Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Third Book of Kingdoms, Chapter 11ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ Γ′ ΙΑ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Solomon's foreign loves turn his heart, and the Lord raises adversaries and Jeroboam against his kingdom.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of 3 Kingdoms 11 (= 1 Kings 11) follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. The Old Greek of 3 Kingdoms diverges markedly from the Masoretic versification of 1 Kings: the chapter as transmitted in the continuous Greek tradition preserves thirty-nine verses, and the verse numbers 3, 23, 24, and 39 are absent (the numbering jumps 2→4, 22→25, and 38→40). 3 Kingdoms 11 narrates the apostasy and decline of Solomon: his many foreign wives (φιλογύναιος, v. 1), with seven hundred ruling women and three hundred concubines, who incline his heart in old age (ἐν καιρῷ γήρους, v. 4) after the gods of the nations; he builds a high place for Chemosh (Χαμως) the idol of Moab and for Milcom (rendered τῷ βασιλεῖ αὐτῶν, v. 5) and Astarte (Ἀστάρτῃ) the abomination of the Sidonians (v. 6). The LORD, angered (ὠργίσθη κύριος, v. 9) because Solomon turned aside from him though he had appeared to him twice (τοῦ ὀφθέντος αὐτῷ δίς), pronounces the sentence: the kingdom will be torn from his hand (διαρρήσσων διαρρήξω τὴν βασιλείαν, v. 11), but not in his days and not wholly — one scepter (σκῆπτρον ἕν, v. 13) will remain to his son for the sake of David and Jerusalem. The LORD then raises up adversaries (σαταν, the transliterated Hebrew שָׂטָן): Hadad the Edomite (Αδερ τὸν Ιδουμαῖον), whose flight to Egypt as a boy, marriage into Pharaoh's house, and return are recounted (vv. 14–22, 25), and the Aramean figure (Esrom son of Eliada / Hadadezer) who seizes Damascus. The chapter then introduces Jeroboam son of Nebat (Ιεροβοαμ υἱὸς Ναβατ, v. 26), an Ephrathite from Sarira and Solomon's servant set over the forced labor of the house of Joseph (v. 28); the prophet Ahijah the Shilonite (Αχιας ὁ Σηλωνίτης, v. 29) meets him, tears his new garment into twelve pieces (δώδεκα ῥήγματα, v. 30), and grants Jeroboam ten scepters (δέκα σκῆπτρα, v. 31), with two reserved to David's line; the oracle (vv. 31–38) repeats the abomination-list of vv. 5–8 as the ground of judgment and promises Jeroboam an enduring house if he keeps the LORD's commandments as David did. Solomon seeks to kill Jeroboam, who flees to Shishak (Σουσακιμ) king of Egypt (v. 40); the chapter closes with the regnal summary (forty years, v. 42) and Solomon's death and burial, with Rehoboam (Ροβοαμ) succeeding him (v. 43).

1

καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς Σαλωμων ἦν φιλογύναιος καὶ ἦσαν αὐτῷ ἄρχουσαι ἑπτακόσιαι καὶ παλλακαὶ τριακόσιαι καὶ ἔλαβεν γυναῖκας ἀλλοτρίας καὶ τὴν θυγατέρα Φαραω Μωαβίτιδας Αμμανίτιδας Σύρας καὶ Ιδουμαίας Χετταίας καὶ Αμορραίας

And king Solomon was a lover of women, and he had seven hundred ruling wives and three hundred concubines; and he took foreign women, and the daughter of Pharaoh — Moabites, Ammonites, Syrians, and Edomites, Hittites, and Amorites.

New narrative unit (chapter opening: Solomon's apostasy)καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς Σαλωμων
The chapter opens with the Hebraizing καί-parataxis and a circumstantial nominal clause (ὁ βασιλεὺς Σαλωμων ἦν φιλογύναιος) that frames the whole chapter: Solomon's love of foreign women is the root of his downfall. The numbers (seven hundred + three hundred) and the catalogue of nations stress the scale of the transgression against the Deuteronomic prohibition cited in v. 2.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (in apposition to Σαλωμων)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; renders מֶלֶךְ; the title ὁ βασιλεὺς Σαλωμων heads the chapter, framing the apostasy as the failing of the reigning monarch himself, the builder of the temple of ch. 6–8.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable proper noun, appositional to ὁ βασιλεύς)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliteration of Hebrew שְׁלֹמֹה; indeclinable in the LXX of 3 Kingdoms (so gen./dat./acc. all Σαλωμων, e.g. τῷ Σαλωμων v. 14); the wise temple-builder of the preceding chapters is now the apostate of ch. 11.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (predicate nominal clause)→ stative imperfect (settled characterization)εἰμί: 'be'; the imperfect ἦν introduces a durative characterization, presenting φιλογύναιος as an abiding disposition rather than an isolated act.
φιλογύναιοςa lover of womenNominativepredicate adjective (with ἦν)→ participant prominenceφιλογύναιος: 'fond of women / lover of women'; a compound (φίλος + γυνή); the term characterizes Solomon's weakness pointedly and sets up the catalogue of foreign wives that follows; it has no single Hebrew counterpart but glosses the sense of 1 Kgs 11:1.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦσανthere wereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίverb of possession (ἦσαν αὐτῷ: 'he had')→ stative imperfectεἰμί (impf. pl.): the construction ἦσαν αὐτῷ ('there were to him') is a Hebraizing possessive (rendering וַיְהִי לוֹ), expressing Solomon's possession of the wives and concubines.
αὐτῷto himDativedative of possession→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of possession.
ἄρχουσαιruling women / princessesPres Act Ptc Fem Nom Pl · ἄρχωsubstantival participle (subject of ἦσαν: 'ruling wives')→ verbal action or stateἄρχω (pres. ptc. fem.): 'rule / be first'; the feminine participle ἄρχουσαι ('ruling women') renders Hebrew שָׂרוֹת ('princesses / chief wives'), denoting wives of royal or chief rank as distinguished from the concubines (παλλακαί).
ἑπτακόσιαιseven hundredNominativenumeral (modifying ἄρχουσαι)→ participant prominenceἑπτακόσιοι: 'seven hundred'; the feminine plural agrees with ἄρχουσαι; the vast number stresses the magnitude of Solomon's violation of Deut 17:17 ('he shall not multiply wives').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παλλακαὶconcubinesNominativesubject (parallel to ἄρχουσαι)→ participant prominenceπαλλακή: 'concubine'; renders פִּילֶגֶשׁ; the secondary wives, set in contrast to the ruling wives; together the thousand women embody the totality of Solomon's φιλογύναιος disposition.
τριακόσιαιthree hundredNominativenumeral (modifying παλλακαί)→ participant prominenceτριακόσιοι: 'three hundred'; feminine plural agreeing with παλλακαί.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενhe tookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (Solomon's act of taking wives)→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take'; renders לָקַח; the idiom λαμβάνειν γυναῖκα ('take a wife') is the standard OT expression for marriage; here the object γυναῖκας ἀλλοτρίας ('foreign women') marks the offence.
γυναῖκαςwomen / wivesAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationγυνή: 'woman / wife'; renders אִשָּׁה; the foreign wives are the channel of idolatry per v. 2.
ἀλλοτρίαςforeignAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying γυναῖκας)→ object specificationἀλλότριος: 'foreign / alien / belonging to another'; renders נָכְרִי; the catchword ἀλλότριος recurs (αἱ γυναῖκες αἱ ἀλλότριαι, v. 4) and ties the wives to the foreign gods (θεῶν αὐτῶν) they bring.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with θυγατέρα)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατέραdaughterAccusativedirect object (further object of ἔλαβεν: 'the daughter of Pharaoh')→ object specificationθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; renders בַּת; the daughter of Pharaoh, Solomon's politically prestigious marriage (cf. 3 Kgdms 3:1), is named first among the foreign wives.
Φαραωof Pharaohgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'daughter of Pharaoh')→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliteration of Hebrew פַּרְעֹה (Egyptian pr-ꜥȝ, 'great house'); indeclinable in the LXX; here the genitive of the Egyptian king whose daughter Solomon married.
ΜωαβίτιδαςMoabite womenAccusativeaccusative in apposition to γυναῖκας ἀλλοτρίας (catalogue of nations)→ object specificationΜωαβῖτις: 'Moabite woman'; feminine gentilic; the catalogue Moabite–Ammonite–Syrian–Edomite–Hittite–Amorite enumerates the very peoples whose gods Israel was warned against (cf. Deut 7:1–4).
ΑμμανίτιδαςAmmonite womenAccusativeaccusative in apposition (catalogue)→ object specificationΑμμανῖτις: 'Ammonite woman'; feminine gentilic; the Ammonites' god Milcom appears in v. 5 (τῷ βασιλεῖ αὐτῶν).
ΣύραςSyrian womenAccusativeaccusative in apposition (catalogue)→ object specificationΣύρα: 'Syrian (Aramean) woman'; feminine gentilic; the inclusion of Syrians broadens the catalogue beyond the classic Canaanite list.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (within catalogue)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙδουμαίαςEdomite womenAccusativeaccusative in apposition (catalogue)→ object specificationΙδουμαία (here as gentilic adjective, acc. pl. fem.): 'Edomite (Idumean) woman'; Edom (Idumea) is the homeland of the adversary Hadad in vv. 14–22.
ΧετταίαςHittite womenAccusativeaccusative in apposition (catalogue)→ object specificationΧετταία: 'Hittite woman'; feminine gentilic; the Hittites belong to the classic list of pre-conquest Canaanite nations.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (closing catalogue)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑμορραίαςAmorite womenAccusativeaccusative in apposition (catalogue)→ object specificationΑμορραία: 'Amorite woman'; feminine gentilic; the Amorites close the list of forbidden nations, completing the catalogue of Solomon's foreign marriages.
2

ἐκ τῶν ἐθνῶν ὧν ἀπεῖπεν κύριος τοῖς υἱοῖς Ισραηλ οὐκ εἰσελεύσεσθε εἰς αὐτούς καὶ αὐτοὶ οὐκ εἰσελεύσονται εἰς ὑμᾶς μὴ ἐκκλίνωσιν τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν ὀπίσω εἰδώλων αὐτῶν εἰς αὐτοὺς ἐκολλήθη Σαλωμων τοῦ ἀγαπῆσαι

From the nations concerning which the LORD said to the sons of Israel, 'You shall not go in to them, and they shall not come in to you, lest they turn aside your hearts after their idols' — to these Solomon clung in love.

Relative-clause elaboration of v. 1 (the Deuteronomic prohibition)ἐκ τῶν ἐθνῶν ὧν
v. 2 grounds the indictment by citing the divine prohibition (cf. Deut 7:3–4; Exod 34:16): intermarriage with the nations leads to apostasy. The clause closes with the emphatic εἰς αὐτοὺς ἐκολλήθη Σαλωμων ('to these Solomon clung'), the verb κολλάομαι signalling devoted attachment in direct defiance of the cited command.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
ἐκfrom / ofpreposition + genitive (partitive: 'from the nations')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive: 'from the nations').
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἐθνῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐθνῶνnationsGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (partitive)→ relational specificationἔθνος: 'nation / gentile people'; renders גּוֹי; the foreign wives come 'from the nations' the LORD had proscribed for intermarriage.
ὧνconcerning whichGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive, antecedent ἐθνῶν)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; the genitive ὧν is governed by the sense of ἀπεῖπεν περί ('spoke against / forbade concerning'), introducing the divine prohibition.
ἀπεῖπενforbade / spoke againstAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπεῖπονverb of relative clause (divine prohibition)→ constative aorist (definitive command)ἀπεῖπον (suppletive aor. of ἀπαγορεύω): 'forbid / renounce / speak against'; renders אָמַר in a prohibitive sense; the LORD's earlier word against intermarriage (Deut 7:3) is recalled as binding law.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ἀπεῖπεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the divine name marks the prohibition as YHWH's own covenant command, the violation of which is the chapter's central sin.
τοῖςto theDativearticle (with υἱοῖς)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativedative (indirect object: 'to the sons of Israel')→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; the idiom οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ renders בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, the covenant people to whom the prohibition was given.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'sons of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable in the LXX; the covenant nation addressed by the prohibition.
οὐκnotnegation (with εἰσελεύσεσθε)→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
εἰσελεύσεσθεyou shall go inFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb of cited prohibition (volitive future = prohibition)→ imperatival future (prohibition: 'you shall not go in')εἰσέρχομαι: 'go in / enter'; the future with οὐ functions as a legal prohibition (rendering Hebrew לֹא + imperfect); εἰσέρχομαι εἰς here carries the marital-sexual sense of 'going in to' (cf. בּוֹא אֶל).
εἰςin topreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'in to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
αὐτούςthemAccusativeobject of εἰς (the nations)→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of εἰς (the nations).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοὶtheyNominativesubject (emphatic: 'they themselves')→ participant prominenceαὐτός: the emphatic nominative αὐτοί marks the reciprocity of the prohibition — neither Israel into the nations nor the nations into Israel.
οὐκnotnegation (with εἰσελεύσονται)→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
εἰσελεύσονταιthey shall come inFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb of cited prohibition (reciprocal clause)→ imperatival future (prohibition)εἰσέρχομαι (fut.): the reciprocal prohibition; the doubled οὐκ εἰσελεύσεσθε … οὐκ εἰσελεύσονται emphasizes total separation in marriage.
εἰςin topreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'in to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of εἰς (2nd person plural: Israel)→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of εἰς (2nd person plural: Israel).
μὴlestnegative purpose particle (with subjunctive ἐκκλίνωσιν)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: introduces a negative purpose/fear clause ('lest'); with the subjunctive ἐκκλίνωσιν it states the reason for the prohibition — the danger of the heart's being turned aside.
ἐκκλίνωσινthey turn asideAor Act Subj 3 Pl · ἐκκλίνωverb of negative purpose clause→ verbal action or stateἐκκλίνω: 'turn aside / incline away'; renders נָטָה / סוּר; the same root recurs in ἐξέκλιναν (v. 4) and ἐξέκλινεν (v. 9), the leading verb of the chapter's apostasy-theme — the foreign wives 'turn aside' Solomon's heart.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with καρδίας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίαςheartsAccusativedirect object of ἐκκλίνωσιν→ object specificationκαρδία: 'heart'; renders לֵב; the heart is the seat of covenant loyalty; its turning aside 'after their idols' is the precise danger the prohibition guards against and the very thing that befalls Solomon (v. 4).
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ὀπίσωafterpreposition + genitive (Hebraism: 'after / following')→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'behind / after'; renders אַחֲרֵי; the idiom 'turn the heart after (other) gods' (ὀπίσω + gen.) is the standard LXX expression for apostasy, recurring throughout vv. 2–10.
εἰδώλωνidolsGenitivegenitive object of ὀπίσω→ relational specificationεἴδωλον: 'idol / image'; renders אֱלִילִים / גִּלּוּלִים; the LXX's polemical term reducing the foreign gods to mere 'images'; the idols of the wives' nations are catalogued in vv. 5–7.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (the nations' idols)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the nations' idols).
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (fronted: 'to these')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (fronted: 'to these').
αὐτοὺςthese / themAccusativeobject of εἰς (fronted for emphasis: the forbidden nations)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the fronted εἰς αὐτούς ('to these') resumes the forbidden nations and throws the contrast into relief — to the very peoples forbidden, Solomon clung.
ἐκολλήθηclung / was joinedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κολλάωmain verb of the apodosis (Solomon's defiant attachment)→ constative aorist (decisive attachment)κολλάω (aor. pass.): 'glue / join / cling'; the passive ἐκολλήθη ('was joined / clung') renders דָּבַק; the same verb is used of marital union (Gen 2:24 LXX: προσκολληθήσεται) — Solomon clings in covenant-love to the forbidden nations, inverting the loyalty owed to the LORD.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject of ἐκολλήθη (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject of ἐκολλήθη (indeclinable proper noun).
τοῦto / inarticle + infinitive (articular infinitive of result/manner)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγαπῆσαιto loveAor Act Inf · ἀγαπάωarticular infinitive (τοῦ ἀγαπῆσαι: 'in loving / so as to love')→ constative aorist infinitive (the act/disposition of love)ἀγαπάω: 'love'; renders אָהַב; the articular infinitive τοῦ ἀγαπῆσαι ('to love them') specifies the manner of Solomon's clinging — he was joined to the forbidden nations in love, the very ἀγάπη that should have been the LORD's alone (Deut 6:5).
4

καὶ ἐγενήθη ἐν καιρῷ γήρους Σαλωμων καὶ οὐκ ἦν ἡ καρδία αὐτοῦ τελεία μετὰ κυρίου θεοῦ αὐτοῦ καθὼς ἡ καρδία Δαυιδ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐξέκλιναν αἱ γυναῖκες αἱ ἀλλότριαι τὴν καρδίαν αὐτοῦ ὀπίσω θεῶν αὐτῶν

And it came to pass in the time of Solomon's old age that his heart was not perfect with the LORD his God, as the heart of David his father; and the foreign women turned aside his heart after their gods.

Temporal development: the apostasy realized in old age (no v. 3)καὶ ἐγενήθη ἐν καιρῷ γήρους
The Hebraizing temporal formula καὶ ἐγενήθη ('and it came to pass') with the genitive of time (ἐν καιρῷ γήρους) locates the apostasy in Solomon's old age. The standard of comparison is David — 'his heart was not perfect (τελεία) … as the heart of David' — the recurring measure of fidelity in 3 Kingdoms. [Verse 3 is absent from the Greek versification; the text proceeds from v. 2 to v. 4.]
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγενήθηit came to passAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιimpersonal verb (temporal formula: 'and it came to pass')→ constative aoristγίνομαι (aor. pass.): 'become / happen'; the formula καὶ ἐγενήθη (a variant of καὶ ἐγένετο) renders וַיְהִי, the standard Hebrew narrative-temporal opener introducing a new development in the action.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
καιρῷtimeDativedative of time (ἐν καιρῷ: 'in the time')→ sphere or referenceκαιρός: 'time / season / occasion'; renders עֵת; the phrase ἐν καιρῷ γήρους ('in the time of old age') marks the period when Solomon's resolve weakened.
γήρουςold ageGenitivegenitive (with καιρῷ: 'time of old age')→ relational specificationγῆρας (gen. γήρους): 'old age'; renders זִקְנָה; Solomon's apostasy comes not in youthful folly but in old age, deepening the tragedy of the wise king's decline.
Σαλωμωνof Solomongenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'Solomon's old age')→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'Solomon's old age').
καὶand / thatapodotic conjunction (introducing main clause after temporal formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here the apodotic καί, a Hebraism (rendering the waw after the temporal protasis) introducing the main clause of the καὶ ἐγενήθη construction.
οὐκnotnegation (with ἦν)→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (predicate adjective τελεία)→ stative imperfectεἰμί: 'be'; the imperfect with the predicate τελεία characterizes the abiding condition of Solomon's divided heart.
theNominativearticle (with καρδία)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίαheartNominativesubject (ἡ καρδία αὐτοῦ: 'his heart')→ participant prominenceκαρδία: 'heart'; renders לֵב; the seat of covenant fidelity; 'his heart was not perfect with the LORD' is the formal verdict on Solomon's loyalty.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
τελείαperfect / wholeNominativepredicate adjective (with ἦν)→ participant prominenceτέλειος: 'perfect / complete / whole'; renders שָׁלֵם ('whole / undivided'); a heart τελεία μετὰ κυρίου is one wholly devoted, the ideal Solomon fails to meet and David is said to embody (cf. 3 Kgdms 8:61; 15:3).
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (relational: 'with the LORD')→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (relational: 'with the LORD').
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the heart's relation 'with the LORD his God' is the standard of fidelity Solomon abandons.
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive in apposition to κυρίου ('the LORD his God')→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; the appositional κυρίου θεοῦ αὐτοῦ ('the LORD his God') underscores the personal covenant bond Solomon betrays.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with θεοῦ)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with θεοῦ).
καθὼςascomparative conjunction (introducing standard of comparison)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'as / just as'; renders כַּאֲשֶׁר; introduces David as the measure of an undivided heart.
theNominativearticle (with καρδία)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίαheartNominativesubject of implied verb in comparative clause ('as the heart of David')→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as subject of implied verb in comparative clause ('as the heart of David').
Δαυιδof Davidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'the heart of David')→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliteration of Hebrew דָּוִד; indeclinable in the LXX; David is the recurring standard of covenant fidelity in 3–4 Kingdoms, against whom every king is measured.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with πατρός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive in apposition to Δαυιδ ('David his father')→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father'; renders אָב; David as Solomon's father intensifies the contrast — the son fails to walk in the heart of his own father.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing cause of the divided heart)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξέκλινανturned asideAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐκκλίνωmain verb (the wives as agents of apostasy)→ constative aorist (decisive turning)ἐκκλίνω: 'turn aside'; renders נָטָה / הִטָּה; the wives' 'turning aside' of Solomon's heart fulfils exactly the danger forewarned in v. 2 (μὴ ἐκκλίνωσιν τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν) — the prohibition and its violation are bound by the same verb.
αἱtheNominativearticle (with γυναῖκες)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναῖκεςwomen / wivesNominativesubject of ἐξέκλιναν→ participant prominenceγυνή: 'woman / wife'; the foreign wives are now the explicit grammatical agents of Solomon's apostasy.
αἱtheNominativearticle (attributive, with ἀλλότριαι)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλότριαιforeignNominativeattributive adjective (αἱ γυναῖκες αἱ ἀλλότριαι: 'the foreign women')→ participant prominenceἀλλότριος: 'foreign / alien'; the second-attributive position (αἱ γυναῖκες αἱ ἀλλότριαι) is a Hebraizing construction; the catchword ἀλλότριος links back to γυναῖκας ἀλλοτρίας of v. 1.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with καρδίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίανheartAccusativedirect object of ἐξέκλιναν→ object specificationκαρδία: 'heart'; the object of the wives' turning — the same organ of fidelity named earlier in the verse, now bent 'after their gods.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Solomon's heart)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Solomon's heart).
ὀπίσωafterpreposition + genitive (Hebraism: 'after / following')→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'after'; renders אַחֲרֵי; 'after their gods' is the standard idiom of apostasy (cf. v. 2).
θεῶνgodsGenitivegenitive object of ὀπίσω→ relational specificationθεός: 'god'; here the plural θεῶν αὐτῶν ('their gods') denotes the foreign deities of the wives' nations, named in vv. 5–7 (Chemosh, Milcom, Astarte).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (the wives' gods)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the wives' gods).
5

τότε ᾠκοδόμησεν Σαλωμων ὑψηλὸν τῷ Χαμως εἰδώλῳ Μωαβ καὶ τῷ βασιλεῖ αὐτῶν εἰδώλῳ υἱῶν Αμμων

Then Solomon built a high place for Chemosh the idol of Moab, and for their king, the idol of the sons of Ammon.

Consequence: idolatrous construction (specifying the apostasy of v. 4)τότε ᾠκοδόμησεν Σαλωμων
The temporal adverb τότε ('then') marks the concrete result of the heart's turning: Solomon builds cult-installations for the foreign gods. The LXX renders Milcom obliquely as τῷ βασιλεῖ αὐτῶν ('for their king'), reading the consonants מלכם as the common noun 'their king'; both Chemosh and the Ammonite deity are labelled εἴδωλον ('idol'), the LXX's polemical reduction of the gods of Moab and Ammon.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
τότεthentemporal adverb (consequence marker)→ adverbial qualificationτότε: 'then / at that time'; renders אָז; marks the concrete outworking of Solomon's turned heart in idolatrous building.
ᾠκοδόμησενbuiltAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb (Solomon's idolatrous construction)→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: 'build'; renders בָּנָה; bitterly ironic given that Solomon is the temple-builder of chs. 6–8 — the same verb that raised the house of the LORD now raises a high place for Chemosh.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
ὑψηλὸνa high placeAccusativedirect object of ᾠκοδόμησεν (substantivized: 'a high place')→ object specificationὑψηλός: 'high / lofty'; the substantivized neuter ὑψηλόν renders Hebrew בָּמָה ('high place'), a hilltop cultic platform; building such installations for foreign gods is the prototypical sin condemned throughout Kings.
τῷforDativearticle (with Χαμως, dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧαμωςChemoshdative of advantage (indeclinable: 'for Chemosh')→ participant identificationΧαμως: transliteration of Hebrew כְּמוֹשׁ, Chemosh, the national god of Moab (cf. Num 21:29; Jer 48:7); indeclinable in the LXX; here the dative recipient of Solomon's high place.
εἰδώλῳidolDativedative in apposition to Χαμως→ sphere or referenceεἴδωλον: 'idol / image'; renders the polemical reduction of foreign deities; Chemosh is glossed 'the idol of Moab,' branding the Moabite god a mere image.
Μωαβof Moabgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'idol of Moab')→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliteration of Hebrew מוֹאָב; indeclinable in the LXX; Moab is the nation whose god Chemosh is here named.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷfor theDativearticle (with βασιλεῖ, dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative of advantage (τῷ βασιλεῖ αὐτῶν: 'for their king')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; here τῷ βασιλεῖ αὐτῶν renders Hebrew מַלְכָּם, read by the LXX as 'their king' rather than the proper name Milcom (Molech); the deity of Ammon is thus rendered by the common noun, an interpretive translation of the divine name.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (the Ammonites' king/god)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the Ammonites' king/god).
εἰδώλῳidolDativedative in apposition to τῷ βασιλεῖ αὐτῶν→ sphere or referenceεἴδωλον: 'idol'; the Ammonite deity (Milcom) is likewise branded an 'idol of the sons of Ammon,' parallel to the labelling of Chemosh.
υἱῶνof the sonsGenitivegenitive of relationship (with εἰδώλῳ: 'idol of the sons of Ammon')→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; the idiom υἱοὶ Αμμων renders בְּנֵי עַמּוֹן, the standard designation of the Ammonites.
Αμμωνof Ammongenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'sons of Ammon')→ participant identificationΑμμων: transliteration of Hebrew עַמּוֹן; indeclinable in the LXX; the Ammonites, whose god (Milcom) Solomon honors.
6

καὶ τῇ Ἀστάρτῃ βδελύγματι Σιδωνίων

and for Astarte the abomination of the Sidonians.

Continuation of v. 5's idol-list (third deity)καὶ τῇ Ἀστάρτῃ
A brief verse completing the triad of foreign cults (Chemosh, Milcom, Astarte). Astarte is labelled βδέλυγμα ('abomination'), a stronger polemical term than εἴδωλον; the same pairing (Ἀστάρτῃ βδελύγματι Σιδωνίων) recurs verbatim in the prophet's indictment at v. 33.
Word-by-word analysis· 5 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (extending the idol-list)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῇforDativearticle (with Ἀστάρτῃ, dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἈστάρτῃAstarteDativedative of advantage (the deity for whom the cult is built)→ sphere or referenceἈστάρτη: Astarte (Hebrew עַשְׁתֹּרֶת), the Sidonian-Phoenician fertility goddess; declined here as a first-declension dative; the same name reappears in v. 33; her cult, with that of Chemosh and Milcom, forms the triad of Solomon's apostasy.
βδελύγματιabominationDativedative in apposition to Ἀστάρτῃ→ sphere or referenceβδέλυγμα: 'abomination / detestable thing'; renders שִׁקּוּץ / תּוֹעֵבָה; a stronger polemical term than εἴδωλον, expressing cultic revulsion; Astarte is 'the abomination of the Sidonians.'
Σιδωνίωνof the SidoniansGenitivegenitive of relationship (with βδελύγματι)→ relational specificationΣιδώνιος: 'Sidonian'; gentilic of Σιδών (Hebrew צִידוֹן); the Sidonians (Phoenicians) are the people of Astarte's cult; Solomon's Sidonian wives (cf. v. 1) brought her worship.
7

καὶ οὕτως ἐποίησεν πάσαις ταῖς γυναιξὶν αὐτοῦ ταῖς ἀλλοτρίαις ἐθυμίων καὶ ἔθυον τοῖς εἰδώλοις αὐτῶν

And thus he did for all his foreign wives, who burned incense and sacrificed to their idols.

Generalizing summary (the pattern extended to all the wives)καὶ οὕτως ἐποίησεν
οὕτως ('thus / in like manner') generalizes the idol-building of vv. 5–6 to all Solomon's foreign wives. The shift to the imperfects ἐθυμίων ('they kept burning incense') and ἔθυον ('they kept sacrificing') depicts the ongoing, habitual cult-practice the high places enabled.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὕτωςthus / soadverb of manner (generalizing the preceding)→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / in this way'; renders כֵּן; generalizes the specific cult-building of vv. 5–6 to the whole company of foreign wives.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (Solomon's act for all his wives)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do / make'; renders עָשָׂה; the same verb returns in the verdict of v. 8 (ἐποίησεν … τὸ πονηρόν), binding Solomon's accommodation of his wives to his evil before the LORD.
πάσαιςfor allDativeattributive adjective (modifying γυναιξίν: 'all his wives')→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all / every'; underscores that no foreign wife was excluded from Solomon's cultic accommodation.
ταῖςtheDativearticle (with γυναιξίν)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναιξὶνwivesDativedative of advantage ('for his wives')→ sphere or referenceγυνή: 'woman / wife'; the foreign wives for whom Solomon built the high places, perpetuating their native cults.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ταῖςtheDativearticle (attributive, with ἀλλοτρίαις)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλοτρίαιςforeignDativeattributive adjective (ταῖς γυναιξὶν … ταῖς ἀλλοτρίαις)→ sphere or referenceἀλλότριος: 'foreign / alien'; the recurring catchword (cf. vv. 1, 4) marking the wives as the agents of foreign worship.
ἐθυμίωνthey burned incenseImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · θυμιάωmain verb (habitual cult-act of the wives)→ customary imperfect (repeated cultic action)θυμιάω: 'burn incense / offer sacrifice of smoke'; renders קָטַר; the imperfect depicts the ongoing incense-offering of the wives at the high places Solomon built.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθυονthey sacrificedImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · θύωmain verb (habitual cult-act, parallel to ἐθυμίων)→ customary imperfect (repeated sacrifice)θύω: 'sacrifice / slaughter (in offering)'; renders זָבַח; the paired imperfects ἐθυμίων καὶ ἔθυον ('kept burning incense and sacrificing') portray a sustained idolatrous cult flourishing under royal patronage.
τοῖςto theDativearticle (with εἰδώλοις)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰδώλοιςidolsDativedative (indirect object: 'to their idols')→ sphere or referenceεἴδωλον: 'idol / image'; the recipients of the wives' worship; the polemical term reduces the foreign gods of vv. 5–6 to mere images.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (the wives' idols)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the wives' idols).
8

καὶ ἐποίησεν Σαλωμων τὸ πονηρὸν ἐνώπιον κυρίου οὐκ ἐπορεύθη ὀπίσω κυρίου ὡς Δαυιδ ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ

And Solomon did what was evil before the LORD; he did not walk after the LORD as David his father.

Evaluative verdict (the regnal-judgment formula)καὶ ἐποίησεν Σαλωμων τὸ πονηρὸν
The standard Deuteronomistic regnal-evaluation formula ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐνώπιον κυρίου ('did what was evil before the LORD'), normally reserved for the wicked kings of Israel and Judah, is here applied to Solomon — a stunning verdict on the temple-builder. The negative complement (οὐκ ἐπορεύθη ὀπίσω κυρίου ὡς Δαυιδ) again measures him against David.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (regnal-evaluation formula)→ constative aorist (summary verdict)ποιέω: 'do / make'; the formula ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐνώπιον κυρίου renders עָשָׂה הָרַע בְּעֵינֵי יהוה, the Deuteronomistic evaluation-formula; its application to Solomon is the theological climax of the apostasy-narrative.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing πονηρόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνevilAccusativesubstantivized adjective (direct object: 'the evil')→ object specificationπονηρός: 'evil / wicked'; the substantivized τὸ πονηρόν renders הָרַע ('the evil'); the fixed object of the evaluation-formula, denoting covenant-breaking idolatry.
ἐνώπιονbefore / in the sight ofpreposition + genitive (evaluative perspective: Hebraism)→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the sight of'; renders בְּעֵינֵי ('in the eyes of'); the evaluative standpoint of the formula — Solomon's deed is judged from the LORD's own perspective.
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the LORD before whom Solomon's evil is reckoned.
οὐκnotnegation (with ἐπορεύθη)→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐπορεύθηhe walkedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (negated: 'did not walk after the LORD')→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: 'go / walk'; the idiom πορεύεσθαι ὀπίσω κυρίου ('walk after the LORD') renders הָלַךְ אַחֲרֵי יהוה, a metaphor for covenant fidelity; Solomon's failure to 'walk after' the LORD inverts the loyalty the wives instead direct ὀπίσω their gods (v. 4).
ὀπίσωafterpreposition + genitive (Hebraism: 'after / following')→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'after'; renders אַחֲרֵי; here positively of the LORD, in deliberate contrast to ὀπίσω θεῶν αὐτῶν (v. 4).
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of ὀπίσω→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the one whom Solomon failed to follow wholeheartedly.
ὡςascomparative conjunction (standard of comparison: David)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like'; renders כְּ; introduces David as the measure of faithful walking, echoing καθὼς … Δαυιδ of v. 4.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject of implied verb in comparative clause (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliteration of Hebrew דָּוִד; indeclinable; the abiding standard of the faithful king against whom Solomon is found wanting.
theNominativearticle (with πατήρ)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατὴρfatherNominativenominative in apposition to Δαυιδ ('David his father')→ participant prominenceπατήρ: 'father'; renders אָב; the appositional 'David his father' sharpens the indictment — Solomon falls short even of his own father's standard.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
9

καὶ ὠργίσθη κύριος ἐπὶ Σαλωμων ὅτι ἐξέκλινεν καρδίαν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ κυρίου θεοῦ Ισραηλ τοῦ ὀφθέντος αὐτῷ δὶς

And the LORD was angry with Solomon, because he had turned his heart aside from the LORD, the God of Israel, who had appeared to him twice,

Divine reaction (consequence of vv. 1–8)καὶ ὠργίσθη κύριος ἐπὶ Σαλωμων
The divine wrath (ὠργίσθη κύριος) opens the judgment-section (vv. 9–13). The ὅτι-clause states the ground — Solomon's turning aside (ἐξέκλινεν, the chapter's leading verb of apostasy) — and the participial τοῦ ὀφθέντος αὐτῷ δίς ('who had appeared to him twice', at Gibeon 3:5 and at the temple-dedication 9:2) aggravates the offence: Solomon sinned against a God personally and twice revealed to him.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὠργίσθηwas angryAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ὀργίζωmain verb (divine reaction)→ ingressive aorist (onset of anger)ὀργίζω (aor. pass.): 'be / become angry'; renders חָרָה אַף / קָצַף; the divine wrath against Solomon initiates the judgment-oracle; the passive deponent form expresses the LORD's roused indignation.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ὠργίσθη→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the LORD whose covenant Solomon has betrayed is now the angered judge.
ἐπὶwith / againstpreposition + accusative (object of anger: 'against Solomon')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: with verbs of emotion, 'at / against'; ὠργίσθη ἐπί ('was angry at') directs the divine wrath toward Solomon personally.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonobject of ἐπί (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as object of ἐπί (indeclinable proper noun).
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (introducing the ground of anger)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / that'; renders כִּי; introduces the causal clause stating why the LORD is angry — Solomon's apostasy of heart.
ἐξέκλινενhe turned asideAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκκλίνωverb of causal clause (Solomon's apostasy)→ constative aoristἐκκλίνω: 'turn aside'; renders נָטָה; the third occurrence of this leading verb (cf. vv. 2, 4) — now Solomon himself is the subject, owning the turning his wives effected (v. 4).
καρδίανheartAccusativedirect object of ἐξέκλινεν→ object specificationκαρδία: 'heart'; renders לֵב; the heart, the seat of fidelity (cf. v. 4), is what Solomon turned away from the LORD.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation: 'away from the LORD')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from / away from'; with ἐξέκλινεν marks the LORD as the point of departure — the heart turned 'away from' him.
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the God from whom Solomon's heart turned.
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive in apposition to κυρίου ('the LORD, God of Israel')→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; the title κύριος θεὸς Ισραηλ ('the LORD, the God of Israel') stresses the covenant relationship Solomon has spurned.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'God of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; the covenant nation whose God Solomon was bound to serve.
τοῦthe (one)Genitivearticle (with participle ὀφθέντος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθέντοςwho had appearedAor Pass Ptc Masc Gen Sg · ὁράωattributive participle (modifying κυρίου θεοῦ)→ verbal action or stateὁράω (aor. pass. ptc.): 'appear / be seen'; the passive ὤφθη / ὀφθείς is the standard LXX idiom for a theophany (rendering נִרְאָה); the participle recalls the two appearances to Solomon — at Gibeon (3:5) and at the temple (9:2) — aggravating his guilt.
αὐτῷto himDativedative (recipient of the theophany)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative (recipient of the theophany).
δὶςtwiceadverb of number (modifying ὀφθέντος)→ clausal contributionδίς: 'twice'; renders פַּעֲמָיִם; the explicit 'twice' emphasizes the LORD's repeated self-revelation to Solomon, deepening the culpability of his turning away.
10

καὶ ἐντειλαμένου αὐτῷ ὑπὲρ τοῦ λόγου τούτου τὸ παράπαν μὴ πορευθῆναι ὀπίσω θεῶν ἑτέρων καὶ φυλάξασθαι ποιῆσαι ἃ ἐνετείλατο αὐτῷ κύριος ὁ θεός

and had commanded him concerning this matter, not at all to go after other gods, but to take care to do what the LORD God had commanded him;

Genitive-absolute continuation of v. 9 (the prior command aggravating the sin)καὶ ἐντειλαμένου αὐτῷ
A genitive-absolute participle (ἐντειλαμένου αὐτῷ) continues the aggravation begun in v. 9: not only had the LORD appeared twice, he had also explicitly commanded Solomon 'concerning this matter' — not to follow other gods. The emphatic τὸ παράπαν ('not at all') intensifies the prohibition Solomon directly transgressed.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (linking to v. 9)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐντειλαμένουhaving commandedAor Mid Ptc Masc Gen Sg · ἐντέλλομαιgenitive-absolute participle (the LORD's prior command)→ verbal action or stateἐντέλλομαι (aor. mid. ptc.): 'command / charge / give injunction'; renders צִוָּה; the genitive participle (agreeing with the implied κυρίου from v. 9) continues the catalogue of aggravating circumstances — the LORD had expressly charged Solomon on this very point.
αὐτῷhimDativedative (recipient of the command)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative (recipient of the command).
ὑπὲρconcerningpreposition + genitive (reference: 'concerning this matter')→ spatial or relational framingὑπέρ + gen.: here 'concerning / about'; introduces the subject of the LORD's command — 'this matter,' i.e. the worship of other gods.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with λόγου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγουmatter / wordGenitivegenitive object of ὑπέρ→ relational specificationλόγος: 'word / matter / thing'; renders דָּבָר, which spans both 'word' and 'matter'; 'this matter' is the prohibition of foreign worship.
τούτουthisGenitivedemonstrative adjective (modifying λόγου)→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'this'; specifies the particular command at issue — the proscription of other gods.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with adverbial παράπαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παράπανat all / altogetheradverbial accusative (intensifying the negation: 'not at all')→ clausal contributionπαράπαν: 'altogether / at all'; the adverbial τὸ παράπαν with the negated infinitive (μὴ πορευθῆναι) renders an emphatic Hebrew prohibition — Solomon was 'by no means' to follow other gods.
μὴnotnegation (with infinitive πορευθῆναι)→ clausal qualification or emphasisμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
πορευθῆναιto go / walkAor Pass Inf · πορεύομαιinfinitive (content of the prohibition)→ telic aorist infinitiveπορεύομαι: 'go / walk'; the infinitive states the content of the command negatively — not to walk 'after other gods'; the very thing Solomon's heart did (v. 4).
ὀπίσωafterpreposition + genitive (Hebraism: 'after / following')→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'after'; renders אַחֲרֵי; the recurring idiom of apostasy.
θεῶνgodsGenitivegenitive object of ὀπίσω→ relational specificationθεός: 'god'; θεοὶ ἕτεροι ('other gods') renders אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים, the standard Deuteronomic phrase for the forbidden deities.
ἑτέρωνotherGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying θεῶν)→ relational specificationἕτερος: 'other / another'; θεῶν ἑτέρων ('other gods') is the fixed Deuteronomic formula for rival deities (cf. Deut 6:14; 8:19).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (positive complement of command)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φυλάξασθαιto take care / keepAor Mid Inf · φυλάσσωinfinitive (positive content of the command)→ constative aorist infinitive (faithful keeping)φυλάσσω (aor. mid.): 'guard / keep / take heed'; renders שָׁמַר; the positive counterpart to the prohibition — to keep watchfully the LORD's commands; the same root recurs in vv. 11 (ἐφύλαξας) and 34, 38 (φυλάξῃς / φυλάξασθαι).
ποιῆσαιto doAor Act Inf · ποιέωcomplementary infinitive (with φυλάξασθαι: 'take care to do')→ constative aorist infinitiveποιέω: 'do / perform'; renders עָשָׂה; complements φυλάξασθαι — to keep watch so as to do what the LORD commanded.
what / the things whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ποιῆσαι and ἐνετείλατο)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun (neut. pl.); 'the things which' — the commandments the LORD gave Solomon to keep.
ἐνετείλατοcommandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιverb of relative clause→ constative aoristἐντέλλομαι: 'command'; resumes the verb of the genitive absolute (ἐντειλαμένου), framing the whole verse around the LORD's clear prior charge — making Solomon's disobedience the more inexcusable.
αὐτῷhimDativedative (recipient of the command)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative (recipient of the command).
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἐνετείλατο→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the commander whose injunction Solomon flouted.
theNominativearticle (with θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςGodNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος ('the LORD God')→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; the appositional ὁ θεός reinforces the divine authority behind the command.
11

καὶ εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Σαλωμων ἀνθ᾿ ὧν ἐγένετο ταῦτα μετὰ σοῦ καὶ οὐκ ἐφύλαξας τὰς ἐντολάς μου καὶ τὰ προστάγματά μου ἃ ἐνετειλάμην σοι διαρρήσσων διαρρήξω τὴν βασιλείαν σου ἐκ χειρός σου καὶ δώσω αὐτὴν τῷ δούλῳ σου

And the LORD said to Solomon, 'Because these things have come to be with you and you have not kept my commandments and my statutes which I commanded you, by tearing I will tear the kingdom from your hand and will give it to your servant.

Divine sentence pronounced (the verdict)καὶ εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Σαλωμων
The formal sentence is introduced by the speech-formula and structured as a legal indictment: ἀνθ᾽ ὧν ('because') states the ground, and the cognate-accusative Hebraism διαρρήσσων διαρρήξω ('by tearing I will surely tear') — calquing the Hebrew infinitive absolute — pronounces the certain penalty: the kingdom torn from Solomon's hand and given to his servant (Jeroboam, vv. 26ff.).
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say'; the aorist εἶπεν introduces the LORD's direct sentence against Solomon; the formula εἶπεν κύριος πρός marks unmediated divine speech.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of εἶπεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the LORD as judge pronouncing sentence.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΣαλωμωνSolomonobject of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun).
ἀνθ᾿becausepreposition + relative (causal: 'because')→ spatial or relational framingἀντί (elided ἀνθ᾽): with the relative ὧν, the phrase ἀνθ᾽ ὧν is a fixed causal idiom ('because / in return for the fact that'), rendering יַעַן אֲשֶׁר / תַּחַת אֲשֶׁר; it introduces the ground of the verdict and recurs at the prophet's oracle (v. 33).
ὧνwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (with ἀντί: 'because')→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; the genitive ὧν is governed by ἀντί in the causal idiom.
ἐγένετοcame to be / happenedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of causal clause→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become / happen'; the neuter plural subject ταῦτα takes a singular verb (Greek idiom); 'these things have come to be with you' summarizes the apostasy of vv. 1–8.
ταῦταthese thingsNominativesubject of ἐγένετο (neuter plural)→ participant prominenceοὗτος: 'this'; the neuter plural ταῦτα refers back to Solomon's idolatry as the substance of the indictment.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association: 'with you')→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with'; here 'these things came to be with/in your case' — a Hebraizing idiom (rendering עִמְּךָ) locating the apostasy in Solomon's conduct.
σοῦyouGenitiveobject of μετά (2nd person singular)→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of μετά (2nd person singular).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (second ground)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegation (with ἐφύλαξας)→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐφύλαξαςyou keptAor Act Indic 2 Sg · φυλάσσωverb of causal clause (negated: 'you did not keep')→ constative aoristφυλάσσω: 'keep / guard'; renders שָׁמַר; the failure to 'keep my commandments' is the formal charge, echoing the command-vocabulary of v. 10 (φυλάξασθαι).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἐντολάς)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐντολάςcommandmentsAccusativedirect object of ἐφύλαξας→ object specificationἐντολή: 'commandment'; renders מִצְוָה; paired with προστάγματα as the standard Deuteronomic doublet for the covenant stipulations Solomon failed to keep.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with προστάγματα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προστάγματάstatutes / ordinancesAccusativedirect object of ἐφύλαξας (parallel to ἐντολάς)→ object specificationπρόσταγμα: 'ordinance / decree / statute'; renders חֻקָּה / מִשְׁפָּט; the doublet ἐντολαὶ καὶ προστάγματα designates the whole body of covenant law.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐνετειλάμην)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun (neut. pl.); refers to the commandments and statutes just named.
ἐνετειλάμηνI commandedAor Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιverb of relative clause→ constative aoristἐντέλλομαι: 'command'; renders צִוָּה; first-person, restating the LORD's authorship of the law Solomon broke (cf. v. 10).
σοιyouDativedative (recipient of the command)→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative (recipient of the command).
διαρρήσσωνtearingPres Act Ptc Masc Nom Sg · διαρρήσσωcognate participle (Hebraism: rendering infinitive absolute)→ intensifying (cognate construction)διαρρήσσω (pres. ptc.): 'tear apart / rend'; the participle + finite verb διαρρήσσων διαρρήξω ('by tearing I will tear') calques the Hebrew infinitive absolute קָרֹעַ אֶקְרַע, expressing certainty and force; the 'tearing' of the kingdom is dramatized at v. 30 when Ahijah rends his garment.
διαρρήξωI will tearFut Act Indic 1 Sg · διαρρήσσωmain verb (the sentence: 'I will tear the kingdom')→ predictive future (certain judgment)διαρρήσσω (fut.): the finite verb of the cognate construction; the LORD himself is the agent who will tear the kingdom from Solomon's hand.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλείαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλείανkingdomAccusativedirect object of διαρρήξω→ object specificationβασιλεία: 'kingdom / kingship'; renders מַמְלָכָה; the object torn away — the central stake of the chapter, parceled into the ten and two scepters of vv. 31–32.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐκfrom / out ofpreposition + genitive (separation: 'from your hand')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation: 'from your hand').
χειρόςhandGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ ('from your hand')→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand'; renders יָד; 'from your hand' is the idiom of dispossession; the same phrase recurs in the oracle (vv. 31, 34, 35).
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώσωI will giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (the disposition of the kingdom)→ predictive futureδίδωμι: 'give'; renders נָתַן; the recurring verb of the oracle (vv. 13, 31, 32, 35, 36) — what is torn from Solomon is 'given' to his servant Jeroboam.
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object of δώσω (the kingdom)→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of δώσω (the kingdom).
τῷto theDativearticle (with δούλῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δούλῳservantDativedative (indirect object: 'to your servant')→ sphere or referenceδοῦλος: 'slave / servant'; renders עֶבֶד; 'your servant' anticipates Jeroboam, called δοῦλος Σαλωμων at v. 26 — the very servant to whom the ten tribes pass.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
12

πλὴν ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις σου οὐ ποιήσω αὐτὰ διὰ Δαυιδ τὸν πατέρα σου ἐκ χειρὸς υἱοῦ σου λήμψομαι αὐτήν

Nevertheless in your days I will not do these things, for the sake of David your father; from the hand of your son I will take it.

Mitigation of the sentence (delay for David's sake)πλὴν ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις σου
The adversative πλήν ('nevertheless / only') introduces the first mitigation: the judgment is deferred — not in Solomon's own days, but in his son's. The motive clause διὰ Δαυιδ τὸν πατέρα σου ('for the sake of David your father') states the Davidic-covenant reason that tempers every stage of the sentence (cf. vv. 13, 32, 34, 36).
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
πλὴνnevertheless / onlyadversative particle (introducing mitigation)→ discourse linkage or contrastπλήν: 'except / nevertheless / only'; renders אַךְ / רַק; introduces a restriction tempering the sentence just pronounced; repeated at v. 13.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
ταῖςtheDativearticle (with ἡμέραις)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιςdaysDativedative of time (ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις σου: 'in your days')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the idiom ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις σου ('in your days / lifetime') renders בְּיָמֶיךָ; the judgment is postponed past Solomon's reign.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
οὐnotnegation (with ποιήσω)→ participant referenceοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negation (with ποιήσω).
ποιήσωI will doFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (negated: 'I will not do it in your days')→ predictive futureποιέω: 'do'; the deferral of the act — the LORD will not execute the tearing during Solomon's lifetime.
αὐτὰthese things / themAccusativedirect object of ποιήσω (neuter plural)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the neuter plural αὐτά refers to the judgment-acts of v. 11.
διὰfor the sake ofpreposition + accusative (causal: 'for the sake of David')→ spatial or relational framingδιά + acc.: 'because of / for the sake of'; the motive clause διὰ Δαυιδ is the Davidic-covenant rationale recurring through the oracle (vv. 13, 32, 34, 36).
ΔαυιδDavidobject of διά (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliteration of Hebrew דָּוִד; indeclinable; David's faithfulness is the ground on which Solomon's house is spared immediate ruin.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with πατέρα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέραfatherAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Δαυιδ ('David your father')→ object specificationπατήρ: 'father'; renders אָב; David as Solomon's father is the basis of the dynastic mercy.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐκfrom / out ofpreposition + genitive (separation: 'from the hand of your son')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation: 'from the hand of your son').
χειρὸςhandGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand'; 'from the hand of your son' — the dispossession falls on Rehoboam, not Solomon; echoes ἐκ χειρός σου (v. 11).
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive of relationship (with χειρός: 'your son's hand')→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; renders בֵּן; Solomon's son (Rehoboam, v. 43) is the one from whose hand the kingdom will be taken.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
λήμψομαιI will takeFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb ('I will take it from your son's hand')→ predictive futureλαμβάνω (fut. mid. λήμψομαι): 'take / receive'; renders לָקַח; the LORD will 'take' the kingdom — the same verb governs the disposition of the scepters in vv. 34, 35.
αὐτήνitAccusativedirect object of λήμψομαι (the kingdom)→ participant referenceαὐτήν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of λήμψομαι (the kingdom).
13

πλὴν ὅλην τὴν βασιλείαν οὐ μὴ λάβω σκῆπτρον ἓν δώσω τῷ υἱῷ σου διὰ Δαυιδ τὸν δοῦλόν μου καὶ διὰ Ιερουσαλημ τὴν πόλιν ἣν ἐξελεξάμην

Nevertheless I will not take the whole kingdom; one scepter I will give to your son, for the sake of David my servant and for the sake of Jerusalem the city which I have chosen.

Second mitigation (the remnant scepter retained)πλὴν ὅλην τὴν βασιλείαν οὐ μὴ λάβω
A second πλήν introduces the further restriction: not the whole kingdom will be taken — one scepter (σκῆπτρον ἕν) remains to Solomon's son. The double motive διὰ Δαυιδ … καὶ διὰ Ιερουσαλημ grounds the mercy in both the Davidic covenant and the election of Jerusalem (ἣν ἐξελεξάμην), the chosen city of the temple.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
πλὴνnevertheless / onlyadversative particle (second mitigation)→ discourse linkage or contrastπλήν: 'except / only / nevertheless'; the repeated πλήν (cf. v. 12) marks the second limitation on the judgment — its incompleteness.
ὅληνwholeAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying βασιλείαν, fronted for emphasis)→ object specificationὅλος: 'whole / entire'; the fronted ὅλην emphasizes that it is the entirety of the kingdom that will not be taken; recurs at v. 34 (οὐ μὴ λάβω ὅλην τὴν βασιλείαν).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλείαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλείανkingdomAccusativedirect object of λάβω→ object specificationβασιλεία: 'kingdom'; renders מַמְלָכָה; the whole of which only the bulk (ten tribes) is removed, one tribe being left.
οὐnotnegation (with μή, emphatic: 'by no means')→ participant referenceοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negation (with μή, emphatic: 'by no means').
μὴnotnegation (οὐ μή = emphatic denial with subjunctive)→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐ μή: the double negative with the aorist subjunctive (λάβω) is the strongest form of denial in Greek ('I will certainly not take'); it underscores the firmness of the divine reservation.
λάβωI takeAor Act Subj 1 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (emphatic denial: 'I will by no means take')→ emphatic future denial (οὐ μή + subjunctive)λαμβάνω: 'take'; the aorist subjunctive with οὐ μή denies that the LORD will take the whole kingdom; one tribe is reserved.
σκῆπτρονscepter / tribeAccusativedirect object of δώσω (fronted)→ object specificationσκῆπτρον: 'staff / scepter / tribe'; renders שֵׁבֶט, which means both 'staff/scepter' and 'tribe'; the LXX retains the concrete σκῆπτρον even where 'tribe' is meant; here 'one scepter' = the one tribe left to David's line (cf. δέκα σκῆπτρα, v. 31).
ἓνoneAccusativenumeral (modifying σκῆπτρον)→ measure or countεἷς, μία, ἕν: 'one'; the neuter ἕν agrees with σκῆπτρον; 'one scepter' is the single tribe (Judah, with Jerusalem) retained for David's sake, set against the ten given to Jeroboam.
δώσωI will giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (the one scepter given to Solomon's son)→ predictive futureδίδωμι: 'give'; renders נָתַן; the LORD 'gives' the one remaining scepter to Solomon's son — the dynastic remnant of the Davidic line.
τῷto theDativearticle (with υἱῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῷsonDativedative (indirect object: 'to your son')→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; renders בֵּן; Solomon's son Rehoboam, who will retain the one tribe (Judah).
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
διὰfor the sake ofpreposition + accusative (causal)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + acc.: 'for the sake of'; the first of two motive clauses grounding the mercy.
ΔαυιδDavidobject of διά (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliteration of Hebrew דָּוִד; indeclinable; here qualified as 'my servant,' the basis of the Davidic-covenant mercy.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with δοῦλον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δοῦλόνservantAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Δαυιδ ('David my servant')→ object specificationδοῦλος: 'servant / slave'; renders עֶבֶד; the honorific 'David my servant' (recurring vv. 32, 34, 36, 38) marks David as the faithful covenant-partner for whose sake the dynasty endures.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (second motive clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διὰfor the sake ofpreposition + accusative (causal)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + acc.: 'for the sake of'; the second motive — the election of Jerusalem.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemobject of διά (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliteration of Hebrew יְרוּשָׁלַ͏ִם; indeclinable in the LXX; the chosen city of the temple, whose election is the second ground of the dynastic mercy.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with πόλιν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλινcityAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Ιερουσαλημ ('Jerusalem the city')→ object specificationπόλις: 'city'; renders עִיר; the appositional 'the city which I have chosen' marks Jerusalem as the elect place of the LORD's name (cf. v. 36; Deut 12:5).
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐξελεξάμην)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; antecedent πόλιν; introduces the election-clause.
ἐξελεξάμηνI have chosenAor Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἐκλέγομαιverb of relative clause (divine election of Jerusalem)→ constative aorist (settled act of election)ἐκλέγομαι: 'choose / elect'; renders בָּחַר; the standard term for divine election; the LORD's choice of Jerusalem (recurring vv. 32, 34, 36) is the theological anchor securing the Davidic remnant.
14

καὶ ἤγειρεν κύριος σαταν τῷ Σαλωμων τὸν Αδερ τὸν Ιδουμαῖον καὶ τὸν Εσρωμ υἱὸν Ελιαδαε τὸν ἐν Ραεμμαθ Αδραζαρ βασιλέα Σουβα κύριον αὐτοῦ καὶ συνηθροίσθησαν ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸν ἄνδρες καὶ ἦν ἄρχων συστρέμματος καὶ προκατελάβετο τὴν Δαμασεκ καὶ ἦσαν σαταν τῷ Ισραηλ πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας Σαλωμων καὶ Αδερ ὁ Ιδουμαῖος ἐκ τοῦ σπέρματος τῆς βασιλείας ἐν Ιδουμαίᾳ

And the LORD raised up an adversary against Solomon — Hadad the Edomite, and Esrom son of Eliada, who was in Raemmath; Hadadezer king of Zobah was his lord, and men gathered to him, and he was a leader of a marauding band, and he seized Damascus beforehand; and they were adversaries to Israel all the days of Solomon. And Hadad the Edomite was of the royal seed in Edom.

New section: the LORD raises up adversaries (judgment enacted)καὶ ἤγειρεν κύριος σαταν τῷ Σαλωμων
The judgment of vv. 11–13 begins to take effect as the LORD 'raises up' (ἤγειρεν) adversaries. The key term σαταν is the transliterated Hebrew שָׂטָן ('adversary'), left untranslated and indeclinable. The verse conflates two figures: Hadad the Edomite and the Aramean Esrom/Hadadezer who seizes Damascus, both perennial threats 'all the days of Solomon.' This Old-Greek arrangement differs notably from the Hebrew of 1 Kgs 11:14, 23–25.
Word-by-word analysis· 56 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤγειρενraised upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐγείρωmain verb (divine raising-up of an adversary)→ constative aoristἐγείρω: 'raise / rouse up'; renders הֵקִים; the LORD's 'raising up' of an adversary is the providential means by which the announced judgment on Solomon is set in motion.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ἤγειρεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the LORD is the active agent behind the political adversaries that beset Solomon.
σατανan adversary / satandirect object of ἤγειρεν (indeclinable Hebrew loanword)→ clausal contributionσαταν: transliteration of Hebrew שָׂטָן ('adversary / opponent'), left untranslated and indeclinable in the LXX; here in the non-personified sense of a human political enemy raised up by the LORD (cf. ἦσαν σαταν τῷ Ισραηλ later in the verse).
τῷto / againstDativearticle (with Σαλωμων, dative of disadvantage)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαλωμωνSolomondative of disadvantage (indeclinable: 'against Solomon')→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; the dative τῷ Σαλωμων ('to/against Solomon') marks him as the one against whom the adversary is raised.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Αδερ, in apposition to σαταν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑδερHadadaccusative in apposition to σαταν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑδερ: transliteration of Hebrew הֲדַד (Hadad); indeclinable in the LXX; the Edomite prince of the royal line who becomes Solomon's adversary (his story is told in vv. 15–22).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (attributive, with Ιδουμαῖον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙδουμαῖονEdomiteAccusativeattributive adjective (τὸν Αδερ τὸν Ιδουμαῖον: 'Hadad the Edomite')→ object specificationΙδουμαῖος: 'Edomite / Idumean'; gentilic adjective (declinable, hence acc. Ιδουμαῖον); identifies Hadad's nationality, foreshadowing the Edom-Joab backstory of vv. 15–16.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (second adversary)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Εσρωμ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΕσρωμEsrom / Rezonaccusative in apposition to σαταν (second adversary, indeclinable)→ participant identificationΕσρωμ: transliteration of a Hebrew name (corresponding to the Rezon/Hadadezer tradition); indeclinable in the LXX; the second adversary, the Aramean who seizes Damascus.
υἱὸνsonAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Εσρωμ ('son of Eliada')→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic 'son of Eliada' identifies Esrom's lineage.
Ελιαδαεof Eliadagenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'son of Eliada')→ participant identificationΕλιαδαε: transliteration of Hebrew אֶלְיָדָע (Eliada); indeclinable; Esrom's father.
τὸνthe (one)Accusativearticle (substantivizing the locative phrase ἐν Ραεμμαθ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΡαεμμαθRaemmathobject of ἐν (indeclinable place name)→ participant identificationΡαεμμαθ: transliteration of a Hebrew place name; indeclinable; the locale associated with Esrom (cf. the Aramean toponymy of the Rezon tradition).
ΑδραζαρHadadezernominative subject of an implied clause (indeclinable: 'Hadadezer was his lord')→ participant identificationΑδραζαρ: transliteration of Hebrew הֲדַדְעֶזֶר (Hadadezer); indeclinable; the king of Zobah whom Esrom served — David's old Aramean foe (cf. 2 Sam 8:3).
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Αδραζαρ ('Hadadezer king of Zobah')→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; renders מֶלֶךְ; identifies Hadadezer's rank as king of Zobah.
Σουβαof Zobahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'king of Zobah')→ participant identificationΣουβα: transliteration of Hebrew צוֹבָה (Zobah), an Aramean kingdom; indeclinable; Hadadezer's realm.
κύριονlord / masterAccusativeaccusative in apposition (Hadadezer as Esrom's 'lord')→ object specificationκύριος: here in the ordinary sense 'lord / master' (NOT the Tetragrammaton) — Hadadezer is the human overlord (κύριον αὐτοῦ, 'his lord') whom Esrom served before rebelling; a clear human-master usage of the word.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Esrom's lord)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Esrom's lord).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνηθροίσθησανwere gatheredAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · συναθροίζωmain verb (men gather to Esrom)→ constative aoristσυναθροίζω (aor. pass.): 'gather together / assemble'; renders קָבַץ; men 'were gathered to him,' forming the marauding band he led against Damascus.
ἐπ᾿to / againstpreposition + accusative (here: 'to him')→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (here: 'to him').
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of ἐπί (Esrom, the one to whom men gathered)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of ἐπί (Esrom, the one to whom men gathered).
ἄνδρεςmenNominativesubject of συνηθροίσθησαν→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; renders אֲנָשִׁים; the followers who rallied to Esrom, forming his band of raiders.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνhe wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (predicate noun ἄρχων)→ stative imperfectεἰμί: 'be'; characterizes Esrom's standing as leader of the band.
ἄρχωνleader / rulerNominativepredicate nominative (with ἦν)→ participant prominenceἄρχων: 'ruler / leader / chief'; renders שַׂר; Esrom is captain of a raiding company, in line with the Rezon tradition (1 Kgs 11:24).
συστρέμματοςof a marauding bandGenitivegenitive (with ἄρχων: 'leader of a band')→ relational specificationσύστρεμμα: 'band / conspiracy / troop'; renders גְּדוּד ('raiding party'); the irregular war-band Esrom commanded.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προκατελάβετοseized beforehandAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · προκαταλαμβάνωmain verb (Esrom takes Damascus)→ constative aoristπροκαταλαμβάνω (aor. mid.): 'seize in advance / take possession of first'; the compound προ- stresses preemptive capture; Esrom occupied Damascus, establishing an Aramean power-base hostile to Israel.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Δαμασεκ)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΔαμασεκDamascusdirect object of προκατελάβετο (indeclinable place name)→ participant identificationΔαμασεκ: transliteration of Hebrew דַּמֶּשֶׂק (Damascus); indeclinable in the LXX (with feminine article τὴν); the Aramean capital seized by Esrom.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦσανthey wereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula (predicate σαταν: 'they were adversaries')→ stative imperfect (durative enmity)εἰμί (impf. pl.): 'be'; the plural sums up both adversaries — Hadad and Esrom — as continual enemies of Israel throughout Solomon's reign.
σατανadversariespredicate (indeclinable Hebrew loanword: 'they were an adversary/adversaries')→ clausal contributionσαταν: the Hebrew loanword שָׂטָן again, here predicate of ἦσαν — both figures function as 'adversary' to Israel; the repetition frames the verse (raised up as σαταν … were σαταν).
τῷtoDativearticle (with Ισραηλ, dative of disadvantage)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraeldative of disadvantage (indeclinable: 'to Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the people against whom the adversaries acted throughout Solomon's days.
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἡμέρας, accusative of duration)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; with ἡμέρας in the accusative of extent of time — 'all the days of Solomon.'
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἡμέρας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of duration ('all the days of Solomon')→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the accusative of extent (πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας) renders כָּל יְמֵי, denoting the whole span of Solomon's reign.
Σαλωμωνof Solomongenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'days of Solomon')→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'days of Solomon').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (resuming Hadad)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑδερHadadsubject of implied verb (indeclinable: 'and Hadad was of the royal seed')→ participant identificationΑδερ: Hadad again; the verse closes by returning to Hadad's pedigree, preparing the Edom backstory of vv. 15–22.
theNominativearticle (attributive, with Ιδουμαῖος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ιδουμαῖοςthe EdomiteNominativeattributive adjective (ὁ Ιδουμαῖος: 'the Edomite')→ participant prominenceΙδουμαῖος: 'Edomite'; gentilic adjective (declinable, nom. Ιδουμαῖος); reasserts Hadad's nationality as the verse turns to his royal Edomite descent.
ἐκfrom / ofpreposition + genitive (origin: 'of the seed')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (origin: 'of the seed').
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with σπέρματος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σπέρματοςseed / lineGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (origin: 'of the royal seed')→ relational specificationσπέρμα: 'seed / offspring / lineage'; renders זֶרַע; Hadad belongs to 'the seed of the kingdom' — i.e. the Edomite royal house, explaining his standing as a credible adversary.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλείας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλείαςof the kingdom / royalGenitivegenitive (with σπέρματος: 'royal seed')→ relational specificationβασιλεία: 'kingdom / kingship'; here 'the seed of the kingdom' = the royal house of Edom; Hadad's royal blood made him the natural focus of Edomite resistance.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΙδουμαίᾳEdom / IdumeaDativeobject of ἐν (locative: 'in Edom')→ sphere or referenceΙδουμαία: 'Edom / Idumea'; declinable place-name (dat. Ιδουμαίᾳ); Hadad's homeland and royal domain.
15

καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ ἐξολεθρεῦσαι Δαυιδ τὸν Εδωμ ἐν τῷ πορευθῆναι Ιωαβ ἄρχοντα τῆς στρατιᾶς θάπτειν τοὺς τραυματίας ἔκοψαν πᾶν ἀρσενικὸν ἐν τῇ Ιδουμαίᾳ

And it came to pass, when David was destroying Edom, when Joab the commander of the army went to bury the slain, that they struck down every male in Edom.

Analeptic flashback (the backstory of Hadad's flight)καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ ἐξολεθρεῦσαι Δαυιδ
The narrative flashes back (καὶ ἐγένετο + articular infinitive of time) to David's earlier subjugation of Edom, when Joab's army killed every male — the slaughter from which the boy Hadad escaped (v. 17). The construction ἐν τῷ + infinitive (ἐξολεθρεῦσαι … πορευθῆναι) is the standard LXX rendering of the Hebrew temporal infinitive בְּ + infinitive construct.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιimpersonal verb (temporal formula)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become / happen'; καὶ ἐγένετο renders וַיְהִי, introducing the flashback to David's Edomite campaign.
ἐνin / whenpreposition + articular infinitive (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν τῷ + inf.: the standard LXX temporal construction rendering Hebrew בְּ + infinitive construct ('when / while').
τῷtheDativearticle (with infinitive ἐξολεθρεῦσαι)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐξολεθρεῦσαιto destroy / destroyingAor Act Inf · ἐξολεθρεύωarticular infinitive (temporal: 'when David destroyed')→ aorist infinitive (the intended destruction)ἐξολεθρεύω: 'utterly destroy / exterminate'; renders הִכָּה / הִשְׁמִיד; the compound ἐξ- intensifies — David's campaign was a total destruction of Edom (cf. 2 Sam 8:13–14).
ΔαυιδDavidsubject of the infinitive (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; the subject of the destruction of Edom.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Εδωμ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΕδωμEdomdirect object of the infinitive (indeclinable place/people name)→ participant identificationΕδωμ: transliteration of Hebrew אֱדוֹם (Edom); indeclinable (with masc. article τόν); the people/land David subdued.
ἐνin / whenpreposition + articular infinitive (temporal, parallel)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + articular infinitive (temporal, parallel).
τῷtheDativearticle (with infinitive πορευθῆναι)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πορευθῆναιwent / goingAor Pass Inf · πορεύομαιarticular infinitive (temporal: 'when Joab went')→ telic aorist infinitiveπορεύομαι: 'go'; the second temporal infinitive sets the scene — Joab's going up to bury the slain, during which the killing of every male occurred.
ΙωαβJoabsubject of the infinitive (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: transliteration of Hebrew יוֹאָב (Joab); indeclinable; David's army-commander, executor of the Edomite slaughter.
ἄρχονταcommanderAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Ιωαβ ('Joab the commander')→ object specificationἄρχων: 'ruler / commander'; renders שַׂר; Joab's title 'commander of the army' (ἄρχων τῆς στρατιᾶς) recurs at vv. 20–21.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with στρατιᾶς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στρατιᾶςarmyGenitivegenitive (with ἄρχοντα: 'commander of the army')→ relational specificationστρατιά: 'army / host'; renders צָבָא; the military force Joab commanded.
θάπτεινto buryPres Act Inf · θάπτωinfinitive of purpose (Joab went 'to bury')→ verbal action or stateθάπτω: 'bury'; renders קָבַר; the purpose of Joab's going — to bury Israel's own slain; in the course of it the Edomite males were exterminated.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with τραυματίας)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τραυματίαςthe slain / woundedAccusativedirect object of θάπτειν→ object specificationτραυματίας: 'wounded / slain (in battle)'; renders חָלָל; the war-dead Joab went to bury.
ἔκοψανthey struck downAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κόπτωmain verb of the apodosis (the slaughter of every male)→ constative aoristκόπτω: 'cut down / strike / slay'; renders הִכָּה; the apodosis of the temporal construction — Joab's forces 'struck down every male' in Edom (cf. 2 Sam 8 / 1 Kgs 11:16).
πᾶνeveryAccusativeattributive adjective (with ἀρσενικόν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'every / all'; the totality of the Edomite male population, underscoring the genocidal scope from which Hadad escaped.
ἀρσενικὸνmaleAccusativedirect object of ἔκοψαν→ object specificationἀρσενικός: 'male'; renders זָכָר; 'every male in Edom' — the slaughter targeted the male line, making the survival of the royal child Hadad significant.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle (with Ιδουμαίᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙδουμαίᾳEdom / IdumeaDativeobject of ἐν (locative: 'in Edom')→ sphere or referenceΙδουμαία: 'Edom / Idumea'; declinable place-name; the scene of the slaughter.
16

ὅτι ἓξ μῆνας ἐνεκάθητο ἐκεῖ Ιωαβ καὶ πᾶς Ισραηλ ἐν τῇ Ιδουμαίᾳ ἕως ὅτου ἐξωλέθρευσεν πᾶν ἀρσενικὸν ἐκ τῆς Ιδουμαίας

For six months Joab remained there, he and all Israel, in Edom, until he had destroyed every male out of Edom.

Explanatory expansion of v. 15 (the duration of the slaughter)ὅτι ἓξ μῆνας ἐνεκάθητο ἐκεῖ Ιωαβ
An explanatory ὅτι-clause expands the extent of the destruction: Joab and all Israel encamped in Edom six months until every male was exterminated. The completive ἕως ὅτου ('until') with ἐξωλέθρευσεν stresses the thoroughness that makes Hadad's escape (v. 17) the more remarkable.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ὅτιfor / becauseexplanatory conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'for / because'; renders כִּי; introduces the explanatory expansion of the slaughter's duration.
ἓξsixnumeral (with μῆνας, accusative of duration)→ clausal contributionἕξ: 'six'; indeclinable numeral; with μῆνας gives the six-month duration of the campaign.
μῆναςmonthsAccusativeaccusative of duration ('for six months')→ object specificationμήν: 'month'; renders חֹדֶשׁ; the accusative of extent of time marks the prolonged occupation of Edom.
ἐνεκάθητοremained / satImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐγκάθημαιmain verb (Joab encamped in Edom)→ durative imperfectἐγκάθημαι: 'sit / settle / encamp in'; the compound ἐν- denotes lodging within Edom; the imperfect conveys the sustained six-month occupation.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; renders שָׁם; locates the encampment in Edom.
ΙωαβJoabsubject of ἐνεκάθητο (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: indeclinable; David's commander, who led the prolonged Edomite campaign.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjective (with Ισραηλ)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; 'all Israel' — the whole army shared in the six-month occupation.
ΙσραηλIsraelsubject (in apposition with Ιωαβ: 'Joab and all Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; here 'all Israel' = the national army under Joab.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle (with Ιδουμαίᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙδουμαίᾳEdom / IdumeaDativeobject of ἐν (locative)→ sphere or referenceΙδουμαία: 'Edom / Idumea'; the land occupied for six months.
ἕωςuntiltemporal conjunction (with ὅτου: 'until')→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: 'until'; with ὅτου forms the temporal idiom ἕως ὅτου ('until the time when'), rendering עַד אֲשֶׁר.
ὅτουthe time whenGenitiverelative (with ἕως: 'until')→ relational specificationὅστις (gen. ὅτου): in the fixed phrase ἕως ὅτου ('until'); marks the terminus of Joab's occupation.
ἐξωλέθρευσενhe had destroyedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξολεθρεύωverb of temporal clause (completion of the slaughter)→ constative aorist (completed extermination)ἐξολεθρεύω: 'utterly destroy'; the same verb as ἐξολεθρεῦσαι (v. 15), now in the finite form marking the slaughter's completion — every male destroyed.
πᾶνeveryAccusativeattributive adjective (with ἀρσενικόν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'every'; the comprehensiveness of the slaughter, echoing v. 15.
ἀρσενικὸνmaleAccusativedirect object of ἐξωλέθρευσεν→ object specificationἀρσενικός: 'male'; the target of the extermination, repeating v. 15 for emphasis.
ἐκout of / frompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with Ιδουμαίας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ιδουμαίαςof Edom / IdumeaGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ ('out of Edom')→ relational specificationΙδουμαία (gen. Ιδουμαίας): 'Edom / Idumea'; declinable; the land cleared of its males.
17

καὶ ἀπέδρα Αδερ αὐτὸς καὶ πάντες ἄνδρες Ιδουμαῖοι τῶν παίδων τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ καὶ εἰσῆλθον εἰς Αἴγυπτον καὶ Αδερ παιδάριον μικρόν

But Hadad fled, he and all the Edomite men of his father's servants with him, and they entered into Egypt; and Hadad was a little boy.

Adversative turn (the escape of the survivor)καὶ ἀπέδρα Αδερ
Against the total slaughter of vv. 15–16, the verb ἀπέδρα ('fled / ran away') marks the survival of the royal child Hadad, escorted by his father's Edomite servants to Egypt. The closing nominal clause (Αδερ παιδάριον μικρόν, 'Hadad was a little boy') stresses his youth, setting up his upbringing in Pharaoh's court (vv. 18–20).
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶand / butnarrative conjunction (adversative force)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέδραfledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποδιδράσκωmain verb (Hadad's escape)→ constative aoristἀποδιδράσκω (aor. ἀπέδρα): 'run away / flee secretly / escape'; renders בָּרַח; the verb of stealthy flight; the same verb recounts Jeroboam's later flight to Egypt (ἀπέδρα, v. 40), pairing the two refugees.
ΑδερHadadsubject of ἀπέδρα (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑδερ: Hadad; the surviving Edomite prince, now fleeing the slaughter.
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (in apposition to Αδερ)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the intensive 'he himself,' emphasizing Hadad's personal escape together with his retinue.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάντεςallNominativeattributive adjective (with ἄνδρες)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; the full company of Edomite men who fled with Hadad.
ἄνδρεςmenNominativesubject (with Αδερ: those who fled)→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; the Edomite retainers accompanying the prince.
ΙδουμαῖοιEdomiteNominativeattributive adjective (ἄνδρες Ιδουμαῖοι: 'Edomite men')→ participant prominenceΙδουμαῖος: 'Edomite'; gentilic adjective (nom. pl. Ιδουμαῖοι); the loyal Edomites of Hadad's household.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with παίδων, partitive)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παίδωνservantsGenitivepartitive genitive (the men were 'of the servants of his father')→ relational specificationπαῖς: 'servant / boy / attendant'; renders עֶבֶד; the men belonged to the household servants of Hadad's father, the late Edomite king.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with πατρός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive of relationship ('his father's servants')→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father'; Hadad's father, the Edomite king, whose servants now protect the surviving heir.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of μετά (accompaniment: 'with him')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of μετά (accompaniment: 'with him').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσῆλθονthey enteredAor Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (entry into Egypt)→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'go in / enter'; renders בּוֹא; the refugees' entry into Egypt, the standard place of asylum (cf. Jeroboam, v. 40).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΑἴγυπτονEgyptAccusativeobject of εἰς (direction: 'into Egypt')→ object specificationΑἴγυπτος: 'Egypt'; declinable; the refuge of the fleeing Edomites.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing nominal clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑδερHadadsubject of nominal clause (indeclinable: 'Hadad was a little boy')→ participant identificationΑδερ: Hadad; the verbless clause Αδερ παιδάριον μικρόν underlines his youth at the time of flight.
παιδάριονa little boyNominativepredicate nominative (verbless clause: 'Hadad was a small child')→ participant prominenceπαιδάριον: 'small child / young boy'; diminutive of παῖς; renders נַעַר; stresses Hadad's tender age, explaining his upbringing in Pharaoh's house (vv. 19–20).
μικρόνsmall / littleNominativeattributive adjective (with παιδάριον)→ participant prominenceμικρός: 'small / little / young'; intensifies παιδάριον — Hadad was but a small child when he escaped to Egypt.
18

καὶ ἀνίστανται ἄνδρες ἐκ τῆς πόλεως Μαδιαμ καὶ ἔρχονται εἰς Φαραν καὶ λαμβάνουσιν ἄνδρας μετ᾿ αὐτῶν καὶ ἔρχονται πρὸς Φαραω βασιλέα Αἰγύπτου καὶ εἰσῆλθεν Αδερ πρὸς Φαραω καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ οἶκον καὶ ἄρτους διέταξεν αὐτῷ

And men arose from the city of Midian and came to Paran, and they took men with them and came to Pharaoh king of Egypt; and Hadad went in to Pharaoh, and he gave him a house and assigned him provisions.

Itinerary of the escape (continuing the Hadad narrative)καὶ ἀνίστανται ἄνδρες
The historic presents ἀνίστανται … ἔρχονται … λαμβάνουσιν narrate the refugees' route — Midian, Paran, and finally Pharaoh's court — with vivid immediacy before the aorist εἰσῆλθεν marks Hadad's reception. Pharaoh's grant of a house and rations (ἄρτους διέταξεν) establishes Hadad as a privileged ward of the Egyptian crown.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνίστανταιthey arise / set outPres Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἀνίστημιmain verb (historic present: the refugees set out)→ historic present (vivid narration)ἀνίστημι (pres. mid.): 'rise up / set out'; renders קוּם; the historic present enlivens the itinerary; 'arising' is the standard idiom for setting out on a journey.
ἄνδρεςmenNominativesubject of ἀνίστανται→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; the Edomite company conducting the young Hadad toward Egypt.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with πόλεως)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ ('from the city')→ relational specificationπόλις: 'city'; renders עִיר; the staging point of the journey, identified as Midian.
ΜαδιαμMidiangenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'the city of Midian')→ participant identificationΜαδιαμ: transliteration of Hebrew מִדְיָן (Midian); indeclinable; a region on the route from Edom toward Egypt.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔρχονταιthey comePres Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentἔρχομαι: 'come / go'; renders בּוֹא; the historic present continues the itinerary toward Paran.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΦαρανParanobject of εἰς (indeclinable place name)→ participant identificationΦαραν: transliteration of Hebrew פָּארָן (Paran); indeclinable; a wilderness region in the Sinai, on the way to Egypt.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λαμβάνουσινthey takePres Act Indic 3 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb (historic present: enlisting more men)→ historic presentλαμβάνω: 'take'; renders לָקַח; at Paran they recruit additional men for the company traveling to Egypt.
ἄνδραςmenAccusativedirect object of λαμβάνουσιν→ object specificationἀνήρ: 'man'; additional companions enlisted at Paran.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
αὐτῶνthemGenitiveobject of μετά (accompaniment)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of μετά (accompaniment).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔρχονταιthey comePres Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb (historic present: arrival at Pharaoh)→ historic presentἔρχομαι: 'come'; the company arrives at the Egyptian court.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction toward a person)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction toward a person).
ΦαραωPharaohobject of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΦαραω: indeclinable; the Egyptian king who receives the Edomite refugees.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Φαραω ('Pharaoh king of Egypt')→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; renders מֶלֶךְ; the title identifies Pharaoh as the Egyptian monarch.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of relationship ('king of Egypt')→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος (gen. Αἰγύπτου): 'Egypt'; declinable; Pharaoh's realm.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσῆλθενwent inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (aorist: Hadad's reception by Pharaoh)→ constative aorist (shift from historic presents)εἰσέρχομαι: 'go in / enter'; the shift to the aorist marks the decisive moment — Hadad's personal entry into Pharaoh's presence.
ΑδερHadadsubject of εἰσῆλθεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑδερ: Hadad; the young Edomite prince admitted to the Egyptian court.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction toward a person)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction toward a person).
ΦαραωPharaohobject of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (Pharaoh's provision for Hadad)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; renders נָתַן; Pharaoh's grant of a house establishes Hadad's privileged status as a royal ward.
αὐτῷhimDativedative (indirect object: 'to him')→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative (indirect object: 'to him').
οἶκονa houseAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / household'; renders בַּיִת; the residence Pharaoh granted Hadad, a token of his favored standing.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄρτουςbread / provisionsAccusativedirect object of διέταξεν (fronted)→ object specificationἄρτος: 'bread / loaf / food'; renders לֶחֶם; the plural ἄρτους denotes the regular food-allowance Pharaoh assigned to Hadad's household.
διέταξενassigned / appointedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · διατάσσωmain verb (Pharaoh assigns rations)→ constative aoristδιατάσσω: 'arrange / appoint / assign'; renders אָמַר / נָתַן; Pharaoh formally provisioned Hadad with a food-allowance, completing his establishment at court.
αὐτῷhimDativedative (indirect object: 'for him')→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative (indirect object: 'for him').
19

καὶ εὗρεν Αδερ χάριν ἐναντίον Φαραω σφόδρα καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ γυναῖκα ἀδελφὴν τῆς γυναικὸς αὐτοῦ ἀδελφὴν Θεκεμινας τὴν μείζω

And Hadad found great favor in the sight of Pharaoh, and he gave him as wife the sister of his own wife, the elder sister of Tahpenes.

Climax of Hadad's rise (royal marriage-alliance)καὶ εὗρεν Αδερ χάριν
The idiom εὗρεν χάριν ἐναντίον ('found favor in the sight of') marks Hadad's ascent to the inner circle of the Egyptian court: Pharaoh gives him his own wife's elder sister in marriage. The favor is intensified by σφόδρα ('exceedingly'), making Hadad a kinsman by marriage of the Egyptian queen Tahpenes (Θεκεμινα).
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὗρενfoundAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb (Hadad finds favor)→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: 'find'; the idiom εὑρίσκειν χάριν ('find favor') renders מָצָא חֵן, the standard OT expression for gaining a patron's goodwill (cf. Gen 39:4; Exod 11:3).
ΑδερHadadsubject of εὗρεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑδερ: Hadad; now risen to high favor at the Egyptian court.
χάρινfavorAccusativedirect object of εὗρεν→ object specificationχάρις: 'favor / grace / goodwill'; renders חֵן; here the unearned favor of a patron — Pharaoh's regard for Hadad, leading to the marriage-alliance.
ἐναντίονin the sight ofpreposition + genitive (evaluative perspective: Hebraism)→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before / in the sight of'; Hebraism rendering בְּעֵינֵי ('in the eyes of'); marks the perspective from which Hadad's favor is reckoned — Pharaoh's own estimation.
ΦαραωPharaohgenitive object of ἐναντίον (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΦαραω: indeclinable; the patron whose favor Hadad enjoyed.
σφόδραexceedinglyadverb of degree (intensifying χάριν)→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'very much / exceedingly'; renders מְאֹד; intensifies the favor — Hadad stood very high in Pharaoh's regard.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενhe gaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (Pharaoh gives Hadad a wife)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; the idiom δοῦναι γυναῖκα ('give a wife') is the standard expression for arranging a marriage; Pharaoh marries Hadad into the royal family.
αὐτῷhimDativedative (indirect object: 'to him')→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative (indirect object: 'to him').
γυναῖκαa wifeAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν→ object specificationγυνή: 'woman / wife'; renders אִשָּׁה; the wife granted to Hadad — the queen's sister.
ἀδελφὴνthe sisterAccusativeaccusative in apposition to γυναῖκα ('a wife, namely the sister')→ object specificationἀδελφή: 'sister'; renders אָחוֹת; the wife given to Hadad was the sister of Pharaoh's own wife, making him the king's brother-in-law.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with γυναικός)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναικὸςwifeGenitivegenitive of relationship ('sister of his wife')→ relational specificationγυνή (gen. γυναικός): 'wife'; here Pharaoh's own wife, the queen, whose sister Hadad married.
αὐτοῦhis (own)Genitivegenitive of possession (Pharaoh's wife)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his (own)'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Pharaoh's wife).
ἀδελφὴνsisterAccusativeaccusative in apposition (restating: 'the sister of Tahpenes')→ object specificationἀδελφή: 'sister'; the restated ἀδελφήν specifies the bride as the sister of the named queen Tahpenes.
Θεκεμιναςof TahpenesGenitivegenitive of relationship ('sister of Tahpenes')→ relational specificationΘεκεμινα (gen. Θεκεμινας): the LXX form of the Egyptian queen's name (Hebrew תַּחְפְּנֵיס, Tahpenes); inflected as a first-declension name; Pharaoh's queen, whose elder sister Hadad married.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with μείζω)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μείζωthe elder / greaterAccusativecomparative adjective (substantival: 'the elder')→ object specificationμέγας (compar. μείζων, acc. μείζω): 'greater / elder'; here 'the elder (sister)' — the bride was the senior sister of Queen Tahpenes, a mark of the marriage's prestige.
20

καὶ ἔτεκεν αὐτῷ ἡ ἀδελφὴ Θεκεμινας τῷ Αδερ τὸν Γανηβαθ υἱὸν αὐτῆς καὶ ἐξέθρεψεν αὐτὸν Θεκεμινα ἐν μέσῳ υἱῶν Φαραω καὶ ἦν Γανηβαθ ἐν μέσῳ υἱῶν Φαραω

And the sister of Tahpenes bore to Hadad Genubath her son, and Tahpenes reared him in the midst of the sons of Pharaoh; and Genubath was in the midst of the sons of Pharaoh.

Result of the marriage (offspring reared at court)καὶ ἔτεκεν αὐτῷ ἡ ἀδελφὴ Θεκεμινας
The marriage bears fruit: Genubath is born to Hadad and reared by Queen Tahpenes herself 'in the midst of Pharaoh's sons.' The doubled phrase ἐν μέσῳ υἱῶν Φαραω frames Genubath's status — a half-Edomite raised as an Egyptian prince, signaling the depth of Hadad's integration into the royal house.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔτεκενboreAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίκτωmain verb (the birth of Genubath)→ constative aoristτίκτω: 'bear / give birth'; renders יָלַד; the birth of Hadad's son to the queen's sister cements the dynastic tie.
αὐτῷto himDativedative of advantage (the child borne 'to Hadad')→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage (the child borne 'to Hadad').
theNominativearticle (with ἀδελφή)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφὴsisterNominativesubject of ἔτεκεν ('the sister of Tahpenes')→ participant prominenceἀδελφή: 'sister'; Hadad's wife, the elder sister of the queen, now bears his son.
Θεκεμιναςof TahpenesGenitivegenitive of relationship ('sister of Tahpenes')→ relational specificationΘεκεμινα (gen. Θεκεμινας): the queen Tahpenes; here in the genitive identifying the mother as her sister.
τῷtoDativearticle (with Αδερ, dative restating αὐτῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑδερHadaddative of advantage (indeclinable, restating 'to Hadad')→ participant identificationΑδερ: Hadad; the father of Genubath, named explicitly for clarity.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Γανηβαθ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓανηβαθGenubathdirect object of ἔτεκεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΓανηβαθ: transliteration of Hebrew גְּנֻבַת (Genubath); indeclinable; the son of Hadad and the queen's sister.
υἱὸνsonAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Γανηβαθ ('Genubath her son')→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; identifies Genubath as the woman's son.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession (the mother's son)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the mother's son).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξέθρεψενreared / weanedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκτρέφωmain verb (Tahpenes rears Genubath)→ constative aoristἐκτρέφω: 'bring up / rear / nourish'; renders גָּמַל; the queen herself reared Genubath, integrating Hadad's son into the royal nursery.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἐξέθρεψεν (Genubath)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐξέθρεψεν (Genubath).
ΘεκεμιναTahpenesNominativesubject of ἐξέθρεψεν (nominative)→ participant prominenceΘεκεμινα: the queen Tahpenes (nom.); she personally reared her nephew Genubath in the palace.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
μέσῳthe midstDativedative of place (ἐν μέσῳ: 'in the midst of')→ sphere or referenceμέσος: 'middle / midst'; ἐν μέσῳ υἱῶν Φαραω renders בְּתוֹךְ בְּנֵי פַרְעֹה — Genubath grew up among Pharaoh's own sons, a mark of royal standing.
υἱῶνthe sonsGenitivegenitive (with μέσῳ: 'midst of the sons')→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; Pharaoh's sons, among whom Genubath was raised.
Φαραωof Pharaohgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'sons of Pharaoh')→ participant identificationΦαραω: indeclinable; whose sons formed Genubath's company.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (Genubath's settled status)→ stative imperfectεἰμί: 'be'; the repetition (καὶ ἦν Γανηβαθ ἐν μέσῳ υἱῶν Φαραω) underlines Genubath's continuing residence among the royal princes.
ΓανηβαθGenubathsubject of ἦν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΓανηβαθ: indeclinable; restated as the subject of the summarizing clause.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
μέσῳthe midstDativedative of place (ἐν μέσῳ: 'in the midst of')→ sphere or referenceμέσος: 'midst'; the repeated phrase seals Genubath's standing as a member of Pharaoh's household.
υἱῶνthe sonsGenitivegenitive (with μέσῳ)→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; Pharaoh's sons, Genubath's companions.
Φαραωof Pharaohgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΦαραω: indeclinable; closes the verse on Genubath's royal upbringing.
21

καὶ Αδερ ἤκουσεν ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ ὅτι κεκοίμηται Δαυιδ μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ καὶ ὅτι τέθνηκεν Ιωαβ ὁ ἄρχων τῆς στρατιᾶς καὶ εἶπεν Αδερ πρὸς Φαραω ἐξαπόστειλόν με καὶ ἀποστρέψω εἰς τὴν γῆν μου

And Hadad heard in Egypt that David had slept with his fathers and that Joab the commander of the army had died, and Hadad said to Pharaoh, 'Send me away, and I will return to my land.'

Turning point: Hadad seeks to return (deaths of David and Joab)καὶ Αδερ ἤκουσεν ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ
News of the deaths of David (κεκοίμηται, the perfect of 'has fallen asleep') and Joab (τέθνηκεν, 'has died') — the two men who destroyed Edom (vv. 15–16) — frees Hadad to seek repatriation. His request ἐξαπόστειλόν με ('send me away') initiates the dialogue with Pharaoh in v. 22; the perfects underscore the settled, accomplished fact of the deaths.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑδερHadadsubject of ἤκουσεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑδερ: Hadad; now hearing of his enemies' deaths.
ἤκουσενheardAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (Hadad hears the news)→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear'; renders שָׁמַע; Hadad's hearing of the deaths is the trigger for his bid to return — paralleled by Jeroboam's hearing in v. 43.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΑἰγύπτῳEgyptDativeobject of ἐν (locative: 'in Egypt')→ sphere or referenceΑἴγυπτος (dat. Αἰγύπτῳ): 'Egypt'; declinable; where Hadad received the news of David's and Joab's deaths.
ὅτιthatcomplementizer (content of ἤκουσεν)→ clausal contributionὅτι: 'that'; introduces the indirect statement of what Hadad heard.
κεκοίμηταιhad slept / fallen asleepPerf Mid Indic 3 Sg · κοιμάωverb of indirect statement (David's death)→ resultative perfect (settled state of death)κοιμάω (perf. mid./pass.): 'fall asleep / lie down'; the euphemism 'sleep with one's fathers' renders שָׁכַב עִם אֲבֹתָיו, the standard formula for a king's death and burial (cf. v. 43); the perfect marks the accomplished fact.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject of κεκοίμηται (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; whose death opens the way for Hadad's return.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with πατέρων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitiveobject of μετά ('with his fathers')→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father / ancestor'; the idiom 'slept with his fathers' denotes death and burial in the ancestral tomb.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅτιthatcomplementizer (second content-clause)→ clausal contributionὅτι: 'that'; introduces the second item of news — Joab's death.
τέθνηκενhad diedPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · θνῄσκωverb of indirect statement (Joab's death)→ resultative perfect (settled state of death)θνῄσκω (perf. τέθνηκα): 'be dead / have died'; renders מֵת; the perfect 'has died' marks Joab's death as an accomplished fact, removing the second of Hadad's Edomite-slaughtering enemies.
ΙωαβJoabsubject of τέθνηκεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: indeclinable; the dead commander whose passing emboldens Hadad.
theNominativearticle (with ἄρχων)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρχωνcommanderNominativenominative in apposition to Ιωαβ ('Joab the commander')→ participant prominenceἄρχων: 'commander / ruler'; Joab's title 'commander of the army,' echoing v. 15.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with στρατιᾶς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στρατιᾶςarmyGenitivegenitive (with ἄρχων: 'commander of the army')→ relational specificationστρατιά: 'army / host'; Joab's command.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Hadad's request to Pharaoh)→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say'; introduces Hadad's petition for leave to return home.
ΑδερHadadsubject of εἶπεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑδερ: Hadad; petitioning Pharaoh for release.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΦαραωPharaohobject of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΦαραω: indeclinable; Hadad's patron, addressed in the petition.
ἐξαπόστειλόνsend awayAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωmain verb (imperative: Hadad's request)→ aorist imperative (request for leave)ἐξαποστέλλω: 'send away / dismiss / release'; renders שָׁלַח; the aorist imperative is Hadad's request for formal leave to depart Egypt — the verb resurfaces emphatically in Pharaoh's reply (v. 22).
μεmeAccusativedirect object of ἐξαπόστειλόν→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐξαπόστειλόν.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (purpose/result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποστρέψωI will returnFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀποστρέφωmain verb (Hadad's intended return)→ predictive/volitive futureἀποστρέφω: 'turn back / return'; renders שׁוּב; Hadad's intention to go back 'to my land' — the homecoming realized at v. 22 (ἀνέστρεψεν).
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeobject of εἰς ('to my land')→ object specificationγῆ: 'land / earth / country'; renders אֶרֶץ; Hadad's homeland, Edom, to which he longs to return.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
22

καὶ εἶπεν Φαραω τῷ Αδερ τίνι σὺ ἐλαττονῇ μετ᾿ ἐμοῦ καὶ ἰδοὺ σὺ ζητεῖς ἀπελθεῖν εἰς τὴν γῆν σου καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ Αδερ ὅτι ἐξαποστέλλων ἐξαποστελεῖς με καὶ ἀνέστρεψεν Αδερ εἰς τὴν γῆν αὐτοῦ

And Pharaoh said to Hadad, 'In what do you lack with me, that behold, you seek to go away to your land?' And Hadad said to him, 'You will indeed send me away.' And Hadad returned to his land.

Dialogue and resolution (Hadad's repatriation)καὶ εἶπεν Φαραω τῷ Αδερ
Pharaoh's question (τίνι σὺ ἐλαττονῇ; 'in what do you lack?') expresses reluctance to lose his favored ward, but Hadad's insistent reply, with the cognate-accusative Hebraism ἐξαποστέλλων ἐξαποστελεῖς ('you will surely send me away'), secures his release. The closing aorist ἀνέστρεψεν reports the accomplished return to Edom, completing the Hadad-narrative.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Pharaoh's reply)→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say'; introduces Pharaoh's reluctant question to his departing ward.
ΦαραωPharaohsubject of εἶπεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΦαραω: indeclinable; the patron unwilling to release Hadad.
τῷtoDativearticle (with Αδερ, dative indirect object)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑδερHadaddative indirect object (indeclinable: 'to Hadad')→ participant identificationΑδερ: Hadad; the one addressed by Pharaoh.
τίνιin whatDativeinterrogative pronoun (dative of respect: 'in what respect')→ participant reference or interestτίς: interrogative 'who / what'; the dative τίνι ('in what / how') asks in what respect Hadad lacks anything in Egypt — a rhetorical protest at his wish to leave.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you'; stresses Pharaoh's incredulity that Hadad personally should want to depart.
ἐλαττονῇare in want / lackPres Mid Indic 2 Sg · ἐλαττονέωmain verb of Pharaoh's question→ progressive presentἐλαττονέω: 'have less / be in want / lack'; the question τίνι ἐλαττονῇ μετ᾽ ἐμοῦ ('in what do you lack with me?') implies Hadad has wanted for nothing under Pharaoh's patronage.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (association: 'with me')→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (association: 'with me').
ἐμοῦmeGenitiveobject of μετά (association: 'with me')→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. ἐμοῦ): emphatic 'me'; Pharaoh's point — at his side Hadad lacks nothing.
καὶand / thatcoordinate conjunction (consecutive: 'and yet / that')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold / look'; renders הִנֵּה; the presentative draws attention to the surprising fact of Hadad's wish to depart.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you'; reiterates the incongruity of Hadad's seeking to leave.
ζητεῖςyou seekPres Act Indic 2 Sg · ζητέωmain verb (Hadad's wish)→ progressive presentζητέω: 'seek / desire'; renders בָּקַשׁ; expresses Hadad's persistent wish to return home despite Pharaoh's bounty.
ἀπελθεῖνto go awayAor Act Inf · ἀπέρχομαιcomplementary infinitive (with ζητεῖς)→ verbal action or stateἀπέρχομαι: 'go away / depart'; complements ζητεῖς — Hadad seeks to depart for his own land.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeobject of εἰς ('to your land')→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; Hadad's native Edom.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Hadad's reply)→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say'; introduces Hadad's insistent answer.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object (to Pharaoh)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (to Pharaoh).
ΑδερHadadsubject of εἶπεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑδερ: Hadad; pressing his request despite Pharaoh's protest.
ὅτιthat / —recitative ὅτι (introducing direct speech)→ clausal contributionὅτι: here recitative, introducing direct discourse (not translated in English); marks the quotation of Hadad's reply.
ἐξαποστέλλωνindeed sendingPres Act Ptc Masc Nom Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωcognate participle (Hebraism: rendering infinitive absolute)→ intensifying (cognate construction)ἐξαποστέλλω (pres. ptc.): 'send away'; the participle + finite verb ἐξαποστέλλων ἐξαποστελεῖς ('you will surely send me away') calques the Hebrew infinitive absolute שַׁלֵּחַ תְּשַׁלְּחֵנִי, expressing emphatic insistence; the same verb as Hadad's plea in v. 21.
ἐξαποστελεῖςyou will send awayFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωmain verb of the cognate construction (Hadad's insistence)→ predictive future (emphatic)ἐξαποστέλλω (fut.): the finite verb of the emphatic Hebraism; Hadad presses that Pharaoh will indeed release him.
μεmeAccusativedirect object of ἐξαποστελεῖς→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐξαποστελεῖς.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (resolution)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέστρεψενreturnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναστρέφωmain verb (Hadad's accomplished return)→ constative aorist (completed return)ἀναστρέφω: 'turn back / return'; renders שׁוּב; reports the realization of Hadad's intention (ἀποστρέψω, v. 21) — he returned to Edom, where he reigns (v. 25).
ΑδερHadadsubject of ἀνέστρεψεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑδερ: Hadad; now restored to his homeland.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeobject of εἰς ('to his land')→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; Edom, to which Hadad returned.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
25

αὕτη ἡ κακία ἣν ἐποίησεν Αδερ καὶ ἐβαρυθύμησεν ἐν Ισραηλ καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν ἐν γῇ Εδωμ

This is the evil that Hadad did; and he was a grievous burden upon Israel, and he reigned in the land of Edom.

Summary closure of the Hadad narrative (vv. 23–24 absent)αὕτη ἡ κακία ἣν ἐποίησεν Αδερ
The deictic αὕτη ἡ κακία ('this is the evil') closes off the Hadad cycle with a summarizing verdict: he was a continual affliction to Israel and reigned in Edom. The verb ἐβαρυθύμησεν ('was grievously troubled / a heavy burden') conveys his persistent hostility. [Verses 23 and 24 are absent from the Greek versification; the text proceeds from v. 22 to v. 25.]
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of nominal clause)→ participant referenceοὗτος (fem. αὕτη): 'this'; the deictic 'this is the evil' summarizes Hadad's lifelong enmity in a closing formula.
theNominativearticle (with κακία)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κακίαevil / harmNominativepredicate nominative (verbless clause: 'this is the evil')→ participant prominenceκακία: 'evil / wickedness / harm'; renders רָעָה; sums up the injury Hadad inflicted on Israel throughout Solomon's reign.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; antecedent κακία; 'the evil which Hadad did.'
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause (Hadad's evil deeds)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do'; the harm Hadad worked against Israel.
ΑδερHadadsubject of ἐποίησεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑδερ: Hadad; the Edomite adversary whose career is here summed up.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβαρυθύμησενwas a grievous burden / grew embitteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βαρυθυμέωmain verb (Hadad's hostility toward Israel)→ constative aoristβαρυθυμέω: 'be heavy-hearted / be grievously vexed / weigh down'; a compound (βαρύς + θυμός); here of Hadad's settled hostility — he was a heavy affliction 'in Israel,' i.e. a persistent grievance to it.
ἐνin / againstpreposition + dative (sphere: 'in/against Israel')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere: 'in/against Israel').
ΙσραηλIsraelobject of ἐν (indeclinable: the sphere of Hadad's enmity)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the people against whom Hadad's hostility was directed.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσενreignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (Hadad rules in Edom)→ ingressive aorist (accession to kingship)βασιλεύω: 'be king / reign'; renders מָלַךְ; Hadad reigned in Edom, recovering the royal status of his ancestral 'seed of the kingdom' (v. 14).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
γῇlandDativedative of place ('in the land of Edom')→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land'; with Εδωμ — Hadad's restored kingdom.
ΕδωμEdomgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'land of Edom')→ participant identificationΕδωμ: indeclinable; Hadad's ancestral realm, where he reigned as adversary to Israel.
26

καὶ Ιεροβοαμ υἱὸς Ναβατ ὁ Εφραθι ἐκ τῆς Σαριρα υἱὸς γυναικὸς χήρας δοῦλος Σαλωμων

And Jeroboam son of Nebat, the Ephrathite from Sarira, son of a widow woman, was a servant of Solomon.

New character introduced (the second adversary: Jeroboam)καὶ Ιεροβοαμ υἱὸς Ναβατ
A nominal-clause introduction presents the third and decisive adversary, Jeroboam son of Nebat, with his full identification: an Ephrathite of Sarira, son of a widow, and — pointedly — δοῦλος Σαλωμων ('a servant of Solomon'), the very 'servant' to whom the LORD foretold the kingdom would pass (v. 11). The verse fulfills the earlier sentence by naming its beneficiary.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing new figure)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamsubject of nominal clause (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliteration of Hebrew יָרָבְעָם (Jeroboam); indeclinable in the LXX; Solomon's servant who becomes first king of the northern kingdom of Israel.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ιεροβοαμ ('son of Nebat')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic 'son of Nebat' is Jeroboam's standing identifier throughout 3–4 Kingdoms.
Ναβατof Nebatgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'son of Nebat')→ participant identificationΝαβατ: transliteration of Hebrew נְבָט (Nebat); indeclinable; Jeroboam's father.
theNominativearticle (with Εφραθι)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Εφραθιthe Ephrathiteappositional gentilic (indeclinable: 'the Ephrathite')→ participant identificationΕφραθι: transliteration of Hebrew אֶפְרָתִי ('Ephrathite / Ephraimite'); indeclinable; marks Jeroboam's Ephraimite tribal origin, fitting for the leader of the northern tribes.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (origin)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (origin).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with Σαριρα)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαριραSariraobject of ἐκ (indeclinable place name, with feminine article)→ participant identificationΣαριρα: the LXX place-name (corresponding to the Hebrew Zeredah of 1 Kgs 11:26); indeclinable, though construed with the feminine article τῆς; Jeroboam's hometown in Mount Ephraim (cf. v. 43).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition ('son of a widow woman')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; a second appositional phrase, noting Jeroboam's humble maternal origin.
γυναικὸςof a womanGenitivegenitive of relationship ('son of a woman')→ relational specificationγυνή (gen. γυναικός): 'woman'; with χήρας — Jeroboam's mother, a widow.
χήραςwidowGenitiveattributive adjective (with γυναικός: 'a widow woman')→ relational specificationχήρα: 'widow'; renders אַלְמָנָה; the detail of Jeroboam's widowed mother stresses his lowly background, against which his rise to kingship is the more striking.
δοῦλοςservantNominativepredicate nominative (verbless clause: '[was] a servant of Solomon')→ participant prominenceδοῦλος: 'servant / slave'; renders עֶבֶד; the climactic identifier — Jeroboam is 'Solomon's servant,' the very δοῦλος to whom the LORD said the kingdom would be given (v. 11).
Σαλωμωνof Solomongenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'servant of Solomon')→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; Jeroboam's master, whose kingdom he will partly inherit.
27

καὶ τοῦτο τὸ πρᾶγμα ὡς ἐπήρατο χεῖρας ἐπὶ βασιλέα Σαλωμων ᾠκοδόμησεν τὴν ἄκραν συνέκλεισεν τὸν φραγμὸν τῆς πόλεως Δαυιδ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ

And this is the matter of how he lifted up hands against king Solomon: he built the citadel, he closed up the breach of the city of David his father.

Explanatory backstory (the occasion of Jeroboam's rise)καὶ τοῦτο τὸ πρᾶγμα
The summarizing formula τοῦτο τὸ πρᾶγμα ('this is the matter') introduces the occasion of Jeroboam's elevation, linked to Solomon's building works — the citadel and the closing of the breach in the city of David. The idiom ἐπαίρω χεῖρας ('lift up hands against') signals Jeroboam's eventual opposition to the king, here set against the backdrop of the royal building program.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦτοthisNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of nominal clause)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; the deictic introduces the explanatory account of how Jeroboam came to oppose Solomon.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with πρᾶγμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρᾶγμαmatter / affairNominativepredicate nominative (verbless clause: 'this is the matter')→ participant prominenceπρᾶγμα: 'matter / affair / thing done'; renders דָּבָר; the formula 'this is the matter of how…' introduces the circumstance of Jeroboam's revolt.
ὡςhow / thatconjunction (introducing explanatory clause: 'how')→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'how / that / when'; introduces the explanation — the manner in which Jeroboam 'lifted his hand against' Solomon.
ἐπήρατοhe lifted upAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐπαίρωverb of explanatory clause (Jeroboam's act of opposition)→ constative aoristἐπαίρω (aor. mid.): 'lift up / raise'; the idiom ἐπαίρω χεῖρας ('lift up hands against') renders נָשָׂא יָד בְּ ('raise a hand against'), denoting rebellion or opposition against the king.
χεῖραςhandsAccusativedirect object of ἐπήρατο→ object specificationχείρ: 'hand'; the plural χεῖρας in the idiom 'lift hands against' — a gesture of rebellion or defiance against royal authority.
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'against'; directs the gesture of opposition toward the king.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeobject of ἐπί (with Σαλωμων: 'against king Solomon')→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; renders מֶלֶךְ; the royal target of Jeroboam's opposition.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonaccusative in apposition to βασιλέα (indeclinable: 'king Solomon')→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; the king against whom Jeroboam acted.
ᾠκοδόμησενhe builtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb (Solomon's building of the citadel)→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: 'build'; renders בָּנָה; the subject is Solomon — his building of the citadel (the Millo / ἄκρα) is the context in which Jeroboam, set over the labor (v. 28), came to prominence.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ἄκραν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄκρανthe citadelAccusativedirect object of ᾠκοδόμησεν→ object specificationἄκρα: 'citadel / acropolis / highest point'; renders the Hebrew מִלּוֹא (the Millo); the fortified stronghold of Jerusalem that Solomon built up.
συνέκλεισενhe closed upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συγκλείωmain verb (closing the breach)→ constative aoristσυγκλείω: 'shut up / close together / enclose'; renders סָגַר; Solomon 'closed up' the breach (φραγμός) in the wall of the city of David, part of his fortification works.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with φραγμόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φραγμὸνbreach / fenceAccusativedirect object of συνέκλεισεν→ object specificationφραγμός: 'fence / wall / breach'; here the gap or breach in the city wall that Solomon closed up, repairing the defenses of the city of David.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with πόλεως)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive of relationship ('breach of the city')→ relational specificationπόλις: 'city'; renders עִיר; 'the city of David' = Jerusalem's old Davidic core, whose breach Solomon repaired.
Δαυιδof Davidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'city of David')→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; 'the city of David' is the standard name for the Davidic citadel of Jerusalem (cf. v. 43).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with πατρός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive in apposition to Δαυιδ ('David his father')→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father'; David as Solomon's father, whose city Solomon fortified.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
28

καὶ ὁ ἄνθρωπος Ιεροβοαμ ἰσχυρὸς δυνάμει καὶ εἶδεν Σαλωμων τὸ παιδάριον ὅτι ἀνὴρ ἔργων ἐστίν καὶ κατέστησεν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὰς ἄρσεις οἴκου Ιωσηφ

And the man Jeroboam was mighty in strength; and Solomon saw the young man, that he was a man of works, and he set him over the burdens of the house of Joseph.

Jeroboam's promotion (the occasion of his prominence)καὶ ὁ ἄνθρωπος Ιεροβοαμ ἰσχυρὸς δυνάμει
The Hebraic honorific ὁ ἄνθρωπος Ιεροβοαμ ('the man Jeroboam') with the characterization ἰσχυρὸς δυνάμει ('mighty in strength') marks Jeroboam's capability. Solomon recognizes him as ἀνὴρ ἔργων ('a man of works') and appoints him over the forced-labor levy (αἱ ἄρσεις) of the house of Joseph — the northern tribes whose burden under Solomon foreshadows the coming schism.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle (with ἄνθρωπος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativesubject (honorific: 'the man Jeroboam')→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man / human being'; the construction ὁ ἄνθρωπος Ιεροβοαμ renders הָאִישׁ, a Hebraic honorific idiom adding weight to the figure introduced (cf. ὁ ἄνθρωπος Μωυσῆς, Exod 11:3).
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamsubject in apposition to ὁ ἄνθρωπος (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: indeclinable; the capable servant whose strength leads to his promotion.
ἰσχυρὸςmighty / strongNominativepredicate adjective (verbless clause: '[was] mighty')→ participant prominenceἰσχυρός: 'strong / mighty'; renders גִּבּוֹר; with δυνάμει, the phrase 'mighty in strength' = a man of valor and capability, the standard description of a capable warrior or leader (גִּבּוֹר חַיִל).
δυνάμειin strength / powerDativedative of respect (with ἰσχυρός: 'mighty in strength')→ sphere or referenceδύναμις: 'power / strength / might'; renders חַיִל; the dative of respect specifies the sphere of Jeroboam's might — capability and valor that drew Solomon's notice.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (Solomon perceives Jeroboam's ability)→ constative aoristὁράω (aor. εἶδεν): 'see / perceive'; renders רָאָה; Solomon 'saw' — i.e. recognized — Jeroboam's capability, leading to his appointment.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject of εἶδεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; who promoted the able young man.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with παιδάριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδάριονyoung man / servantAccusativedirect object of εἶδεν (Jeroboam)→ object specificationπαιδάριον: 'young man / servant / lad'; diminutive of παῖς; here of Jeroboam as a young man in Solomon's service, not a small child.
ὅτιthatcomplementizer (content of εἶδεν)→ clausal contributionὅτι: 'that'; introduces the content of Solomon's perception — Jeroboam's industriousness.
ἀνὴρa manNominativepredicate nominative (with ἐστίν: 'a man of works')→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; the idiom ἀνὴρ ἔργων ('a man of works / deeds') renders עֹשֶׂה מְלָאכָה, denoting an industrious, competent worker — the quality that recommended Jeroboam for the labor command.
ἔργωνof works / deedsGenitivegenitive of quality (with ἀνήρ: 'a man of works')→ relational specificationἔργον: 'work / deed / labor'; the genitive of quality ('of works') characterizes Jeroboam as energetic and effective in labor.
ἐστίνhe isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (in the content-clause)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; the present in the ὅτι-clause states Jeroboam's characterizing quality as Solomon perceived it.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέστησενhe appointed / setAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καθίστημιmain verb (Solomon appoints Jeroboam over the levy)→ constative aoristκαθίστημι: 'set / appoint / put in charge'; renders הִפְקִיד / נָתַן; Solomon set Jeroboam over the corvée of the house of Joseph — an office that placed him at the head of the northern tribes' labor, foreshadowing his future kingship over them.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of κατέστησεν (Jeroboam)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of κατέστησεν (Jeroboam).
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (oversight: 'over the burdens')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'over'; marks Jeroboam's authority over the labor-levy.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἄρσεις)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρσειςburdens / forced laborAccusativeobject of ἐπί ('over the burdens')→ object specificationἄρσις: 'a lifting / burden / load'; here the forced-labor levy (corvée) imposed on the northern tribes; rendering Hebrew סֵבֶל ('burden')/מַס ('forced labor'); the burden borne by 'the house of Joseph' fuels the later northern grievance (cf. 1 Kgs 12:4).
οἴκουof the houseGenitivegenitive of relationship ('burdens of the house of Joseph')→ relational specificationοἶκος: 'house / household'; 'the house of Joseph' = the northern tribes (Ephraim and Manasseh, descendants of Joseph), over whose labor Jeroboam was set.
Ιωσηφof Josephgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'house of Joseph')→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliteration of Hebrew יוֹסֵף (Joseph); indeclinable; the eponymous ancestor of the northern tribes Ephraim and Manasseh.
29

καὶ ἐγενήθη ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ καὶ Ιεροβοαμ ἐξῆλθεν ἐξ Ιερουσαλημ καὶ εὗρεν αὐτὸν Αχιας ὁ Σηλωνίτης ὁ προφήτης ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ καὶ ἀπέστησεν αὐτὸν ἐκ τῆς ὁδοῦ καὶ ὁ Αχιας περιβεβλημένος ἱματίῳ καινῷ καὶ ἀμφότεροι ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ

And it came to pass at that time that Jeroboam went out from Jerusalem, and Ahijah the Shilonite the prophet found him on the way and turned him aside out of the road; and Ahijah was clothed in a new garment, and the two of them were alone in the field.

New scene: the prophetic encounter (the symbolic act begins)καὶ ἐγενήθη ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ
The temporal formula opens the central prophetic scene. Ahijah the Shilonite intercepts Jeroboam on the road and draws him aside into the open field (ἀμφότεροι ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ, 'the two of them alone in the field') for a private sign-act. The detail that Ahijah was 'clothed in a new garment' (ἱματίῳ καινῷ) prepares for the symbolic tearing of v. 30.
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγενήθηit came to passAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιimpersonal verb (temporal formula)→ constative aoristγίνομαι (aor. pass.): 'become / happen'; καὶ ἐγενήθη renders וַיְהִי, opening the prophetic-encounter scene.
ἐνin / atpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῷtheDativearticle (with καιρῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καιρῷtimeDativedative of time ('at that time')→ sphere or referenceκαιρός: 'time / occasion'; ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ ('at that time') renders בָּעֵת הַהִיא, locating the encounter.
ἐκείνῳthatDativedemonstrative adjective (with καιρῷ)→ sphere or referenceἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the remote demonstrative pointing to the period of Jeroboam's labor-service.
καὶand / thatapodotic conjunction (Hebraism, after temporal formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: the apodotic καί (Hebraism rendering the waw) introducing the main clause after the temporal protasis.
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamsubject of ἐξῆλθεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: indeclinable; leaving Jerusalem when the prophet meets him.
ἐξῆλθενwent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (Jeroboam leaves Jerusalem)→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out / depart'; renders יָצָא; Jeroboam's departure from the city sets the scene on the open road for the prophetic encounter.
ἐξfrom / out ofpreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemobject of ἐξ (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: indeclinable; the city Jeroboam leaves, going out to the field where Ahijah meets him.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὗρενfoundAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb (Ahijah meets Jeroboam)→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: 'find / meet'; renders מָצָא; the prophet 'found' Jeroboam on the road — a providential encounter initiating the sign-act.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of εὗρεν (Jeroboam)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of εὗρεν (Jeroboam).
ΑχιαςAhijahNominativesubject of εὗρεν→ participant prominenceΑχιας: the prophet Ahijah (Hebrew אֲחִיָּה); declined as a first-declension name (nom. Αχιας, gen. Αχια in v. 30); the Shilonite prophet who announces the kingdom's division.
theNominativearticle (with Σηλωνίτης)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Σηλωνίτηςthe ShiloniteNominativeappositional gentilic ('Ahijah the Shilonite')→ participant prominenceΣηλωνίτης: 'Shilonite'; gentilic of Shiloh (Σηλω, Hebrew שִׁילֹה); identifies Ahijah's origin at the old sanctuary-city of Shiloh.
theNominativearticle (with προφήτης)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφήτηςprophetNominativeappositional noun ('the prophet')→ participant prominenceπροφήτης: 'prophet'; renders נָבִיא; identifies Ahijah's office — his sign-act carries the authority of divine revelation.
ἐνin / onpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle (with ὁδῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδῷway / roadDativedative of place ('on the way')→ sphere or referenceὁδός: 'way / road / journey'; renders דֶּרֶךְ; the road outside Jerusalem where Ahijah intercepted Jeroboam.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστησενturned aside / drew awayAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίστημιmain verb (Ahijah draws Jeroboam aside)→ constative aoristἀφίστημι: 'remove / draw away / turn aside'; the prophet drew Jeroboam off the road into the field for a private, unobserved sign-act.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἀπέστησεν (Jeroboam)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἀπέστησεν (Jeroboam).
ἐκout of / frompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with ὁδοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδοῦroad / wayGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ ('out of the road')→ relational specificationὁδός (gen. ὁδοῦ): 'road'; the public way from which Ahijah drew Jeroboam aside for privacy.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (circumstantial)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle (with Αχιας)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑχιαςAhijahNominativesubject of the circumstantial clause (periphrastic with περιβεβλημένος)→ participant prominenceΑχιας: the prophet; here subject of the circumstantial description of his attire.
περιβεβλημένοςclothed / wrappedPerf Mid Ptc Masc Nom Sg · περιβάλλωpredicate participle (periphrastic: 'was clothed')→ resultative perfect (state of being clothed)περιβάλλω (perf. mid. ptc.): 'put around / clothe oneself'; the perfect middle participle (with implied ἦν) describes Ahijah's settled state — clothed in a new garment, the object of the coming symbolic act.
ἱματίῳgarment / cloakDativedative of means/instrument (with περιβεβλημένος: 'clothed in a garment')→ sphere or referenceἱμάτιον: 'garment / cloak / outer robe'; renders שַׂלְמָה / בֶּגֶד; the new cloak Ahijah wore, which he will tear into twelve pieces (v. 30) as the prophetic sign.
καινῷnewDativeattributive adjective (with ἱματίῳ: 'a new garment')→ sphere or referenceκαινός: 'new / fresh'; renders חָדָשׁ; the newness of the garment heightens the drama of its tearing — a fresh, whole cloak deliberately rent to signify the kingdom's division.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀμφότεροιthe two / bothNominativesubject of verbless clause ('both were in the field')→ participant prominenceἀμφότεροι: 'both / the two'; the two men were alone together in the open field — the privacy that makes the sign-act a confidential prophetic disclosure to Jeroboam.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle (with πεδίῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεδίῳfield / plainDativedative of place ('in the field')→ sphere or referenceπεδίον: 'plain / open field'; renders שָׂדֶה; the open country where, away from witnesses, Ahijah performed the sign and delivered the oracle.
30

καὶ ἐπελάβετο Αχια τοῦ ἱματίου αὐτοῦ τοῦ καινοῦ τοῦ ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ καὶ διέρρηξεν αὐτὸ δώδεκα ῥήγματα

And Ahijah took hold of his new garment that was upon him and tore it into twelve pieces.

The symbolic act (prophetic sign of division)καὶ ἐπελάβετο Αχια τοῦ ἱματίου
The prophetic sign-act: Ahijah seizes his own new cloak and tears it into twelve pieces (δώδεκα ῥήγματα), one for each tribe of Israel. The verb διέρρηξεν echoes the LORD's own διαρρήσσων διαρρήξω (v. 11): the prophet's torn garment enacts the announced tearing of the kingdom.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπελάβετοtook hold ofAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιλαμβάνομαιmain verb (Ahijah grasps the garment)→ constative aoristἐπιλαμβάνομαι: 'take hold of / seize'; the middle takes a genitive object (τοῦ ἱματίου); Ahijah grasps his own cloak to perform the symbolic tearing.
ΑχιαAhijahNominativesubject of ἐπελάβετο→ participant prominenceΑχιας (here Αχια): the prophet Ahijah; the form Αχια reflects the inflection of the first-declension name (cf. nom. Αχιας, v. 29).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ἱματίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱματίουgarment / cloakGenitivegenitive object of ἐπελάβετο→ relational specificationἱμάτιον: 'garment / cloak'; the new cloak of v. 29, now the instrument of the prophetic sign.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Ahijah's garment)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Ahijah's garment).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (attributive, with καινοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καινοῦnewGenitiveattributive adjective (τοῦ ἱματίου … τοῦ καινοῦ: 'his new garment')→ relational specificationκαινός: 'new'; the second-attributive construction emphasizes that the cloak was new and whole — making its deliberate tearing the more dramatic.
τοῦthe (one)Genitivearticle (substantivizing the locative phrase ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + dative (position: 'upon him')→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (position: 'upon him').
αὐτῷhimDativeobject of ἐπί (position: 'the one upon him')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: the phrase τοῦ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ ('the one upon him') specifies the cloak Ahijah was actually wearing — the garment on his own back.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διέρρηξενtoreAor Act Indic 3 Sg · διαρρήσσωmain verb (the tearing of the garment)→ constative aoristδιαρρήσσω: 'tear apart / rend'; the same verb as the LORD's διαρρήσσων διαρρήξω (v. 11) — the prophet's act of tearing the cloak visibly enacts the divine tearing of the kingdom.
αὐτὸitAccusativedirect object of διέρρηξεν (the garment)→ participant referenceαὐτὸ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of διέρρηξεν (the garment).
δώδεκαtwelvenumeral (with ῥήγματα)→ clausal contributionδώδεκα: 'twelve'; indeclinable numeral; the twelve pieces correspond to the twelve tribes of Israel, the whole of which is now to be divided.
ῥήγματαpieces / fragmentsAccusativeaccusative of result (predicate: 'tore it into twelve pieces')→ object specificationῥῆγμα: 'fragment / piece torn off'; the result-accusative names the twelve torn pieces; ten will be given to Jeroboam (v. 31), prefiguring the ten northern tribes.
31

καὶ εἶπεν τῷ Ιεροβοαμ λαβὲ σεαυτῷ δέκα ῥήγματα ὅτι τάδε λέγει κύριος ὁ θεὸς Ισραηλ ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ ῥήσσω τὴν βασιλείαν ἐκ χειρὸς Σαλωμων καὶ δώσω σοι δέκα σκῆπτρα

And he said to Jeroboam, 'Take for yourself ten pieces; for thus says the LORD, the God of Israel: Behold, I am tearing the kingdom from the hand of Solomon, and I will give you ten scepters.'

Interpretation of the sign (the prophetic oracle proper)καὶ εἶπεν τῷ Ιεροβοαμ
Ahijah interprets the sign with the messenger-formula τάδε λέγει κύριος. The imperative λαβὲ σεαυτῷ ('take for yourself') hands Jeroboam ten of the pieces, and the presentative ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ ῥήσσω ('behold, I am tearing') applies the LORD's own act (διαρρήξω, v. 11) to the moment: ten scepters (= ten tribes) pass to Jeroboam.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Ahijah interprets the sign)→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say'; introduces the prophet's interpretation of the torn garment.
τῷtoDativearticle (with Ιεροβοαμ, dative indirect object)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamdative indirect object (indeclinable: 'to Jeroboam')→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: indeclinable; the recipient of the oracle and the ten pieces.
λαβὲtakeAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (imperative: 'take for yourself')→ aorist imperative (command to take)λαμβάνω (aor. impv. λαβέ): 'take'; the command λαβὲ σεαυτῷ ('take for yourself') gives Jeroboam possession of ten of the torn pieces, symbolically conferring the ten tribes.
σεαυτῷfor yourselfDativereflexive pronoun (dative of advantage)→ participant reference or interestσεαυτοῦ: reflexive 'yourself'; the dative of advantage stresses that the ten pieces are given to Jeroboam's own benefit — his future kingdom.
δέκαtennumeral (with ῥήγματα)→ measure or countδέκα: 'ten'; indeclinable numeral; the ten pieces (of the twelve) correspond to the ten northern tribes that will form Jeroboam's kingdom.
ῥήγματαpiecesAccusativedirect object of λαβέ→ object specificationῥῆγμα: 'torn piece / fragment'; the ten pieces Jeroboam is to take, representing the ten tribes.
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction (introducing the oracle)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'for / because'; grounds the command in the divine word that follows.
τάδεthus / these thingsAccusativedemonstrative pronoun (object of λέγει: content of the oracle)→ participant referenceὅδε (neut. pl. τάδε): 'this / these'; the formula τάδε λέγει κύριος renders כֹּה אָמַר יהוה, the standard prophetic messenger-formula introducing the divine oracle.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb of the messenger-formula (historic/timeless present)→ present of authoritative speechλέγω (pres.): the present λέγει in the citation-formula presents the divine word as currently authoritative — 'thus says the LORD.'
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of λέγει (divine speaker)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the LORD as author of the oracle Ahijah delivers.
theNominativearticle (with θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος ('the LORD, the God of Israel')→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; the title κύριος ὁ θεὸς Ισραηλ asserts the covenant authority behind the reapportionment of the kingdom.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'God of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the covenant nation whose God now redistributes the kingship.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; renders הִנֵּה; the presentative dramatizes the imminent divine action ('behold, I am tearing').
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun: YHWH himself)→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic 'I'; stresses that the LORD himself is the agent tearing the kingdom — the same emphasis as διαρρήξω (v. 11).
ῥήσσωam tearingPres Act Indic 1 Sg · ῥήσσωmain verb (futuristic present: the LORD tears the kingdom)→ futuristic present (imminent certain action)ῥήσσω: 'tear / rend / break'; a by-form of ῥήγνυμι, cognate with διαρρήσσω (vv. 11, 30); the futuristic present 'I am tearing' presents the division as certain and already underway.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλείαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλείανkingdomAccusativedirect object of ῥήσσω→ object specificationβασιλεία: 'kingdom'; the object torn from Solomon's hand — the same term as v. 11.
ἐκfrom / out ofpreposition + genitive (separation: 'from the hand')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation: 'from the hand').
χειρὸςhandGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ ('from the hand of Solomon')→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand'; 'from the hand of Solomon' — the idiom of dispossession, echoing ἐκ χειρός σου (v. 11).
Σαλωμωνof Solomongenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'hand of Solomon')→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; the king from whose grasp the kingdom is removed.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώσωI will giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (the LORD gives the scepters to Jeroboam)→ predictive futureδίδωμι: 'give'; renders נָתַן; the LORD gives Jeroboam ten scepters — the grant balancing the tearing, fulfilling 'I will give it to your servant' (v. 11).
σοιto youDativedative indirect object (Jeroboam)→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (Jeroboam).
δέκαtennumeral (with σκῆπτρα)→ measure or countδέκα: 'ten'; the ten scepters = ten tribes given to Jeroboam, matching the ten pieces of v. 31.
σκῆπτραscepters / tribesAccusativedirect object of δώσω→ object specificationσκῆπτρον: 'scepter / staff / tribe'; renders שֵׁבֶט (both 'scepter' and 'tribe'); the ten scepters are the ten northern tribes constituting Jeroboam's kingdom, set against the one/two retained for David (vv. 13, 32).
32

καὶ δύο σκῆπτρα ἔσονται αὐτῷ διὰ τὸν δοῦλόν μου Δαυιδ καὶ διὰ Ιερουσαλημ τὴν πόλιν ἣν ἐξελεξάμην ἐν αὐτῇ ἐκ πασῶν φυλῶν Ισραηλ

And two scepters shall be his, for the sake of David my servant and for the sake of Jerusalem the city which I have chosen out of all the tribes of Israel.

The retained portion (the Davidic remnant)καὶ δύο σκῆπτρα ἔσονται αὐτῷ
Balancing the ten scepters given to Jeroboam, two are reserved to Solomon's son (αὐτῷ). The doubled motive — διὰ τὸν δοῦλόν μου Δαυιδ … καὶ διὰ Ιερουσαλημ — repeats the rationale of v. 13: the Davidic covenant and the election of Jerusalem (ἣν ἐξελεξάμην) secure the southern remnant.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δύοtwonumeral (with σκῆπτρα)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; the two scepters reserved to Solomon's son — the southern tribes (Judah, with Benjamin), counterpart to the ten given Jeroboam; cf. the 'one scepter' of v. 13.
σκῆπτραscepters / tribesNominativesubject of ἔσονται→ participant prominenceσκῆπτρον: 'scepter / tribe'; renders שֵׁבֶט; the two tribes retained for David's line.
ἔσονταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula (predicate of possession: 'shall be his')→ predictive futureεἰμί (fut. ἔσονται): 'be'; the future of possession (ἔσονται αὐτῷ, 'shall be to him') marks the two scepters as the enduring portion of Solomon's son.
αὐτῷto him / hisDativedative of possession ('shall be his')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: the dative of possession refers to Solomon's son, who retains the two tribes.
διὰfor the sake ofpreposition + accusative (causal)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + acc.: 'for the sake of'; the first motive — David's faithfulness.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with δοῦλον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δοῦλόνservantAccusativeobject of διά (with Δαυιδ: 'David my servant')→ object specificationδοῦλος: 'servant'; renders עֶבֶד; the honorific 'David my servant' (cf. v. 13) is the ground of the dynastic mercy.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ΔαυιδDavidaccusative in apposition to δοῦλον (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; the faithful servant for whose sake the southern tribes remain.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (second motive)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διὰfor the sake ofpreposition + accusative (causal)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + acc.: 'for the sake of'; the second motive — the election of Jerusalem.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemobject of διά (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: indeclinable; the chosen city, second ground of the dynastic mercy (cf. v. 13).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with πόλιν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλινcityAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Ιερουσαλημ ('Jerusalem the city')→ object specificationπόλις: 'city'; renders עִיר; the elect city of the LORD's name.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐξελεξάμην)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; antecedent πόλιν; introduces the election-clause.
ἐξελεξάμηνI have chosenAor Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἐκλέγομαιverb of relative clause (election of Jerusalem)→ constative aoristἐκλέγομαι: 'choose / elect'; renders בָּחַר; the LORD's choice of Jerusalem out of all the tribes — the recurring election-formula (cf. vv. 13, 34, 36).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (resumptive, Hebraism)→ spatial or relational framingἐν αὐτῇ: the resumptive 'in it' after the relative ἣν is a Hebraism (rendering the resumptive pronoun בָּהּ after אֲשֶׁר), characteristic of LXX translation-Greek.
αὐτῇitDativeresumptive pronoun (object of ἐν: redundant 'in it')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: the resumptive pronoun completing the Hebraizing relative construction ('which I have chosen [in it]').
ἐκout of / frompreposition + genitive (partitive: 'out of all the tribes')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive: 'out of all the tribes').
πασῶνallGenitiveattributive adjective (with φυλῶν)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the city was chosen 'out of all the tribes' — Jerusalem's election distinguishes it among the whole of Israel.
φυλῶνtribesGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (partitive)→ relational specificationφυλή: 'tribe'; renders שֵׁבֶט / מַטֶּה; here 'all the tribes of Israel,' from whom Jerusalem was singled out as the chosen city.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'tribes of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the whole nation, out of whose tribes Jerusalem was chosen.
33

ἀνθ᾿ ὧν κατέλιπέν με καὶ ἐποίησεν τῇ Ἀστάρτῃ βδελύγματι Σιδωνίων καὶ τῷ Χαμως καὶ τοῖς εἰδώλοις Μωαβ καὶ τῷ βασιλεῖ αὐτῶν προσοχθίσματι υἱῶν Αμμων καὶ οὐκ ἐπορεύθη ἐν ταῖς ὁδοῖς μου τοῦ ποιῆσαι τὸ εὐθὲς ἐνώπιον ἐμοῦ ὡς Δαυιδ ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ

Because he forsook me and did service to Astarte the abomination of the Sidonians, and to Chemosh, and to the idols of Moab, and to their king the detestable thing of the sons of Ammon, and did not walk in my ways to do what is right before me, as David his father.

Ground of the judgment within the oracle (the indictment restated)ἀνθ᾿ ὧν κατέλιπέν με
The causal ἀνθ᾽ ὧν ('because', as in v. 11) opens the oracle's indictment, recapitulating the idol-list of vv. 5–8: Astarte, Chemosh, the idols of Moab, and Milcom (τῷ βασιλεῖ αὐτῶν), now branded προσόχθισμα ('detestable thing'). The charge closes with the Davidic comparison (ὡς Δαυιδ ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ), the chapter's constant measure.
Word-by-word analysis· 42 words
ἀνθ᾿becausepreposition + relative (causal: 'because')→ spatial or relational framingἀντί (elided ἀνθ᾽): with ὧν, the causal idiom ἀνθ᾽ ὧν ('because'), as in v. 11; introduces the ground of the kingdom's division.
ὧνwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (with ἀντί: 'because')→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; governed by ἀντί in the causal construction.
κατέλιπένhe forsook / leftAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταλείπωverb of causal clause (Solomon abandons the LORD)→ constative aoristκαταλείπω: 'leave behind / forsake / abandon'; renders עָזַב; Solomon's forsaking of the LORD is the root charge, the apostasy described in vv. 4–8.
μεmeAccusativedirect object of κατέλιπεν (the LORD)→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of κατέλιπεν (the LORD).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενdid (service)Aor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (Solomon's idolatrous service)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do / make'; here in the cultic sense 'do service / sacrifice to' (with dative of the deity), echoing ἐποίησεν of vv. 7–8; Solomon rendered worship to the foreign gods.
τῇtoDativearticle (with Ἀστάρτῃ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἈστάρτῃAstarteDativedative (object of cultic ἐποίησεν: 'served Astarte')→ sphere or referenceἈστάρτη: Astarte (Hebrew עַשְׁתֹּרֶת), the Sidonian goddess; the indictment repeats the deity of v. 6 verbatim (Ἀστάρτῃ βδελύγματι Σιδωνίων).
βδελύγματιabominationDativedative in apposition to Ἀστάρτῃ→ sphere or referenceβδέλυγμα: 'abomination / detestable thing'; renders שִׁקּוּץ; Astarte 'the abomination of the Sidonians,' echoing v. 6.
Σιδωνίωνof the SidoniansGenitivegenitive of relationship (with βδελύγματι)→ relational specificationΣιδώνιος: 'Sidonian'; gentilic; the people of Astarte's cult, as in v. 6.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷtoDativearticle (with Χαμως)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧαμωςChemoshdative (object of cultic ἐποίησεν, indeclinable: 'served Chemosh')→ participant identificationΧαμως: Chemosh, the god of Moab (cf. v. 5); indeclinable; second deity in the recapitulated idol-list.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςto theDativearticle (with εἰδώλοις)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰδώλοιςidolsDativedative (object of cultic ἐποίησεν: 'the idols of Moab')→ sphere or referenceεἴδωλον: 'idol'; 'the idols of Moab,' the polemical reduction recurring from vv. 2, 5, 7.
Μωαβof Moabgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'idols of Moab')→ participant identificationΜωαβ: indeclinable; Moab, whose idols Solomon served.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷto theDativearticle (with βασιλεῖ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative (object of cultic ἐποίησεν: 'their king' = Milcom)→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; τῷ βασιλεῖ αὐτῶν renders Hebrew מַלְכָּם, the LXX's interpretive rendering of Milcom (Molech) as 'their king,' as in v. 5.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (the Ammonites')→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the Ammonites').
προσοχθίσματιdetestable thing / object of loathingDativedative in apposition to τῷ βασιλεῖ αὐτῶν→ sphere or referenceπροσόχθισμα: 'object of disgust / detestable thing'; from προσοχθίζω ('be vexed/disgusted at'); renders שִׁקּוּץ; the Ammonite deity is branded a 'loathsome thing,' parallel to βδέλυγμα (Astarte); a near-synonym intensifying the polemic.
υἱῶνof the sonsGenitivegenitive of relationship ('detestable thing of the sons of Ammon')→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; υἱοὶ Αμμων = the Ammonites, as in v. 5.
Αμμωνof Ammongenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'sons of Ammon')→ participant identificationΑμμων: indeclinable; the Ammonites, whose god is the loathsome thing.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegation (with ἐπορεύθη)→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐπορεύθηhe walkedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (negated: 'did not walk in my ways')→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: 'go / walk'; the idiom 'walk in my ways' renders הָלַךְ בִּדְרָכַי, the standard metaphor for covenant obedience; Solomon's failure to do so is the summary charge (cf. v. 8).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative-metaphorical)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative-metaphorical).
ταῖςtheDativearticle (with ὁδοῖς)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδοῖςwaysDativedative of place (metaphorical: 'in my ways')→ sphere or referenceὁδός: 'way'; 'my ways' = the LORD's commanded path of life; the metaphor of walking in God's ways is central to Deuteronomic piety.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
τοῦto / so asarticle + infinitive (articular infinitive of purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιῆσαιto doAor Act Inf · ποιέωarticular infinitive of purpose (τοῦ ποιῆσαι: 'to do what is right')→ constative aorist infinitiveποιέω: 'do'; the articular infinitive τοῦ ποιῆσαι expresses the purpose of walking in the LORD's ways — to do what is right before him.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing εὐθές)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐθὲςwhat is right / uprightAccusativesubstantivized adjective (direct object of ποιῆσαι)→ object specificationεὐθύς: 'straight / right / upright'; τὸ εὐθές ('the right thing') renders הַיָּשָׁר; the opposite of τὸ πονηρόν (v. 8); what Solomon failed to do, in contrast to David.
ἐνώπιονbefore / in the sight ofpreposition + genitive (evaluative: 'before me')→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the sight of'; renders בְּעֵינֵי; the evaluative standpoint — what is right in the LORD's own estimation.
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον (the LORD)→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'me'; it serves as genitive object of ἐνώπιον (the LORD).
ὡςascomparative conjunction (standard of comparison: David)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as'; introduces David as the measure of right conduct, as in v. 8.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject of implied verb in comparative clause (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; the abiding standard against whom Solomon's failure is measured.
theNominativearticle (with πατήρ)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατὴρfatherNominativenominative in apposition to Δαυιδ ('David his father')→ participant prominenceπατήρ: 'father'; David as Solomon's father, the faithful model the son failed to follow (cf. vv. 4, 8).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
34

καὶ οὐ μὴ λάβω ὅλην τὴν βασιλείαν ἐκ χειρὸς αὐτοῦ διότι ἀντιτασσόμενος ἀντιτάξομαι αὐτῷ πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας τῆς ζωῆς αὐτοῦ διὰ Δαυιδ τὸν δοῦλόν μου ὃν ἐξελεξάμην αὐτόν

But I will not take the whole kingdom out of his hand, for I will surely set myself to support him all the days of his life, for the sake of David my servant whom I have chosen.

Mitigation within the oracle (Solomon's lifetime spared)καὶ οὐ μὴ λάβω ὅλην τὴν βασιλείαν
The oracle restates the mitigation of v. 13: the whole kingdom will not be taken from Solomon's hand. The cognate-accusative ἀντιτασσόμενος ἀντιτάξομαι (here in the sense of the LORD's firm dealing on Solomon's behalf for his lifetime) and the recurring motive διὰ Δαυιδ … ὃν ἐξελεξάμην ground the reprieve in the Davidic election.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶand / butcoordinate conjunction (adversative force)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotnegation (with μή: emphatic denial)→ participant referenceοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negation (with μή: emphatic denial).
μὴnotnegation (οὐ μή = emphatic denial with subjunctive)→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐ μή: the emphatic double negative with the subjunctive λάβω; the strongest denial — the LORD will by no means take the whole kingdom in Solomon's lifetime (cf. v. 13).
λάβωI takeAor Act Subj 1 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (emphatic denial)→ emphatic future denial (οὐ μή + subjunctive)λαμβάνω: 'take'; the aorist subjunctive with οὐ μή denies the taking of the whole kingdom from Solomon during his life.
ὅληνwholeAccusativeattributive adjective (with βασιλείαν)→ object specificationὅλος: 'whole / entire'; echoing v. 13 — not the entirety, but the bulk, will be removed (and only from Solomon's son).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλείαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλείανkingdomAccusativedirect object of λάβω→ object specificationβασιλεία: 'kingdom'; the realm whose whole the LORD declines to take in Solomon's days.
ἐκout of / frompreposition + genitive (separation: 'out of his hand')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation: 'out of his hand').
χειρὸςhandGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ ('out of his hand')→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand'; the idiom of dispossession, here softened by the reprieve — not from Solomon's own hand.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Solomon's hand)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Solomon's hand).
διότιfor / becausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastδιότι: 'because / for'; renders כִּי; introduces the reason for the reprieve — the LORD's continued support of Solomon for David's sake.
ἀντιτασσόμενοςsurely setting / arraying myselfPres Mid Ptc Masc Nom Sg · ἀντιτάσσωcognate participle (Hebraism: rendering infinitive absolute)→ intensifying (cognate construction)ἀντιτάσσω (pres. mid. ptc.): 'set / array (oneself) over against'; the cognate construction ἀντιτασσόμενος ἀντιτάξομαι calques the Hebrew infinitive absolute, expressing the LORD's resolute, settled stance regarding Solomon throughout his life — here in the sense of firmly maintaining him as ruler (the apparatus of David's covenant).
ἀντιτάξομαιI will set myselfFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἀντιτάσσωmain verb of the cognate construction→ predictive future (emphatic, by the cognate)ἀντιτάσσω (fut. mid.): the finite verb of the cognate Hebraism; the LORD's firm and unwavering disposition toward Solomon for the duration of his reign, grounded in the Davidic promise.
αὐτῷhimDativedative (object of ἀντιτάξομαι: regarding Solomon)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative (object of ἀντιτάξομαι: regarding Solomon).
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (with ἡμέρας, accusative of duration)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; with ἡμέρας in the accusative of extent — 'all the days of his life.'
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἡμέρας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of duration ('all the days of his life')→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the accusative of extent (πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας) renders כָּל יְמֵי, the span of Solomon's lifetime, during which the reprieve holds.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with ζωῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζωῆςlifeGenitivegenitive (with ἡμέρας: 'days of his life')→ relational specificationζωή: 'life'; renders חַיִּים; the days of Solomon's life — the temporal limit of the reprieve.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
διὰfor the sake ofpreposition + accusative (causal)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + acc.: 'for the sake of'; the recurring Davidic motive.
ΔαυιδDavidobject of διά (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; 'David my servant' — the ground of the reprieve.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with δοῦλον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δοῦλόνservantAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Δαυιδ ('David my servant')→ object specificationδοῦλος: 'servant'; renders עֶבֶד; the honorific recurring at vv. 13, 32, 36, 38.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ὃνwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐξελεξάμην)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; antecedent Δαυιδ; introduces the election-clause applied to David himself.
ἐξελεξάμηνI have chosenAor Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἐκλέγομαιverb of relative clause (election of David)→ constative aoristἐκλέγομαι: 'choose / elect'; renders בָּחַר; here the LORD's election of David himself (not Jerusalem, as in vv. 13, 32) — the chosen servant for whose sake the dynasty is preserved.
αὐτόνhimAccusativeresumptive pronoun (redundant object: Hebraism)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the resumptive 'him' after the relative ὅν is a Hebraism (rendering the resumptive object pronoun after אֲשֶׁר), typical of LXX translation-Greek (cf. ἐν αὐτῇ, v. 32).
35

καὶ λήμψομαι τὴν βασιλείαν ἐκ χειρὸς τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ καὶ δώσω σοι τὰ δέκα σκῆπτρα

But I will take the kingdom out of the hand of his son, and I will give you the ten scepters.

Execution of the transfer (the kingdom passes from the son)καὶ λήμψομαι τὴν βασιλείαν
The oracle confirms the timing established in v. 12: the kingdom will be taken not from Solomon but from his son's hand, and the ten scepters given to Jeroboam. The pairing λήμψομαι … δώσω ('I will take … I will give') restates the double movement of the divine sentence.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶand / butcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λήμψομαιI will takeFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (the LORD takes the kingdom from the son)→ predictive futureλαμβάνω (fut. mid. λήμψομαι): 'take'; renders לָקַח; the LORD takes the kingdom from Solomon's son's hand, as foretold in v. 12 (ἐκ χειρὸς υἱοῦ σου λήμψομαι).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλείαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλείανkingdomAccusativedirect object of λήμψομαι→ object specificationβασιλεία: 'kingdom'; the realm transferred from Solomon's son to Jeroboam.
ἐκout of / frompreposition + genitive (separation: 'from the hand')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation: 'from the hand').
χειρὸςhandGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ ('from the hand of his son')→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand'; the idiom of dispossession, here applied to Solomon's son (Rehoboam).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with υἱοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive of relationship ('his son's hand')→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; Solomon's son Rehoboam, from whose hand the kingdom is taken (cf. v. 12).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Solomon's son)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Solomon's son).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώσωI will giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (the LORD gives the scepters to Jeroboam)→ predictive futureδίδωμι: 'give'; renders נָתַן; the LORD gives Jeroboam the ten scepters, completing the transfer (cf. v. 31).
σοιto youDativedative indirect object (Jeroboam)→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (Jeroboam).
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with σκῆπτρα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέκαtennumeral (with σκῆπτρα)→ measure or countδέκα: 'ten'; the ten scepters/tribes given to Jeroboam, definite now (τὰ δέκα σκῆπτρα) as the already-announced portion (v. 31).
σκῆπτραscepters / tribesAccusativedirect object of δώσω→ object specificationσκῆπτρον: 'scepter / tribe'; the ten northern tribes constituting Jeroboam's kingdom.
36

τῷ δὲ υἱῷ αὐτοῦ δώσω τὰ δύο σκῆπτρα ὅπως ᾖ θέσις τῷ δούλῳ μου Δαυιδ πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας ἐνώπιον ἐμοῦ ἐν Ιερουσαλημ τῇ πόλει ἣν ἐξελεξάμην ἐμαυτῷ τοῦ θέσθαι ὄνομά μου ἐκεῖ

But to his son I will give the two scepters, that there may be a standing-place for my servant David all the days before me in Jerusalem, the city which I have chosen for myself to put my name there.

The retained portion and its purpose (the Davidic 'lamp')τῷ δὲ υἱῷ αὐτοῦ δώσω τὰ δύο σκῆπτρα
The δέ contrasts the son's two scepters with Jeroboam's ten. The purpose clause ὅπως ᾖ θέσις τῷ δούλῳ μου Δαυιδ ('that there may be a standing-place / abiding position for David my servant') renders the Hebrew נִיר ('lamp / dominion') — the enduring Davidic presence in Jerusalem, 'the city which I have chosen … to put my name there' (the temple-election formula of Deut 12).
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
τῷto theDativearticle (with υἱῷ, dative indirect object)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive: contrasting the son's portion)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive particle; here contrastive, setting the son's two scepters against Jeroboam's ten.
υἱῷsonDativedative indirect object ('to his son')→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; Solomon's son Rehoboam, to whom the two retained tribes are given.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Solomon's son)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Solomon's son).
δώσωI will giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (the two scepters given to the son)→ predictive futureδίδωμι: 'give'; the LORD grants the son the two remaining scepters, preserving the Davidic line in the south.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with σκῆπτρα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δύοtwonumeral (with σκῆπτρα)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; the two scepters/tribes retained for the Davidic house (cf. v. 32).
σκῆπτραscepters / tribesAccusativedirect object of δώσω→ object specificationσκῆπτρον: 'scepter / tribe'; the southern remnant of the Davidic kingdom.
ὅπωςthat / so thatpurpose conjunction (with subjunctive ᾖ)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅπως: 'that / in order that'; with the subjunctive ᾖ introduces the purpose of the retained portion — the enduring Davidic 'standing' in Jerusalem.
there may bePres Act Subj 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of purpose clause (subjunctive after ὅπως)→ stative present subjunctiveεἰμί (pres. subj.): 'be'; impersonal 'that there may be a standing-place' — the existence of an enduring Davidic position is the purpose of the reservation.
θέσιςa standing-place / positionNominativesubject of ᾖ→ participant prominenceθέσις: 'placing / position / standing'; here the LXX rendering of Hebrew נִיר ('lamp / dominion'), reinterpreted as a 'standing / abiding position' — the perpetual Davidic presence before the LORD in Jerusalem (cf. the 'lamp for David' motif, 1 Kgs 11:36; 15:4).
τῷfor theDativearticle (with δούλῳ, dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δούλῳservantDativedative of advantage ('for my servant David')→ sphere or referenceδοῦλος: 'servant'; renders עֶבֶד; 'my servant David,' the beneficiary of the enduring standing — the honorific of vv. 13, 32, 34, 38.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ΔαυιδDaviddative in apposition to δούλῳ (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; for whose sake the Davidic line endures in Jerusalem.
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (with ἡμέρας, accusative of duration)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; 'all the days' — the perpetuity of the Davidic standing before the LORD.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἡμέρας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of duration ('all the days')→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the accusative of extent denoting the perpetual duration of the Davidic presence.
ἐνώπιονbeforepreposition + genitive (presence: 'before me')→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the presence of'; renders לִפְנֵי; the Davidic standing is maintained 'before me,' i.e. in the LORD's own presence at the temple-city.
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον (the LORD)→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'me'; it serves as genitive object of ἐνώπιον (the LORD).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemobject of ἐν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: indeclinable; the chosen city where the Davidic standing is maintained.
τῇtheDativearticle (with πόλει)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειcityDativedative in apposition to Ιερουσαλημ ('Jerusalem the city')→ sphere or referenceπόλις: 'city'; the elect city, qualified by the relative clause that follows.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐξελεξάμην)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; antecedent πόλει; introduces the election-clause.
ἐξελεξάμηνI have chosenAor Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἐκλέγομαιverb of relative clause (election of Jerusalem)→ constative aoristἐκλέγομαι: 'choose / elect'; renders בָּחַר; the LORD's choice of Jerusalem 'for myself' as the dwelling for his name (cf. vv. 13, 32).
ἐμαυτῷfor myselfDativereflexive pronoun (dative of advantage: 'for myself')→ participant reference or interestἐμαυτοῦ: reflexive 'myself'; the dative of advantage stresses that the LORD chose Jerusalem for his own dwelling — the seat of his name.
τοῦto / in order toarticle + infinitive (articular infinitive of purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θέσθαιto put / setAor Mid Inf · τίθημιarticular infinitive of purpose (τοῦ θέσθαι: 'to put my name')→ verbal action or stateτίθημι (aor. mid. inf.): 'put / place / set'; the purpose of the election — 'to put my name there'; renders לָשׂוּם שְׁמִי שָׁם, the Deuteronomic name-theology of the chosen sanctuary (Deut 12:5, 11).
ὄνομάnameAccusativedirect object of θέσθαι→ object specificationὄνομα: 'name'; renders שֵׁם; the LORD's name set in Jerusalem — the theological basis of the city's election and the temple's centrality.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; renders שָׁם; locates the LORD's name in Jerusalem, completing the Deuteronomic name-formula.
37

καὶ σὲ λήμψομαι καὶ βασιλεύσεις ἐν οἷς ἐπιθυμεῖ ἡ ψυχή σου καὶ σὺ ἔσῃ βασιλεὺς ἐπὶ τὸν Ισραηλ

And you I will take, and you shall reign over whatever your soul desires, and you shall be king over Israel.

The promise to Jeroboam (his accession)καὶ σὲ λήμψομαι
The emphatic fronted σέ ('you') turns the oracle directly to Jeroboam's elevation: the LORD will 'take' him to be king over Israel. The expansive ἐν οἷς ἐπιθυμεῖ ἡ ψυχή σου ('over whatever your soul desires') stresses the breadth of the kingship granted, climaxing in σὺ ἔσῃ βασιλεὺς ἐπὶ τὸν Ισραηλ.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὲyouAccusativedirect object of λήμψομαι (fronted for emphasis)→ participant referenceσύ (acc. σέ): the fronted 'you' emphatically singles out Jeroboam as the one the LORD will take to be king.
λήμψομαιI will takeFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (the LORD takes Jeroboam to kingship)→ predictive futureλαμβάνω (fut. mid.): 'take'; the LORD 'takes' Jeroboam — election to kingship, the same verb of divine choosing used of the king-making in the Saul and David narratives.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βασιλεύσειςyou shall reignFut Act Indic 2 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (Jeroboam's reign)→ predictive futureβασιλεύω: 'be king / reign'; renders מָלַךְ; Jeroboam's promised reign over the ten tribes.
ἐνover / inpreposition + dative (sphere of rule)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere of rule).
οἷςwhatever thingsDativerelative pronoun (sphere: 'over whatever')→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun (dat. pl.); 'in/over the things which' — the extent of the realm Jeroboam will rule, as broad as his desire.
ἐπιθυμεῖdesiresPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιθυμέωverb of relative clause (the soul's desire)→ progressive presentἐπιθυμέω: 'desire / long for'; renders אִוָּה; 'whatever your soul desires' — the generous scope of the kingship granted to Jeroboam.
theNominativearticle (with ψυχή)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχήsoulNominativesubject of ἐπιθυμεῖ ('your soul')→ participant prominenceψυχή: 'soul / self / life'; renders נֶפֶשׁ; 'your soul desires' = your own wish — a Hebraism for the fullness of personal longing.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you'; reiterates Jeroboam as the divinely-appointed king.
ἔσῃyou shall beFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίcopula (predicate βασιλεύς: 'you shall be king')→ predictive futureεἰμί (fut. ἔσῃ): 'be'; the climactic declaration — Jeroboam shall be king over Israel.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativepredicate nominative (with ἔσῃ)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; renders מֶלֶךְ; Jeroboam's promised royal title over the northern kingdom.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (rule over)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'over'; marks the people Jeroboam will rule.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ισραηλ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelobject of ἐπί (indeclinable: 'over Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; here the northern tribes over whom Jeroboam will reign as first king of the divided kingdom.
38

καὶ ἔσται ἐὰν φυλάξῃς πάντα ὅσα ἂν ἐντείλωμαί σοι καὶ πορευθῇς ἐν ταῖς ὁδοῖς μου καὶ ποιήσῃς τὸ εὐθὲς ἐνώπιον ἐμοῦ τοῦ φυλάξασθαι τὰς ἐντολάς μου καὶ τὰ προστάγματά μου καθὼς ἐποίησεν Δαυιδ ὁ δοῦλός μου καὶ ἔσομαι μετὰ σοῦ καὶ οἰκοδομήσω σοι οἶκον πιστόν καθὼς ᾠκοδόμησα τῷ Δαυιδ

And it shall be, if you keep all that I command you and walk in my ways and do what is right before me, keeping my commandments and my statutes, as David my servant did, then I will be with you and will build you a sure house, as I built for David.

Conditional promise to Jeroboam (an enduring house on condition of obedience)καὶ ἔσται ἐὰν φυλάξῃς
The oracle closes with a conditional dynastic promise modeled on the Davidic covenant: if Jeroboam keeps the LORD's commandments and walks in his ways 'as David did,' the LORD will build him a 'sure house' (οἶκον πιστόν) as he did for David. The condition (ἐάν + subjunctives) sets a standard Jeroboam will fail to meet (cf. 1 Kgs 14:7–11).
Word-by-word analysis· 49 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίimpersonal verb (introducing conditional: 'and it shall be, if…')→ predictive futureεἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; the formula καὶ ἔσται ἐάν ('and it shall be, if') renders וְהָיָה אִם, the standard Hebrew opener of a conditional promise.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (with subjunctives)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; renders אִם; introduces the protasis of the conditional dynastic promise, governing the subjunctives φυλάξῃς, πορευθῇς, ποιήσῃς.
φυλάξῃςyou keepAor Act Subj 2 Sg · φυλάσσωverb of protasis (first condition)→ aorist subjunctive (the contemplated act of keeping)φυλάσσω: 'keep / guard'; renders שָׁמַר; the first condition — keeping all the LORD commands; echoes the command-vocabulary of vv. 10–11.
πάνταallAccusativedirect object of φυλάξῃς ('all that I command')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of the LORD's commands Jeroboam must keep.
ὅσαwhateverAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐντείλωμαι)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much as / whatever'; 'whatever I command you' — the open-ended scope of the obedience required.
ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive ἐντείλωμαι)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: modal particle; with the subjunctive ἐντείλωμαι it generalizes the relative clause ('whatever I may command').
ἐντείλωμαίI commandAor Mid Subj 1 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιverb of relative clause (subjunctive)→ aorist subjunctive (whatever command the LORD gives)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command'; renders צִוָּה; the LORD's commands that Jeroboam must keep, echoing the command-vocabulary applied to Solomon (vv. 10–11).
σοιyouDativedative (recipient of the command)→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative (recipient of the command).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (second condition)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πορευθῇςyou walkAor Pass Subj 2 Sg · πορεύομαιverb of protasis (second condition)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (the walking of covenant life)πορεύομαι: 'go / walk'; the idiom 'walk in my ways' (cf. vv. 33, 38) — the second condition of covenant obedience.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (metaphorical)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (metaphorical).
ταῖςtheDativearticle (with ὁδοῖς)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδοῖςwaysDativedative of place (metaphorical: 'in my ways')→ sphere or referenceὁδός: 'way'; 'my ways' = the LORD's path of obedience, as in v. 33.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (third condition)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσῃςyou doAor Act Subj 2 Sg · ποιέωverb of protasis (third condition)→ prohibitive aoristποιέω: 'do'; the third condition — doing 'what is right before me,' the positive counterpart to Solomon's evil (vv. 6, 33).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing εὐθές)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐθὲςwhat is rightAccusativesubstantivized adjective (direct object of ποιήσῃς)→ object specificationεὐθύς: 'right / upright'; τὸ εὐθές renders הַיָּשָׁר; 'what is right,' as in v. 33.
ἐνώπιονbeforepreposition + genitive (evaluative: 'before me')→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before'; renders בְּעֵינֵי; the LORD's evaluative standpoint.
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον (the LORD)→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'me'; it serves as genitive object of ἐνώπιον (the LORD).
τοῦto / byarticle + infinitive (articular infinitive of means/epexegesis)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλάξασθαιto keepAor Mid Inf · φυλάσσωarticular infinitive (epexegetic: 'by keeping my commandments')→ constative aorist infinitive (faithful keeping)φυλάσσω (aor. mid.): 'keep / guard'; the articular infinitive τοῦ φυλάξασθαι explains the manner of doing right — keeping the LORD's commandments and statutes.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἐντολάς)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐντολάςcommandmentsAccusativedirect object of φυλάξασθαι→ object specificationἐντολή: 'commandment'; renders מִצְוָה; paired with προστάγματα, the Deuteronomic doublet (cf. v. 11).
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with προστάγματα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προστάγματάstatutesAccusativedirect object of φυλάξασθαι (parallel to ἐντολάς)→ object specificationπρόσταγμα: 'ordinance / statute'; renders חֻקָּה; the doublet ἐντολαὶ καὶ προστάγματα = the whole body of covenant law (cf. v. 11).
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καθὼςascomparative conjunction (standard of comparison: David)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'as / just as'; introduces David as the model of obedience for Jeroboam, as throughout the chapter.
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of comparative clause (David's obedience)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do'; David 'did' what was right — the standard of faithful conduct Jeroboam is called to emulate.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject of ἐποίησεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; the model of covenant obedience.
theNominativearticle (with δοῦλος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δοῦλόςservantNominativenominative in apposition to Δαυιδ ('David my servant')→ participant prominenceδοῦλος: 'servant'; renders עֶבֶד; the honorific 'David my servant,' recurring through the oracle (vv. 13, 32, 34, 36).
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶand / thenapodotic conjunction (introducing the apodosis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here apodotic, introducing the consequence of the conditions — 'then I will be with you.'
ἔσομαιI will beFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίmain verb of apodosis ('I will be with you')→ predictive future (covenant promise)εἰμί (fut. ἔσομαι): 'be'; the promise 'I will be with you' (ἔσομαι μετὰ σοῦ) renders אֶהְיֶה עִמְּךָ, the classic covenant assurance of divine presence (cf. Exod 3:12; Josh 1:5).
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment: 'with you')→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment: 'with you').
σοῦyouGenitiveobject of μετά (accompaniment)→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of μετά (accompaniment).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἰκοδομήσωI will buildFut Act Indic 1 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb of apodosis ('I will build you a house')→ predictive future (dynastic promise)οἰκοδομέω: 'build'; the idiom 'build a house' (= establish a dynasty) renders בָּנָה בַּיִת, the language of the Davidic covenant (2 Sam 7:11, 27); the LORD promises Jeroboam a dynasty conditioned on obedience.
σοιfor youDativedative of advantage ('build for you')→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'for you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage ('build for you').
οἶκονhouseAccusativedirect object of οἰκοδομήσω→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / household / dynasty'; renders בַּיִת; here in the dynastic sense — an enduring royal line for Jeroboam.
πιστόνsure / faithful / enduringAccusativeattributive adjective (with οἶκον: 'a sure house')→ object specificationπιστός: 'faithful / trustworthy / enduring'; renders נֶאֱמָן; an οἶκος πιστός ('sure house') is a securely-established, lasting dynasty, the very promise given to David (1 Kgs 11:38; cf. 1 Sam 25:28).
καθὼςascomparative conjunction (standard: the Davidic house)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'as / just as'; compares the promised house to the established Davidic dynasty.
ᾠκοδόμησαI builtAor Act Indic 1 Sg · οἰκοδομέωverb of comparative clause ('as I built for David')→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: 'build'; the LORD's establishment of David's house is the pattern for the conditional promise to Jeroboam.
τῷforDativearticle (with Δαυιδ, dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΔαυιδDaviddative of advantage (indeclinable: 'for David')→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; the recipient of the original 'sure house,' the model for Jeroboam's conditional promise.
40

καὶ ἐζήτησεν Σαλωμων θανατῶσαι τὸν Ιεροβοαμ καὶ ἀνέστη καὶ ἀπέδρα εἰς Αἴγυπτον πρὸς Σουσακιμ βασιλέα Αἰγύπτου καὶ ἦν ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ ἕως οὗ ἀπέθανεν Σαλωμων

And Solomon sought to put Jeroboam to death, but he arose and fled to Egypt, to Shishak king of Egypt, and he was in Egypt until Solomon died.

Solomon's reaction and Jeroboam's flight (vv. 39 absent)καὶ ἐζήτησεν Σαλωμων θανατῶσαι τὸν Ιεροβοαμ
Solomon, learning of the oracle, seeks Jeroboam's death — but Jeroboam flees to Egypt, to Shishak, just as Hadad had fled there (ἀπέδρα, cf. v. 17). The parallel asylum-in-Egypt motif links the two adversaries. [Verse 39 is absent from the Greek versification; the text proceeds from v. 38 to v. 40.]
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐζήτησενsoughtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ζητέωmain verb (Solomon seeks Jeroboam's death)→ constative aorist (conative: 'sought to')ζητέω: 'seek / try'; renders בִּקֵּשׁ; the idiom ζητέω + infinitive ('seek to do') here has conative force — Solomon attempted to kill Jeroboam (cf. the same idiom of seeking another's life, Exod 2:15; 4:19).
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject of ἐζήτησεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; who sought to forestall the oracle by killing Jeroboam.
θανατῶσαιto put to deathAor Act Inf · θανατόωcomplementary infinitive (with ἐζήτησεν)→ verbal action or stateθανατόω: 'put to death / kill'; renders הֵמִית; the object of Solomon's intent — to kill Jeroboam, thus attempting to thwart the divine sentence.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ιεροβοαμ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamdirect object of θανατῶσαι (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: indeclinable; the target of Solomon's lethal intent, who escapes to Egypt.
καὶand / butcoordinate conjunction (adversative)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέστηaroseAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνίστημιmain verb (Jeroboam rises to flee)→ constative aoristἀνίστημι (aor. ἀνέστη): 'rise up / set out'; renders קוּם; Jeroboam 'arose' — the idiom for setting out, here in flight from Solomon.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέδραfledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποδιδράσκωmain verb (Jeroboam's flight to Egypt)→ constative aoristἀποδιδράσκω (aor. ἀπέδρα): 'flee / run away'; the same verb as Hadad's flight (v. 17), pairing the two refugees who both find asylum in Egypt; Jeroboam escapes Solomon's reach.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΑἴγυπτονEgyptAccusativeobject of εἰς (direction: 'to Egypt')→ object specificationΑἴγυπτος: 'Egypt'; declinable; the refuge of the fugitive, as for Hadad (v. 17).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction toward a person)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction toward a person).
ΣουσακιμShishakobject of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣουσακιμ: transliteration of Hebrew שִׁישַׁק (Shishak), the Egyptian pharaoh (Sheshonq I) who later invades Judah (1 Kgs 14:25); indeclinable; Jeroboam's host in Egypt.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Σουσακιμ ('Shishak king of Egypt')→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; renders מֶלֶךְ; Shishak's title as the Egyptian monarch sheltering Jeroboam.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of relationship ('king of Egypt')→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος (gen. Αἰγύπτου): 'Egypt'; Shishak's realm.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνhe wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (Jeroboam's stay in Egypt)→ durative imperfectεἰμί: 'be'; the imperfect ἦν marks Jeroboam's continued residence in Egypt until Solomon's death.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΑἰγύπτῳEgyptDativeobject of ἐν (locative: 'in Egypt')→ sphere or referenceΑἴγυπτος (dat. Αἰγύπτῳ): 'Egypt'; where Jeroboam remained in exile.
ἕωςuntiltemporal conjunction (with οὗ: 'until')→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: 'until'; with the relative οὗ forms the idiom ἕως οὗ ('until the time when'), rendering עַד.
οὗwhich / whenGenitiverelative pronoun (with ἕως: 'until')→ relational specificationὅς (gen. οὗ): in the fixed phrase ἕως οὗ ('until'); marks the terminus of Jeroboam's exile.
ἀπέθανενdiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωverb of temporal clause (Solomon's death)→ constative aoristἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; renders מוּת; Solomon's death — the terminus of Jeroboam's exile, after which he returns (v. 43) to claim the kingship.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject of ἀπέθανεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; whose death ends Jeroboam's Egyptian sojourn and opens the way for the schism of ch. 12.
41

καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν ῥημάτων Σαλωμων καὶ πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησεν καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν φρόνησιν αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἰδοὺ ταῦτα γέγραπται ἐν βιβλίῳ ῥημάτων Σαλωμων

And the rest of the acts of Solomon, and all that he did, and all his wisdom — behold, are these not written in the book of the acts of Solomon?

Regnal-source formula (the closing summary of Solomon's reign)καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν ῥημάτων Σαλωμων
The standard Deuteronomistic source-citation formula closing a king's reign: 'the rest of the acts … are they not written in the book of…?' The rhetorical οὐκ ἰδού ('behold, [are these] not…?') invites verification in the royal annals. The mention of πᾶσαν τὴν φρόνησιν αὐτοῦ ('all his wisdom') is a poignant final acknowledgment of the wisdom Solomon failed to live by.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with λοιπά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιπὰthe rest / remaining thingsNominativesubstantivized adjective (subject: 'the rest of the acts')→ participant prominenceλοιπός: 'remaining / rest'; τὰ λοιπά ('the rest') is the fixed opening of the regnal-source formula (rendering יֶתֶר), referring to deeds not narrated in the book.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ῥημάτων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥημάτωνacts / words / mattersGenitivepartitive genitive ('the rest of the acts')→ relational specificationῥῆμα: 'word / matter / deed'; renders דָּבָר (which spans 'word' and 'deed'); here τὰ ῥήματα Σαλωμων = 'the acts/affairs of Solomon,' the standard content of the source-formula.
Σαλωμωνof Solomongenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'acts of Solomon')→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; whose reign the formula closes.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallNominativesubstantival adjective (subject: 'all that he did')→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of Solomon's deeds recorded in the annals.
ὅσαwhatever / as much asAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much as / whatever'; 'all that he did' — the comprehensive scope of the royal record.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause (Solomon's deeds)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do'; the sum of Solomon's actions across his reign.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective (with φρόνησιν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; 'all his wisdom' — the renowned wisdom of Solomon (cf. 3 Kgdms 3–5), here noted in the closing summary.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with φρόνησιν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φρόνησινwisdom / prudenceAccusativedirect object (with πᾶσαν: 'all his wisdom')→ object specificationφρόνησις: 'practical wisdom / prudence / understanding'; renders חָכְמָה / בִּינָה; Solomon's celebrated wisdom (cf. 3 Kgdms 5:9–14) — a poignant final note given his failure to live by it.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
οὐκnotnegation (rhetorical question: 'are these not…?')→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: the negation in the rhetorical formula οὐκ ἰδού … γέγραπται; ('behold, are these not written?'), expecting an affirmative answer.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle (in the source-formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; renders הִנֵּה / הֲלֹא; here part of the rhetorical citation-formula pointing to the royal annals.
ταῦταthese thingsNominativesubject of γέγραπται (the acts just listed)→ participant prominenceοὗτος: 'this'; the neuter plural ταῦτα resumes the acts, deeds, and wisdom of Solomon as the content of the cited record.
γέγραπταιare writtenPerf Mid Indic 3 Sg · γράφωmain verb (the source-citation)→ resultative perfect (standing written record)γράφω (perf. mid./pass.): 'write'; the perfect γέγραπται ('stands written') is the standard citation-verb of the regnal-source formula, referring the reader to the official annals.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in the book')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in the book').
βιβλίῳbookDativeobject of ἐν (locative: 'in the book')→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book / scroll / document'; renders סֵפֶר; the official royal chronicle — 'the book of the acts of Solomon' (cf. the books of the chronicles of the kings, recurring throughout 3–4 Kingdoms).
ῥημάτωνacts / wordsGenitivegenitive of content ('book of the acts')→ relational specificationῥῆμα: 'word / deed / matter'; 'the book of the acts of Solomon,' the cited source for the reign.
Σαλωμωνof Solomongenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'acts of Solomon')→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; the subject of the cited annal.
42

καὶ αἱ ἡμέραι ἃς ἐβασίλευσεν Σαλωμων ἐν Ιερουσαλημ τεσσαράκοντα ἔτη

And the days that Solomon reigned in Jerusalem were forty years.

Regnal-length notice (the reign summarized)καὶ αἱ ἡμέραι ἃς ἐβασίλευσεν Σαλωμων
The standard regnal-length formula reporting the duration of Solomon's reign — forty years in Jerusalem. The round number forty, a generation, matches the reigns of David (2:11) and Saul, framing the united monarchy's three forty-year reigns before the schism.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheNominativearticle (with ἡμέραι)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιdaysNominativesubject (verbless clause: 'the days … were forty years')→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: 'day'; 'the days that he reigned' is the idiom for the duration of a reign (rendering הַיָּמִים אֲשֶׁר מָלַךְ).
ἃςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (accusative of duration in relative clause)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; antecedent ἡμέραι; the accusative ἅς functions as the extent-of-time within the relative clause ('the days during which he reigned').
ἐβασίλευσενreignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωverb of relative clause (Solomon's reign)→ constative aorist (the whole reign viewed as a unit)βασιλεύω: 'be king / reign'; renders מָלַךְ; sums up the full span of Solomon's kingship.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject of ἐβασίλευσεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; the reigning king whose forty years are here counted.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemobject of ἐν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: indeclinable; the royal seat from which Solomon reigned over all Israel.
τεσσαράκονταfortynumeral (with ἔτη: predicate of the verbless clause)→ measure or countτεσσαράκοντα: 'forty'; indeclinable numeral; the round generation-length of Solomon's reign, matching David's forty years (3 Kgdms 2:11).
ἔτηyearsNominativepredicate nominative (verbless clause: '[were] forty years')→ participant prominenceἔτος: 'year'; renders שָׁנָה; the unit of the regnal-length notice — forty years.
43

καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Σαλωμων μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔθαψαν αὐτὸν ἐν πόλει Δαυιδ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐγενήθη ὡς ἤκουσεν Ιεροβοαμ υἱὸς Ναβατ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἔτι ὄντος ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ ὡς ἔφυγεν ἐκ προσώπου Σαλωμων καὶ ἐκάθητο ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ κατευθύνει καὶ ἔρχεται εἰς τὴν πόλιν αὐτοῦ εἰς τὴν γῆν Σαριρα τὴν ἐν ὄρει Εφραιμ καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς Σαλωμων ἐκοιμήθη μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Ροβοαμ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ

And Solomon slept with his fathers, and they buried him in the city of David his father; and it came to pass, when Jeroboam son of Nebat heard — and he was still in Egypt, where he had fled from the presence of Solomon, and was dwelling in Egypt — he made straight and came to his city, to the land of Sarira in Mount Ephraim; and king Solomon slept with his fathers, and Rehoboam his son reigned in his place.

Death-and-succession formula with Jeroboam's return (chapter close; v. 39 absent)καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Σαλωμων μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ
The chapter closes with the death-burial-succession formula (ἐκοιμήθη … ἔθαψαν … ἐβασίλευσεν … ἀντ᾽ αὐτοῦ), here expanded with a notice of Jeroboam's return from Egypt on hearing of Solomon's death — a bridge to the schism of ch. 12. The formula is stated twice (ἐκοιμήθη … and again ὁ βασιλεὺς Σαλωμων ἐκοιμήθη), framing the Jeroboam-return notice; Rehoboam (Ροβοαμ) succeeds. This Old-Greek arrangement diverges from MT 1 Kgs 11:43.
Word-by-word analysis· 69 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκοιμήθηsleptAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κοιμάωmain verb (Solomon's death)→ constative aoristκοιμάω (aor. pass.): 'fall asleep / lie down'; the euphemism ἐκοιμήθη μετὰ τῶν πατέρων ('slept with his fathers') renders שָׁכַב עִם אֲבֹתָיו, the standard formula for a king's death (cf. κεκοίμηται of David, v. 21).
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject of ἐκοιμήθη (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; whose death closes the chapter and the united monarchy.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with πατέρων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitiveobject of μετά ('with his fathers')→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father / ancestor'; the idiom 'slept with his fathers' denotes death and ancestral burial.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθαψανthey buriedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · θάπτωmain verb (Solomon's burial)→ constative aoristθάπτω: 'bury'; renders קָבַר; the impersonal plural ('they buried him') — Solomon's interment in the city of David, part of the death-formula.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἔθαψαν (Solomon)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἔθαψαν (Solomon).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
πόλειcityDativeobject of ἐν (locative: 'in the city of David')→ sphere or referenceπόλις: 'city'; 'the city of David' = the Davidic citadel of Jerusalem, the royal burial-place (cf. v. 27).
Δαυιδof Davidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'city of David')→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; the city named for David, where the kings are buried.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with πατρός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive in apposition to Δαυιδ ('David his father')→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father'; David as Solomon's father, in whose city Solomon is buried.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the Jeroboam-return notice)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγενήθηit came to passAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιimpersonal verb (temporal formula)→ constative aoristγίνομαι (aor. pass.): 'become / happen'; καὶ ἐγενήθη opens the parenthetical notice of Jeroboam's return upon hearing of Solomon's death.
ὡςwhentemporal conjunction ('when Jeroboam heard')→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'when / as'; introduces the temporal clause — when Jeroboam heard the news of Solomon's death.
ἤκουσενheardAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωverb of temporal clause (Jeroboam hears)→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear'; renders שָׁמַע; Jeroboam's hearing of Solomon's death triggers his return — paralleling Hadad's hearing in v. 21.
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamsubject of ἤκουσεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: indeclinable; the future king, returning from Egypt at Solomon's death.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ιεροβοαμ ('son of Nebat')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic 'son of Nebat,' Jeroboam's standing identifier (cf. v. 26).
Ναβατof Nebatgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'son of Nebat')→ participant identificationΝαβατ: indeclinable; Jeroboam's father.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing circumstantial genitive absolute)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοῦheGenitivesubject of genitive absolute (with ὄντος)→ relational specificationαὐτός: the genitive of the pronoun in the genitive-absolute construction ('he being still in Egypt').
ἔτιstilladverb (temporal: 'still in Egypt')→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'still / yet'; Jeroboam was 'still' in Egypt when the news reached him.
ὄντοςbeingPres Act Ptc Masc Gen Sg · εἰμίgenitive-absolute participle ('he being in Egypt')→ verbal action or stateεἰμί (pres. ptc.): 'be'; the genitive-absolute αὐτοῦ ἔτι ὄντος ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ ('while he was still in Egypt') sets the circumstance of Jeroboam's hearing.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΑἰγύπτῳEgyptDativeobject of ἐν (locative: 'in Egypt')→ sphere or referenceΑἴγυπτος (dat. Αἰγύπτῳ): 'Egypt'; where Jeroboam still resided in exile.
ὡςwhere / asrelative/temporal conjunction ('where he had fled')→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / where'; here introducing the relative-temporal clause recalling Jeroboam's flight.
ἔφυγενhe had fledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φεύγωverb of relative clause (Jeroboam's earlier flight)→ constative aorist (pluperfect sense)φεύγω: 'flee'; renders בָּרַח; recalls Jeroboam's flight from Solomon (v. 40), here as background to his return.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source: 'from the presence')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source: 'from the presence').
προσώπουpresence / faceGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ ('from the presence of Solomon')→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; the idiom ἀπὸ/ἐκ προσώπου ('from the face/presence of') renders מִפְּנֵי, a Hebraism for fleeing from someone's reach.
Σαλωμωνof Solomongenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'presence of Solomon')→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; the king from whose presence Jeroboam fled.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάθητοwas dwelling / stayingImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · κάθημαιmain verb (Jeroboam's continued residence in Egypt)→ durative imperfectκάθημαι: 'sit / dwell / remain'; renders יָשַׁב; the imperfect ἐκάθητο conveys Jeroboam's settled residence in Egypt until the moment of his return.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΑἰγύπτῳEgyptDativeobject of ἐν (locative: 'in Egypt')→ sphere or referenceΑἴγυπτος (dat. Αἰγύπτῳ): 'Egypt'; Jeroboam's place of exile.
κατευθύνειhe makes straight / sets out directlyPres Act Indic 3 Sg · κατευθύνωmain verb (historic present: Jeroboam heads home)→ historic present (vivid)κατευθύνω: 'make straight / direct one's course'; here intransitive — Jeroboam 'makes straight' (sets out directly) for his home city; the historic present enlivens the return.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔρχεταιhe comesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (historic present: Jeroboam's arrival home)→ historic presentἔρχομαι: 'come'; the historic present continues the vivid narration of Jeroboam's homecoming to Sarira.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with πόλιν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλινcityAccusativeobject of εἰς ('to his city')→ object specificationπόλις: 'city'; Jeroboam's hometown, identified as Sarira in Mount Ephraim.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction, in apposition)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction, in apposition).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeobject of εἰς (in apposition: 'to the land of Sarira')→ object specificationγῆ: 'land / territory'; the district of Sarira, Jeroboam's native region.
Σαριραof Sariragenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'land of Sarira')→ participant identificationΣαριρα: the place-name of Jeroboam's hometown (cf. v. 26); indeclinable; here the district in Mount Ephraim to which he returns.
τὴνthe (one)Accusativearticle (substantivizing the locative phrase ἐν ὄρει Εφραιμ)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ὄρειmountain / hill countryDativeobject of ἐν (locative: 'in Mount Ephraim')→ sphere or referenceὄρος: 'mountain / hill country'; ἐν ὄρει Εφραιμ ('in Mount Ephraim') renders בְּהַר אֶפְרַיִם, the central highland of the northern tribes — Jeroboam's homeland and power-base.
Εφραιμof Ephraimgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'Mount Ephraim')→ participant identificationΕφραιμ: transliteration of Hebrew אֶפְרַיִם (Ephraim); indeclinable; the leading northern tribe, in whose hill country Sarira lay.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (resuming the death-formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (in apposition to Σαλωμων: 'king Solomon')→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the resumptive 'king Solomon' reintroduces the death-formula after the Jeroboam-return notice.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject of ἐκοιμήθη (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; the death-formula is restated to round off the chapter and lead into the succession.
ἐκοιμήθηsleptAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κοιμάωmain verb (the death-formula restated)→ constative aoristκοιμάω (aor. pass.): 'fall asleep'; the repeated death-formula (ἐκοιμήθη μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ) frames the Jeroboam-return notice and seals the close of Solomon's reign.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with πατέρων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitiveobject of μετά ('with his fathers')→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father / ancestor'; the death-burial idiom repeated.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing succession)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσενreigned / became kingAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (Rehoboam's accession)→ ingressive aorist (accession to the throne)βασιλεύω: 'be king / reign'; renders מָלַךְ; the succession-formula ('and X reigned in his place') closes the regnal account; Rehoboam succeeds Solomon, setting up the schism of ch. 12.
ΡοβοαμRehoboamsubject of ἐβασίλευσεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΡοβοαμ: transliteration of Hebrew רְחַבְעָם (Rehoboam); indeclinable; Solomon's son and successor, under whom the kingdom divides (ch. 12).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ροβοαμ ('his son')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; Rehoboam as Solomon's son and heir — the very 'son' from whose hand the kingdom is to be torn (v. 12).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution: 'in his place')→ spatial or relational framingἀντί (elided ἀντ᾽): 'instead of / in place of'; the idiom ἀντ᾽ αὐτοῦ ('in his place') renders תַּחְתָּיו, the standard succession-formula closing a reign.
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of ἀντί ('in his place')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of ἀντί ('in his place').