Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Third Book of Kingdoms, Chapter 10ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ Γ′ Ι′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

The queen of Sheba and the wealth of the nations display the worldwide fame of Solomon's wisdom and splendor.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of 3 Kingdoms 10 (= 1 Kings 10) follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. The chapter is the narrative apex of Solomon's reign. It opens with the visit of the queen of Sheba (βασίλισσα Σαβα), who, hearing the fame of Solomon 'and the name of the LORD' (τὸ ὄνομα κυρίου, v. 1), comes to test him ἐν αἰνίγμασιν ('with riddles / hard questions'); overwhelmed by his wisdom, his house, and his temple worship, she confesses that οὐκ ἔστιν τὸ ἥμισυ καθὼς ἀπήγγειλάν μοι ('the half was not told me', v. 7) — a saying Jesus invokes when he names 'the queen of the South' (βασίλισσα νότου) who came from the ends of the earth to hear Solomon's wisdom, declaring that 'something greater than Solomon is here' (Matt 12:42 // Luke 11:31). She blesses YHWH who set Solomon on the throne of Israel to do justice (v. 9) and gives him gold, spices, and precious stones (v. 10). The narrative then catalogues Solomon's splendor: the navy of Hiram (Χιραμ) bringing gold from Ophir (here Σουφιρ) and 'unhewn timber' (ξύλα ἀπελέκητα, the almug wood, vv. 11–12); Solomon's annual revenue of 666 talents of gold (ἑξακόσια καὶ ἑξήκοντα ἓξ τάλαντα, v. 14); the three hundred gold spears and three hundred gold shields housed in the House of the Forest of Lebanon (vv. 16–17); the great ivory throne overlaid with refined gold, with its six steps and the twelve lions standing on them, unmatched in any kingdom (vv. 18–20); the drinking-vessels all of gold and silver counted as nothing (v. 21); and the long expansion at v. 22 — in the LXX a single vast sentence enfolding the ships of Tarshish (ναῦς Θαρσις) arriving every three years, Solomon's building 'business' (πραγματεία) of the temple, palace, the wall of Jerusalem, the citadel (ἄκρα), and a string of cities, together with the corvée raised from the surviving Canaanite peoples and the exemption of the sons of Israel from forced labor. The chapter closes with Solomon's surpassing wealth and wisdom (v. 23), the kings of the earth seeking his face (v. 24), the annual tribute (v. 25), the four thousand chariot-horses and twelve thousand horsemen (v. 26), silver made 'as stones' in Jerusalem and cedar as common as sycamore (v. 27), and the import-export horse trade with Egypt and Kue (Θεκουε, vv. 28–29). The LXX of 3 Kingdoms diverges markedly from the Masoretic 1 Kings in arrangement; the verse-22 megasentence (with its internal asterisked sections in the printed editions) is a conspicuous feature of the Old Greek's distinctive ordering of the Solomon material.

1

καὶ βασίλισσα Σαβα ἤκουσεν τὸ ὄνομα Σαλωμων καὶ τὸ ὄνομα κυρίου καὶ ἦλθεν πειράσαι αὐτὸν ἐν αἰνίγμασιν

And the queen of Sheba heard the name of Solomon and the name of the LORD, and she came to test him with riddles.

New narrative episode (the queen's arrival)καὶ βασίλισσα Σαβα ἤκουσεν
The chapter opens with Hebraizing καί-parataxis introducing a new royal actor. Twin objects of ἤκουσεν — 'the name of Solomon and the name of the LORD' — make the queen's quest theological as well as diplomatic: Solomon's fame is bound up with the fame of YHWH. The infinitive of purpose πειράσαι frames the visit as a wisdom-contest (cf. Matt 12:42 // Luke 11:31, the queen of the South).
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βασίλισσαqueenNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασίλισσα: 'queen'; the feminine of βασιλεύς; renders Hebrew מַלְכַּת (שְׁבָא); the queen of Sheba's title recurs as a refrain through the episode (vv. 1, 4, 10, 13) and is the title taken up by Jesus' βασίλισσα νότου ('queen of the South', Matt 12:42; Luke 11:31).
ΣαβαShebaindeclinable proper noun (in apposition / attributive to βασίλισσα)→ participant identificationΣαβα: transliteration of Hebrew שְׁבָא (Sheba), a kingdom of the southern Arabian peninsula famed for gold, spices, and precious stones; indeclinable in the LXX.
ἤκουσενheardAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb→ constative aorist (the report reaches her)ἀκούω: 'hear'; renders שָׁמַע; the queen's hearing of Solomon's fame is the trigger of the whole episode; the same verb recurs in her confession (vv. 6–7) that the report fell short of the reality.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομαname / fameAccusativedirect object of ἤκουσεν→ object specificationὄνομα: 'name'; here in the idiomatic sense of 'renown / reputation' (cf. Hebrew שֵׁם); 'hearing the name' = hearing the fame; the parallel 'name of the LORD' makes Solomon's reputation a vehicle of YHWH's.
ΣαλωμωνSolomongenitival modifier of ὄνομα (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliteration of Hebrew שְׁלֹמֹה (Solomon); indeclinable in this LXX text (the case-relation is carried by context); the dominant name of the chapter, occurring at every turn of the narrative.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the twin objects)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομαnameAccusativedirect object of ἤκουσεν (second member)→ object specificationὄνομα κυρίου: 'the name of the LORD'; the second object draws YHWH's reputation into the queen's quest — Solomon's wisdom is presented as derivative of, and witness to, the God of Israel.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (with ὄνομα)→ relational specificationκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; 'the name of the LORD' here denotes YHWH's revealed reputation among the nations, of which Solomon's God-given wisdom is the showcase.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦλθενshe cameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aorist (the journey accomplished)ἔρχομαι: 'come / go'; renders בּוֹא; the queen's coming 'from the ends of the earth' (Matt 12:42) becomes a type of Gentile recognition of God's wisdom in Israel.
πειράσαιto testAor Act Inf · πειράζωinfinitive of purpose (with ἦλθεν)→ telic aorist infinitive (purpose of the divine decree)πειράζω: 'test / try / put to the proof'; renders נִסָּה; here the testing is a wisdom-contest of riddles, not a hostile trial; the purpose infinitive frames the whole visit.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of πειράσαι (= Solomon)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of πειράσαι (= Solomon).
ἐνwith / bypreposition + dative (instrumental)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrumental).
αἰνίγμασινriddlesDativedative of means (instrumental: 'by riddles')→ sphere or referenceαἴνιγμα (pl. αἰνίγμασιν): 'riddle / dark saying / enigma'; renders חִידוֹת; the same word the LXX uses of Samson's riddle (Judg 14) and of the 'dark sayings' of wisdom (Prov 1:6); the queen's hard questions probe the depth of Solomon's God-given discernment.
2

καὶ ἦλθεν εἰς Ιερουσαλημ ἐν δυνάμει βαρείᾳ σφόδρα καὶ κάμηλοι αἴρουσαι ἡδύσματα καὶ χρυσὸν πολὺν σφόδρα καὶ λίθον τίμιον καὶ εἰσῆλθεν πρὸς Σαλωμων καὶ ἐλάλησεν αὐτῷ πάντα ὅσα ἦν ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς

And she came to Jerusalem with a very great retinue, and camels bearing spices and very much gold and precious stone; and she came in to Solomon and told him all that was in her heart.

Continuation: the arrival in detailκαὶ ἦλθεν εἰς Ιερουσαλημ
The verse fills out v. 1's 'she came' with the splendor of the queen's caravan (δύναμις βαρεῖα, camels laden with spices, gold, and gems) and her unreserved disclosure — ἐλάλησεν αὐτῷ πάντα ὅσα ἦν ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς, 'she spoke to him all that was in her heart.' The triple cargo (spices, gold, precious stone) anticipates the gift of v. 10.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦλθενshe cameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: resumes v. 1's ἦλθεν, now with the destination (Jerusalem) and the manner (with a great retinue) specified.
εἰςto / intopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemaccusative object of εἰς (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliteration of Hebrew יְרוּשָׁלִַם; indeclinable in the LXX; Solomon's royal and cultic capital, the goal of the queen's pilgrimage.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (attendant circumstance)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (attendant circumstance).
δυνάμειforce / retinueDativedative of accompaniment (with ἐν: 'with a force/retinue')→ sphere or referenceδύναμις: 'power / military force / company'; renders חַיִל; here a royal entourage / armed retinue, conveying the scale and majesty of the queen's embassy.
βαρείᾳheavy / largeDativeattributive adjective (modifying δυνάμει)→ sphere or referenceβαρύς: 'heavy / weighty / great'; renders כָּבֵד; of a retinue it denotes impressive size and substance.
σφόδραveryadverb of degree (intensifying βαρείᾳ)→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'exceedingly / very'; standard LXX rendering of מְאֹד; one of the chapter's signature intensifiers (vv. 2, 10, 11).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κάμηλοιcamelsNominativenominative (loosely appended: the caravan)→ participant prominenceκάμηλος: 'camel'; renders גָּמָל; the beasts of the desert caravan that carry the queen's lavish gifts.
αἴρουσαιbearingPres Act Part Nom Pl Fem · αἴρωattributive participle (modifying κάμηλοι)→ verbal action or stateαἴρω: 'lift / carry / bear'; the present participle describes the camels in the act of bearing the cargo; the same verb is used of Hiram's ship 'bearing' the gold (v. 11).
ἡδύσματαspicesAccusativedirect object of αἴρουσαι→ object specificationἥδυσμα (pl. ἡδύσματα): 'spice / sweet-smelling thing / seasoning'; renders בְּשָׂמִים; the aromatic wealth of Arabia, a staple of the Sheba trade.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χρυσὸνgoldAccusativedirect object of αἴρουσαι (second member)→ object specificationχρυσός: 'gold'; renders זָהָב; gold is the leitmotif of the chapter, recurring in the throne, shields, vessels, and Solomon's annual revenue.
πολὺνmuchAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying χρυσὸν)→ object specificationπολύς: 'much / many'; renders רַב; with σφόδρα it heightens the abundance of the gold.
σφόδραveryadverb of degree (intensifying πολὺν)→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: meaning 'very'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λίθονstoneAccusativedirect object of αἴρουσαι (third member)→ object specificationλίθος: 'stone'; with τίμιον, 'precious stone / gem'; renders אֶבֶן יְקָרָה; completes the threefold caravan-cargo (spices, gold, gems).
τίμιονpreciousAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying λίθον)→ object specificationτίμιος: 'precious / costly / valued'; renders יְקָר; λίθος τίμιος is the LXX's standard phrase for gemstones (cf. vv. 2, 10, 11).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσῆλθενshe came inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aorist (the audience granted)εἰσέρχομαι: 'come in / enter'; the compound marks the queen's formal entrance into Solomon's presence / court.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (toward a person)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (toward a person).
ΣαλωμωνSolomonaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησενshe told / spokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak / tell'; here of laying out her whole mind — her riddles and concerns — before the king.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object (= Solomon)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object (= Solomon).
πάνταall thingsAccusativedirect object of ἐλάλησεν→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / everything'; the queen holds nothing back, anticipating that Solomon's wisdom can match the whole of her testing.
ὅσαwhateverNominativerelative pronoun (introducing relative clause modifying πάντα)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much as / whatever'; the correlative πάντα … ὅσα ('all that …') is a frequent LXX idiom for comprehensiveness.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of relative clause→ stative imperfectεἰμί: 'be'; the imperfect describes the standing contents of the queen's heart that she now discloses.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίᾳheartDativedative of place (locative: 'in her heart')→ sphere or referenceκαρδία: 'heart'; renders לֵב; in Hebrew anthropology the seat of thought and intention; 'all that was in her heart' = her whole mind and purpose.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
3

καὶ ἀπήγγειλεν αὐτῇ Σαλωμων πάντας τοὺς λόγους αὐτῆς οὐκ ἦν λόγος παρεωραμένος παρὰ τοῦ βασιλέως ὃν οὐκ ἀπήγγειλεν αὐτῇ

And Solomon answered her all her questions; there was no matter overlooked by the king that he did not tell her.

Result: Solomon answers everythingκαὶ ἀπήγγειλεν αὐτῇ Σαλωμων
Solomon's wisdom is shown by exhaustive comprehension: he answers 'all her words,' and the litotes οὐκ ἦν λόγος παρεωραμένος … ὃν οὐκ ἀπήγγειλεν ('there was no matter hidden that he did not tell') doubly negates any gap in his knowledge. The verb ἀπαγγέλλω frames his replies as authoritative declarations.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπήγγειλενtold / answeredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb→ constative aorist (the full reply)ἀπαγγέλλω: 'report / declare / announce'; renders הִגִּיד; here 'gave answer to / explained'; the verb recurs in the closing litotes, framing Solomon's exhaustive responsiveness.
αὐτῇto herDativeindirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'to her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying λόγους)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of the queen's questions — none exceeds Solomon's wisdom.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγουςwords / questionsAccusativedirect object of ἀπήγγειλεν→ object specificationλόγος: 'word / matter / question'; renders דָּבָר; here the queen's words = her riddles and inquiries, to all of which Solomon gives answer.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἦν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential: 'there was')→ stative imperfectεἰμί: existential 'there was'; the negated existential opens the litotes that magnifies Solomon's comprehensive knowledge.
λόγοςmatter / wordNominativesubject of ἦν→ participant prominenceλόγος: here 'matter / thing'; 'no matter was overlooked' — Solomon's wisdom leaves no question unanswered.
παρεωραμένοςoverlookedPerf Pass Part Nom Sg Masc · παροράωperfect passive participle (predicate with ἦν: periphrastic)→ resultative perfect (settled state of being overlooked)παροράω: 'overlook / pass over / disregard'; the perfect passive participle (periphrastic with ἦν) describes a matter left unattended; the litotes 'no matter overlooked' asserts Solomon's total mastery.
παρὰby / frompreposition + genitive (agent/source: 'on the part of the king')→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (agent/source: 'on the part of the king').
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive (source/agent with παρά: = Solomon)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; here Solomon, the human king (not a divine referent); the recurring royal title of the chapter.
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἀπήγγειλεν, antecedent λόγος)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; the relative clause 'which he did not tell her' completes the double negative.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπήγγειλενhe toldAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπαγγέλλωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristἀπαγγέλλω: repeated from the verse's opening, sealing the litotes: there was nothing he failed to tell her.
αὐτῇto herDativeindirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'to her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object.
4

καὶ εἶδεν βασίλισσα Σαβα πᾶσαν φρόνησιν Σαλωμων καὶ τὸν οἶκον ὃν ᾠκοδόμησεν

And the queen of Sheba saw all the wisdom of Solomon and the house that he had built,

New movement: the queen's observation (vv. 4–5)καὶ εἶδεν βασίλισσα Σαβα
εἶδεν opens a catalogue of what overwhelmed the queen, running through v. 5: Solomon's wisdom, his house, his table, his court, and his temple worship. φρόνησις ('practical wisdom / discernment') is the chapter's key gift-word (vv. 4, 6, 8, 23, 24).
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ constative aorist (the act of taking it all in)ὁράω (aor. εἶδεν): 'see / perceive'; renders רָאָה; the verb governs the whole inventory of vv. 4–5 — seeing leads to the loss of breath (ἐξ ἑαυτῆς ἐγένετο, v. 5).
βασίλισσαqueenNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασίλισσα: the title-refrain returns as the queen becomes the observer of Solomon's glory.
ΣαβαShebaindeclinable proper noun (attributive to βασίλισσα)→ participant identificationΣαβα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (attributive to βασίλισσα).
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying φρόνησιν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / the whole of'; the totality of Solomon's wisdom is the first object of the queen's sight.
φρόνησινwisdom / discernmentAccusativedirect object of εἶδεν→ object specificationφρόνησις: 'practical wisdom / prudence / discernment'; renders חָכְמָה; the chapter's signature word for the God-given gift Solomon embodies (cf. vv. 6, 8, 23, 24); distinct from σοφία in nuance, it stresses applied, governing insight.
Σαλωμωνof Solomongenitival modifier of φρόνησιν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitival modifier of φρόνησιν (indeclinable proper noun).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativedirect object of εἶδεν (second member)→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house'; renders בַּיִת; Solomon's palace (and by extension the whole building complex), the visible monument of his wisdom and wealth.
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ᾠκοδόμησεν)→ participant referenceὃν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (object of ᾠκοδόμησεν).
ᾠκοδόμησενhe had builtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (the completed building)οἰκοδομέω: 'build'; renders בָּנָה; Solomon's building program (temple, palace, walls) is the recurring boast of the chapter, culminating in the great expansion of v. 22.
5

καὶ τὰ βρώματα Σαλωμων καὶ τὴν καθέδραν παίδων αὐτοῦ καὶ τὴν στάσιν λειτουργῶν αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸν ἱματισμὸν αὐτοῦ καὶ τοὺς οἰνοχόους αὐτοῦ καὶ τὴν ὁλοκαύτωσιν αὐτοῦ ἣν ἀνέφερεν ἐν οἴκῳ κυρίου καὶ ἐξ ἑαυτῆς ἐγένετο

and the food of Solomon, and the seating of his servants, and the standing of his ministers, and his clothing, and his cupbearers, and his whole burnt offering which he offered up in the house of the LORD; and she was beside herself.

Continuation: the inventory of glory, climaxing in the queen's astonishmentκαὶ τὰ βρώματα Σαλωμων
A list of accusatives still governed by εἶδεν (v. 4): food, the seating of servants, the array of ministers, robes, cupbearers, and the ascending temple offering. The climactic ἐξ ἑαυτῆς ἐγένετο — literally 'she became out of herself' — is a vivid Greek idiom for being overwhelmed / breathless (cf. Hebrew 'there was no more spirit in her').
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing the objects of εἶδεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βρώματαfood / dishesAccusativedirect object of εἶδεν (from v. 4)→ object specificationβρῶμα (pl. βρώματα): 'food / dishes'; renders מַאֲכָל; the provision of Solomon's table, a mark of royal abundance (cf. the daily provision of 3 Kgdms 5:2).
Σαλωμωνof Solomongenitival modifier (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitival modifier (indeclinable proper noun).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθέδρανseatingAccusativedirect object of εἶδεν→ object specificationκαθέδρα: 'seat / sitting / seating arrangement'; renders מוֹשַׁב; here the orderly seating of Solomon's servants at table or court, a token of disciplined splendor.
παίδωνof servantsGenitivegenitive (of the persons seated)→ relational specificationπαῖς (pl. παίδων): 'servant / attendant / courtier'; renders עֶבֶד; Solomon's court personnel.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στάσινstanding / stationAccusativedirect object of εἶδεν→ object specificationστάσις: 'standing / station / attendance'; renders מַעֲמָד; the ranked attendance of Solomon's ministers, paralleling the 'seating' of the servants.
λειτουργῶνof ministersGenitivegenitive (of the persons standing)→ relational specificationλειτουργός (pl. λειτουργῶν): 'minister / attendant / servant'; renders מְשָׁרֵת; in the LXX often of cultic ministers, here of royal officials who serve the king.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱματισμὸνclothingAccusativedirect object of εἶδεν→ object specificationἱματισμός: 'clothing / apparel'; renders מַלְבּוּשׁ; the rich vesture of Solomon's court (cf. v. 25, where robes are part of the kings' tribute).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰνοχόουςcupbearersAccusativedirect object of εἶδεν→ object specificationοἰνοχόος (pl. οἰνοχόους): 'cupbearer / wine-pourer'; renders מַשְׁקֶה; an honored office at an ancient royal court (cf. Neh 1:11).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαύτωσινwhole burnt offeringAccusativedirect object of εἶδεν (climactic member)→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωσις: 'whole burnt offering / holocaust'; renders עֹלָה; the climax of the list is cultic — Solomon's worship at the temple, the religious crown of his glory; this object is what most impresses the queen.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἀνέφερεν)→ participant referenceἣν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (object of ἀνέφερεν).
ἀνέφερενhe offered upImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναφέρωverb of relative clause→ customary imperfect (his habitual offering)ἀναφέρω: 'bring up / offer up'; the technical LXX verb for offering sacrifice on the altar (rendering הֶעֱלָה); the imperfect marks Solomon's regular temple worship.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
οἴκῳhouseDativedative of place (locative: 'in the house')→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: here the temple, 'the house of the LORD' (οἶκος κυρίου), the standard LXX designation of the Jerusalem sanctuary.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (with οἴκῳ)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; 'the house of the LORD' = the temple Solomon built; the queen's astonishment culminates in his devotion to YHWH.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξout ofpreposition + genitive (idiomatic: 'out of herself')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: in the idiom ἐξ ἑαυτῆς ἐγένετο, 'she became out of herself' = she was beside herself, breathless with amazement; renders 'there was no more spirit in her' (לֹא־הָיָה בָהּ עוֹד רוּחַ).
ἑαυτῆςherselfGenitivereflexive pronoun (object of ἐξ)→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun; here in the idiom 'out of herself,' expressing the queen's overwhelmed astonishment.
ἐγένετοshe becameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (idiomatic: 'she was beside herself')→ ingressive aorist (entering the state of astonishment)γίνομαι: 'become / come to be'; the idiom ἐξ ἑαυτῆς ἐγένετο conveys ecstasy/loss of composure — the climax of the queen's reaction to Solomon's glory.
6

καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα Σαλωμων ἀληθινὸς ὁ λόγος ὃν ἤκουσα ἐν τῇ γῇ μου περὶ τοῦ λόγου σου καὶ περὶ τῆς φρονήσεώς σου

And she said to King Solomon, 'True was the report that I heard in my land concerning your word and concerning your wisdom,'

The queen's speech of confession (vv. 6–9)καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα
The queen now speaks. The fronted predicate ἀληθινὸς ('true') stresses verification: the report (λόγος) she had heard about Solomon's λόγος and φρόνησις is confirmed. Her speech moves from confirmation (v. 6) to the famous understatement (v. 7), to beatitude (v. 8), to doxology (v. 9).
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενshe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aorist (single speech-act)λέγω (aor. εἶπεν): introduces the queen's direct speech of confession to Solomon.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; here Solomon, the human king addressed by the queen.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonindeclinable proper noun (in apposition to βασιλέα)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (in apposition to βασιλέα).
ἀληθινὸςtrueNominativepredicate adjective (fronted: 'true [is] the report')→ participant prominenceἀληθινός: 'true / genuine / reliable'; renders אֱמֶת; the emphatic fronting stresses that the report has been verified by sight.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγοςreport / wordNominativesubject (of implied ἐστιν)→ participant prominenceλόγος: here 'report / account'; the rumor of Solomon's wisdom that reached even Sheba.
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἤκουσα)→ participant referenceὃν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (object of ἤκουσα).
ἤκουσαI heardAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀκούωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear'; the queen's prior hearing (cf. v. 1) is now contrasted with her present seeing.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῇlandDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land / earth'; 'in my land' = in Sheba, the far country from which she came (cf. Matt 12:42, 'from the ends of the earth').
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive (reference)→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (reference).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγουword / affairsGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationλόγος: here 'words / sayings / affairs' of Solomon — his discourse and dealings, the substance of his renown.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive (reference, second member)→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (reference, second member).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φρονήσεώςwisdomGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationφρόνησις: 'practical wisdom / discernment'; the chapter's key gift-word (cf. vv. 4, 8, 23, 24); the queen's report concerned exactly this God-given quality in Solomon.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
7

καὶ οὐκ ἐπίστευσα τοῖς λαλοῦσίν μοι ἕως ὅτου παρεγενόμην καὶ ἑωράκασιν οἱ ὀφθαλμοί μου καὶ ἰδοὺ οὐκ ἔστιν τὸ ἥμισυ καθὼς ἀπήγγειλάν μοι προστέθεικας ἀγαθὰ πρὸς αὐτὰ ἐπὶ πᾶσαν τὴν ἀκοήν ἣν ἤκουσα ἐν τῇ γῇ μου

and I did not believe those who told me, until I came and my eyes saw; and behold, the half was not told me; you have added good things to them beyond all the report that I heard in my land.

Climax of the confession: the half was not toldκαὶ οὐκ ἐπίστευσα
The famous saying: οὐκ ἔστιν τὸ ἥμισυ καθὼς ἀπήγγειλάν μοι ('the half was not told me'). The queen had not believed the report until autopsy (ἑωράκασιν οἱ ὀφθαλμοί μου) confirmed it and exceeded it. This is the verse Jesus invokes when 'the queen of the South' (βασίλισσα νότου) rises in judgment against his generation, for she came to hear Solomon's wisdom, and 'something greater than Solomon is here' (Matt 12:42 // Luke 11:31).
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἐπίστευσα)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπίστευσαI believedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · πιστεύωmain verb→ constative aorist (her prior incredulity)πιστεύω: 'believe / trust'; renders הֶאֱמִין; the queen's former disbelief in the reports heightens the force of her present verification.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with participle)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαλοῦσίνthose tellingPres Act Part Dat Pl Masc · λαλέωsubstantival participle (dative object of ἐπίστευσα)→ verbal action or stateλαλέω: 'speak / tell'; the substantival participle 'those speaking to me' = the bearers of the report about Solomon.
μοιto meDativeindirect object (of λαλοῦσίν)→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object (of λαλοῦσίν).
ἕωςuntiltemporal conjunction (with ὅτου)→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως ὅτου: 'until the time when'; a compound temporal conjunction marking the turning point — her coming and seeing.
ὅτουwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (with ἕως: 'until')→ relational specificationὅστις (gen. ὅτου): in the fixed phrase ἕως ὅτου = 'until.'
παρεγενόμηνI came / arrivedAor Mid Indic 1 Sg · παραγίνομαιverb of temporal clause→ constative aorist (the arrival)παραγίνομαι: 'come / arrive / be present'; the compound stresses arrival on the scene, the precondition of her autopsy.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑωράκασινhave seenPerf Act Indic 3 Pl · ὁράωmain verb (with subject οἱ ὀφθαλμοί)→ resultative perfect (the seeing now stands as verified fact)ὁράω (perf. ἑώρακα): 'see'; the perfect ἑωράκασιν stresses the abiding result — 'my eyes have seen, and the impression remains'; autopsy as the ground of belief.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθαλμοίeyesNominativesubject of ἑωράκασιν→ participant prominenceὀφθαλμός: 'eye'; renders עַיִן; 'my own eyes have seen' is the language of verified eyewitness experience.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: 'behold / look'; renders הִנֵּה; a presentative particle drawing attention to the astonishing fact that follows.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἔστιν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential, in the idiom 'the half was not told')→ gnomic/stative presentεἰμί: here in the idiom οὐκ ἔστιν τὸ ἥμισυ καθὼς ἀπήγγειλάν μοι, 'the half is not [as great] as was told me' = the reality far exceeds the report.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἥμισυhalfNominativesubject (of ἔστιν)→ participant prominenceἥμισυς: 'half'; renders חֵצִי; 'the half was not told me' is the proverbial expression of a reality surpassing all report — quoted in Christian tradition and echoed in the Gospel saying of the queen of the South.
καθὼςascomparative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'as / according as'; introduces the comparison with the report she had received.
ἀπήγγειλάνthey toldAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαγγέλλωverb of comparative clause→ constative aoristἀπαγγέλλω: 'report / tell'; the reporters had told her, but the reality outstripped their account.
μοιto meDativeindirect object→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object.
προστέθεικαςyou have addedPerf Act Indic 2 Sg · προστίθημιmain verb→ resultative perfect (the surplus now stands)προστίθημι: 'add / add to'; renders הוֹסִיף; the perfect stresses the abiding result — Solomon has 'added good things' beyond all that was reported.
ἀγαθὰgood thingsAccusativedirect object of προστέθεικας→ object specificationἀγαθός: 'good'; substantival neuter plural 'good things' = the surplus of wisdom and splendor exceeding the report.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (addition: 'to them')→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (addition: 'to them').
αὐτὰthemAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (= the things reported)→ participant referenceαὐτὰ: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (= the things reported).
ἐπὶbeyond / uponpreposition + accusative (excess: 'over and above')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: here 'over and above / beyond' — Solomon's reality exceeds the whole report.
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἀκοήν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / the whole'; the totality of the report is surpassed.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀκοήνreport / hearingAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationἀκοή: 'report / rumor / hearing'; renders שְׁמוּעָה; the thing heard, now exceeded by the thing seen.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἤκουσα)→ participant referenceἣν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (object of ἤκουσα).
ἤκουσαI heardAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀκούωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristἀκούω: closes the verse by repeating the hearing/seeing contrast that frames the confession.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῇlandDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land'; 'in my land' = Sheba; the inclusio with v. 6 frames the queen's confession.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
8

μακάριαι αἱ γυναῖκές σου μακάριοι οἱ παῖδές σου οὗτοι οἱ παρεστηκότες ἐνώπιόν σου δι᾿ ὅλου οἱ ἀκούοντες πᾶσαν τὴν φρόνησίν σου

Blessed are your wives, blessed are your servants, these who stand before you continually, who hear all your wisdom!

Beatitude on those near Solomonμακάριαι αἱ γυναῖκές σου
A double makarism (μακάριαι … μακάριοι) pronounces blessed those who continually attend Solomon and hear his wisdom. The beatitude-form (μακάριος) and the privilege of 'hearing the wisdom' resonate with the Gospel context of the queen of the South, who came precisely to hear (Matt 12:42 // Luke 11:31).
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
μακάριαιblessedNominativepredicate adjective (feminine: 'blessed [are]')→ participant prominenceμακάριος: 'blessed / happy / fortunate'; renders אַשְׁרֵי; the makarism-form familiar from the Psalms and the Beatitudes; here pronounced on Solomon's household.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναῖκέςwives / womenNominativesubject of the first makarism→ participant prominenceγυνή (pl. γυναῖκες): 'woman / wife'; renders אִשָּׁה; Solomon's wives (or the women of his court) are blessed by proximity to his wisdom.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
μακάριοιblessedNominativepredicate adjective (masculine: second makarism)→ participant prominenceμακάριος: the masculine plural form of the repeated beatitude, now on Solomon's servants.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παῖδέςservantsNominativesubject of the second makarism→ participant prominenceπαῖς (pl. παῖδες): 'servant / attendant'; the courtiers who stand before Solomon and hear his wisdom.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
οὗτοιtheseNominativedemonstrative (in apposition to παῖδες)→ participant prominenceοὗτος: 'this / these'; resumptive demonstrative pointing to the attendant servants just named.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with participle)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεστηκότεςstanding byPerf Act Part Nom Pl Masc · παρίστημιattributive participle (modifying οὗτοι)→ resultative perfect (settled standing in attendance)παρίστημι: 'stand beside / attend'; the perfect participle οἱ παρεστηκότες ('those who stand by') is courtly language for continual attendance in the royal presence.
ἐνώπιόνbeforepreposition + genitive (in the presence of)→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the presence of'; Hebraism rendering לִפְנֵי; locates the servants in continual attendance before the king.
σουyouGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἐνώπιον.
δι᾿throughpreposition + genitive (in the phrase δι᾿ ὅλου: 'continually')→ spatial or relational framingδιά + gen.: in the idiom δι᾿ ὅλου, 'throughout / continually / always.'
ὅλουthe whole / continuallyGenitivegenitive (with δι᾿: adverbial 'continually')→ relational specificationὅλος: 'whole / entire'; in δι᾿ ὅλου = 'continually / all the time' — the servants are ever in attendance.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with participle)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀκούοντεςhearingPres Act Part Nom Pl Masc · ἀκούωattributive participle (modifying οὗτοι)→ verbal action or stateἀκούω: 'hear'; the privilege defining the blessedness — to hear Solomon's wisdom continually; resonates with the Gospel motif of coming to 'hear' Solomon (Matt 12:42).
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying φρόνησίν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / the whole of'; the entirety of Solomon's wisdom is available to his attendants.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φρόνησίνwisdomAccusativedirect object of ἀκούοντες→ object specificationφρόνησις: 'practical wisdom / discernment'; the chapter's key gift-word; what the blessed attendants are privileged to hear.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
9

γένοιτο κύριος ὁ θεός σου εὐλογημένος ὃς ἠθέλησεν ἐν σοὶ δοῦναί σε ἐπὶ θρόνου Ισραηλ διὰ τὸ ἀγαπᾶν κύριον τὸν Ισραηλ στῆσαι εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα καὶ ἔθετό σε βασιλέα ἐπ᾿ αὐτοὺς τοῦ ποιεῖν κρίμα ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ καὶ ἐν κρίμασιν αὐτῶν

Blessed be the LORD your God, who delighted in you to set you upon the throne of Israel; because the LORD loved Israel to establish it forever, he made you king over them to do judgment in righteousness and in their justice.

Doxology: the queen blesses YHWHγένοιτο κύριος ὁ θεός σου εὐλογημένος
The climax of the queen's speech is a doxology to YHWH: it is the LORD's love for Israel that explains Solomon's enthronement. The Gentile queen confesses that Solomon's kingship exists τοῦ ποιεῖν κρίμα ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ ('to do judgment in righteousness') — the theological purpose of monarchy in Israel.
Word-by-word analysis· 40 words
γένοιτοmay [he] beAor Mid Opt 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (optative of wish: benediction)→ volitive optative (blessing/wish)γίνομαι (aor. opt. γένοιτο): 'may it be / let it be'; the optative of wish opens the benediction; γένοιτο … εὐλογημένος = 'blessed be …'
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of γένοιτο→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the Gentile queen blesses the God of Israel by name — a striking confession on foreign lips.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςGodNominativeapposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; κύριος ὁ θεός σου ('the LORD your God') identifies YHWH as Solomon's covenant God.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
εὐλογημένοςblessedPerf Pass Part Nom Sg Masc · εὐλογέωpredicate participle (with γένοιτο: 'be blessed')→ resultative perfect (the state of being blessed)εὐλογέω: 'bless / praise'; the perfect passive participle in the benediction formula εὐλογητός/εὐλογημένος κύριος = 'blessed be the LORD' (cf. Gen 9:26; 1 Sam 25:32).
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἠθέλησεν)→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (subject of ἠθέλησεν).
ἠθέλησενdelighted / willedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θέλωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (the divine decision)θέλω: 'wish / will / delight in'; renders חָפֵץ; 'who delighted in you' expresses YHWH's gracious election of Solomon.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (object of delight)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (object of delight).
σοὶyouDativedative object of ἐν (the one delighted in)→ participant reference or interestσύ: 'you'; ἠθέλησεν ἐν σοί ('delighted in you') is a Hebraism (חָפֵץ בְּ).
δοῦναίto give / setAor Act Inf · δίδωμιcomplementary infinitive (with ἠθέλησεν)→ constative aorist infinitiveδίδωμι: 'give / set / place'; here 'to set you upon the throne' — δίδωμι ἐπὶ θρόνου renders the Hebrew idiom of installing a king.
σεyouAccusativeaccusative subject of δοῦναί→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative subject of δοῦναί.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (position on the throne)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position on the throne).
θρόνουthroneGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationθρόνος: 'throne'; renders כִּסֵּא; the throne of Israel, YHWH's gift to Solomon (and later the great ivory throne of vv. 18–20).
Ισραηλof Israelgenitival modifier of θρόνου (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable in the LXX; the covenant people over whom Solomon reigns.
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (causal, with articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + acc. + articular infinitive: 'because of (the fact that) …'; a causal construction explaining Solomon's enthronement by YHWH's love for Israel.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with articular infinitive ἀγαπᾶν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγαπᾶνto lovePres Act Inf · ἀγαπάωarticular infinitive (causal: 'because the LORD loved')→ present infinitive (continuous covenant love)ἀγαπάω: 'love'; renders אָהַב; the articular infinitive with διά gives the reason — YHWH's covenant love for Israel undergirds Solomon's reign.
κύριονthe LORDAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive ἀγαπᾶν→ object specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; here the subject of 'loving' Israel — it is YHWH who loves his people.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ισραηλ as object)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelobject of ἀγαπᾶν (indeclinable, articularized by τὸν)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the object of YHWH's love; the article τὸν marks its accusative function despite indeclinability.
στῆσαιto establishAor Act Inf · ἵστημιinfinitive of purpose (with ἀγαπᾶν: love that establishes)→ aorist infinitive (the establishing of the covenant)ἵστημι: 'set up / establish / make stand'; renders הֶעֱמִיד / כּוֹנֵן; YHWH's love aims to establish Israel forever — the Davidic-covenant note.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (extent of time)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (extent of time).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰῶναage / foreverAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiomatic: 'forever')→ object specificationαἰών: 'age / eternity'; εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα renders לְעוֹלָם, 'forever' — the perpetuity of YHWH's establishment of Israel.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθετόhe made / setAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb→ constative aorist (the appointment)τίθημι (aor. mid. ἔθετο): 'set / appoint / make'; 'he set/made you king over them' — YHWH's appointment of Solomon for the sake of just rule.
σεyouAccusativedirect object of ἔθετο→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἔθετο.
βασιλέαkingAccusativepredicate accusative (object complement: 'made you king')→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the office to which YHWH appointed Solomon over Israel.
ἐπ᾿overpreposition + accusative (rule over)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (rule over).
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπ᾿ (= Israel)→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ἐπ᾿ (= Israel).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with articular infinitive of purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιεῖνto doPres Act Inf · ποιέωarticular infinitive of purpose (τοῦ ποιεῖν: 'in order to do')→ present infinitive (ongoing performance)ποιέω: 'do / make'; the articular-genitive infinitive τοῦ ποιεῖν expresses purpose — the divinely-intended end of kingship is to execute justice.
κρίμαjudgmentAccusativedirect object of ποιεῖν→ object specificationκρίμα: 'judgment / justice / verdict'; renders מִשְׁפָּט; ποιεῖν κρίμα ('to do justice') is the core royal vocation in Israel (cf. 2 Sam 8:15).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (manner).
δικαιοσύνῃrighteousnessDativedative of manner (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceδικαιοσύνη: 'righteousness / justice'; renders צְדָקָה; the pairing κρίμα … δικαιοσύνη ('justice and righteousness') is the classic prophetic ideal of right rule.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner/sphere)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (manner/sphere).
κρίμασινjudgmentsDativedative (with ἐν: 'in their judgments')→ sphere or referenceκρίμα (pl. κρίμασιν): 'judgments / ordinances'; the just decisions Solomon renders for the people.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (the people's judgments)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the people's judgments).
10

καὶ ἔδωκεν τῷ Σαλωμων ἑκατὸν εἴκοσι τάλαντα χρυσίου καὶ ἡδύσματα πολλὰ σφόδρα καὶ λίθον τίμιον οὐκ ἐληλύθει κατὰ τὰ ἡδύσματα ἐκεῖνα ἔτι εἰς πλῆθος ἃ ἔδωκεν βασίλισσα Σαβα τῷ βασιλεῖ Σαλωμων

And she gave to Solomon a hundred and twenty talents of gold, and very many spices, and precious stone; there had never again come such an abundance of spices as those which the queen of Sheba gave to King Solomon.

The queen's gifts to Solomonκαὶ ἔδωκεν τῷ Σαλωμων
The queen's gift (120 talents of gold, abundant spices, gems) matches the cargo of v. 2. The narrator's aside — no such abundance of spices ever came again — magnifies the unmatched scale of this royal exchange.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενshe gaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ constative aorist (the giving)δίδωμι: 'give'; renders נָתַן; the queen's lavish gift to Solomon, the climax of the diplomatic exchange.
τῷtoDativearticle (with Σαλωμων as indirect object)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonindirect object (indeclinable, marked dative by τῷ)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; the article τῷ signals the dative (recipient) function.
ἑκατὸνa hundrednumeral (with εἴκοσι, modifying τάλαντα)→ measure or countἑκατόν: 'hundred'; indeclinable cardinal numeral; here counting the talents of gold.
εἴκοσιtwentynumeral (with ἑκατόν: 'a hundred and twenty')→ measure or countεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; indeclinable cardinal; 120 talents of gold — an immense royal gift.
τάλανταtalentsAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν→ object specificationτάλαντον (pl. τάλαντα): 'talent' (a large unit of weight/value); renders כִּכָּר; the standard LXX measure of bulk precious metal.
χρυσίουof goldGenitivegenitive of material (with τάλαντα)→ relational specificationχρυσίον: 'gold (as wrought metal/bullion)'; a diminutive-form synonym of χρυσός, the chapter's dominant material.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡδύσματαspicesAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν (second member)→ object specificationἥδυσμα: 'spice'; the aromatic wealth of Sheba (cf. v. 2).
πολλὰmanyAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἡδύσματα)→ object specificationπολύς: 'much / many'; with σφόδρα intensifies the abundance.
σφόδραveryadverb of degree→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: meaning 'very'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λίθονstoneAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν (third member)→ object specificationλίθος τίμιος: 'precious stone / gem'; the third element of the queen's gift, matching the caravan-cargo of v. 2.
τίμιονpreciousAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying λίθον)→ object specificationτίμιος: 'precious / costly.'
οὐκnot / nevernegative particle (with ἐληλύθει)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐληλύθειhad comePlupf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (narrator's aside)→ pluperfect (prior state: nothing like it had come before)ἔρχομαι (plupf. ἐληλύθει): 'come'; the pluperfect 'there had (never) come' introduces the narrator's comparative note magnifying the gift's uniqueness.
κατὰaccording to / likepreposition + accusative (comparison)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: here 'like / corresponding to' — nothing came 'like those spices.'
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡδύσματαspicesAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationἥδυσμα: the spices of comparison — the standard against which all later imports fell short.
ἐκεῖναthoseAccusativedemonstrative (modifying ἡδύσματα)→ object specificationἐκεῖνος: 'that / those'; the remote demonstrative pointing back to the queen's spices.
ἔτιagain / stilladverb (temporal: 'ever again')→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'still / yet / again'; with the negative, 'never again' — no comparable abundance came thereafter.
εἰςfor / inpreposition + accusative (extent: 'in abundance')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (extent: 'in abundance').
πλῆθοςabundance / multitudeAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiomatic: 'in abundance')→ object specificationπλῆθος: 'multitude / abundance'; renders רֹב; εἰς πλῆθος = 'in great quantity' (cf. v. 27).
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἔδωκεν, antecedent ἡδύσματα)→ participant referenceἃ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (object of ἔδωκεν, antecedent ἡδύσματα).
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιverb of relative clause→ constative aoristδίδωμι: repeats the verse's opening verb, closing the frame around the queen's unmatched gift.
βασίλισσαqueenNominativesubject of the relative clause→ participant prominenceβασίλισσα: the title-refrain recurs as the giver of the gift.
ΣαβαShebaindeclinable proper noun (attributive to βασίλισσα)→ participant identificationΣαβα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (attributive to βασίλισσα).
τῷto theDativearticle (with βασιλεῖ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingDativeindirect object (recipient of the gift)→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon, the recipient — the full title 'King Solomon' closes the verse.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonindeclinable proper noun (in apposition to βασιλεῖ)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (in apposition to βασιλεῖ).
11

καὶ ἡ ναῦς Χιραμ ἡ αἴρουσα τὸ χρυσίον ἐκ Σουφιρ ἤνεγκεν ξύλα ἀπελέκητα πολλὰ σφόδρα καὶ λίθον τίμιον

And the ship of Hiram, which brought the gold from Ophir, carried very much unhewn timber and precious stone.

Excursus: Hiram's navy and the gold of Ophir (vv. 11–12)καὶ ἡ ναῦς Χιραμ
A narrator's excursus on the source of Solomon's gold: Hiram's fleet brings gold from Ophir (here Σουφιρ) along with 'unhewn timber' (ξύλα ἀπελέκητα = the almug wood) and gems. The excursus interrupts the Sheba episode to root Solomon's wealth in his maritime alliance with Tyre.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ναῦςship / fleetNominativesubject→ participant prominenceναῦς: 'ship'; renders אֳנִי; here the merchant fleet of Hiram engaged in the Ophir gold trade (cf. v. 22, the ships of Tarshish).
ΧιραμHiramgenitival modifier of ναῦς (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΧιραμ: transliteration of Hebrew חִירָם, Hiram king of Tyre, Solomon's ally and supplier of materials and seafaring expertise; indeclinable in the LXX.
theNominativearticle (with attributive participle)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἴρουσαwhich borePres Act Part Nom Sg Fem · αἴρωattributive participle (modifying ναῦς)→ verbal action or stateαἴρω: 'carry / bear'; the present participle describes the ship's regular function of conveying gold (the same verb as the camels of v. 2).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρυσίονgoldAccusativedirect object of αἴρουσα→ object specificationχρυσίον: 'gold (bullion)'; the cargo the fleet carried from Ophir.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΣουφιρOphirgenitive object of ἐκ (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΣουφιρ: LXX transliteration of Hebrew אוֹפִיר (Ophir), the legendary source of the finest gold (cf. Job 28:16; Ps 44[45]:10); indeclinable.
ἤνεγκενcarried / broughtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φέρωmain verb→ constative aorist (the cargo brought)φέρω (aor. ἤνεγκεν): 'bring / carry'; the fleet brought timber and gems in addition to gold.
ξύλαtimber / woodAccusativedirect object of ἤνεγκεν→ object specificationξύλον (pl. ξύλα): 'wood / timber'; here the famous almug/algum wood of 1 Kgs 10:11–12, rendered in the Greek by the qualifier ἀπελέκητα.
ἀπελέκηταunhewnAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ξύλα)→ object specificationἀπελέκητος: 'unhewn / not worked with the axe' (ἀ- + πελεκάω, 'to hew'); the LXX's rendering of the rare Hebrew אַלְמֻגִּים (almug-wood); the precious imported timber used for temple supports and musical instruments (v. 12).
πολλὰmuchAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ξύλα)→ object specificationπολύς: 'much'; with σφόδρα, the great quantity of imported timber.
σφόδραveryadverb of degree→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: meaning 'very'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λίθονstoneAccusativedirect object of ἤνεγκεν (second member)→ object specificationλίθος τίμιος: 'precious stone'; gems brought alongside the gold and timber.
τίμιονpreciousAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying λίθον)→ object specificationτίμιος: 'precious / costly.'
12

καὶ ἐποίησεν ὁ βασιλεὺς τὰ ξύλα τὰ ἀπελέκητα ὑποστηρίγματα τοῦ οἴκου κυρίου καὶ τοῦ οἴκου τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ νάβλας καὶ κινύρας τοῖς ᾠδοῖς οὐκ ἐληλύθει τοιαῦτα ξύλα ἀπελέκητα ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς οὐδὲ ὤφθησάν που ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης

And the king made the unhewn timber into supports for the house of the LORD and the house of the king, and into harps and lyres for the singers; no such unhewn timber had ever come upon the earth, nor were they seen anywhere until this day.

Use of the almug wood (excursus continued)καὶ ἐποίησεν ὁ βασιλεὺς
The almug timber becomes temple/palace supports and musical instruments (νάβλας, κινύρας) for the singers. The closing aside — no such wood had ever come or been seen 'until this day' — uses the standard LXX historiographic formula ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης to mark the uniqueness and the narrator's later vantage.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενmadeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make / do'; the recurring verb of Solomon's craftsmanship (vv. 12, 16, 18).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (= Solomon)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon as builder-craftsman.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ξύλαtimberAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationξύλον: the imported almug timber of v. 11, now made into furnishings.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (attributive position)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπελέκηταunhewnAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ξύλα)→ object specificationἀπελέκητος: 'unhewn'; the recurring qualifier of the almug wood (see v. 11).
ὑποστηρίγματαsupportsAccusativepredicate accusative (object complement: 'made [them into] supports')→ object specificationὑποστήριγμα (pl. ὑποστηρίγματα): 'support / prop / balustrade'; the structural use of the almug wood in temple and palace (Hebrew מִסְעָד).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουhouseGenitivegenitive (for which the supports were made)→ relational specificationοἶκος: 'house'; here the temple, 'the house of the LORD.'
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (with οἴκου)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; 'the house of the LORD' = the temple.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουhouseGenitivegenitive (second member)→ relational specificationοἶκος: here the palace, 'the house of the king.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of possession (with οἴκου: the palace)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the royal palace alongside the temple.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νάβλαςharpsAccusativedirect object (additional product: 'and harps')→ object specificationνάβλα (pl. νάβλας): 'nabla / harp'; a Semitic loanword (Hebrew נֵבֶל), a stringed instrument; made of the almug wood for the temple singers.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κινύραςlyresAccusativedirect object (additional product: 'and lyres')→ object specificationκινύρα (pl. κινύρας): 'lyre / kithara'; a Semitic loanword (Hebrew כִּנּוֹר), the harp of David; paired with the nabla for temple music.
τοῖςfor theDativearticle (with ᾠδοῖς, dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ᾠδοῖςsingersDativedative of advantage ('for the singers')→ sphere or referenceᾠδός (pl. ᾠδοῖς): 'singer'; the temple musicians for whom the instruments were made (Hebrew שָׁרִים).
οὐκnot / nevernegative particle (with ἐληλύθει)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐληλύθειhad comePlupf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (narrator's aside)→ pluperfect (no such wood had come before)ἔρχομαι (plupf.): the comparative-uniqueness formula (cf. v. 10): such timber had never come upon the earth.
τοιαῦταsuchNominativedemonstrative adjective (modifying ξύλα)→ participant prominenceτοιοῦτος: 'such / of this kind'; underscores the unparalleled quality of the almug wood.
ξύλαtimberNominativesubject of ἐληλύθει→ participant prominenceξύλον: the wood as subject of the comparison.
ἀπελέκηταunhewnNominativeattributive adjective (modifying ξύλα)→ participant prominenceἀπελέκητος: 'unhewn'; see v. 11.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (location).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearth / landGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationγῆ: 'earth / land'; 'upon the earth' = anywhere in the world.
οὐδὲnornegative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδέ: 'and not / nor'; adds the second negative clause to the uniqueness formula.
ὤφθησάνwere seenAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · ὁράωmain verb (second clause of the aside)→ constative aorist passiveὁράω (aor. pass. ὤφθησαν): 'be seen / appear'; 'nor were they seen anywhere' — such timber had never been beheld.
πουanywhereindefinite adverb of place→ clausal contributionπου: 'somewhere / anywhere'; with the negative, 'nowhere / not anywhere.'
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until'; in the historiographic formula ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdayGenitivegenitive object of ἕως→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης ('until this day') is a standard LXX historiographic formula reflecting the narrator's later standpoint.
ταύτηςthisGenitivedemonstrative (modifying ἡμέρας)→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'this'; closes the formula.
13

καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς Σαλωμων ἔδωκεν τῇ βασιλίσσῃ Σαβα πάντα ὅσα ἠθέλησεν ὅσα ᾐτήσατο ἐκτὸς πάντων ὧν δεδώκει αὐτῇ διὰ χειρὸς τοῦ βασιλέως Σαλωμων καὶ ἀπεστράφη καὶ ἦλθεν εἰς τὴν γῆν αὐτῆς αὐτὴ καὶ πάντες οἱ παῖδες αὐτῆς

And King Solomon gave to the queen of Sheba all that she desired, whatever she asked, besides all that he had given her by the hand of King Solomon; and she turned back and went to her own land, she and all her servants.

Conclusion of the Sheba episode: Solomon's gift and the queen's departureκαὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς Σαλωμων ἔδωκεν
The episode closes symmetrically: as the queen gave (v. 10), so Solomon gives — 'all that she desired, whatever she asked' — beyond his customary royal bounty; then she returns home. The departure ἦλθεν εἰς τὴν γῆν αὐτῆς ('went to her own land') closes the frame opened by her coming (vv. 1–2).
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (= Solomon)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the full title 'King Solomon' frames his royal generosity.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonindeclinable proper noun (in apposition to βασιλεὺς)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (in apposition to βασιλεὺς).
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; Solomon's reciprocal giving balances the queen's gift of v. 10.
τῇto theDativearticle (with βασιλίσσῃ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλίσσῃqueenDativeindirect object (recipient)→ sphere or referenceβασίλισσα: 'queen'; the dative βασιλίσσῃ marks the queen of Sheba as recipient of Solomon's gift.
ΣαβαShebaindeclinable proper noun (attributive to βασιλίσσῃ)→ participant identificationΣαβα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (attributive to βασιλίσσῃ).
πάνταall thingsAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of the queen's desires that Solomon satisfied.
ὅσαwhateverAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἠθέλησεν)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much as / whatever'; πάντα ὅσα ('all that') is the comprehensive idiom.
ἠθέλησενshe desiredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θέλωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristθέλω: 'wish / desire'; the queen's wishes, all granted.
ὅσαwhateverAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ᾐτήσατο; asyndetic parallel)→ participant referenceὅσος: repeated, intensifying the comprehensiveness — 'whatever she asked.'
ᾐτήσατοshe askedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · αἰτέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristαἰτέω (mid.): 'ask / request for oneself'; the middle voice stresses the queen's self-interested request.
ἐκτὸςbesides / apart frompreposition + genitive (exception: 'besides')→ spatial or relational framingἐκτός: 'outside / besides / apart from'; introduces what Solomon gave over and above his customary royal bounty.
πάντωνallGenitivegenitive object of ἐκτός→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the whole of his habitual royal giving.
ὧνwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive by attraction; object of δεδώκει)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun, genitive by attraction to πάντων.
δεδώκειhe had givenPlupf Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιverb of relative clause→ pluperfect (prior customary giving)δίδωμι (plupf. δεδώκει): 'had given'; the pluperfect marks Solomon's earlier/customary gifts, distinct from this climactic bestowal.
αὐτῇto herDativeindirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'to her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object.
διὰby / throughpreposition + genitive (instrument/agency)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + gen.: 'through / by the hand of'; διὰ χειρός is a Hebraism (בְּיַד) for personal agency.
χειρὸςhandGenitivegenitive object of διά (idiomatic: 'by the hand of')→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand'; in διὰ χειρός = 'by the agency of' (Hebraism).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of possession (with χειρὸς: 'the king's hand')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon's own hand as the channel of the gift.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonindeclinable proper noun (in apposition to βασιλέως)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (in apposition to βασιλέως).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπεστράφηshe turned backAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστρέφωmain verb→ constative aorist (the homeward turn)ἀποστρέφω (aor. pass. ἀπεστράφη): 'turn back / return'; the passive/deponent here is intransitive 'she turned back' — the queen begins her journey home.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦλθενshe wentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aorist (the return journey)ἔρχομαι: 'come / go'; 'went to her own land' closes the inclusio with vv. 1–2.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; the queen's own land of Sheba.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
αὐτὴsheNominativeintensive pronoun (resumptive subject: 'she herself')→ participant referenceαὐτός: here the intensive/resumptive nominative αὐτή ('she herself') heading the compound subject 'she and all her servants.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάντεςallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying παῖδες)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; her whole retinue accompanies her home.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παῖδεςservantsNominativenominative (compound subject with αὐτὴ)→ participant prominenceπαῖς (pl. παῖδες): 'servant / attendant'; the queen's retinue (cf. v. 2).
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
14

καὶ ἦν ὁ σταθμὸς τοῦ χρυσίου τοῦ ἐληλυθότος τῷ Σαλωμων ἐν ἐνιαυτῷ ἑνὶ ἑξακόσια καὶ ἑξήκοντα ἓξ τάλαντα χρυσίου

And the weight of the gold that came to Solomon in one year was six hundred and sixty-six talents of gold.

New section: Solomon's annual revenue (B begins)καὶ ἦν ὁ σταθμὸς τοῦ χρυσίου
The narrator turns to a catalogue of Solomon's wealth. The famous figure of 666 talents of gold per year (ἑξακόσια καὶ ἑξήκοντα ἓξ τάλαντα) heads the inventory of vv. 14–22. The number recurs as the 'number of the beast' in Rev 13:18, where Solomon's gold-laden splendor stands as a backdrop to imperial excess.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (equative: 'the weight … was …')→ stative imperfectεἰμί: 'be'; the equative imperfect introduces the statistic of Solomon's annual gold.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σταθμὸςweightNominativesubject of ἦν→ participant prominenceσταθμός: 'weight / measured amount'; renders מִשְׁקָל; the precise weight of Solomon's annual gold revenue.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρυσίουgoldGenitivegenitive (the gold weighed)→ relational specificationχρυσίον: 'gold'; the substance whose annual weight is now given.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with participle)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐληλυθότοςthat camePerf Act Part Gen Sg Neut · ἔρχομαιattributive participle (modifying χρυσίου)→ resultative perfect (the gold that had come in)ἔρχομαι (perf. part. ἐληλυθότος): 'come'; the gold 'that came to Solomon' — his incoming revenue.
τῷtoDativearticle (with Σαλωμων, dative of recipient)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonindirect object (indeclinable, marked dative by τῷ)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indirect object (indeclinable, marked dative by τῷ).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
ἐνιαυτῷyearDativedative of time (with ἐν: 'in a year')→ sphere or referenceἐνιαυτός: 'year'; renders שָׁנָה; the period over which the 666 talents accrued.
ἑνὶoneDativenumeral adjective (modifying ἐνιαυτῷ: 'one year')→ sphere or referenceεἷς (dat. ἑνί): 'one'; 'in one (single) year' — the annual rate of intake.
ἑξακόσιαsix hundredNominativenumeral (predicate, with τάλαντα)→ participant prominenceἑξακόσιοι: 'six hundred'; the first component of the famous figure 666.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the numerals)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑξήκονταsixtynumeral (indeclinable)→ measure or countἑξήκοντα: 'sixty'; the second component of 666.
ἓξsixnumeral (indeclinable)→ clausal contributionἕξ: 'six'; the third component — 'six hundred and sixty-six talents' (cf. Rev 13:18).
τάλανταtalentsNominativepredicate noun (the measure: 'talents')→ participant prominenceτάλαντον: 'talent'; the unit of the annual gold income.
χρυσίουof goldGenitivegenitive of material (with τάλαντα)→ relational specificationχρυσίον: 'gold'; the genitive of material closes the figure — 666 talents of gold.
15

χωρὶς τῶν φόρων τῶν ὑποτεταγμένων καὶ τῶν ἐμπόρων καὶ πάντων τῶν βασιλέων τοῦ πέραν καὶ τῶν σατραπῶν τῆς γῆς

besides the tributes of those who were subject, and of the merchants, and of all the kings of the region beyond, and of the satraps of the land.

Supplement: additional revenue sourcesχωρὶς τῶν φόρων
The 666 talents were exclusive of (χωρίς) further income: tribute from subject peoples, merchants' tolls, the vassal kings 'beyond' (the Euphrates region), and the satraps. The list portrays Solomon as the hub of an imperial tribute network.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
χωρὶςbesides / apart frompreposition + genitive (exception)→ spatial or relational framingχωρίς: 'apart from / besides'; marks the following revenues as additional to the 666 talents.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φόρωνtributesGenitivegenitive object of χωρίς→ relational specificationφόρος (pl. φόρων): 'tribute / tax'; renders מַס / מִדָּה; the imposts levied on subject peoples and traders.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with participle)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑποτεταγμένωνof those subjectPerf Pass Part Gen Pl Masc · ὑποτάσσωsubstantival participle (genitive: 'the subjected ones')→ resultative perfect (settled state of subjection)ὑποτάσσω: 'subject / subordinate'; the perfect passive participle 'those who have been subjected' = the subject populations paying tribute.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐμπόρωνmerchantsGenitivegenitive (second source of revenue)→ relational specificationἔμπορος (pl. ἐμπόρων): 'merchant / trader'; renders רֹכֵל / סֹחֵר; the tolls and customs of traders passing through Solomon's domain.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάντωνallGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying βασιλέων)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of the vassal kings.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωνkingsGenitivegenitive (third source of revenue)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (pl. βασιλέων): 'king'; the vassal kings of the region beyond who paid Solomon tribute.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (substantivizing πέραν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πέρανbeyond / the far sideGenitivesubstantivized adverb (genitive: 'of the region beyond')→ relational specificationπέραν: 'beyond / across'; substantivized with the article, 'the region beyond' (the Euphrates / Transeuphrates), the standard term for Solomon's far dominions (cf. עֵבֶר הַנָּהָר).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σατραπῶνsatraps / governorsGenitivegenitive (fourth source of revenue)→ relational specificationσατράπης (pl. σατραπῶν): 'satrap / provincial governor'; a Persian loanword used in the LXX for regional rulers (Hebrew פֶּחָה); the territorial governors under Solomon's hegemony.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive of relationship (with σατραπῶν: 'of the land')→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; the territory under satrapal administration that fed Solomon's treasury.
16

καὶ ἐποίησεν Σαλωμων τριακόσια δόρατα χρυσᾶ ἐλατά τριακόσιοι χρυσοῖ ἐπῆσαν ἐπὶ τὸ δόρυ τὸ ἕν

And Solomon made three hundred spears of beaten gold; three hundred [shekels] of gold were upon each single spear.

Solomon's gold spears and shields (vv. 16–17)καὶ ἐποίησεν Σαλωμων
Solomon's gold-work continues: three hundred large beaten-gold spears/shields (δόρατα), each weighted with three hundred gold pieces, paired in v. 17 with three hundred smaller gold shields (ὅπλα). The display-armor for the House of the Forest of Lebanon symbolizes wealth, not war.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενmadeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make'; Solomon's gold craftsmanship (cf. vv. 12, 18).
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
τριακόσιαthree hundredAccusativenumeral (modifying δόρατα)→ object specificationτριακόσιοι: 'three hundred'; the count of the large gold spears/shields.
δόραταspearsAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationδόρυ (pl. δόρατα): 'spear / shaft'; here large ceremonial shields/spears (Hebrew צִנָּה, the large shield); ornamental gold display-weapons.
χρυσᾶgoldenAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying δόρατα)→ object specificationχρυσοῦς: 'made of gold'; the material of the display-armor.
ἐλατάbeaten / hammeredAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying δόρατα)→ object specificationἐλατός: 'beaten / hammered (out)'; verbal adjective from ἐλαύνω; of gold worked by hammering into thin plate (Hebrew שָׁחוּט).
τριακόσιοιthree hundredNominativenumeral (subject: 'three hundred [gold pieces]')→ participant prominenceτριακόσιοι: 'three hundred'; the masculine χρυσοῖ implies gold pieces/shekels weighting each spear.
χρυσοῖgold piecesNominativesubstantival adjective (subject of ἐπῆσαν: 'gold [pieces]')→ participant prominenceχρυσοῦς: 'golden'; substantivized as 'gold (pieces/shekels)' — the weight of gold on each spear.
ἐπῆσανwere uponImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔπειμιmain verb→ stative imperfect (the gold lay upon each)ἔπειμι (ἐπί + εἰμί): 'be upon'; the imperfect ἐπῆσαν describes the gold overlaying each spear.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δόρυspearAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationδόρυ: 'spear / shield'; the singular here for 'each spear.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ἕν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἕνone / singleAccusativenumeral adjective (distributive: 'each single one')→ measure or countεἷς (neut. ἕν): 'one'; τὸ δόρυ τὸ ἕν = 'each single spear' (distributive idiom).
17

καὶ τριακόσια ὅπλα χρυσᾶ ἐλατά τρεῖς μναῖ χρυσίου ἐνῆσαν εἰς τὸ ὅπλον τὸ ἕν καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτὰ εἰς οἶκον δρυμοῦ τοῦ Λιβάνου

And three hundred shields of beaten gold; three minas of gold were in each single shield; and he placed them in the House of the Forest of Lebanon.

The smaller gold shields and their housingκαὶ τριακόσια ὅπλα
The companion piece to v. 16: three hundred smaller shields (ὅπλα), each of three minas of gold, all deposited in the famous House of the Forest of Lebanon (οἶκος δρυμοῦ τοῦ Λιβάνου), Solomon's cedar-pillared armory and treasure-hall.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τριακόσιαthree hundredAccusativenumeral (modifying ὅπλα)→ object specificationτριακόσιοι: 'three hundred'; the count of the smaller gold shields.
ὅπλαshieldsAccusativedirect object (of implied ἐποίησεν from v. 16)→ object specificationὅπλον (pl. ὅπλα): 'shield / weapon'; here the smaller round shield (Hebrew מָגֵן), paired with the larger δόρατα of v. 16.
χρυσᾶgoldenAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ὅπλα)→ object specificationχρυσοῦς: 'made of gold.'
ἐλατάbeatenAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ὅπλα)→ object specificationἐλατός: 'beaten / hammered'; see v. 16.
τρεῖςthreeNominativenumeral (modifying μναῖ)→ measure or countτρεῖς: 'three'; the gold-weight of each shield.
μναῖminasNominativesubject of ἐνῆσαν→ participant prominenceμνᾶ (pl. μναῖ): 'mina' (a weight/coin); Semitic loanword (Hebrew מָנֶה); three minas of gold per shield.
χρυσίουof goldGenitivegenitive of material (with μναῖ)→ relational specificationχρυσίον: 'gold'; the material of the minas.
ἐνῆσανwere inImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔνειμιmain verb→ stative imperfectἔνειμι (ἐν + εἰμί): 'be in'; the imperfect ἐνῆσαν, 'were in [each shield]' — the gold content of each piece.
εἰςin / intopreposition + accusative (here 'in/for each')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (here 'in/for each').
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅπλονshieldAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationὅπλον: 'shield'; the singular for 'each shield.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ἕν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἕνone / singleAccusativenumeral adjective (distributive: 'each single one')→ measure or countεἷς (neut. ἕν): 'one'; τὸ ὅπλον τὸ ἕν = 'each single shield.'
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενhe placed / putAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give / put / place'; here 'he placed/deposited them' in the armory — a common LXX extension of δίδωμι to 'set/put.'
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object (= the shields)→ participant referenceαὐτὰ: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (= the shields).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house'; here the House of the Forest of Lebanon, Solomon's great cedar hall (3 Kgdms 7) used as armory and treasury.
δρυμοῦof the forestGenitivegenitive (with οἶκον: 'house of the forest')→ relational specificationδρυμός: 'forest / thicket'; renders יַעַר; in the building-name 'House of the Forest of Lebanon,' so called for its rows of cedar columns.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛιβάνουLebanonGenitivegenitive (with δρυμοῦ: 'forest of Lebanon')→ relational specificationΛίβανος: 'Lebanon'; the cedar-clad mountain range; here a declinable place-name in the genitive, naming Solomon's cedar hall.
18

καὶ ἐποίησεν ὁ βασιλεὺς θρόνον ἐλεφάντινον μέγαν καὶ περιεχρύσωσεν αὐτὸν χρυσίῳ δοκίμῳ

And the king made a great throne of ivory and overlaid it with refined gold.

The great ivory throne (vv. 18–20)καὶ ἐποίησεν ὁ βασιλεὺς θρόνον
The centerpiece of Solomon's splendor: a great ivory throne (θρόνος ἐλεφάντινος) overlaid with refined gold. Verses 19–20 describe its six steps, the twelve lions, and its unmatched grandeur — a visible icon of the throne of Israel the queen had blessed (v. 9).
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενmadeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make'; the recurring verb of Solomon's craftsmanship.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (= Solomon)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon as maker of the throne.
θρόνονthroneAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationθρόνος: 'throne'; the great ivory-and-gold throne, the visible seat of the kingdom YHWH gave Solomon (cf. v. 9).
ἐλεφάντινονof ivoryAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying θρόνον)→ object specificationἐλεφάντινος: 'of ivory'; from ἐλέφας ('elephant / ivory'); renders שֵׁן ('ivory'); the luxury material of the throne's core.
μέγανgreatAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying θρόνον)→ object specificationμέγας: 'great / large'; emphasizing the throne's imposing scale.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιεχρύσωσενoverlaid with goldAor Act Indic 3 Sg · περιχρυσόωmain verb→ constative aoristπεριχρυσόω: 'gild all over / overlay with gold'; the compound περι- marks complete encasing in gold (Hebrew צִפָּה זָהָב).
αὐτὸνitAccusativedirect object (= the throne)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (= the throne).
χρυσίῳwith goldDativedative of means (instrumental)→ sphere or referenceχρυσίον: 'gold'; the dative of material with which the throne was overlaid.
δοκίμῳrefined / testedDativeattributive adjective (modifying χρυσίῳ)→ sphere or referenceδόκιμος: 'tested / approved / refined'; of gold, 'pure / refined' (assayed and found genuine); the finest quality gold for the throne.
19

ἓξ ἀναβαθμοὶ τῷ θρόνῳ καὶ προτομαὶ μόσχων τῷ θρόνῳ ἐκ τῶν ὀπίσω αὐτοῦ καὶ χεῖρες ἔνθεν καὶ ἔνθεν ἐπὶ τοῦ τόπου τῆς καθέδρας καὶ δύο λέοντες ἑστηκότες παρὰ τὰς χεῖρας

The throne had six steps, and calf-head figures on the throne behind it, and arms on either side at the place of the seat, and two lions standing beside the arms.

Description of the throne's structureἓξ ἀναβαθμοὶ τῷ θρόνῳ
A nominal (verbless) description: six steps, calf-head finials behind, armrests on each side, and two flanking lions. The verbless syntax (typical of inventory description) lists the features paratactically. The throne's ornament (lions, ascent) projects royal majesty.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
ἓξsixnumeral (modifying ἀναβαθμοὶ)→ clausal contributionἕξ: 'six'; the six steps ascending to the throne.
ἀναβαθμοὶstepsNominativesubject (of verbless clause)→ participant prominenceἀναβαθμός (pl. ἀναβαθμοί): 'step / stair'; from ἀναβαίνω ('go up'); the ascending steps to the throne (Hebrew מַעֲלוֹת).
τῷto theDativearticle (with θρόνῳ, dative of possession)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θρόνῳthroneDativedative of possession ('the throne had')→ sphere or referenceθρόνος: 'throne'; the dative of possession governs the whole description ('the throne had six steps …').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προτομαὶhead-figures / bustsNominativesubject (verbless clause)→ participant prominenceπροτομή (pl. προτομαί): 'foreparts / carved heads / busts'; here the calf-head finials at the throne's back.
μόσχωνof calvesGenitivegenitive (with προτομαὶ: 'heads of calves')→ relational specificationμόσχος (pl. μόσχων): 'calf / young bull'; the calf-head ornaments; the MT here reads a rounded top, but the LXX has 'calf-heads.'
τῷto theDativearticle (with θρόνῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θρόνῳthroneDativedative of possession/place→ sphere or referenceθρόνος: 'throne'; the calf-heads belong to / are set on the throne.
ἐκfrom / onpreposition + genitive (location: 'at the back')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ + gen.: in ἐκ τῶν ὀπίσω, 'at the rear / behind.'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (substantivizing ὀπίσω)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀπίσωrear / behindGenitivesubstantivized adverb (genitive: 'the back parts')→ relational specificationὀπίσω: 'behind / back'; substantivized 'the rear (of it)' — the calf-heads stand at the back of the throne.
αὐτοῦof itGenitivegenitive of possession (= the throne)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (= the throne).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χεῖρεςarms / armrestsNominativesubject (verbless clause)→ participant prominenceχείρ (pl. χεῖρες): 'hand / arm'; here the armrests of the throne (Hebrew יָדוֹת), flanking the seat.
ἔνθενon this sideadverb of place (in ἔνθεν καὶ ἔνθεν: 'on either side')→ clausal contributionἔνθεν: 'from here / on this side'; the idiom ἔνθεν καὶ ἔνθεν = 'on this side and on that, on both sides.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (within the idiom)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔνθενon that sideadverb of place (second member of idiom)→ clausal contributionἔνθεν: repeated, completing the 'on both sides' idiom.
ἐπὶat / uponpreposition + genitive (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (location).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπουplaceGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationτόπος: 'place'; 'at the place of the seat' = at the seat itself, where the armrests are set.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθέδραςseatGenitivegenitive (with τόπου: 'place of the seat')→ relational specificationκαθέδρα: 'seat / sitting-place'; here the seat of the throne (cf. v. 5, of the servants' seating).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δύοtwonumeral (modifying λέοντες)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; the two lions flanking the armrests.
λέοντεςlionsNominativesubject (verbless clause)→ participant prominenceλέων (pl. λέοντες): 'lion'; renders אֲרָיוֹת; royal symbols of strength flanking the throne (cf. the twelve lions of v. 20).
ἑστηκότεςstandingPerf Act Part Nom Pl Masc · ἵστημιattributive participle (modifying λέοντες)→ resultative perfect (settled standing posture)ἵστημι (perf. part. ἑστηκότες): 'stand'; the perfect describes the lions in fixed standing posture beside the arms.
παρὰbesidepreposition + accusative (position: 'beside')→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'beside'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position: 'beside').
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραςarmsAccusativeaccusative object of παρά (= the armrests)→ object specificationχείρ (pl. χεῖρας): 'arm / armrest'; the lions stand beside the throne's armrests.
20

καὶ δώδεκα λέοντες ἑστῶτες ἐπὶ τῶν ἓξ ἀναβαθμῶν ἔνθεν καὶ ἔνθεν οὐ γέγονεν οὕτως πάσῃ βασιλείᾳ

And twelve lions standing on the six steps, on this side and on that; nothing like it had been made for any kingdom.

The twelve lions and the throne's uniquenessκαὶ δώδεκα λέοντες
Twelve lions (perhaps evoking the twelve tribes) stand on the six steps, two per step. The closing uniqueness-formula οὐ γέγονεν οὕτως πάσῃ βασιλείᾳ ('nothing like it was made for any kingdom') crowns the throne-description and the whole catalogue of splendor.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώδεκαtwelvenumeral (modifying λέοντες)→ clausal contributionδώδεκα: 'twelve'; the twelve lions on the steps (two on each of the six), perhaps evoking the twelve tribes of Israel.
λέοντεςlionsNominativesubject (verbless clause)→ participant prominenceλέων: 'lion'; the royal lions adorning the throne's ascent.
ἑστῶτεςstandingPerf Act Part Nom Pl Masc · ἵστημιattributive participle (modifying λέοντες)→ resultative perfect (fixed standing posture)ἵστημι (perf. part. ἑστῶτες): 'stand'; the alternate perfect participle form (ἑστώς) of v. 19's ἑστηκότες — the lions are stationed on the steps.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (location).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἓξsixnumeral (modifying ἀναβαθμῶν)→ clausal contributionἕξ: 'six'; the six steps of v. 19, now bearing the twelve lions.
ἀναβαθμῶνstepsGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationἀναβαθμός: 'step'; the ascent on which the lions stand.
ἔνθενon this sideadverb of place (in ἔνθεν καὶ ἔνθεν)→ clausal contributionἔνθεν: 'on this side'; the 'on both sides' idiom places lions to left and right of each step.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (within idiom)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔνθενon that sideadverb of place (second member of idiom)→ clausal contributionἔνθεν: completing 'on both sides.'
οὐnotnegative particle (with γέγονεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γέγονενhas been madePerf Act Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (uniqueness-formula)→ resultative perfect (abiding fact: never made before or since)γίνομαι (perf. γέγονεν): 'become / be made / happen'; the perfect 'such has never been made' is the uniqueness-formula crowning the throne-description (cf. v. 12).
οὕτωςso / thus / the likeadverb of manner ('such / the like')→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / so'; here 'the like / anything comparable' — no such throne was ever made.
πάσῃfor any / everyDativeattributive adjective (modifying βασιλείᾳ)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'every / any'; with the negative, 'for no kingdom whatever.'
βασιλείᾳkingdomDativedative of advantage/reference ('for any kingdom')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεία: 'kingdom / royal rule'; renders מַמְלָכָה; no other kingdom possessed the like — Solomon's incomparable throne.
21

καὶ πάντα τὰ σκεύη τοῦ πότου Σαλωμων χρυσᾶ καὶ λουτῆρες χρυσοῖ πάντα τὰ σκεύη οἴκου δρυμοῦ τοῦ Λιβάνου χρυσίῳ συγκεκλεισμένα οὐκ ἦν ἀργύριον ὅτι οὐκ ἦν λογιζόμενον ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις Σαλωμων

And all Solomon's drinking-vessels were of gold, and the lavers were of gold; all the vessels of the House of the Forest of Lebanon were overlaid with gold; there was no silver, for it was reckoned as nothing in the days of Solomon.

Gold vessels; silver counted as nothingκαὶ πάντα τὰ σκεύη τοῦ πότου
The catalogue climaxes hyperbolically: every drinking-vessel is gold, every laver gold, and silver οὐκ ἦν λογιζόμενον ('was reckoned as nothing') in Solomon's days. The motif anticipates v. 27, where silver is made 'as stones' in Jerusalem.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying σκεύη)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; every one of Solomon's drinking-vessels.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκεύηvesselsNominativesubject (of verbless clause)→ participant prominenceσκεῦος (pl. σκεύη): 'vessel / implement'; renders כְּלִי; here the drinking-service of the king's table.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πότουdrinkingGenitivegenitive of purpose (with σκεύη: 'vessels for drinking')→ relational specificationπότος: 'drinking / drinking-feast'; σκεύη τοῦ πότου = 'drinking-vessels' (Hebrew כְּלֵי מַשְׁקֶה).
Σαλωμωνof Solomongenitival modifier (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitival modifier (indeclinable proper noun).
χρυσᾶof goldNominativepredicate adjective ('[were] golden')→ participant prominenceχρυσοῦς: 'made of gold'; predicate — all the vessels were gold.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λουτῆρεςlavers / basinsNominativesubject (second verbless clause)→ participant prominenceλουτήρ (pl. λουτῆρες): 'laver / washbasin'; from λούω ('wash'); the gold basins of the king's household.
χρυσοῖof goldNominativepredicate adjective ('[were] golden')→ participant prominenceχρυσοῦς: 'golden'; predicate — the lavers too were gold.
πάνταallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying σκεύη)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; every vessel of the armory-hall.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκεύηvesselsNominativesubject (third verbless clause)→ participant prominenceσκεῦος: 'vessel'; the furnishings of the House of the Forest of Lebanon.
οἴκουhouseGenitivegenitive (with σκεύη: 'vessels of the house')→ relational specificationοἶκος: 'house'; the House of the Forest of Lebanon (cf. v. 17).
δρυμοῦof the forestGenitivegenitive (in the building-name)→ relational specificationδρυμός: 'forest'; part of the name 'House of the Forest of Lebanon.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛιβάνουLebanonGenitivegenitive (with δρυμοῦ: 'forest of Lebanon')→ relational specificationΛίβανος: 'Lebanon'; the declinable place-name in the building-title.
χρυσίῳwith goldDativedative of means (instrumental, with συγκεκλεισμένα)→ sphere or referenceχρυσίον: 'gold'; the gold with which the vessels were 'enclosed' (overlaid).
συγκεκλεισμέναenclosed / overlaidPerf Pass Part Nom Pl Neut · συγκλείωpredicate participle (periphrastic: '[were] enclosed with gold')→ resultative perfect (settled state of being gold-encased)συγκλείω: 'shut up together / enclose / encase'; the perfect passive participle, of vessels 'closed up / overlaid' with gold — a pure-gold finish (Hebrew סָגוּר, of 'pure/refined gold').
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἦν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential: 'there was no silver')→ stative imperfectεἰμί: 'be'; the negated existential 'there was no silver' (none was used) heightens the all-gold hyperbole.
ἀργύριονsilverNominativesubject of ἦν→ participant prominenceἀργύριον: 'silver / money'; renders כֶּסֶף; silver was of no account amid Solomon's gold (cf. v. 27).
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; introduces the reason silver was absent — it counted for nothing.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with the periphrastic)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίauxiliary (periphrastic imperfect with λογιζόμενον)→ stative imperfectεἰμί: the auxiliary of the periphrastic οὐκ ἦν λογιζόμενον, 'was not being reckoned [as anything].'
λογιζόμενονreckoned / countedPres Mid/Pass Part Nom Sg Neut · λογίζομαιperiphrastic participle (with ἦν: 'was reckoned')→ verbal action or stateλογίζομαι: 'reckon / count / consider'; the present passive participle in the periphrastic — silver 'was not being counted [for anything]' in Solomon's day; the verb later carries great weight in Pauline reckoning-of-righteousness (Rom 4).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιςdaysDativedative of time (with ἐν: 'in the days')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα (pl. ἡμέραις): 'day'; 'in the days of Solomon' = during his reign.
Σαλωμωνof Solomongenitival modifier of ἡμέραις (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitival modifier of ἡμέραις (indeclinable proper noun).
22

ὅτι ναῦς Θαρσις τῷ βασιλεῖ ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ μετὰ τῶν νηῶν Χιραμ μία διὰ τριῶν ἐτῶν ἤρχετο τῷ βασιλεῖ ναῦς ἐκ Θαρσις χρυσίου καὶ ἀργυρίου καὶ λίθων τορευτῶν καὶ πελεκητῶν αὕτη ἦν ἡ πραγματεία τῆς προνομῆς ἧς ἀνήνεγκεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Σαλωμων οἰκοδομῆσαι τὸν οἶκον κυρίου καὶ τὸν οἶκον τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ τὸ τεῖχος Ιερουσαλημ καὶ τὴν ἄκραν τοῦ περιφράξαι τὸν φραγμὸν τῆς πόλεως Δαυιδ καὶ τὴν Ασσουρ καὶ τὴν Μαγδαν καὶ τὴν Γαζερ καὶ τὴν Βαιθωρων τὴν ἀνωτέρω καὶ τὴν Ιεθερμαθ καὶ πάσας τὰς πόλεις τῶν ἁρμάτων καὶ πάσας τὰς πόλεις τῶν ἱππέων καὶ τὴν πραγματείαν Σαλωμων ἣν ἐπραγματεύσατο οἰκοδομῆσαι ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ἐν πάσῃ τῇ γῇ τοῦ μὴ κατάρξαι αὐτοῦ πάντα τὸν λαὸν τὸν ὑπολελειμμένον ἀπὸ τοῦ Χετταίου καὶ τοῦ Αμορραίου καὶ τοῦ Φερεζαίου καὶ τοῦ Χαναναίου καὶ τοῦ Ευαίου καὶ τοῦ Ιεβουσαίου καὶ τοῦ Γεργεσαίου τῶν μὴ ἐκ τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ ὄντων τὰ τέκνα αὐτῶν τὰ ὑπολελειμμένα μετ᾿ αὐτοὺς ἐν τῇ γῇ οὓς οὐκ ἐδύναντο οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ἐξολεθρεῦσαι αὐτούς καὶ ἀνήγαγεν αὐτοὺς Σαλωμων εἰς φόρον ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης καὶ ἐκ τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ οὐκ ἔδωκε Σαλωμων εἰς πρᾶγμα ὅτι αὐτοὶ ἦσαν ἄνδρες οἱ πολεμισταὶ καὶ παῖδες αὐτοῦ καὶ ἄρχοντες τῶν ἁρμάτων αὐτοῦ καὶ ἱππεῖς αὐτοῦ

For the king had a ship of Tarshish in the sea with the ships of Hiram; once every three years a ship would come from Tarshish to the king, laden with gold and silver and wrought and hewn stones. This was the enterprise of the levy that King Solomon raised: to build the house of the LORD and the house of the king, and the wall of Jerusalem, and the citadel, to fence around the wall of the city of David; and Assur, and Magdan, and Gezer, and upper Beth-horon, and Iethermath, and all the chariot-cities, and all the cities of the horsemen, and the business of Solomon that he carried out, building in Jerusalem and in all the land, so that he should not have dominion over it. All the people that were left of the Hittite, the Amorite, the Perizzite, the Canaanite, the Hivite, the Jebusite, and the Girgashite — those not of the sons of Israel — their children that were left after them in the land, whom the sons of Israel could not utterly destroy, these Solomon brought up as a forced levy until this day. But of the sons of Israel Solomon gave none for forced service, for they were the men of war and his servants and the commanders of his chariots and his horsemen.

Grand summary sentence: ships of Tarshish and Solomon's whole building enterpriseὅτι ναῦς Θαρσις τῷ βασιλεῖ
In the LXX this is a single vast sentence (printed with internal asterisked sections [a][b][c], here stripped) that knits together the engine of Solomon's wealth and works: the triennial Tarshish fleet; the πραγματεία ('enterprise') of his levy to build temple, palace, walls, citadel, and a string of cities; the corvée raised from the surviving Canaanite peoples; and the exemption of the Israelites from forced labor (they served instead as soldiers and officers). The construction is grammatically loose, characteristic of the Old Greek's distinctive ordering of the Solomon material.
Word-by-word analysis· 199 words
ὅτιforcausal conjunction (explanatory, linking to v. 21)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; introduces the explanation of Solomon's gold abundance — the triennial Tarshish trade.
ναῦςshipNominativesubject→ participant prominenceναῦς: 'ship'; here a 'ship of Tarshish,' a large ocean-going merchant vessel (the type-name became a class designation).
ΘαρσιςTarshishgenitival modifier of ναῦς (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΘαρσις: transliteration of Hebrew תַּרְשִׁישׁ (Tarshish), a distant maritime trading destination; 'ship of Tarshish' denotes a deep-sea merchantman; indeclinable.
τῷto the / for theDativearticle (with βασιλεῖ, dative of possession)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative of possession ('the king had a ship')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon, owner of the Tarshish fleet.
ἐνin / onpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θαλάσσῃseaDativedative of place (locative: 'on the sea')→ sphere or referenceθάλασσα: 'sea'; renders יָם; the maritime sphere of Solomon's trade fleet.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νηῶνshipsGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationναῦς (pl. νηῶν): 'ships'; the fleet of Hiram with which Solomon's ship sailed in joint venture.
Χιραμof Hiramgenitival modifier of νηῶν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΧιραμ: Hiram of Tyre (cf. v. 11), Solomon's maritime partner.
μίαoneNominativenumeral (subject of ἤρχετο: 'one [ship]')→ measure or countεἷς (fem. μία): 'one'; 'one ship' came every three years (or 'once' every three years).
διὰevery / throughpreposition + genitive (interval of time)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + gen. of time: 'at intervals of / every'; διὰ τριῶν ἐτῶν = 'once every three years.'
τριῶνthreeGenitivenumeral (modifying ἐτῶν)→ relational specificationτρεῖς (gen. τριῶν): 'three'; the triennial cycle of the Tarshish voyage.
ἐτῶνyearsGenitivegenitive of time (with διά: 'every three years')→ relational specificationἔτος (pl. ἐτῶν): 'year'; the interval of the long-haul trading voyage.
ἤρχετοwould comeImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ iterative imperfect (repeated triennial arrival)ἔρχομαι (impf. ἤρχετο): 'come'; the iterative imperfect denotes the recurring arrival of the fleet every three years.
τῷto theDativearticle (with βασιλεῖ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative of advantage ('came to the king')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon, the recipient of the fleet's cargo.
ναῦςshipNominativesubject (in apposition to μία)→ participant prominenceναῦς: 'ship'; the Tarshish vessel resumed as subject.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΘαρσιςTarshishgenitive object of ἐκ (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΘαρσις: the distant port of origin of the cargo.
χρυσίουof goldGenitivegenitive of content (the cargo)→ relational specificationχρυσίον: 'gold'; the principal cargo of the Tarshish fleet.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀργυρίουof silverGenitivegenitive of content→ relational specificationἀργύριον: 'silver'; second item of the cargo.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λίθωνstonesGenitivegenitive of content→ relational specificationλίθος (pl. λίθων): 'stone'; here precious/worked stones in the cargo.
τορευτῶνwrought / carvedGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying λίθων)→ relational specificationτορευτός: 'worked with the chisel / carved / engraved'; from τορεύω; of finely wrought stones.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πελεκητῶνhewnGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying λίθων)→ relational specificationπελεκητός: 'hewn with the axe / dressed'; from πελεκάω (contrast ἀπελέκητος, 'unhewn,' v. 11); of dressed building-stones.
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative (subject of the new clause)→ participant referenceοὗτος (fem. αὕτη): 'this'; introduces the summary statement of Solomon's building enterprise.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (equative)→ stative imperfectεἰμί: 'be'; 'this was the enterprise …' equates the foregoing trade/levy with Solomon's great works.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πραγματείαenterprise / businessNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceπραγματεία: 'business / enterprise / undertaking'; the organized labor-project of Solomon's reign; the cognate verb ἐπραγματεύσατο and noun πραγματείαν recur below.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προνομῆςlevy / requisitionGenitivegenitive (with πραγματεία: 'enterprise of the levy')→ relational specificationπρονομή: 'foraging / requisition / levy'; here the forced-labor levy Solomon raised for his building works (Hebrew מַס).
ἧςwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (object of ἀνήνεγκεν, genitive by attraction)→ relational specificationὅς (fem. gen. ἧς): relative pronoun, attracted to the case of προνομῆς.
ἀνήνεγκενraised / imposedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναφέρωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristἀναφέρω: 'bring up / raise / impose'; here of levying the corvée (the same verb used cultically of offering, v. 5).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject of ἀνήνεγκεν→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon, who imposed the levy.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonindeclinable proper noun (in apposition to βασιλεὺς)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (in apposition to βασιλεὺς).
οἰκοδομῆσαιto buildAor Act Inf · οἰκοδομέωinfinitive of purpose (with ἀνήνεγκεν)→ verbal action or stateοἰκοδομέω: 'build'; the purpose of the levy — Solomon's building projects.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativedirect object of οἰκοδομῆσαι→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house'; here the temple, 'the house of the LORD.'
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (with οἶκον)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; 'the house of the LORD' = the temple, first of Solomon's building works.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativedirect object (second member)→ object specificationοἶκος: here the palace, 'the house of the king.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of possession (the royal palace)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the king's palace, second building project.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεῖχοςwallAccusativedirect object (third member)→ object specificationτεῖχος: 'wall / city-wall'; renders חוֹמָה; the wall of Jerusalem, third building project.
Ιερουσαλημof Jerusalemgenitival modifier of τεῖχος (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: 'Jerusalem'; the capital whose wall Solomon built/fortified.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄκρανcitadelAccusativedirect object (fourth member)→ object specificationἄκρα: 'citadel / fortified height'; renders מִלּוֹא (the Millo); the fortress-acropolis of Jerusalem (a term later famous for the Seleucid Akra).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with articular infinitive of purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περιφράξαιto fence aroundAor Act Inf · περιφράσσωarticular infinitive of purpose (τοῦ περιφράξαι)→ verbal action or stateπεριφράσσω: 'fence around / wall in / fortify'; the purpose of the citadel — to enclose the wall of the city of David.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φραγμὸνwall / fenceAccusativedirect object of περιφράξαι→ object specificationφραγμός: 'fence / wall / enclosure'; from φράσσω; the defensive perimeter of the city of David.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive (with φραγμὸν: 'wall of the city')→ relational specificationπόλις: 'city'; the city of David (the original fortified Zion).
Δαυιδof Davidgenitival modifier of πόλεως (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliteration of Hebrew דָּוִד (David); indeclinable; 'the city of David' = the Davidic citadel of Jerusalem.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (extending the building-list to cities)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with the city-name Ασσουρ)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑσσουρAssur / Hazorobject (city Solomon built; indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΑσσουρ: a place-name in Solomon's building-list (corresponding to Hazor in the MT, חָצוֹר); indeclinable, articularized by τὴν.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜαγδανMagdan / Megiddoobject (city built; indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΜαγδαν: a place-name (corresponding to Megiddo, מְגִדּוֹ, in the MT); indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓαζερGezerobject (city built; indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΓαζερ: transliteration of Hebrew גֶּזֶר (Gezer); indeclinable; one of Solomon's fortified cities.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒαιθωρωνBeth-horonobject (city built; indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΒαιθωρων: transliteration of Hebrew בֵּית חוֹרוֹן (Beth-horon); indeclinable; here 'the upper' Beth-horon.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (attributive, with ἀνωτέρω)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνωτέρωuppercomparative adverb used attributively ('the upper')→ clausal contributionἀνωτέρω: 'higher / upper'; comparative adverb of ἄνω; τὴν ἀνωτέρω distinguishes upper Beth-horon from the lower town.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙεθερμαθIethermathobject (city built; indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΙεθερμαθ: a place-name in Solomon's building-list (corresponding to Baalath / Tamar in parallel texts); indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying πόλεις)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the whole set of chariot-cities.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesAccusativedirect object (building-list)→ object specificationπόλις (pl. πόλεις): 'city'; the garrison-cities of Solomon's chariotry.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁρμάτωνchariotsGenitivegenitive (with πόλεις: 'cities of the chariots')→ relational specificationἅρμα (pl. ἁρμάτων): 'chariot'; renders רֶכֶב; the chariot-cities housing Solomon's war-machinery (cf. v. 26).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying πόλεις)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the whole set of cavalry-cities.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesAccusativedirect object (building-list)→ object specificationπόλις: 'city'; the cities of the horsemen.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱππέωνhorsemenGenitivegenitive (with πόλεις: 'cities of the horsemen')→ relational specificationἱππεύς (pl. ἱππέων): 'horseman / cavalryman'; renders פָּרָשׁ; the cavalry stationed in these cities (cf. v. 26).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πραγματείανenterpriseAccusativedirect object (resuming the 'enterprise' theme)→ object specificationπραγματεία: 'enterprise / undertaking'; the building-business of Solomon, resumed from the verse's opening with a cognate verb following.
Σαλωμωνof Solomongenitival modifier of πραγματείαν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitival modifier of πραγματείαν (indeclinable proper noun).
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐπραγματεύσατο)→ participant referenceὅς (fem. acc. ἥν): relative pronoun, antecedent πραγματείαν.
ἐπραγματεύσατοhe carried outAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · πραγματεύομαιverb of relative clause (cognate with πραγματεία)→ constative aoristπραγματεύομαι: 'transact business / carry out an undertaking'; the figura etymologica with πραγματεία ('the enterprise he enterprised') stresses the scope of Solomon's labor-program; the same verb is used in Luke 19:13 of trading with the minas.
οἰκοδομῆσαιto buildAor Act Inf · οἰκοδομέωinfinitive (epexegetical: defining the enterprise)→ verbal action or stateοἰκοδομέω: 'build'; the second occurrence, epexegetical of the πραγματεία — Solomon's building work in Jerusalem and throughout the land.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemdative object of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: the capital, the principal site of Solomon's building.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
πάσῃallDativeattributive adjective (modifying γῇ)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all / the whole'; Solomon built throughout the entire land.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῇlandDativedative of place (locative: 'in all the land')→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land'; the whole realm of Solomon's building activity.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with articular infinitive of purpose/result)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὴnotnegative particle (with the infinitive κατάρξαι)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: the negative used with the articular infinitive (τοῦ μὴ κατάρξαι), 'so as not to …'
κατάρξαιto have dominionAor Act Inf · κατάρχωarticular infinitive (negative purpose/result: τοῦ μὴ κατάρξαι)→ verbal action or stateκατάρχω: 'rule over / have dominion / subdue'; the clause τοῦ μὴ κατάρξαι αὐτοῦ ('so as not to have dominion over it') is grammatically loose in the Old Greek and transitions to the corvée raised from the surviving peoples.
αὐτοῦit / themGenitivegenitive object of κατάρξαι (verb of ruling takes genitive)→ relational specificationαὐτός: the genitive object of κατάρχω ('rule over'); the antecedent is loosely the land/remnant-peoples.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying λαὸν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the whole surviving non-Israelite population.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸνpeopleAccusativeaccusative (the people subjected to the levy)→ object specificationλαός: 'people'; here the remnant of the Canaanite nations conscripted for forced labor.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with participle)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑπολελειμμένονthat was leftPerf Pass Part Acc Sg Masc · ὑπολείπωattributive participle (modifying λαὸν)→ resultative perfect (the surviving remnant)ὑπολείπω: 'leave behind / leave remaining'; the perfect passive participle 'the people left remaining' = the survivors of the Canaanite nations not destroyed in the conquest.
ἀπὸof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive/source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; partitive 'of the Hittite, the Amorite …' — the remnant drawn from these peoples.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧετταίουHittiteGenitivegenitive (collective gentilic: 'the Hittite')→ relational specificationΧετταῖος: 'Hittite'; renders חִתִּי; declinable gentilic noun; first of the seven nations of the land.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑμορραίουAmoriteGenitivegenitive (collective gentilic)→ relational specificationΑμορραῖος: 'Amorite'; renders אֱמֹרִי; declinable gentilic; second of the nations.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΦερεζαίουPerizziteGenitivegenitive (collective gentilic)→ relational specificationΦερεζαῖος: 'Perizzite'; renders פְּרִזִּי; declinable gentilic; third of the nations.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧαναναίουCanaaniteGenitivegenitive (collective gentilic)→ relational specificationΧαναναῖος: 'Canaanite'; renders כְּנַעֲנִי; declinable gentilic; fourth of the nations.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΕυαίουHiviteGenitivegenitive (collective gentilic)→ relational specificationΕυαῖος: 'Hivite'; renders חִוִּי; declinable gentilic; fifth of the nations.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙεβουσαίουJebusiteGenitivegenitive (collective gentilic)→ relational specificationΙεβουσαῖος: 'Jebusite'; renders יְבוּסִי; declinable gentilic; sixth of the nations.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓεργεσαίουGirgashiteGenitivegenitive (collective gentilic)→ relational specificationΓεργεσαῖος: 'Girgashite'; renders גִּרְגָּשִׁי; declinable gentilic; seventh of the nations of Canaan.
τῶνthoseGenitivearticle (with participle ὄντων: 'those being')→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὴnotnegative particle (with ὄντων)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: negates the participle ὄντων: 'those not being of the sons of Israel.'
ἐκof / frompreposition + genitive (origin)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'of / from'; ἐκ τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ = 'of the sons of Israel' (the descent these peoples did not share).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ→ relational specificationυἱός (pl. υἱῶν): 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ('the sons of Israel') is the standard LXX designation of the covenant people.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitival modifier of υἱῶν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the covenant people whose lineage the remnant peoples did not share.
ὄντωνbeingPres Act Part Gen Pl Masc · εἰμίattributive participle (with τῶν μὴ: 'those not being')→ verbal action or stateεἰμί (pres. part. ὄντων): 'be'; 'those who were not of the sons of Israel' — defining the conscripted remnant by their non-Israelite descent.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with τέκνα, resuming the object)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέκναchildrenAccusativeaccusative (in apposition / resumptive object: 'their children')→ object specificationτέκνον (pl. τέκνα): 'child / descendant'; renders בָּנִים; the descendants of the surviving peoples who remained in the land.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with participle)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑπολελειμμέναthat were leftPerf Pass Part Acc Pl Neut · ὑπολείπωattributive participle (modifying τέκνα)→ resultative perfect (the surviving descendants)ὑπολείπω: 'leave remaining'; the perfect passive participle (neuter pl., agreeing with τέκνα) — 'the children left remaining after them.'
μετ᾿afterpreposition + accusative (temporal/sequential: 'after them')→ spatial or relational framingμετά + acc.: 'after'; 'after them' = the generation succeeding the conquered peoples.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeaccusative object of μετ᾿→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of μετ᾿.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῇlandDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land'; the land of Israel where the remnant survived.
οὓςwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐξολεθρεῦσαι)→ participant referenceὅς (acc. pl. οὕς): relative pronoun; 'whom the sons of Israel could not destroy.'
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἐδύναντο)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐδύναντοwere ableImpf Mid/Pass Indic 3 Pl · δύναμαιmain verb of relative clause→ durative imperfect (sustained inability)δύναμαι: 'be able'; the imperfect 'were not able' explains why the remnant survived — Israel could not utterly destroy them in the conquest.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject of ἐδύναντο→ participant prominenceυἱός (pl. υἱοί): 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ, the covenant people.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitival modifier of υἱοὶ (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable.
ἐξολεθρεῦσαιto destroy utterlyAor Act Inf · ἐξολεθρεύωcomplementary infinitive (with ἐδύναντο)→ aorist infinitive (the intended destruction)ἐξολεθρεύω: 'destroy utterly / exterminate'; the intensive compound (ἐξ-) rendering הֶחֱרִים / הִשְׁמִיד; the herem-language of the conquest that Israel failed to complete.
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object of ἐξολεθρεῦσαι (resumptive, Hebraizing)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the resumptive pronoun after the relative οὕς is a Hebraism (the redundant resumptive of the Hebrew relative אֲשֶׁר … אֹתָם).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνήγαγενbrought up / leviedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνάγωmain verb→ constative aoristἀνάγω: 'bring up / lead up'; here 'raised them up as a levy' — Solomon conscripted the remnant for forced labor (Hebrew הֶעֱלָה לְמַס).
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ἀνήγαγεν→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἀνήγαγεν.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
εἰςfor / aspreposition + accusative (purpose: 'as a levy')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'for / as'; εἰς φόρον = 'for forced labor / as a tribute-levy.'
φόρονforced labor / levyAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationφόρος: 'tribute / forced-labor levy'; renders מַס; the corvée of conscripted labor imposed on the surviving peoples.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until'; in the formula ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdayGenitivegenitive object of ἕως→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης ('until this day'), the historiographic formula (cf. v. 12).
ταύτηςthisGenitivedemonstrative (modifying ἡμέρας)→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'this'; closes the formula.
καὶbut / andnarrative conjunction (mild contrast)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here mildly adversative — 'but of the sons of Israel …' (contrast to the conscripted remnant).
ἐκof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: partitive 'of / from among' the sons of Israel.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive (partitive object of ἐκ)→ relational specificationυἱός (pl. υἱῶν): 'son'; the Israelites, exempt from the corvée.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitival modifier of υἱῶν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable.
οὐκnot / nonenegative particle (with ἔδωκε)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκεgave / madeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give / appoint / assign'; 'Solomon gave none [of the Israelites] for forced service' — the Israelites were exempt from the corvée.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose: 'for forced service')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'for'; εἰς πρᾶγμα = 'for [compulsory] service / a task.'
πρᾶγμαtask / forced serviceAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationπρᾶγμα: 'matter / task / labor'; here the compulsory labor-service from which Israelites were spared (contrast the πραγματεία imposed on the remnant).
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; gives the reason for the Israelites' exemption — they served as soldiers and officers.
αὐτοὶtheyNominativeintensive pronoun (subject: 'they themselves')→ participant referenceαὐτός: emphatic 'they (themselves)' — the Israelites, by contrast with the conscripted peoples.
ἦσανwereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (equative)→ stative imperfectεἰμί: 'be'; 'they were the men of war …' — defining the Israelites' role.
ἄνδρεςmenNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceἀνήρ (pl. ἄνδρες): 'man'; here 'the men of war' (warriors).
οἱtheNominativearticle (with πολεμισταὶ)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολεμισταὶwarriorsNominativepredicate nominative (in apposition to ἄνδρες)→ participant prominenceπολεμιστής (pl. πολεμισταί): 'warrior / man of war'; renders אַנְשֵׁי מִלְחָמָה; the Israelites' military vocation that exempted them from the corvée.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παῖδεςservantsNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceπαῖς (pl. παῖδες): 'servant / officer'; here the king's officials/retainers.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄρχοντεςcommandersNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceἄρχων (pl. ἄρχοντες): 'ruler / commander / officer'; the chariot-commanders of Solomon's army.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁρμάτωνchariotsGenitivegenitive (with ἄρχοντες: 'commanders of the chariots')→ relational specificationἅρμα (pl. ἁρμάτων): 'chariot'; the chariotry the Israelites commanded.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἱππεῖςhorsemenNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceἱππεύς (pl. ἱππεῖς): 'horseman / cavalryman'; the closing item — the Israelites also served as Solomon's cavalry.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
23

καὶ ἐμεγαλύνθη Σαλωμων ὑπὲρ πάντας τοὺς βασιλεῖς τῆς γῆς πλούτῳ καὶ φρονήσει

And Solomon was magnified above all the kings of the earth in wealth and in wisdom.

Summary of Solomon's supremacy (C begins)καὶ ἐμεγαλύνθη Σαλωμων
The capstone statement: Solomon surpassed all earthly kings πλούτῳ καὶ φρονήσει ('in wealth and in wisdom') — the two themes interwoven throughout the chapter (the queen praised both, vv. 6–7). The passive ἐμεγαλύνθη implies divine exaltation.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμεγαλύνθηwas magnifiedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · μεγαλύνωmain verb→ constative aorist passive (divine exaltation implied)μεγαλύνω: 'make great / magnify'; renders גָּדַל; the passive ἐμεγαλύνθη ('was made great') implies YHWH as the one who exalted Solomon above all kings.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
ὑπὲρabove / beyondpreposition + accusative (comparison: 'above')→ spatial or relational framingὑπέρ + acc.: 'above / beyond / more than'; the comparative idiom 'greater than all the kings.'
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying βασιλεῖς)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of earthly kings whom Solomon surpassed.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖςkingsAccusativeaccusative object of ὑπέρ→ object specificationβασιλεύς (pl. βασιλεῖς): 'king'; the kings of the earth, all surpassed by Solomon.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive (with βασιλεῖς: 'of the earth')→ relational specificationγῆ: 'earth / land'; οἱ βασιλεῖς τῆς γῆς ('the kings of the earth') — a phrase later echoed in apocalyptic (Rev 1:5).
πλούτῳin wealthDativedative of respect (in what respect: 'in wealth')→ sphere or referenceπλοῦτος: 'wealth / riches'; renders עֹשֶׁר; one of the two respects of Solomon's supremacy.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φρονήσειin wisdomDativedative of respect ('in wisdom')→ sphere or referenceφρόνησις: 'practical wisdom / discernment'; the chapter's key gift-word, here paired with wealth as the second respect of Solomon's surpassing greatness.
24

καὶ πάντες βασιλεῖς τῆς γῆς ἐζήτουν τὸ πρόσωπον Σαλωμων τοῦ ἀκοῦσαι τῆς φρονήσεως αὐτοῦ ἧς ἔδωκεν κύριος ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ

And all the kings of the earth sought the face of Solomon to hear his wisdom, which the LORD had put in his heart.

The world's kings seek Solomon (as the queen did)καὶ πάντες βασιλεῖς τῆς γῆς ἐζήτουν
The queen of Sheba's visit becomes paradigmatic: all the kings seek Solomon's face 'to hear his wisdom.' The relative clause ἧς ἔδωκεν κύριος ('which the LORD had given') roots the wisdom in YHWH's gift (cf. 3 Kgdms 3), the theological key to the whole chapter.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάντεςallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying βασιλεῖς)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; the whole company of earthly kings.
βασιλεῖςkingsNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς (pl. βασιλεῖς): 'king'; all the kings of the earth seeking Solomon.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive (with βασιλεῖς)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'earth'; the worldwide reach of Solomon's fame.
ἐζήτουνsoughtImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ζητέωmain verb→ customary imperfect (habitual seeking)ζητέω: 'seek'; the imperfect denotes the continual/habitual seeking of Solomon's audience by the kings.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόσωπονface / presenceAccusativedirect object of ἐζήτουν→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; ζητεῖν τὸ πρόσωπον ('seek the face') is a Hebraism (בִּקֵּשׁ פָּנִים) for seeking audience/favor.
Σαλωμωνof Solomongenitival modifier of πρόσωπον (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitival modifier of πρόσωπον (indeclinable proper noun).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with articular infinitive of purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀκοῦσαιto hearAor Act Inf · ἀκούωarticular infinitive of purpose (τοῦ ἀκοῦσαι)→ verbal action or stateἀκούω: 'hear'; the purpose of seeking Solomon — to hear his wisdom (the same motive as the queen of the South, Matt 12:42).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φρονήσεωςwisdomGenitivegenitive object of ἀκοῦσαι (verb of hearing takes genitive)→ relational specificationφρόνησις: 'practical wisdom / discernment'; the chapter's key gift-word; the object the kings come to hear.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἧςwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (object of ἔδωκεν, genitive by attraction)→ relational specificationὅς (fem. gen. ἧς): relative pronoun, attracted to the case of φρονήσεως.
ἔδωκενgave / putAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (the divine gift)δίδωμι: 'give'; YHWH 'gave/put' the wisdom in Solomon's heart — the theological foundation of his greatness (cf. 3 Kgdms 3:12).
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἔδωκεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the divine giver of Solomon's wisdom — the chapter's wisdom is grace, not native genius.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίᾳheartDativedative of place (locative: 'in his heart')→ sphere or referenceκαρδία: 'heart'; the seat of wisdom and discernment; YHWH placed his gift in Solomon's heart (cf. the queen's 'all in her heart,' v. 2).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
25

καὶ αὐτοὶ ἔφερον ἕκαστος τὰ δῶρα αὐτοῦ σκεύη χρυσᾶ καὶ ἱματισμόν στακτὴν καὶ ἡδύσματα καὶ ἵππους καὶ ἡμιόνους τὸ κατ᾿ ἐνιαυτὸν ἐνιαυτόν

And they brought, each one, his gifts — vessels of gold and clothing, myrrh-oil and spices and horses and mules — year by year.

The annual tribute of the kingsκαὶ αὐτοὶ ἔφερον ἕκαστος
The kings who sought Solomon brought annual tribute: gold vessels, robes, myrrh-oil, spices, horses, and mules. The distributive ἕκαστος ('each one') with the closing τὸ κατ᾿ ἐνιαυτὸν ἐνιαυτόν ('year by year') stresses the steady, recurring flow of wealth into Solomon's court.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοὶtheyNominativeintensive pronoun (subject: 'they themselves')→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'they (themselves)'; the kings of v. 24 who brought tribute.
ἔφερονbroughtImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · φέρωmain verb→ customary imperfect (habitual annual bringing)φέρω: 'bring / carry'; the imperfect denotes the recurring annual tribute.
ἕκαστοςeach oneNominativedistributive apposition to αὐτοὶ ('each one')→ participant prominenceἕκαστος: 'each / every one'; distributive, individualizing the kings' tribute.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δῶραgiftsAccusativedirect object of ἔφερον→ object specificationδῶρον (pl. δῶρα): 'gift / present / tribute'; renders מִנְחָה; the tribute-gifts brought to Solomon.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (each one's own gifts)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (each one's own gifts).
σκεύηvesselsAccusativeaccusative in apposition to δῶρα (listing the gifts)→ object specificationσκεῦος (pl. σκεύη): 'vessel / article'; gold articles among the tribute.
χρυσᾶof goldAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying σκεύη)→ object specificationχρυσοῦς: 'golden'; the gold vessels among the gifts.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἱματισμόνclothingAccusativeaccusative (apposition to δῶρα)→ object specificationἱματισμός: 'clothing / apparel'; rich robes among the tribute (cf. v. 5).
στακτὴνmyrrh-oil / stacteAccusativeaccusative (apposition to δῶρα)→ object specificationστακτή: 'stacte / oil of myrrh'; an aromatic resin/oil (Hebrew נָטָף); among the precious gifts.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡδύσματαspicesAccusativeaccusative (apposition to δῶρα)→ object specificationἥδυσμα: 'spice'; the aromatics recurring through the chapter (cf. vv. 2, 10).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἵππουςhorsesAccusativeaccusative (apposition to δῶρα)→ object specificationἵππος (pl. ἵππους): 'horse'; among the tribute, anticipating the horse-trade of vv. 26, 28–29.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμιόνουςmulesAccusativeaccusative (apposition to δῶρα)→ object specificationἡμίονος (pl. ἡμιόνους): 'mule'; from ἡμι- + ὄνος; a prized riding/pack animal among the gifts (Hebrew פֶּרֶד).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing the adverbial phrase)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατ᾿by / according topreposition + accusative (distributive: 'year by year')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: distributive 'year by year' in the idiom τὸ κατ᾿ ἐνιαυτὸν ἐνιαυτόν.
ἐνιαυτὸνyearAccusativeaccusative (with κατ᾿: distributive)→ object specificationἐνιαυτός: 'year'; the repetition ἐνιαυτὸν ἐνιαυτόν renders the Hebrew distributive דְּבַר־שָׁנָה בְּשָׁנָה ('year by year').
ἐνιαυτόνyearAccusativeaccusative (distributive repetition: 'year [by] year')→ object specificationἐνιαυτός: the repeated noun forms a Hebraizing distributive, 'every single year.'
26

καὶ ἦσαν τῷ Σαλωμων τέσσαρες χιλιάδες θήλειαι ἵπποι εἰς ἅρματα καὶ δώδεκα χιλιάδες ἱππέων καὶ ἔθετο αὐτὰς ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι τῶν ἁρμάτων καὶ μετὰ τοῦ βασιλέως ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ἦν ἡγούμενος πάντων τῶν βασιλέων ἀπὸ τοῦ ποταμοῦ καὶ ἕως γῆς ἀλλοφύλων καὶ ἕως ὁρίων Αἰγύπτου

And Solomon had four thousand mares for chariots and twelve thousand horsemen, and he stationed them in the chariot-cities and with the king in Jerusalem; and he was ruler over all the kings from the River even to the land of the Philistines and to the borders of Egypt.

Solomon's chariotry and the extent of his dominionκαὶ ἦσαν τῷ Σαλωμων
The chariot-force (4,000 chariot-mares, 12,000 horsemen) stationed in the garrison-cities and Jerusalem, and Solomon's dominion 'from the River to the border of Egypt.' The LXX preserves a clause (after the stripped marker) making Solomon ἡγούμενος ('ruler/leader') over all the kings of the region — the geographic apex of his power.
Word-by-word analysis· 45 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦσανwere / hadImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (with dative of possession)→ stative imperfectεἰμί: 'be'; with the dative τῷ Σαλωμων = 'Solomon had' — the idiom of possession.
τῷto / forDativearticle (with Σαλωμων, dative of possession)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαλωμωνSolomondative of possession (indeclinable, marked by τῷ)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative of possession (indeclinable, marked by τῷ).
τέσσαρεςfourNominativenumeral (modifying χιλιάδες)→ measure or countτέσσαρες: 'four'; the count of thousands of chariot-mares.
χιλιάδεςthousandsNominativesubject (of ἦσαν)→ participant prominenceχιλιάς (pl. χιλιάδες): 'thousand'; four thousand chariot-horses.
θήλειαιfemale / maresNominativeattributive adjective (modifying ἵπποι)→ participant prominenceθῆλυς (fem. θήλεια): 'female'; θήλειαι ἵπποι = 'mares,' the chariot-horses (the LXX specifies the mares).
ἵπποιhorses / maresNominativenominative (in apposition: 'mares')→ participant prominenceἵππος (pl. ἵπποι): 'horse'; here the chariot-mares of Solomon's force.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose: 'for chariots')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'for'; the mares were for the chariotry.
ἅρματαchariotsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationἅρμα (pl. ἅρματα): 'chariot'; the horses' purpose.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώδεκαtwelvenumeral (modifying χιλιάδες)→ clausal contributionδώδεκα: 'twelve'; twelve thousand horsemen.
χιλιάδεςthousandsNominativesubject (of ἦσαν)→ participant prominenceχιλιάς: 'thousand'; twelve thousand cavalrymen.
ἱππέωνhorsemenGenitivegenitive (with χιλιάδες: 'thousands of horsemen')→ relational specificationἱππεύς (pl. ἱππέων): 'horseman / cavalryman'; Solomon's cavalry.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθετοhe stationed / placedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb→ constative aoristτίθημι (aor. mid. ἔθετο): 'set / place / station'; Solomon distributed the chariotry among the garrison-cities.
αὐτὰςthemAccusativedirect object (= the mares, fem.)→ participant referenceαὐτός (fem. acc. pl. αὐτάς): 'them'; the mares, feminine.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεσιcitiesDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceπόλις (pl. πόλεσι): 'city'; the chariot-cities (cf. v. 22).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁρμάτωνchariotsGenitivegenitive (with πόλεσι: 'cities of the chariots')→ relational specificationἅρμα: 'chariot'; the garrison-cities of the chariotry.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive object of μετά (= Solomon)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; some of the chariotry was kept 'with the king' in Jerusalem.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemdative object of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: the capital, where part of the chariotry was stationed.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (resuming after the stripped marker)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνhe wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (periphrastic with ἡγούμενος)→ stative imperfectεἰμί: 'be'; with the participle ἡγούμενος forms a periphrastic 'he was ruling/leader.'
ἡγούμενοςruler / leadingPres Mid/Pass Part Nom Sg Masc · ἡγέομαιpredicate participle (periphrastic with ἦν: 'was ruler')→ verbal action or stateἡγέομαι: 'lead / rule / be chief'; the participle ἡγούμενος ('leader / ruler') marks Solomon's hegemony over the regional kings (the term later used of the messianic 'ruler' in Matt 2:6).
πάντωνallGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying βασιλέων)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of regional kings under Solomon's sway.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωνkingsGenitivegenitive (object of ἡγούμενος: 'leader of all the kings')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (pl. βασιλέων): 'king'; the vassal kings over whom Solomon was chief.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (extent: starting point)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; in the merism ἀπὸ … ἕως … ('from … to …') marking the extent of Solomon's dominion.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποταμοῦRiverGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationποταμός: 'river'; 'the River' (ὁ ποταμός) is the standard designation of the Euphrates, the northeastern limit of the ideal dominion (cf. Gen 15:18).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἕωςto / as far aspreposition + genitive (extent: end-point)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'as far as / to'; the end-point of the dominion-merism.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive object of ἕως→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; 'the land of the Philistines' as a western/southwestern limit.
ἀλλοφύλωνof the Philistines / foreignersGenitivegenitive (with γῆς: 'land of the Philistines')→ relational specificationἀλλόφυλος (pl. ἀλλοφύλων): lit. 'of another tribe / foreigner'; the standard LXX rendering of פְּלִשְׁתִּים ('Philistines'); their land marks a boundary of Solomon's sway.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἕωςto / as far aspreposition + genitive (extent: second end-point)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'as far as'; reaching the border of Egypt.
ὁρίωνbordersGenitivegenitive object of ἕως→ relational specificationὅριον (pl. ὁρίων): 'boundary / border / territory'; renders גְּבוּל; the border of Egypt as the southern limit of the dominion.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive (with ὁρίων: 'borders of Egypt')→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος (gen. Αἰγύπτου): 'Egypt'; declinable place-name; the border of Egypt completes the ideal extent of Solomon's realm.
27

καὶ ἔδωκεν ὁ βασιλεὺς τὸ χρυσίον καὶ τὸ ἀργύριον ἐν Ιερουσαλημ ὡς λίθους καὶ τὰς κέδρους ἔδωκεν ὡς συκαμίνους τὰς ἐν τῇ πεδινῇ εἰς πλῆθος

And the king made gold and silver in Jerusalem as plentiful as stones, and he made the cedars as the sycamores that are in the lowland for abundance.

Hyperbole of abundance: silver as stones, cedar as sycamoreκαὶ ἔδωκεν ὁ βασιλεὺς τὸ χρυσίον
Two proverbial similes of superabundance: gold and silver as common as stones, and cedar (a luxury import) as common as the lowland sycamore. The verse caps the wealth-catalogue and fulfils the note of v. 21 that silver counted for nothing.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενmade / renderedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give / make / render'; here 'made [gold and silver] as [common as] stones' — δίδωμι ὡς is a Hebraism (נָתַן כְּ) for 'render like.'
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (= Solomon)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon, agent of the superabundance.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρυσίονgoldAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν→ object specificationχρυσίον: 'gold'; rendered as common as stones.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀργύριονsilverAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν (second member)→ object specificationἀργύριον: 'silver'; made as common as stones (cf. v. 21, silver counted as nothing).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemdative object of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: the capital, scene of the proverbial abundance.
ὡςascomparative particle ('as / like')→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like'; introduces the simile 'as [common as] stones.'
λίθουςstonesAccusativeaccusative of comparison (with ὡς)→ object specificationλίθος (pl. λίθους): 'stone'; the proverbial image of the commonest thing — gold and silver as plentiful as roadside stones.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κέδρουςcedarsAccusativedirect object of the second ἔδωκεν→ object specificationκέδρος (pl. κέδρους): 'cedar'; renders אֶרֶז; the prized Lebanon timber, here made as common as the lowland fig.
ἔδωκενmadeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (second comparison)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'make / render'; repeated for the cedar/sycamore comparison.
ὡςascomparative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like'; the second simile.
συκαμίνουςsycamoresAccusativeaccusative of comparison (with ὡς)→ object specificationσυκάμινος (pl. συκαμίνους): 'sycamore / mulberry-fig'; renders שִׁקְמָה; a common lowland tree, the image of cheap abundance.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with the prepositional attribute)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative, attributive)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative, attributive).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεδινῇlowland / plainDativesubstantivized adjective (dative of place: 'in the lowland')→ sphere or referenceπεδινός: 'level / of the plain'; substantivized ἡ πεδινή ('the lowland / Shephelah'), where sycamores grew abundantly (cf. 1 Chr 27:28).
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (result: 'for abundance')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (result: 'for abundance').
πλῆθοςabundance / multitudeAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiomatic: 'in abundance')→ object specificationπλῆθος: 'multitude / abundance'; εἰς πλῆθος = 'in great quantity' (cf. v. 10).
28

καὶ ἡ ἔξοδος τῶν ἵππων Σαλωμων ἐξ Αἰγύπτου καὶ ἐκ Θεκουε ἔμποροι τοῦ βασιλέως ἐλάμβανον ἐκ Θεκουε ἐν ἀλλάγματι

And the export of Solomon's horses was from Egypt and from Kue; the king's merchants would take them from Kue at a price.

The horse trade with Egypt and Kue (vv. 28–29)καὶ ἡ ἔξοδος τῶν ἵππων Σαλωμων
The chapter ends with Solomon's horse-import business: horses came from Egypt and from Kue (Θεκουε), the king's merchants buying them at a set price (ἐν ἀλλάγματι). Verse 29 gives the prices and the re-export to the Hittite and Syrian kings.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔξοδοςexport / going-outNominativesubject (verbless clause)→ participant prominenceἔξοδος: 'going-out / export / supply'; from ἐξ + ὁδός; here the source/export of Solomon's horses (the trade-supply line).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἵππωνhorsesGenitivegenitive (with ἔξοδος: 'export of the horses')→ relational specificationἵππος (pl. ἵππων): 'horse'; the traded horses of Solomon's enterprise.
Σαλωμωνof Solomongenitival modifier of ἵππων (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitival modifier of ἵππων (indeclinable proper noun).
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΑἰγύπτουEgyptGenitivegenitive object of ἐξ→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος (gen. Αἰγύπτου): 'Egypt'; a principal source of war-horses in the ancient Near East.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΘεκουεKue / Tekoagenitive object of ἐκ (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΘεκουε: a place-name, the source-region of horses (corresponding to Hebrew מִקְוֵה / Kue, the Cilician horse-market); indeclinable.
ἔμποροιmerchantsNominativesubject of ἐλάμβανον→ participant prominenceἔμπορος (pl. ἔμποροι): 'merchant / trader'; the king's commercial agents (cf. v. 15).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of possession (the king's merchants)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon, whose agents conducted the horse trade as a royal monopoly.
ἐλάμβανονwould take / procureImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb→ customary imperfect (habitual procurement)λαμβάνω: 'take / receive / procure'; the imperfect denotes the regular buying of horses by the royal merchants.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΘεκουεKuegenitive object of ἐκ (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΘεκουε: repeated — the procurement-source of the horses.
ἐνat / forpreposition + dative (price/exchange)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: here 'at / for (a price)'; ἐν ἀλλάγματι = 'at a price / in exchange.'
ἀλλάγματιprice / exchangeDativedative of price (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceἄλλαγμα: 'exchange / price'; from ἀλλάσσω ('exchange'); the agents bought the horses 'at a [fixed] price.'
29

καὶ ἀνέβαινεν ἡ ἔξοδος ἐξ Αἰγύπτου ἅρμα ἀντὶ ἑκατὸν ἀργυρίου καὶ ἵππος ἀντὶ πεντήκοντα ἀργυρίου καὶ οὕτω πᾶσιν τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν Χεττιιν καὶ βασιλεῦσιν Συρίας κατὰ θάλασσαν ἐξεπορεύοντο

And the export from Egypt went up at a hundred of silver for a chariot and fifty of silver for a horse; and so for all the kings of the Hittites and the kings of Syria they went out by sea.

Prices and re-export; close of the chapterκαὶ ἀνέβαινεν ἡ ἔξοδος ἐξ Αἰγύπτου
The closing verse gives the trade-rates (a chariot for 100 of silver, a horse for 50) and the re-export of the goods to the Hittite and Syrian kings 'by sea.' Solomon stands as the great middleman of the international arms-and-horse trade — the commercial crown of his splendor and the chapter's final note.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέβαινενwent up / came upImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb→ customary imperfectἀναβαίνω: 'go up / come up'; here of the trade-caravan/export 'coming up' from Egypt — the regular flow of the horse trade.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔξοδοςexportNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἔξοδος: 'export / going-out'; the outgoing trade-supply from Egypt (cf. v. 28).
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΑἰγύπτουEgyptGenitivegenitive object of ἐξ→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος: 'Egypt'; the source of the chariots and horses.
ἅρμαchariotNominativenominative (subject of implied valuation: 'a chariot [cost]')→ participant prominenceἅρμα: 'chariot'; the priced commodity — a chariot for 100 of silver.
ἀντὶfor / in exchange forpreposition + genitive (price/exchange)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί: 'instead of / in exchange for'; the preposition of price — 'for [a sum of] silver.'
ἑκατὸνa hundrednumeral (the price of a chariot)→ measure or countἑκατόν: 'hundred'; the price of a chariot in silver.
ἀργυρίουof silverGenitivegenitive of price (with ἀντὶ ἑκατὸν)→ relational specificationἀργύριον: 'silver / shekels of silver'; the medium of the price.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἵπποςhorseNominativenominative (subject of implied valuation: 'a horse [cost]')→ participant prominenceἵππος: 'horse'; priced at fifty of silver.
ἀντὶforpreposition + genitive (price)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί: 'in exchange for'; the price-preposition.
πεντήκονταfiftynumeral (the price of a horse)→ measure or countπεντήκοντα: 'fifty'; the price of a horse in silver.
ἀργυρίουof silverGenitivegenitive of price (with ἀντὶ πεντήκοντα)→ relational specificationἀργύριον: 'silver'; the medium of the price.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὕτωso / thusadverb of manner→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / in this way'; 'and so / likewise' the goods were re-exported to the surrounding kings.
πᾶσινallDativeattributive adjective (modifying βασιλεῦσιν)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of the Hittite kings.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῦσινkingsDativedative of advantage ('for the kings')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς (pl. βασιλεῦσιν): 'king'; the buyers — the kings of the Hittites and of Syria.
Χεττιινof the Hittitesgenitival modifier of βασιλεῦσιν (indeclinable gentilic)→ participant identificationΧεττιιν: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew חִתִּים ('Hittites'); the Neo-Hittite kingdoms of the north, buyers of Solomon's re-exported horses and chariots.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βασιλεῦσινkingsDativedative of advantage (second member)→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the kings of Syria, second set of buyers.
Συρίαςof SyriaGenitivegenitive (with βασιλεῦσιν: 'kings of Syria')→ relational specificationΣυρία (gen. Συρίας): 'Syria / Aram'; renders אֲרָם; declinable place-name; the Aramean kingdoms north of Israel.
κατὰbypreposition + accusative (route: 'by sea')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: here 'by way of / along'; κατὰ θάλασσαν = 'by sea / by the sea-route.'
θάλασσανseaAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationθάλασσα: 'sea'; the maritime route by which the goods were re-exported.
ἐξεπορεύοντοthey went outImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἐκπορεύομαιmain verb→ customary imperfect (habitual export)ἐκπορεύομαι: 'go out / proceed'; the imperfect closes the chapter with the steady outflow of Solomon's trade-goods to the surrounding kingdoms.