/worked stones in the cargo.
τορευτῶνwrought / carvedGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying λίθων)→ relational specificationτορευτός: 'worked with the chisel / carved / engraved'; from τορεύω; of finely wrought stones.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πελεκητῶνhewnGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying λίθων)→ relational specificationπελεκητός: 'hewn with the axe / dressed'; from πελεκάω (contrast ἀπελέκητος, 'unhewn,' v. 11); of dressed building-stones.
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative (subject of the new clause)→ participant referenceοὗτος (fem. αὕτη): 'this'; introduces the summary statement of Solomon's building enterprise.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (equative)→ stative imperfectεἰμί: 'be'; 'this was the enterprise …' equates the foregoing trade/levy with Solomon's great works.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πραγματείαenterprise / businessNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceπραγματεία: 'business / enterprise / undertaking'; the organized labor-project of Solomon's reign; the cognate verb ἐπραγματεύσατο and noun πραγματείαν recur below.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προνομῆςlevy / requisitionGenitivegenitive (with πραγματεία: 'enterprise of the levy')→ relational specificationπρονομή: 'foraging / requisition / levy'; here the forced-labor levy Solomon raised for his building works (Hebrew מַס).
ἧςwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (object of ἀνήνεγκεν, genitive by attraction)→ relational specificationὅς (fem. gen. ἧς): relative pronoun, attracted to the case of προνομῆς.
ἀνήνεγκενraised / imposedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναφέρωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristἀναφέρω: 'bring up / raise / impose'; here of levying the corvée (the same verb used cultically of offering, v. 5).
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject of ἀνήνεγκεν→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon, who imposed the levy.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonindeclinable proper noun (in apposition to βασιλεὺς)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (in apposition to βασιλεὺς).
οἰκοδομῆσαιto buildAor Act Inf · οἰκοδομέωinfinitive of purpose (with ἀνήνεγκεν)→ verbal action or stateοἰκοδομέω: 'build'; the purpose of the levy — Solomon's building projects.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativedirect object of οἰκοδομῆσαι→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house'; here the temple, 'the house of the LORD.'
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (with οἶκον)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; 'the house of the LORD' = the temple, first of Solomon's building works.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativedirect object (second member)→ object specificationοἶκος: here the palace, 'the house of the king.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of possession (the royal palace)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the king's palace, second building project.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεῖχοςwallAccusativedirect object (third member)→ object specificationτεῖχος: 'wall / city-wall'; renders חוֹמָה; the wall of Jerusalem, third building project.
Ιερουσαλημof Jerusalemgenitival modifier of τεῖχος (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: 'Jerusalem'; the capital whose wall Solomon built/fortified.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄκρανcitadelAccusativedirect object (fourth member)→ object specificationἄκρα: 'citadel / fortified height'; renders מִלּוֹא (the Millo); the fortress-acropolis of Jerusalem (a term later famous for the Seleucid Akra).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with articular infinitive of purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περιφράξαιto fence aroundAor Act Inf · περιφράσσωarticular infinitive of purpose (τοῦ περιφράξαι)→ verbal action or stateπεριφράσσω: 'fence around / wall in / fortify'; the purpose of the citadel — to enclose the wall of the city of David.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φραγμὸνwall / fenceAccusativedirect object of περιφράξαι→ object specificationφραγμός: 'fence / wall / enclosure'; from φράσσω; the defensive perimeter of the city of David.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive (with φραγμὸν: 'wall of the city')→ relational specificationπόλις: 'city'; the city of David (the original fortified Zion).
Δαυιδof Davidgenitival modifier of πόλεως (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliteration of Hebrew דָּוִד (David); indeclinable; 'the city of David' = the Davidic citadel of Jerusalem.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (extending the building-list to cities)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with the city-name Ασσουρ)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑσσουρAssur / Hazorobject (city Solomon built; indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΑσσουρ: a place-name in Solomon's building-list (corresponding to Hazor in the MT, חָצוֹר); indeclinable, articularized by τὴν.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜαγδανMagdan / Megiddoobject (city built; indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΜαγδαν: a place-name (corresponding to Megiddo, מְגִדּוֹ, in the MT); indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓαζερGezerobject (city built; indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΓαζερ: transliteration of Hebrew גֶּזֶר (Gezer); indeclinable; one of Solomon's fortified cities.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒαιθωρωνBeth-horonobject (city built; indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΒαιθωρων: transliteration of Hebrew בֵּית חוֹרוֹן (Beth-horon); indeclinable; here 'the upper' Beth-horon.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (attributive, with ἀνωτέρω)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνωτέρωuppercomparative adverb used attributively ('the upper')→ clausal contributionἀνωτέρω: 'higher / upper'; comparative adverb of ἄνω; τὴν ἀνωτέρω distinguishes upper Beth-horon from the lower town.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙεθερμαθIethermathobject (city built; indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΙεθερμαθ: a place-name in Solomon's building-list (corresponding to Baalath / Tamar in parallel texts); indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying πόλεις)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the whole set of chariot-cities.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesAccusativedirect object (building-list)→ object specificationπόλις (pl. πόλεις): 'city'; the garrison-cities of Solomon's chariotry.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁρμάτωνchariotsGenitivegenitive (with πόλεις: 'cities of the chariots')→ relational specificationἅρμα (pl. ἁρμάτων): 'chariot'; renders רֶכֶב; the chariot-cities housing Solomon's war-machinery (cf. v. 26).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying πόλεις)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the whole set of cavalry-cities.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesAccusativedirect object (building-list)→ object specificationπόλις: 'city'; the cities of the horsemen.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱππέωνhorsemenGenitivegenitive (with πόλεις: 'cities of the horsemen')→ relational specificationἱππεύς (pl. ἱππέων): 'horseman / cavalryman'; renders פָּרָשׁ; the cavalry stationed in these cities (cf. v. 26).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πραγματείανenterpriseAccusativedirect object (resuming the 'enterprise' theme)→ object specificationπραγματεία: 'enterprise / undertaking'; the building-business of Solomon, resumed from the verse's opening with a cognate verb following.
Σαλωμωνof Solomongenitival modifier of πραγματείαν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitival modifier of πραγματείαν (indeclinable proper noun).
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐπραγματεύσατο)→ participant referenceὅς (fem. acc. ἥν): relative pronoun, antecedent πραγματείαν.
ἐπραγματεύσατοhe carried outAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · πραγματεύομαιverb of relative clause (cognate with πραγματεία)→ constative aoristπραγματεύομαι: 'transact business / carry out an undertaking'; the figura etymologica with πραγματεία ('the enterprise he enterprised') stresses the scope of Solomon's labor-program; the same verb is used in Luke 19:13 of trading with the minas.
οἰκοδομῆσαιto buildAor Act Inf · οἰκοδομέωinfinitive (epexegetical: defining the enterprise)→ verbal action or stateοἰκοδομέω: 'build'; the second occurrence, epexegetical of the πραγματεία — Solomon's building work in Jerusalem and throughout the land.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemdative object of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: the capital, the principal site of Solomon's building.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
πάσῃallDativeattributive adjective (modifying γῇ)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all / the whole'; Solomon built throughout the entire land.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῇlandDativedative of place (locative: 'in all the land')→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land'; the whole realm of Solomon's building activity.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with articular infinitive of purpose/result)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὴnotnegative particle (with the infinitive κατάρξαι)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: the negative used with the articular infinitive (τοῦ μὴ κατάρξαι), 'so as not to …'
κατάρξαιto have dominionAor Act Inf · κατάρχωarticular infinitive (negative purpose/result: τοῦ μὴ κατάρξαι)→ verbal action or stateκατάρχω: 'rule over / have dominion / subdue'; the clause τοῦ μὴ κατάρξαι αὐτοῦ ('so as not to have dominion over it') is grammatically loose in the Old Greek and transitions to the corvée raised from the surviving peoples.
αὐτοῦit / themGenitivegenitive object of κατάρξαι (verb of ruling takes genitive)→ relational specificationαὐτός: the genitive object of κατάρχω ('rule over'); the antecedent is loosely the land/remnant-peoples.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying λαὸν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the whole surviving non-Israelite population.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸνpeopleAccusativeaccusative (the people subjected to the levy)→ object specificationλαός: 'people'; here the remnant of the Canaanite nations conscripted for forced labor.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with participle)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑπολελειμμένονthat was leftPerf Pass Part Acc Sg Masc · ὑπολείπωattributive participle (modifying λαὸν)→ resultative perfect (the surviving remnant)ὑπολείπω: 'leave behind / leave remaining'; the perfect passive participle 'the people left remaining' = the survivors of the Canaanite nations not destroyed in the conquest.
ἀπὸof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive/source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; partitive 'of the Hittite, the Amorite …' — the remnant drawn from these peoples.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧετταίουHittiteGenitivegenitive (collective gentilic: 'the Hittite')→ relational specificationΧετταῖος: 'Hittite'; renders חִתִּי; declinable gentilic noun; first of the seven nations of the land.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑμορραίουAmoriteGenitivegenitive (collective gentilic)→ relational specificationΑμορραῖος: 'Amorite'; renders אֱמֹרִי; declinable gentilic; second of the nations.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΦερεζαίουPerizziteGenitivegenitive (collective gentilic)→ relational specificationΦερεζαῖος: 'Perizzite'; renders פְּרִזִּי; declinable gentilic; third of the nations.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧαναναίουCanaaniteGenitivegenitive (collective gentilic)→ relational specificationΧαναναῖος: 'Canaanite'; renders כְּנַעֲנִי; declinable gentilic; fourth of the nations.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΕυαίουHiviteGenitivegenitive (collective gentilic)→ relational specificationΕυαῖος: 'Hivite'; renders חִוִּי; declinable gentilic; fifth of the nations.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙεβουσαίουJebusiteGenitivegenitive (collective gentilic)→ relational specificationΙεβουσαῖος: 'Jebusite'; renders יְבוּסִי; declinable gentilic; sixth of the nations.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓεργεσαίουGirgashiteGenitivegenitive (collective gentilic)→ relational specificationΓεργεσαῖος: 'Girgashite'; renders גִּרְגָּשִׁי; declinable gentilic; seventh of the nations of Canaan.
τῶνthoseGenitivearticle (with participle ὄντων: 'those being')→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὴnotnegative particle (with ὄντων)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: negates the participle ὄντων: 'those not being of the sons of Israel.'
ἐκof / frompreposition + genitive (origin)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'of / from'; ἐκ τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ = 'of the sons of Israel' (the descent these peoples did not share).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ→ relational specificationυἱός (pl. υἱῶν): 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ('the sons of Israel') is the standard LXX designation of the covenant people.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitival modifier of υἱῶν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the covenant people whose lineage the remnant peoples did not share.
ὄντωνbeingPres Act Part Gen Pl Masc · εἰμίattributive participle (with τῶν μὴ: 'those not being')→ verbal action or stateεἰμί (pres. part. ὄντων): 'be'; 'those who were not of the sons of Israel' — defining the conscripted remnant by their non-Israelite descent.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with τέκνα, resuming the object)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέκναchildrenAccusativeaccusative (in apposition / resumptive object: 'their children')→ object specificationτέκνον (pl. τέκνα): 'child / descendant'; renders בָּנִים; the descendants of the surviving peoples who remained in the land.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with participle)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑπολελειμμέναthat were leftPerf Pass Part Acc Pl Neut · ὑπολείπωattributive participle (modifying τέκνα)→ resultative perfect (the surviving descendants)ὑπολείπω: 'leave remaining'; the perfect passive participle (neuter pl., agreeing with τέκνα) — 'the children left remaining after them.'
μετ᾿afterpreposition + accusative (temporal/sequential: 'after them')→ spatial or relational framingμετά + acc.: 'after'; 'after them' = the generation succeeding the conquered peoples.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeaccusative object of μετ᾿→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of μετ᾿.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῇlandDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land'; the land of Israel where the remnant survived.
οὓςwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐξολεθρεῦσαι)→ participant referenceὅς (acc. pl. οὕς): relative pronoun; 'whom the sons of Israel could not destroy.'
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἐδύναντο)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐδύναντοwere ableImpf Mid/Pass Indic 3 Pl · δύναμαιmain verb of relative clause→ durative imperfect (sustained inability)δύναμαι: 'be able'; the imperfect 'were not able' explains why the remnant survived — Israel could not utterly destroy them in the conquest.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject of ἐδύναντο→ participant prominenceυἱός (pl. υἱοί): 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ, the covenant people.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitival modifier of υἱοὶ (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable.
ἐξολεθρεῦσαιto destroy utterlyAor Act Inf · ἐξολεθρεύωcomplementary infinitive (with ἐδύναντο)→ aorist infinitive (the intended destruction)ἐξολεθρεύω: 'destroy utterly / exterminate'; the intensive compound (ἐξ-) rendering הֶחֱרִים / הִשְׁמִיד; the herem-language of the conquest that Israel failed to complete.
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object of ἐξολεθρεῦσαι (resumptive, Hebraizing)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the resumptive pronoun after the relative οὕς is a Hebraism (the redundant resumptive of the Hebrew relative אֲשֶׁר … אֹתָם).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνήγαγενbrought up / leviedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνάγωmain verb→ constative aoristἀνάγω: 'bring up / lead up'; here 'raised them up as a levy' — Solomon conscripted the remnant for forced labor (Hebrew הֶעֱלָה לְמַס).
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ἀνήγαγεν→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἀνήγαγεν.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
εἰςfor / aspreposition + accusative (purpose: 'as a levy')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'for / as'; εἰς φόρον = 'for forced labor / as a tribute-levy.'
φόρονforced labor / levyAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationφόρος: 'tribute / forced-labor levy'; renders מַס; the corvée of conscripted labor imposed on the surviving peoples.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until'; in the formula ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdayGenitivegenitive object of ἕως→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης ('until this day'), the historiographic formula (cf. v. 12).
ταύτηςthisGenitivedemonstrative (modifying ἡμέρας)→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'this'; closes the formula.
καὶbut / andnarrative conjunction (mild contrast)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here mildly adversative — 'but of the sons of Israel …' (contrast to the conscripted remnant).
ἐκof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: partitive 'of / from among' the sons of Israel.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive (partitive object of ἐκ)→ relational specificationυἱός (pl. υἱῶν): 'son'; the Israelites, exempt from the corvée.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitival modifier of υἱῶν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable.
οὐκnot / nonenegative particle (with ἔδωκε)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκεgave / madeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give / appoint / assign'; 'Solomon gave none [of the Israelites] for forced service' — the Israelites were exempt from the corvée.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose: 'for forced service')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'for'; εἰς πρᾶγμα = 'for [compulsory] service / a task.'
πρᾶγμαtask / forced serviceAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationπρᾶγμα: 'matter / task / labor'; here the compulsory labor-service from which Israelites were spared (contrast the πραγματεία imposed on the remnant).
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; gives the reason for the Israelites' exemption — they served as soldiers and officers.
αὐτοὶtheyNominativeintensive pronoun (subject: 'they themselves')→ participant referenceαὐτός: emphatic 'they (themselves)' — the Israelites, by contrast with the conscripted peoples.
ἦσανwereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (equative)→ stative imperfectεἰμί: 'be'; 'they were the men of war …' — defining the Israelites' role.
ἄνδρεςmenNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceἀνήρ (pl. ἄνδρες): 'man'; here 'the men of war' (warriors).
οἱtheNominativearticle (with πολεμισταὶ)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολεμισταὶwarriorsNominativepredicate nominative (in apposition to ἄνδρες)→ participant prominenceπολεμιστής (pl. πολεμισταί): 'warrior / man of war'; renders אַנְשֵׁי מִלְחָמָה; the Israelites' military vocation that exempted them from the corvée.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παῖδεςservantsNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceπαῖς (pl. παῖδες): 'servant / officer'; here the king's officials/retainers.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄρχοντεςcommandersNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceἄρχων (pl. ἄρχοντες): 'ruler / commander / officer'; the chariot-commanders of Solomon's army.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁρμάτωνchariotsGenitivegenitive (with ἄρχοντες: 'commanders of the chariots')→ relational specificationἅρμα (pl. ἁρμάτων): 'chariot'; the chariotry the Israelites commanded.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἱππεῖςhorsemenNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceἱππεύς (pl. ἱππεῖς): 'horseman / cavalryman'; the closing item — the Israelites also served as Solomon's cavalry.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.