Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Third Book of Kingdoms, Chapter 12ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ Γ′ ΙΒ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Rehoboam's harshness splits the kingdom, and Jeroboam entrenches the schism with rival worship at Bethel and Dan.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of 3 Kingdoms 12 (= 1 Kings 12 in the Hebrew/English tradition) follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. The chapter recounts the schism of the united monarchy: Rehoboam's accession-assembly at Shechem (v. 1), the people's plea through Jeroboam for a lighter yoke (vv. 3–4), the fateful three-day deliberation in which Rehoboam abandons the counsel of the elders (πρεσβύτεροι) for that of the young companions (παιδάρια / σύντροφοι) with whom he was raised (vv. 6–11), his harsh answer ('my little finger is thicker than my father's loins … I will chastise you with scorpions', vv. 13–14), the narrator's theological framing that this μεταστροφή ('turn of affairs') came from the LORD to fulfil the prophecy of Ahijah the Shilonite concerning Jeroboam son of Nabat (v. 15), and the schism-cry 'What portion have we in David? … to your tents, O Israel!' (v. 16). Adoniram, who was over the tribute, is stoned to death (v. 18); Israel revolts from the house of David 'to this day' (v. 19); Jeroboam is recalled from Egypt and made king over the ten tribes (v. 20); Shemaiah the man of God forbids Rehoboam to make war on his brothers (vv. 22–24); and Jeroboam, fearing the people will return to the house of David through pilgrimage to Jerusalem, fashions the two golden calves ('behold your gods, O Israel, who brought you up out of the land of Egypt') at Bethel and at Dan, building high-place shrines, appointing non-Levitical priests, and instituting a rival feast in the eighth month (vv. 25–33). NOTE ON VERSE NUMBERING: this chapter as preserved contains 31 verses — vv. 2 and 17 are absent from the Greek tradition reflected here (the numbering follows the Hebrew/Masoretic versification, in which v. 2 narrates Jeroboam's return from Egypt and v. 17 the Israelites dwelling in Judah's cities; both are absorbed or omitted in the Old Greek arrangement). The verse numbers used here are therefore exactly 1, 3–16, 18–33. NOTE ON THE JEROBOAM SUPPLEMENT: v. 24 is extraordinarily long because the Old Greek embeds at this point the famous 'supplement' or 'miscellany' conventionally lettered 12:24a–z — a second, independent, and substantially divergent account of Jeroboam's rise, Solomon's death, Rehoboam's accession, the Shechem assembly, the prophet Ahijah's torn-garment sign, the death of Jeroboam's child, and the schism. In the source text this material runs together within v. 24, separated only by editorial section markers; those markers (rendered '<br/><i>[a]</i>' … '<br/><i>[z]</i>' in the source) have been STRIPPED from the annotated Greek, and the entire Greek of the supplement is annotated verbatim as a single continuous v. 24.

1

καὶ πορεύεται βασιλεὺς Ροβοαμ εἰς Σικιμα ὅτι εἰς Σικιμα ἤρχοντο πᾶς Ισραηλ βασιλεῦσαι αὐτόν

And king Rehoboam goes to Shechem, for to Shechem all Israel was coming to make him king.

Narrative opening (main line)καὶ πορεύεται
The chapter opens with a historic present (πορεύεται) giving immediacy to Rehoboam's journey; the καί-parataxis is Hebraizing. Shechem (Σικιμα) is the ancient covenant-renewal site (cf. Josh 24), making it the natural and charged location for the all-Israel accession-assembly. The ὅτι-clause supplies the reason: the whole nation has gathered there to enthrone him.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πορεύεταιgoesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (vivid narrative immediacy)πορεύομαι: 'go / travel / proceed'; the historic present opens the chapter with vividness, presenting Rehoboam's journey to Shechem as if before the reader's eyes; renders Hebrew הָלַךְ.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (in apposition to Ροβοαμ)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the title is applied to Rehoboam proleptically — he travels to Shechem precisely in order to be made king (βασιλεῦσαι), so 'king Rehoboam' anticipates the enthronement that the assembly will (or will not) confer.
ΡοβοαμRehoboamsubject (indeclinable proper noun, in apposition to βασιλεύς)→ participant identificationΡοβοαμ: transliteration of Hebrew רְחַבְעָם (Rehoboam), son of Solomon; indeclinable in the LXX; the last king of the united monarchy and first of the southern kingdom of Judah after the schism.
εἰςto / intopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΣικιμαShechemaccusative object of εἰς (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΣικιμα: transliteration of Hebrew שְׁכֶם (Shechem); indeclinable in the LXX; a city in the hill country of Ephraim and the historic site of covenant assemblies (Josh 24:1), here the venue of Rehoboam's ill-fated accession-council.
ὅτιbecause / forcausal conjunction (introducing reason clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for / that'; here causal, supplying the reason for Rehoboam's journey — the gathering of all Israel at Shechem to make him king.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction, fronted for emphasis)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction, fronted for emphasis).
ΣικιμαShechemaccusative object of εἰς (fronted within the ὅτι-clause)→ participant identificationΣικιμα: the repetition of εἰς Σικιμα ('to Shechem … to Shechem') is a Hebraizing resumptive echo, underscoring the place as the focal point of the whole assembly.
ἤρχοντοwas comingImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb of ὅτι-clause→ imperfect of background process (the gathering in progress)ἔρχομαι (impf.): 'come'; the imperfect ἤρχοντο depicts the ongoing convergence of the nation upon Shechem as background to Rehoboam's arrival; the singular form with the collective subject πᾶς Ισραηλ is idiomatic (constructio ad sensum).
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying Ισραηλ)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all / whole'; πᾶς Ισραηλ ('all Israel') is the recurring designation of the assembled nation in this chapter, the collective body whose decision will fracture the kingdom.
ΙσραηλIsraelsubject of ἤρχοντο (indeclinable; collective)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; here denotes the whole assembled nation, soon to divide into the ten northern tribes (who keep the name Israel) and Judah.
βασιλεῦσαιto make kingAor Act Inf · βασιλεύωinfinitive of purpose→ purpose (telic infinitive)βασιλεύω: 'be king / reign'; here transitive-causative ('make king / enthrone'); the aorist infinitive expresses the purpose of the gathering — the formal enthronement of Rehoboam, conditional upon the people's acclamation.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object of βασιλεῦσαι→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of βασιλεῦσαι.
3

καὶ ἐλάλησεν ὁ λαὸς πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα Ροβοαμ λέγοντες

And the people spoke to king Rehoboam, saying:

Narrative speech-introduction (main line)καὶ ἐλάλησεν ὁ λαός
Verse 2 is absent from this Greek tradition (in the Hebrew it narrates Jeroboam's return from Egypt). The narrative moves directly to the people's address to Rehoboam. The plural participle λέγοντες after the singular collective ὁ λαός is a constructio ad sensum, treating 'the people' as the many individuals who speak.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aorist (single speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak / talk'; renders Hebrew דִּבֶּר; the singular verb agrees grammatically with the collective ὁ λαός while the following participle λέγοντες reverts to the plural sense.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; the standard LXX term for the covenant community (rendering עַם); here the assembled northern tribes who petition the new king.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (in apposition to Ροβοαμ)→ object specificationβασιλεύς (acc. βασιλέα): 'king'; the title is again given to Rehoboam, the addressee of the people's petition.
ΡοβοαμRehoboamaccusative in apposition to βασιλέα (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΡοβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative in apposition to βασιλέα (indeclinable).
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Pl · λέγωparticiple of attendant speech (introducing direct discourse)→ verbal action or stateλέγω (ptcp.): the plural λέγοντες (constructio ad sensum with the collective λαός) is a Hebraizing speech-introducing participle equivalent to לֵאמֹר, marking the onset of direct discourse in v. 4.
4

ὁ πατήρ σου ἐβάρυνεν τὸν κλοιὸν ἡμῶν καὶ σὺ νῦν κούφισον ἀπὸ τῆς δουλείας τοῦ πατρός σου τῆς σκληρᾶς καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ κλοιοῦ αὐτοῦ τοῦ βαρέος οὗ ἔδωκεν ἐφ᾿ ἡμᾶς καὶ δουλεύσομέν σοι

Your father made our yoke heavy; now you, lighten it, from the hard servitude of your father and from his heavy yoke which he laid upon us, and we will serve you.

Direct discourse: the people's petition (content of v. 3's λέγοντες)ὁ πατήρ σου
The petition is built on a contrast between past oppression (Solomon's heavy yoke) and a requested future relief, with the imperative κούφισον ('lighten') at its center. The 'yoke' (κλοιός) and 'servitude' (δουλεία) language frames Solomon's labor-levies as bondage; the conditional pledge δουλεύσομέν σοι ('we will serve you') offers loyalty in exchange for relief.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατήρfatherNominativesubject (= Solomon)→ participant prominenceπατήρ: 'father'; here Solomon, whose forced-labor policy (cf. 1 Kgs 5:13–14; 9:15) the people experienced as a crushing burden.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with πατήρ)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with πατήρ).
ἐβάρυνενmade heavyAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βαρύνωmain verb (the past oppression)→ constative aorist (summary of Solomon's reign-policy)βαρύνω: 'make heavy / burden / oppress'; renders Hebrew הִכְבִּיד; the cognate of βαρύς ('heavy') links the verb to the 'heavy yoke' (κλοιὸς βαρύς) later in the verse; it characterizes Solomon's corvée as oppressive weight.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κλοιὸνyoke / collarAccusativedirect object of ἐβάρυνεν→ object specificationκλοιός: 'collar / yoke / fetter'; renders Hebrew עֹל ('yoke'); the term properly denotes a neck-collar worn by prisoners or draft animals, making it a vivid metaphor for the people's enforced servitude under Solomon.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession (with κλοιόν)→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with κλοιόν).
καὶand / socoordinating conjunction (introducing the request)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic, contrasting with the father)→ participant referenceσύ: the emphatic nominative pronoun sets Rehoboam in pointed contrast to his father — 'your father did thus; now you, by contrast, lighten it.'
νῦνnowtemporal adverb→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; renders Hebrew עַתָּה; marks the decisive present moment of accession as the opportunity for a new policy.
κούφισονlightenAor Act Impv 2 Sg · κουφίζωmain verb (the petition's central imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperative (do this now)κουφίζω: 'lighten / make light / relieve'; renders Hebrew הָקֵל; the antonym of βαρύνω ('make heavy'), it crystallizes the people's request — exchange the heavy yoke for a light one.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δουλείαςservitudeGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (that from which relief is sought)→ relational specificationδουλεία: 'slavery / servitude / bondage'; renders Hebrew עֲבֹדָה ('labor / service'); the abstract noun names Solomon's corvée as a condition of bondage, sharpening the petition into a near-charge of enslavement.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρόςfatherGenitivegenitive of source (with δουλείας: 'the servitude of your father')→ relational specificationπατήρ (gen. πατρός): again Solomon, identified as the author of the burdensome service.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with πατρός)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with πατρός).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (attributive, with σκληρᾶς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκληρᾶςhardGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying δουλείας: 'the hard servitude')→ relational specificationσκληρός: 'hard / harsh / severe'; renders Hebrew קָשֶׁה; the same root recurs at v. 13 where Rehoboam answers the people σκληρά ('harshly'), an ironic echo: they ask relief from a hard yoke and receive a hard answer.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (parallel object of relief)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation, parallel)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation, parallel).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κλοιοῦyokeGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (parallel to δουλείας)→ relational specificationκλοιός (gen. κλοιοῦ): the 'yoke / collar' again, now qualified as βαρύς ('heavy'); the doubled imagery (hard servitude / heavy yoke) intensifies the plea.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (the father's yoke)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the father's yoke).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (attributive, with βαρέος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βαρέοςheavyGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying κλοιοῦ: 'his heavy yoke')→ relational specificationβαρύς (gen. βαρέος): 'heavy / burdensome'; the cognate of ἐβάρυνεν above; 'the heavy yoke' names precisely what the people want lifted.
οὗwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (object of ἔδωκεν, attracted to the case of its antecedent κλοιοῦ)→ relational specificationὅς (gen. οὗ): the relative pronoun shows genitive by attraction to its antecedent κλοιοῦ, a common Greek idiom; it introduces the clause specifying what Solomon imposed.
ἔδωκενlaid / putAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιverb of relative clause→ constative aoristδίδωμι: lit. 'give', here 'lay / impose / put upon' (the yoke); a Hebraizing extension of נָתַן ('place upon'); the LORD-given yoke imagery is here reapplied to a human ruler's burden.
ἐφ᾿uponpreposition + accusative (elided before rough breathing; imposition)→ spatial or relational framingἐφ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (elided before rough breathing; imposition).
ἡμᾶςusAccusativeaccusative object of ἐφ᾿ (those burdened)→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ἐφ᾿ (those burdened).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (introducing the pledge)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δουλεύσομένwe will serveFut Act Indic 1 Pl · δουλεύωmain verb (conditional pledge of loyalty)→ predictive/promissory future (loyalty in exchange for relief)δουλεύω: 'serve / be a slave to'; renders Hebrew עָבַד; the cognate of δουλεία above creates wordplay — relieve us of (forced) servitude (δουλεία) and we will (freely) serve (δουλεύσομεν) you; the pledge sets the terms the king will fatefully reject.
σοιyouDativedative complement of δουλεύσομεν (the one served)→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative complement of δουλεύσομεν (the one served).
5

καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς ἀπέλθετε ἕως ἡμερῶν τριῶν καὶ ἀναστρέψατε πρός με καὶ ἀπῆλθον

And he said to them, 'Go away until three days have passed, and return to me.' And they went away.

Narrative reply (main line) with embedded commandκαὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς
Rehoboam's reply defers decision: a three-day adjournment (ἕως ἡμερῶν τριῶν) frames the deliberation of vv. 6–11. The paired aorist imperatives ἀπέλθετε … ἀναστρέψατε ('go away … return') bracket the interval; the closing καὶ ἀπῆλθον ('and they went away') confirms compliance and resumes the main narrative line.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπεν): 'say'; introduces Rehoboam's deferring reply to the assembly.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
αὐτούςthemAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the people)→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (the people).
ἀπέλθετεgo awayAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἀπέρχομαιimperative (command to withdraw)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἀπέρχομαι: 'go away / depart'; the aorist imperative dismisses the assembly for the interval of deliberation.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until / up to'; with the genitive of time it measures the three-day adjournment.
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitivegenitive of time (with ἕως)→ relational specificationἡμέρα (gen. pl. ἡμερῶν): 'day'; the three-day span allows time for the two competing consultations.
τριῶνthreeGenitiveattributive numeral (modifying ἡμερῶν)→ relational specificationτρεῖς (gen. τριῶν): 'three'; the three-day interval is picked up again at v. 12 (τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ τρίτῃ).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναστρέψατεreturnAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἀναστρέφωimperative (command to come back)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἀναστρέφω: 'turn back / return'; renders Hebrew שׁוּב; the command to return sets up the climactic third-day reassembly.
πρόςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
μεmeAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (resuming main line)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆλθονthey went awayAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb (narrative result: compliance)→ constative aoristἀπέρχομαι (aor. ἀπῆλθον): 'go away'; the people comply with the dismissal, closing the scene and opening the interval of the king's deliberations.
6

καὶ παρήγγειλεν ὁ βασιλεὺς τοῖς πρεσβυτέροις οἳ ἦσαν παρεστῶτες ἐνώπιον Σαλωμων τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ ἔτι ζῶντος αὐτοῦ λέγων πῶς ὑμεῖς βουλεύεσθε καὶ ἀποκριθῶ τῷ λαῷ τούτῳ λόγον

And the king gave charge to the elders who used to stand before Solomon his father while he was still living, saying, 'How do you counsel, that I may answer this people a word?'

Narrative: the first consultation (main line)καὶ παρήγγειλεν ὁ βασιλεύς
Rehoboam first consults the πρεσβύτεροι, the seasoned counselors who had served Solomon. The relative clause οἳ ἦσαν παρεστῶτες ('who used to stand before') with the genitive absolute ἔτι ζῶντος αὐτοῦ ('while he was still living') establishes their authority and experience, contrasting them with the inexperienced young men of v. 8.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρήγγειλενgave charge / consultedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παραγγέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristπαραγγέλλω: 'announce / charge / give instruction'; here in the sense of formally putting a question to / convening the elders for counsel; renders Hebrew נוֹעַץ ('take counsel') in this context.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (Rehoboam)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Rehoboam, now consulting his inherited council.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρεσβυτέροιςeldersDativedative indirect object (those consulted)→ sphere or referenceπρεσβύτερος: 'elder / senior'; renders Hebrew זְקֵנִים; the experienced statesmen who had advised Solomon, embodying institutional wisdom against the rashness of the young men.
οἳwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἦσαν παρεστῶτες)→ participant referenceοἳ: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (subject of ἦσαν παρεστῶτες).
ἦσανwereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίauxiliary (periphrastic with παρεστῶτες)→ imperfect (habitual past state)εἰμί (impf. ἦσαν): forms a periphrastic pluperfect/imperfect with the perfect participle παρεστῶτες, expressing their settled, habitual role as Solomon's standing counselors.
παρεστῶτεςstanding / attendingPerf Act Ptcp Nom Masc Pl · παρίστημιparticiple (periphrastic with ἦσαν)→ perfect (settled state of attendance)παρίστημι (perf. ptcp.): 'stand beside / attend / serve'; 'to stand before' a king is a Hebraism (עָמַד לִפְנֵי) for being a royal courtier or minister; the perfect underlines their established standing in Solomon's court.
ἐνώπιονbeforepreposition + genitive (in the presence of)→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the presence of'; Hebraism rendering לִפְנֵי; marks courtly attendance.
ΣαλωμωνSolomongenitive object of ἐνώπιον (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliteration of Hebrew שְׁלֹמֹה (Solomon); treated as indeclinable in the LXX; Rehoboam's father, whose policies and counselors frame this consultation.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with πατρός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive in apposition to Σαλωμων→ relational specificationπατρὸς: meaning 'father'; it serves as genitive in apposition to Σαλωμων.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship (Rehoboam's father)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship (Rehoboam's father).
ἔτιstilladverb (within genitive absolute)→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'still / yet'; with ζῶντος it forms the temporal phrase 'while he was still living', dating the elders' service to Solomon's lifetime.
ζῶντοςlivingPres Act Ptcp Gen Masc Sg · ζάωparticiple (genitive absolute with αὐτοῦ)→ present (contemporaneous circumstance)ζάω: 'live / be alive'; the genitive absolute ἔτι ζῶντος αὐτοῦ ('while he was still living') stresses the elders' direct, long experience under Solomon himself.
αὐτοῦheGenitivegenitive absolute subject (with ζῶντος; = Solomon)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive absolute subject (with ζῶντος; = Solomon).
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · λέγωparticiple of attendant speech (introducing question)→ imperfective participle (pleonastic speech-marker)λέγω (ptcp.): Hebraizing speech-introducing participle (= לֵאמֹר), opening Rehoboam's question to the elders.
πῶςhowinterrogative adverb→ clausal contributionπῶς: 'how / in what way'; introduces the king's request for counsel.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic 2nd person plural)→ participant referenceὑμεῖς: the emphatic pronoun directs the question pointedly to the elders' judgment.
βουλεύεσθεdo you counsel / advisePres Mid Indic 2 Pl · βουλεύωmain verb of the question→ present (request for deliberative advice)βουλεύω (mid. βουλεύομαι): 'take counsel / deliberate / advise'; the cognate of βουλή ('counsel', v. 7); the king seeks the elders' deliberative recommendation.
καὶand / so thatcoordinating conjunction (with consecutive/final nuance before subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποκριθῶI may answerAor Pass Subj 1 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιsubjunctive (purpose/result)→ deliberative/final subjunctiveἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer / reply'; the aorist passive deponent subjunctive expresses the purpose of the consultation — that Rehoboam may give the people a fitting reply.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαῷpeopleDativedative indirect object of ἀποκριθῶ→ sphere or referenceλαός: 'people'; the assembled petitioners awaiting the king's answer.
τούτῳthisDativedemonstrative (modifying λαῷ)→ participant reference or interestοὗτος (dat. τούτῳ): 'this'; the recurring phrase ὁ λαὸς οὗτος ('this people') keeps the petitioning assembly in view throughout the deliberation.
λόγονa word / an answerAccusativedirect object of ἀποκριθῶ (cognate accusative)→ object specificationλόγος: 'word / matter / answer'; here the content of the king's forthcoming reply; the accusative of the thing answered.
7

καὶ ἐλάλησαν πρὸς αὐτὸν λέγοντες εἰ ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταύτῃ ἔσῃ δοῦλος τῷ λαῷ τούτῳ καὶ δουλεύσῃς αὐτοῖς καὶ λαλήσῃς αὐτοῖς λόγους ἀγαθούς καὶ ἔσονταί σοι δοῦλοι πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας

And they spoke to him, saying, 'If today you will be a servant to this people and serve them and speak to them good words, then they will be your servants all the days.'

Direct discourse: the elders' counselκαὶ ἐλάλησαν πρὸς αὐτόν
The elders counsel conciliation through a conditional: present servanthood (δοῦλος … δουλεύσῃς) and good words today will secure permanent loyalty (ἔσονταί σοι δοῦλοι πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας). The paradox — that the king must serve in order to be served — is the wisdom Rehoboam will reject. The protasis (εἰ … ἔσῃ … δουλεύσῃς … λαλήσῃς) is answered by the apodosis (καὶ ἔσονται).
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησανthey spokeAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λαλέωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak'; introduces the elders' reply.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the king)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (the king).
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Pl · λέγωparticiple of attendant speech→ verbal action or stateλέγω (ptcp.): introduces the elders' direct discourse.
εἰifconditional conjunction (protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: 'if'; introduces the conditional advice; with the future ἔσῃ it forms a real/future-more-vivid condition.
ἐνon / inpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταύτῃ ('on this day / today') stresses the decisive present opportunity to win the people.
ταύτῃthisDativedemonstrative (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ participant reference or interestταύτῃ: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative (modifying ἡμέρᾳ).
ἔσῃyou will beFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίverb of protasis→ future (condition)εἰμί (fut. ἔσῃ): 'be'; the king is counseled to become a δοῦλος to the people — a striking inversion of royal expectation that captures the servant-leadership wisdom of the elders.
δοῦλοςservant / slaveNominativepredicate nominative (with ἔσῃ)→ participant prominenceδοῦλος: 'slave / servant'; renders Hebrew עֶבֶד; the paradoxical counsel that the king should become servant to his people anticipates a recurring biblical theme (cf. Mark 10:43–44); its rejection precipitates the schism.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαῷpeopleDativedative complement (the one served)→ sphere or referenceλαῷ: meaning 'people'; it serves as dative complement (the one served).
τούτῳthisDativedemonstrative (modifying λαῷ)→ participant reference or interestτούτῳ: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative (modifying λαῷ).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (continuing protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δουλεύσῃςyou serveAor Act Subj 2 Sg · δουλεύωsubjunctive (continuing protasis)→ aorist subjunctive (conditional action)δουλεύω: 'serve'; the verbal echo of the people's pledge δουλεύσομέν σοι (v. 4) is pointed — the elders counsel that the king himself first serve, so that the people will then serve him.
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative complement of δουλεύσῃς→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative complement of δουλεύσῃς.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λαλήσῃςyou speakAor Act Subj 2 Sg · λαλέωsubjunctive (continuing protasis)→ aorist subjunctive (conditional action)λαλέω: 'speak'; 'good words' (λόγους ἀγαθούς) are the gentle, conciliatory reply the elders recommend, the opposite of the σκληρά ('harsh things') Rehoboam will actually speak (v. 13).
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative indirect object of λαλήσῃς→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'to them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object of λαλήσῃς.
λόγουςwordsAccusativedirect object of λαλήσῃς→ object specificationλόγος (acc. pl. λόγους): 'words'; λόγοι ἀγαθοί ('good words') = gracious, favorable speech.
ἀγαθούςgoodAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying λόγους)→ object specificationἀγαθός: 'good / kind / favorable'; here of conciliatory speech that meets the people's request.
καὶthen / andcoordinating conjunction (apodosis marker)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here introduces the apodosis ('then they will be …'), a Hebraizing use of waw-apodosis.
ἔσονταίthey will beFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίverb of apodosis→ predictive future (promised outcome)εἰμί (fut. ἔσονται): the apodosis promises the result of the conciliatory policy — lifelong loyalty.
σοιto you / yourDativedative of advantage/possession (with δοῦλοι)→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage/possession (with δοῦλοι).
δοῦλοιservantsNominativepredicate nominative (with ἔσονται)→ participant prominenceδοῦλος (nom. pl. δοῦλοι): 'servants'; the chiastic payoff — if you are their δοῦλος today, they will be your δοῦλοι always.
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (with τὰς ἡμέρας: accusative of extent of time)→ object specificationπᾶς (acc. fem. pl. πάσας): 'all'; πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας ('all the days / forever') promises perpetual loyalty.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('all the days')→ object specificationἡμέρα (acc. pl. ἡμέρας): 'days'; the accusative of duration expresses perpetual servanthood/loyalty.
8

καὶ ἐγκατέλιπεν τὴν βουλὴν τῶν πρεσβυτέρων ἃ συνεβουλεύσαντο αὐτῷ καὶ συνεβουλεύσατο μετὰ τῶν παιδαρίων τῶν ἐκτραφέντων μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ τῶν παρεστηκότων πρὸ προσώπου αὐτοῦ

But he forsook the counsel of the elders which they had given him, and took counsel with the young men who had been brought up with him, who stood before him,

Narrative turn: rejection of the elders (main line)καὶ ἐγκατέλιπεν
The decisive turn: ἐγκατέλιπεν ('forsook / abandoned') marks Rehoboam's fateful rejection of the elders' counsel and his pivot to the young companions (παιδάρια). The relative clauses (τῶν ἐκτραφέντων μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ … τῶν παρεστηκότων πρὸ προσώπου αὐτοῦ) characterize the new advisers by their peer-relationship to the king, contrasting their courtier-attendance with the elders' attendance on Solomon (v. 6).
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶbut / andnarrative conjunction (adversative force in context)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγκατέλιπενforsookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐγκαταλείπωmain verb (rejection of counsel)→ constative aorist (decisive act)ἐγκαταλείπω: 'abandon / forsake / leave behind'; renders Hebrew עָזַב; a weighty verb (used of abandoning the LORD or the covenant); its application to the elders' counsel signals a grave misjudgment.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βουλὴνcounselAccusativedirect object of ἐγκατέλιπεν→ object specificationβουλή: 'counsel / plan / advice'; renders Hebrew עֵצָה; the considered recommendation of the elders, here rejected.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρεσβυτέρωνeldersGenitivegenitive of source (whose counsel)→ relational specificationπρεσβύτερος (gen. pl.): 'elders'; the wise senior counselors whose advice is now set aside.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (neuter pl. by sense, object of συνεβουλεύσαντο)→ participant referenceὅς (neut. pl. ἅ): the relative is neuter plural by construction ad sensum (the contents/particulars of the βουλή), a common Hebraizing looseness of agreement.
συνεβουλεύσαντοthey counseledAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · συμβουλεύωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristσυμβουλεύω (mid.): 'counsel together / advise'; the middle denotes giving counsel to someone; refers back to the elders' advice in v. 7.
αὐτῷhimDativedative indirect object (the one advised)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (the one advised).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνεβουλεύσατοhe took counselAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · συμβουλεύωmain verb (the king's new consultation)→ constative aoristσυμβουλεύω (mid. συνεβουλεύσατο): here reflexive-middle 'consult / take counsel with'; the same verb describes both what the king rejected (elders' counsel) and what he now does (consult the young men), heightening the contrast.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (association).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδαρίωνyoung men / boysGenitivegenitive object of μετά (the new advisers)→ relational specificationπαιδάριον: 'youth / young man / boy'; diminutive of παῖς, renders Hebrew יְלָדִים ('children / young men'); the term subtly disparages the king's peers as immature, contrasting them with the πρεσβύτεροι ('elders').
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (attributive with ἐκτραφέντων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκτραφέντωνbrought up / rearedAor Pass Ptcp Gen Masc Pl · ἐκτρέφωparticiple (attributive, modifying παιδαρίων)→ aorist passive (completed upbringing)ἐκτρέφω: 'rear / bring up / nourish'; the passive participle marks the young men as Rehoboam's age-mates, raised alongside him — courtiers bound to him by shared youth rather than seasoned judgment.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (elided; association)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (elided; association).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of μετ᾿ (the king)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μετ᾿ (the king).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (attributive with παρεστηκότων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεστηκότωνstanding / attendingPerf Act Ptcp Gen Masc Pl · παρίστημιparticiple (attributive, modifying παιδαρίων)→ perfect (settled state of attendance)παρίστημι (perf. ptcp.): 'stand before / attend'; the same 'standing before' idiom used of the elders before Solomon (v. 6) is now applied to the young men before Rehoboam, drawing an explicit parallel-and-contrast between the two councils.
πρὸbeforepreposition + genitive (in front of)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸ προσώπου: 'before the face of', a Hebraism (לִפְנֵי) for personal attendance.
προσώπουface / presenceGenitivegenitive object of πρό (idiomatic: 'before the face of')→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; in the Hebraism πρὸ προσώπου, the word loses its concrete force and functions as a relational marker of courtly attendance.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (the king's presence)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the king's presence).
9

καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς τί ὑμεῖς συμβουλεύετε καὶ τί ἀποκριθῶ τῷ λαῷ τούτῳ τοῖς λαλήσασιν πρός με λεγόντων κούφισον ἀπὸ τοῦ κλοιοῦ οὗ ἔδωκεν ὁ πατήρ σου ἐφ᾿ ἡμᾶς

And he said to them, 'What do you advise, that I may answer this people who spoke to me, saying, "Lighten the yoke which your father laid upon us"?'

Direct discourse: the king's question to the young menκαὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς
Rehoboam puts the same question to the young men as to the elders (v. 6), now quoting the people's exact request back (κούφισον … echoing v. 4). The embedded quotation within the question keeps the petition's wording in view, so that the young men's harsh counter-formula (vv. 10–11) lands as a direct, brutal answer to it.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπεν): introduces the king's question to the young men.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative indirect object (the young men)→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'to them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (the young men).
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object of συμβουλεύετε)→ participant referenceτίς (neut. τί): 'what'; the king's open question soliciting their advice.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic 2nd person plural)→ participant referenceὑμεῖς: emphatic, putting the question pointedly to the young men, paralleling the πῶς ὑμεῖς of v. 6.
συμβουλεύετεdo you advisePres Act Indic 2 Pl · συμβουλεύωmain verb of the question→ present (request for counsel)συμβουλεύω: 'advise / counsel'; the king seeks the young men's recommendation, the active counterpart to the elders' counsel.
καὶand / so thatcoordinating conjunction (with final nuance before subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object of ἀποκριθῶ)→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as interrogative pronoun (object of ἀποκριθῶ).
ἀποκριθῶI may answerAor Pass Subj 1 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιdeliberative subjunctive→ deliberative subjunctiveἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer'; the deliberative subjunctive 'what shall I answer?' repeats the concern of v. 6, framing the whole episode as a search for the right reply to the people.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαῷpeopleDativedative indirect object of ἀποκριθῶ→ sphere or referenceλαός: 'people'; the petitioning assembly, here described by the following participles as those who made the request.
τούτῳthisDativedemonstrative (modifying λαῷ)→ participant reference or interestτούτῳ: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative (modifying λαῷ).
τοῖςthe (who)Dativearticle (substantizing the participle λαλήσασιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαλήσασινwho spokeAor Act Ptcp Dat Masc Pl · λαλέωparticiple (attributive, modifying λαῷ)→ aorist (antecedent action)λαλέω (aor. ptcp.): 'speak'; the attributive participle identifies the people as those who made the petition of v. 4, now quoted.
πρόςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
μεmeAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός.
λεγόντωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Gen Masc Pl · λέγωparticiple introducing the quoted request (loose genitive)→ verbal action or stateλέγω (ptcp.): the genitive λεγόντων (a loose constructio, perhaps by attraction to an implied genitive sense) introduces the people's quoted words; Hebraizing speech-marker (= לֵאמֹר).
κούφισονlightenAor Act Impv 2 Sg · κουφίζωimperative (within quoted request)→ ingressive aorist imperativeκουφίζω: 'lighten'; the king quotes the people's central demand verbatim from v. 4, now in abbreviated form.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κλοιοῦyokeGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationκλοιός: 'yoke / collar'; the burden the people want lifted, quoted from v. 4.
οὗwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (object of ἔδωκεν, attracted to κλοιοῦ)→ relational specificationοὗ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (object of ἔδωκεν, attracted to κλοιοῦ).
ἔδωκενlaid / putAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιverb of relative clause→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'lay / impose'; (cf. v. 4) of Solomon's imposition of the yoke.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατήρfatherNominativesubject of ἔδωκεν (= Solomon)→ participant prominenceπατήρ: 'father'; Solomon, the imposer of the yoke.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with πατήρ)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with πατήρ).
ἐφ᾿uponpreposition + accusative (elided; imposition)→ spatial or relational framingἐφ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (elided; imposition).
ἡμᾶςusAccusativeaccusative object of ἐφ᾿→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ἐφ᾿.
10

καὶ ἐλάλησαν πρὸς αὐτὸν τὰ παιδάρια τὰ ἐκτραφέντα μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ οἱ παρεστηκότες πρὸ προσώπου αὐτοῦ λέγοντες τάδε λαλήσεις τῷ λαῷ τούτῳ τοῖς λαλήσασι πρὸς σὲ λέγοντες ὁ πατήρ σου ἐβάρυνεν τὸν κλοιὸν ἡμῶν καὶ σὺ νῦν κούφισον ἀφ᾿ ἡμῶν τάδε λαλήσεις πρὸς αὐτούς ἡ μικρότης μου παχυτέρα τῆς ὀσφύος τοῦ πατρός μου

And the young men who had been brought up with him, who stood before him, spoke to him, saying, 'Thus shall you say to this people who spoke to you, saying, "Your father made our yoke heavy, but you now lighten it from us" — thus shall you say to them: My little finger is thicker than my father's loins.'

Direct discourse: the young men's counsel (the scripted reply)καὶ ἐλάλησαν … τὰ παιδάρια
The young men script the king's reply, first quoting the people's request back (ὁ πατήρ σου ἐβάρυνεν … κούφισον, echoing v. 4) and then supplying the brutal counter-formula. The proverbial boast ἡ μικρότης μου παχυτέρα τῆς ὀσφύος τοῦ πατρός μου ('my little finger is thicker than my father's loins') is a crude assertion that the son's power and severity will far exceed the father's; it sets up the scorpions threat of v. 11.
Word-by-word analysis· 52 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησανspokeAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λαλέωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak'; introduces the young men's counsel.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the king)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (the king).
τὰtheNominativearticle (with παιδάρια)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδάριαyoung menNominativesubject (the king's peers)→ participant prominenceπαιδάριον (nom./acc. pl. παιδάρια): 'young men / youths'; the king's age-mates, whose rash advice he adopts; the diminutive subtly disparages their immaturity against the πρεσβύτεροι.
τὰtheNominativearticle (attributive, with ἐκτραφέντα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκτραφένταbrought up / rearedAor Pass Ptcp Nom Neut Pl · ἐκτρέφωparticiple (attributive, modifying παιδάρια)→ aorist passive (completed upbringing)ἐκτρέφω: 'rear / bring up'; the neuter plural agrees with παιδάρια; identifies them as those reared alongside Rehoboam (cf. v. 8).
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (elided; association)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (elided; association).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of μετ᾿ (the king)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μετ᾿ (the king).
οἱthe (who)Nominativearticle (substantizing παρεστηκότες; masc. by sense)→ noun-phrase markingὁ (masc. nom. pl. οἱ): the masculine article with the perfect participle (against the neuter παιδάρια) is a constructio ad sensum, treating the 'young men' as the male persons they are.
παρεστηκότεςstanding / attendingPerf Act Ptcp Nom Masc Pl · παρίστημιparticiple (substantival, in apposition to παιδάρια)→ perfect (settled state of attendance)παρίστημι (perf. ptcp.): 'stand before / attend'; the 'standing before' courtier-idiom (cf. vv. 6, 8), here marking the young men as Rehoboam's personal attendants.
πρὸbeforepreposition + genitive (in front of)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸ προσώπου: 'before the face of', Hebraism (לִפְנֵי) for personal attendance.
προσώπουface / presenceGenitivegenitive object of πρό (idiomatic)→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; in the Hebraism it functions as a relational marker of attendance.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (the king's presence)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the king's presence).
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Pl · λέγωparticiple of attendant speech (introducing the scripted reply)→ verbal action or stateλέγω (ptcp.): Hebraizing speech-marker introducing the young men's recommended wording.
τάδεthus / these thingsAccusativedemonstrative pronoun (object of λαλήσεις)→ participant referenceὅδε (neut. pl. τάδε): 'thus / these things'; introduces the very words the king is told to speak — 'thus shall you say'.
λαλήσειςyou shall sayFut Act Indic 2 Sg · λαλέωmain verb of scripted reply (imperatival future)→ imperatival future (instruction)λαλέω (fut.): 'speak / say'; the future has imperatival force ('you are to say'), prescribing the king's reply word-for-word.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαῷpeopleDativedative indirect object of λαλήσεις→ sphere or referenceλαός: 'people'; the petitioning assembly.
τούτῳthisDativedemonstrative (modifying λαῷ)→ participant reference or interestτούτῳ: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative (modifying λαῷ).
τοῖςthe (who)Dativearticle (substantizing the participle λαλήσασι)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαλήσασιwho spokeAor Act Ptcp Dat Masc Pl · λαλέωparticiple (attributive, modifying λαῷ)→ aorist (antecedent action)λαλέω (aor. ptcp.): 'speak'; identifies the people as those who made the petition (v. 4).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
σὲyouAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the king)→ participant referenceσὲ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (the king).
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Pl · λέγωparticiple introducing the quoted petition→ verbal action or stateλέγω (ptcp.): introduces the people's quoted words within the scripted reply.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατήρfatherNominativesubject (= Solomon, within quoted petition)→ participant prominenceπατήρ: 'father'; Solomon, quoted from the people's plea (v. 4).
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐβάρυνενmade heavyAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βαρύνωmain verb (within quoted petition)→ constative aoristβαρύνω: 'make heavy / burden'; the people's own complaint, quoted verbatim from v. 4.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κλοιὸνyokeAccusativedirect object of ἐβάρυνεν→ object specificationκλοιός: 'yoke'; the burden complained of.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶand / butcoordinating conjunction (within quoted petition)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic, within quote)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you', quoted from the people's plea (v. 4).
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (within quote)→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; from the people's plea.
κούφισονlightenAor Act Impv 2 Sg · κουφίζωimperative (within quoted petition)→ ingressive aorist imperativeκουφίζω: 'lighten'; the people's central demand, here quoted with ἀφ᾿ ἡμῶν ('from us') rather than the fuller phrasing of v. 4.
ἀφ᾿frompreposition + genitive (elided before rough breathing; separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀφ᾿: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (elided before rough breathing; separation).
ἡμῶνusGenitivegenitive object of ἀφ᾿→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἀφ᾿.
τάδεthus / these thingsAccusativedemonstrative pronoun (object of second λαλήσεις)→ participant referenceὅδε (neut. pl. τάδε): resumes the scripted-reply formula after the quoted petition — 'thus shall you say to them', now introducing the harsh counter-formula.
λαλήσειςyou shall sayFut Act Indic 2 Sg · λαλέωmain verb of scripted reply (imperatival future, resumed)→ imperatival future (instruction)λαλέω (fut.): the resumptive 'thus shall you say' frames the boast that follows.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
αὐτούςthemAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the people)→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (the people).
theNominativearticle (with μικρότης)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μικρότηςlittleness / little fingerNominativesubject (of the comparative boast)→ participant prominenceμικρότης: 'smallness / littleness'; here a euphemism for the 'little finger' (the Hebrew קֹטֶן, 'my little one'); the boast 'my littleness is thicker than my father's loins' means even the king's smallest part outweighs his father's full strength — a crude assertion of surpassing severity.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (with μικρότης)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with μικρότης).
παχυτέραthickerNominativepredicate adjective (comparative; with implied ἐστίν)→ participant prominenceπαχύς (comparative παχυτέρα): 'thick / stout'; the comparative 'thicker (than)' takes the genitive of comparison (τῆς ὀσφύος); the image asserts the new king's overwhelming might over his father's.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (genitive of comparison)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀσφύοςloins / waistGenitivegenitive of comparison (with παχυτέρα)→ relational specificationὀσφῦς (gen. ὀσφύος): 'loin / waist / hip'; renders Hebrew מָתְנַיִם; the seat of physical strength and procreative power; the boast that the son's little finger exceeds the father's loins is a vivid metaphor of surpassing power and harshness.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with πατρός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρόςfatherGenitivegenitive of possession (with ὀσφύος)→ relational specificationπατήρ (gen. πατρός): 'father'; Solomon, whose strength the boast claims to surpass.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (with πατρός)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with πατρός).
11

καὶ νῦν ὁ πατήρ μου ἐπεσάσσετο ὑμᾶς κλοιῷ βαρεῖ κἀγὼ προσθήσω ἐπὶ τὸν κλοιὸν ὑμῶν ὁ πατήρ μου ἐπαίδευσεν ὑμᾶς ἐν μάστιγξιν ἐγὼ δὲ παιδεύσω ὑμᾶς ἐν σκορπίοις

'And now: my father loaded you with a heavy yoke, but I will add to your yoke; my father disciplined you with whips, but I will discipline you with scorpions.'

Direct discourse: the young men's counsel (the formula Rehoboam is to speak)ὁ πατήρ μου … κἀγώ
The young men supply the very words the king should say, built on a two-fold escalation: father's heavy yoke → my heavier yoke; father's whips (μάστιγες) → my scorpions (σκορπίοι). The first-person κἀγώ / ἐγὼ δέ pits the new king's severity against the old. 'Scorpions' likely denotes barbed whips, intensifying the threat of corporal punishment to the level of cruelty.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (transition to the new policy)→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; here marks the rhetorical pivot to the harsh new declaration, echoing (and inverting) the people's σὺ νῦν κούφισον (v. 4).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατήρfatherNominativesubject (= Solomon)→ participant prominenceπατήρ: 'father'; Solomon, whose severity is now claimed as a baseline to be surpassed.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐπεσάσσετοloaded / saddledImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐπισάσσωmain verb (the father's oppression)→ imperfect (customary/durative past)ἐπισάσσω: 'load / lay a burden on / saddle' (as a pack-animal); a vivid metaphor portraying the people as beasts of burden saddled with a heavy yoke; the imperfect depicts the burden as Solomon's continuing policy.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object of ἐπεσάσσετο→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐπεσάσσετο.
κλοιῷwith a yokeDativedative of instrument (with ἐπεσάσσετο)→ sphere or referenceκλοιός (dat. κλοιῷ): 'yoke / collar'; the instrumental dative — the people were 'loaded with a heavy yoke', the same image as the petition (v. 4), now thrown back as a boast.
βαρεῖheavyDativeattributive adjective (modifying κλοιῷ)→ sphere or referenceβαρύς (dat. βαρεῖ): 'heavy'; the 'heavy yoke' the people begged to be lightened (v. 4) is now affirmed and intensified.
κἀγὼand INominativesubject (crasis of καὶ ἐγώ; emphatic contrast)→ participant prominenceκἀγώ: crasis of καὶ ἐγώ ('and I'); the emphatic first-person pits the new king's harsher policy against his father's, the rhetorical heart of the threat.
προσθήσωI will addFut Act Indic 1 Sg · προστίθημιmain verb (escalation)→ predictive future (threat)προστίθημι: 'add / increase'; renders Hebrew יָסַף; 'I will add to your yoke' — the new king vows to make the burden even heavier, the exact opposite of κουφίζω ('lighten').
ἐπὶto / uponpreposition + accusative (addition)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (addition).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κλοιὸνyokeAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the burden to be increased)→ object specificationκλοιός (acc.): 'yoke'; the burden whose weight is to be increased rather than relieved.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατήρfatherNominativesubject (second saying: discipline)→ participant prominenceπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as subject (second saying: discipline).
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐπαίδευσενdisciplinedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παιδεύωmain verb (the father's chastisement)→ constative aoristπαιδεύω: 'instruct / discipline / chastise'; renders Hebrew יִסֵּר; here in its harsher sense of corporal correction (with whips), setting the baseline the new king vows to exceed.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object of ἐπαίδευσεν→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐπαίδευσεν.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrument, Hebraizing ἐν)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrument, Hebraizing ἐν).
μάστιγξινwhipsDativedative of instrument (with ἐν: 'with whips')→ sphere or referenceμάστιξ (dat. pl. μάστιγξιν): 'whip / scourge / lash'; renders Hebrew שׁוֹט; the instrument of ordinary corporal punishment, contrasted with the harsher 'scorpions'.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic)→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic 'I', with δέ contrasting the new king's severity against his father's.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: adversative, sharpening the contrast father/son, whips/scorpions.
παιδεύσωI will disciplineFut Act Indic 1 Sg · παιδεύωmain verb (escalated threat)→ predictive future (threat)παιδεύω (fut.): 'discipline / chastise'; the same verb as the father's, but escalated by the instrument — 'with scorpions' — into a threat of cruelty.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object of παιδεύσω→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of παιδεύσω.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrument)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrument).
σκορπίοιςscorpionsDativedative of instrument (with ἐν: 'with scorpions')→ sphere or referenceσκορπίος (dat. pl. σκορπίοις): 'scorpion'; renders Hebrew עַקְרַבִּים; widely understood as barbed whips ('scorpion-lashes') whose sting far exceeds the ordinary μάστιξ; the image makes the threat one of pitiless cruelty and seals the people's alienation.
12

καὶ παρεγένοντο πᾶς Ισραηλ πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα Ροβοαμ ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ τρίτῃ καθότι ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς ὁ βασιλεὺς λέγων ἀναστράφητε πρός με τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ τρίτῃ

And all Israel came to king Rehoboam on the third day, just as the king had spoken to them, saying, 'Return to me on the third day.'

Narrative resumption: the third-day reassembly (main line)καὶ παρεγένοντο πᾶς Ισραηλ
The narrative resumes the main line after the deliberation-interlude, fulfilling the appointment of v. 5. The doubled τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ τρίτῃ ('on the third day') brackets the verse, and the καθότι-clause with embedded quotation explicitly ties the reassembly to the king's earlier command, setting the stage for the fateful answer.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρεγένοντοcame / arrivedAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · παραγίνομαιmain verb (the reassembly)→ constative aoristπαραγίνομαι: 'come / arrive / present oneself'; the plural with collective πᾶς Ισραηλ (constructio ad sensum); the nation reconvenes as appointed.
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying Ισραηλ)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; πᾶς Ισραηλ again denotes the whole assembled nation.
ΙσραηλIsraelsubject (indeclinable; collective)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the assembled nation, here for the climactic answer.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (in apposition to Ροβοαμ)→ object specificationβασιλέα: meaning 'king'; it serves as accusative object of πρός (in apposition to Ροβοαμ).
ΡοβοαμRehoboamaccusative in apposition to βασιλέα (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΡοβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative in apposition to βασιλέα (indeclinable).
ἐνonpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the appointed third day of v. 5.
τῇtheDativearticle (attributive, with τρίτῃ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρίτῃthirdDativeordinal adjective (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceτρίτος: 'third'; the third day, the end of the deliberation-interval.
καθότιjust ascomparative conjunction (introducing the king's prior word)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθότι: 'just as / according as'; introduces the clause tying the reassembly to the king's earlier instruction.
ἐλάλησενhad spokenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωverb of καθότι-clause→ constative aorist (antecedent speech)λαλέω: 'speak'; refers back to the king's dismissal-command of v. 5.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'to them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject of ἐλάλησεν→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject of ἐλάλησεν.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · λέγωparticiple of attendant speech (introducing quotation)→ imperfective participle (pleonastic speech-marker)λέγω (ptcp.): introduces the quoted command, recalling v. 5 verbatim.
ἀναστράφητεreturnAor Pass Impv 2 Pl · ἀναστρέφωimperative (quoted command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἀναστρέφω (aor. pass. impv.): 'turn back / return'; the king's quoted instruction (cf. ἀναστρέψατε, v. 5), here recalled to anchor the reassembly.
πρόςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
μεmeAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός.
τῇon theDativearticle (dative of time)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἡμέρᾳ: meaning 'day'; it serves as dative of time.
τῇtheDativearticle (attributive, with τρίτῃ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρίτῃthirdDativeordinal adjective (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceτρίτος: 'third'; the doubled 'third day' frames the verse and underscores the keeping of the appointment.
13

καὶ ἀπεκρίθη ὁ βασιλεὺς πρὸς τὸν λαὸν σκληρά καὶ ἐγκατέλιπεν Ροβοαμ τὴν βουλὴν τῶν πρεσβυτέρων ἃ συνεβουλεύσαντο αὐτῷ

And the king answered the people harshly, and Rehoboam forsook the counsel of the elders which they had given him,

Narrative climax: the harsh answer (main line)καὶ ἀπεκρίθη ὁ βασιλεύς
The verse states the outcome twice: positively (he answered σκληρά, 'harshly') and negatively (he forsook the elders' counsel). The adverbial neuter plural σκληρά ('harsh things / harshly') ironically answers the people's request for relief from the δουλεία σκληρά ('hard servitude', v. 4) with a hard reply, sealing the rupture.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπεκρίθηansweredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb (the king's reply)→ constative aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer'; the long-deliberated reply finally given, here qualified as harsh.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (Rehoboam)→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject (Rehoboam).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸνpeopleAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationλαός (acc. λαόν): 'people'; the assembly receiving the harsh reply.
σκληράharshly / harsh thingsAccusativeadverbial accusative (neuter plural: manner of the answer)→ object specificationσκληρός (neut. pl. σκληρά): 'hard / harsh'; the adverbial accusative 'harshly' (or 'hard words') deliberately echoes the δουλεία σκληρά the people asked to be relieved of (v. 4) — they sought relief from hardness and received hardness in reply.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγκατέλιπενforsookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐγκαταλείπωmain verb (rejection of counsel, restated)→ constative aoristἐγκαταλείπω: 'abandon / forsake'; repeats the verb of v. 8, now naming Rehoboam explicitly as subject — the narrator drives home the fatal choice.
ΡοβοαμRehoboamsubject (indeclinable; named for emphasis)→ participant identificationΡοβοαμ: named explicitly here, fixing personal responsibility for the abandonment of wise counsel.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βουλὴνcounselAccusativedirect object of ἐγκατέλιπεν→ object specificationβουλή: 'counsel'; the elders' advice, definitively rejected.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρεσβυτέρωνeldersGenitivegenitive of source→ relational specificationπρεσβύτερος (gen. pl.): 'elders'; their counsel definitively abandoned.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (neuter pl. by sense, object of συνεβουλεύσαντο)→ participant referenceὅς (neut. pl. ἅ): relative by construction ad sensum (cf. v. 8), referring to the particulars of the elders' advice.
συνεβουλεύσαντοthey counseledAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · συμβουλεύωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristσυμβουλεύω (mid.): 'counsel / advise'; refers to the elders' advice in v. 7.
αὐτῷhimDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
14

καὶ ἐλάλησεν πρὸς αὐτοὺς κατὰ τὴν βουλὴν τῶν παιδαρίων λέγων ὁ πατήρ μου ἐβάρυνεν τὸν κλοιὸν ὑμῶν κἀγὼ προσθήσω ἐπὶ τὸν κλοιὸν ὑμῶν ὁ πατήρ μου ἐπαίδευσεν ὑμᾶς ἐν μάστιγξιν κἀγὼ παιδεύσω ὑμᾶς ἐν σκορπίοις

and he spoke to them according to the counsel of the young men, saying, 'My father made your yoke heavy, but I will add to your yoke; my father disciplined you with whips, but I will discipline you with scorpions.'

Narrative + direct discourse: the harsh speech enactedκαὶ ἐλάλησεν … κατὰ τὴν βουλὴν τῶν παιδαρίων
The king now speaks the young men's words almost verbatim (cf. vv. 10–11), the narrator noting κατὰ τὴν βουλὴν τῶν παιδαρίων ('according to the counsel of the young men'). Note the slight variation: here ἐβάρυνεν ('made heavy', matching the people's own verb in v. 4) replaces the vivid ἐπεσάσσετο ('saddled') of v. 11, and κἀγώ stands in both halves. The scorpions threat is the public, irrevocable provocation.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (the king's public speech)→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak'; the king publicly delivers the harsh answer.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the people)→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (the people).
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard / norm)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to / in accordance with'; marks the young men's counsel as the norm the king follows.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βουλὴνcounselAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationβουλή: 'counsel'; here the young men's advice, the standard the king adopts — pointedly the same noun used of the elders' rejected counsel.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδαρίωνyoung menGenitivegenitive of source→ relational specificationπαιδάριον (gen. pl.): 'young men'; whose harsh counsel is now enacted.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · λέγωparticiple of attendant speech (introducing quotation)→ imperfective participle (pleonastic speech-marker)λέγω (ptcp.): introduces the king's quoted words.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατήρfatherNominativesubject (= Solomon)→ participant prominenceπατήρ: 'father'; Solomon, whose severity the king claims to surpass.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐβάρυνενmade heavyAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βαρύνωmain verb (the father's burden)→ constative aoristβαρύνω: 'make heavy / burden'; here the king uses the people's own verb (v. 4) — affirming, not relieving, the heaviness they complained of.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κλοιὸνyokeAccusativedirect object of ἐβάρυνεν→ object specificationκλοιός: 'yoke'; the burden affirmed and to be increased.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
κἀγὼand INominativesubject (crasis; emphatic contrast)→ participant prominenceκἀγώ: 'and I'; the emphatic first-person, vowing escalation.
προσθήσωI will addFut Act Indic 1 Sg · προστίθημιmain verb (escalation)→ predictive future (threat)προστίθημι: 'add'; 'I will add to your yoke' — the publicly declared intensification.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (addition)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (addition).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κλοιὸνyokeAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationκλοιὸν: meaning 'yoke'; it serves as accusative object of ἐπί.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατήρfatherNominativesubject (second saying: discipline)→ participant prominenceπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as subject (second saying: discipline).
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐπαίδευσενdisciplinedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παιδεύωmain verb (the father's chastisement)→ constative aoristπαιδεύω: 'discipline / chastise'; of Solomon's corporal correction (with whips).
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object of ἐπαίδευσεν→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐπαίδευσεν.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrument, Hebraizing ἐν)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrument, Hebraizing ἐν).
μάστιγξινwhipsDativedative of instrument (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceμάστιξ (dat. pl.): 'whip / scourge'; the milder instrument, contrasted with scorpions.
κἀγὼand INominativesubject (crasis; emphatic, second occurrence)→ participant prominenceκἀγώ: 'and I'; here in the second half too (where v. 10 had ἐγὼ δέ), heightening the parallel self-assertion.
παιδεύσωI will disciplineFut Act Indic 1 Sg · παιδεύωmain verb (escalated threat)→ predictive future (threat)παιδεύω (fut.): 'discipline'; escalated by the instrument to a threat of cruelty.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object of παιδεύσω→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of παιδεύσω.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrument)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrument).
σκορπίοιςscorpionsDativedative of instrument (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceσκορπίος (dat. pl.): 'scorpion'; barbed scourges, the public threat of cruelty that triggers the secession-cry of v. 16.
15

καὶ οὐκ ἤκουσεν ὁ βασιλεὺς τοῦ λαοῦ ὅτι ἦν μεταστροφὴ παρὰ κυρίου ὅπως στήσῃ τὸ ῥῆμα αὐτοῦ ὃ ἐλάλησεν ἐν χειρὶ Αχια τοῦ Σηλωνίτου περὶ Ιεροβοαμ υἱοῦ Ναβατ

And the king did not listen to the people, because the turn of affairs was from the LORD, that he might establish his word which he had spoken by the hand of Ahijah the Shilonite concerning Jeroboam son of Nabat.

Theological commentary (narrator's interpretive aside)καὶ οὐκ ἤκουσεν … ὅτι ἦν μεταστροφὴ παρὰ κυρίου
The narrator supplies the theological key to the whole episode: Rehoboam's refusal was no mere folly but a μεταστροφή ('turn / reversal') from the LORD, fulfilling Ahijah's prophecy (1 Kgs 11:29–39) that Jeroboam would receive ten tribes. The ὅτι-clause asserts divine sovereignty over the human decision; the ὅπως-clause names the purpose: the establishing (στήσῃ) of the prophetic word. This is the LXX's characteristic dual-causality theology.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἤκουσεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ before vowel): negates ἤκουσεν; the king's non-hearing is the pivot on which the kingdom divides.
ἤκουσενlistened / heededAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (the king's refusal)→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear / listen / heed'; with the genitive object (τοῦ λαοῦ) it means 'heed / obey'; the king's refusal to heed the people is the human cause that coincides with the divine purpose.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive object of ἤκουσεν (the one heeded)→ relational specificationλαός (gen. λαοῦ): 'people'; the genitive with ἀκούω marks them as the party not heeded.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (introducing theological explanation)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; introduces the narrator's theological cause behind the human refusal.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb of ὅτι-clause→ imperfect (state)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'was'; states the underlying reality — the whole turn of events was from the LORD.
μεταστροφὴturn / reversalNominativepredicate nominative (with ἦν)→ participant prominenceμεταστροφή: 'turning / change / reversal of affairs'; renders Hebrew סִבָּה ('a turn of events, a thing brought about'); the rare noun names the political upheaval as a divinely orchestrated reversal, fulfilling the prophetic word.
παρὰfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + gen.: 'from (the side of)'; marks the LORD as the ultimate source of the μεταστροφή.
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive of source (with παρά)→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; here YHWH is named as the sovereign author of the schism, working through Rehoboam's folly to fulfil prophecy.
ὅπωςthat / so thatfinal conjunction (purpose)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅπως: 'so that / in order that'; introduces the purpose clause naming the goal of the divinely-brought reversal — the fulfilment of the prophetic word.
στήσῃhe might establishAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἵστημιsubjunctive (purpose, with ὅπως)→ final subjunctiveἵστημι: 'set up / establish / confirm'; renders Hebrew הֵקִים ('cause to stand / fulfil'); 'that he might establish his word' is the standard LXX idiom for the fulfilment of prophecy (cf. 1 Kgdms 1:23; 3:12).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαwordAccusativedirect object of στήσῃ→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word / saying / matter'; renders Hebrew דָּבָר; here the prophetic oracle spoken through Ahijah, which the schism fulfils.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (the LORD's word)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the LORD's word).
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐλάλησεν)→ participant referenceὅς (neut. ὅ): relative pronoun introducing the clause locating the oracle's delivery 'by the hand of Ahijah'.
ἐλάλησενhe had spokenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (antecedent prophecy)λαλέω: 'speak'; of the LORD's prior speaking through the prophet Ahijah (1 Kgs 11:29–39).
ἐνbypreposition + dative (instrumental Hebraism: 'by the hand of')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrumental Hebraism: 'by the hand of').
χειρὶthe handDativedative (instrumental: 'by the hand of')→ sphere or referenceχείρ (dat. χειρί): 'hand'; ἐν χειρί ('by the hand of') is a Hebraism (בְּיַד) for prophetic mediation — the word is the LORD's, but delivered through the prophet.
ΑχιαAhijahgenitive of source (indeclinable; the prophet)→ participant identificationΑχια: transliteration of Hebrew אֲחִיָּה (Ahijah); indeclinable; the prophet of Shiloh who tore his new garment into twelve pieces and gave ten to Jeroboam (1 Kgs 11:29–31), prophesying the division of the kingdom.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with Σηλωνίτου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣηλωνίτουShiloniteGenitivegentilic adjective (modifying Αχια)→ relational specificationΣηλωνίτης (gen. Σηλωνίτου): 'Shilonite, of Shiloh'; a declinable gentilic from Σηλω (Shiloh); identifies Ahijah by his town, the old sanctuary-city of the ark.
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive (reference)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'concerning / about'; marks Jeroboam as the subject of the prophecy.
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamgenitive object of περί (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliteration of Hebrew יָרָבְעָם (Jeroboam); indeclinable; the Ephraimite official whom Ahijah designated future king over the ten northern tribes; first king of the northern kingdom.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ιεροβοαμ→ relational specificationυἱός (gen. υἱοῦ): 'son'; the patronymic identifies Jeroboam as 'son of Nabat'.
ΝαβατNabatgenitive of relationship (indeclinable; the father)→ participant identificationΝαβατ: transliteration of Hebrew נְבָט (Nebat); indeclinable; Jeroboam's father; 'Jeroboam son of Nabat' becomes the formulaic designation of the northern dynasty's founder throughout Kings.
16

καὶ εἶδον πᾶς Ισραηλ ὅτι οὐκ ἤκουσεν ὁ βασιλεὺς αὐτῶν καὶ ἀπεκρίθη ὁ λαὸς τῷ βασιλεῖ λέγων τίς ἡμῖν μερὶς ἐν Δαυιδ καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν ἡμῖν κληρονομία ἐν υἱῷ Ιεσσαι ἀπότρεχε Ισραηλ εἰς τὰ σκηνώματά σου νῦν βόσκε τὸν οἶκόν σου Δαυιδ καὶ ἀπῆλθεν Ισραηλ εἰς τὰ σκηνώματα αὐτοῦ

And all Israel saw that the king did not listen to them, and the people answered the king, saying, 'What portion have we in David? We have no inheritance in the son of Jesse. Away to your tents, O Israel! Now look to your own house, David!' And Israel went off to their tents.

Narrative climax: the secession-cry (main line)καὶ εἶδον πᾶς Ισραηλ … καὶ ἀπεκρίθη ὁ λαός
The schism itself: seeing the king's refusal, the people raise the famous secession-cry (also at 2 Sam 20:1), a rhythmic, defiant repudiation of the Davidic dynasty. The parallel rhetorical questions (μερίς / κληρονομία) deny any stake in David, and the imperatives ἀπότρεχε / βόσκε dismiss the people to their tents and David to his own house. The closing καὶ ἀπῆλθεν enacts the rupture.
Word-by-word analysis· 49 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδονsawAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ὁράωmain verb (perception triggering response)→ constative aoristὁράω (aor. εἶδον): 'see / perceive'; the plural with collective πᾶς Ισραηλ (constructio ad sensum); the people's perception of the king's intransigence precipitates the revolt.
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying Ισραηλ)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; πᾶς Ισραηλ, here the northern tribes about to secede.
ΙσραηλIsraelsubject (indeclinable; collective)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable; collective).
ὅτιthatcomplementizer (content of εἶδον)→ clausal contributionὅτι: 'that'; introduces the content of their perception.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἤκουσεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤκουσενlistenedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωverb of ὅτι-clause→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear / heed'; the people perceive the refusal already stated by the narrator in v. 14.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject of ἤκουσεν→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject of ἤκουσεν.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of ἤκουσεν (the ones not heeded)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἤκουσεν (the ones not heeded).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπεκρίθηansweredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb (the people's response)→ constative aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer / respond'; the people's answer is the formal repudiation that follows.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject of ἀπεκρίθη→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; the assembled northern tribes.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative indirect object (the one answered)→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς (dat. βασιλεῖ): 'king'; Rehoboam, addressed defiantly.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · λέγωparticiple of attendant speech (introducing the cry)→ imperfective participle (pleonastic speech-marker)λέγω (ptcp.): Hebraizing speech-marker introducing the secession-cry; the singular agrees with the collective λαός.
τίςwhatNominativeinterrogative pronoun (predicate of implied 'is')→ participant referenceτίς: 'what / which'; the rhetorical question 'what portion have we in David?' expects the answer 'none', repudiating Davidic claims (cf. 2 Sam 20:1).
ἡμῖνto us / have weDativedative of possession ('what portion is to us')→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'to us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of possession ('what portion is to us').
μερὶςportion / shareNominativesubject (predicate of the rhetorical question)→ participant prominenceμερίς: 'portion / share / part'; renders Hebrew חֵלֶק; the denial of any 'portion in David' rejects the political and covenantal claim of the Davidic house over the north.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (relation/sphere)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (relation/sphere).
ΔαυιδDaviddative object of ἐν (indeclinable; the dynasty)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliteration of Hebrew דָּוִד (David); indeclinable; here metonymic for the whole Davidic dynasty, whose claim the north repudiates.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (parallel denial)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἔστιν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινis / there isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential denial)→ present (categorical denial)εἰμί (ἔστιν): existential 'there is'; 'there is no inheritance for us' categorically denies any stake in the house of Jesse.
ἡμῖνto us / for usDativedative of possession→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'to us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of possession.
κληρονομίαinheritanceNominativesubject (of ἔστιν)→ participant prominenceκληρονομία: 'inheritance / heritage'; renders Hebrew נַחֲלָה; parallel to μερίς; the north denies any inherited bond to the Davidic line.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (relation)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (relation).
υἱῷsonDativedative object of ἐν→ sphere or referenceυἱός (dat. υἱῷ): 'son'; 'the son of Jesse' is a dismissive periphrasis for David, recalling his humble origins and downplaying his royal dignity (cf. 1 Sam 20:27 of David).
ΙεσσαιJessegenitive of relationship (indeclinable; David's father)→ participant identificationΙεσσαι: transliteration of Hebrew יִשַׁי (Jesse); indeclinable; David's father; 'son of Jesse' is here a deliberately diminishing designation of the dynasty.
ἀπότρεχεaway! / run offPres Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀποτρέχωimperative (call to disperse)→ present imperative (immediate command)ἀποτρέχω: 'run off / depart'; the imperative addressed to collective 'Israel' is the rallying cry of secession — 'away to your tents!' — summoning the tribes to abandon the assembly.
ΙσραηλO Israelvocative (indeclinable; addressee of the imperative)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: here vocative, addressing the northern tribes directly in the rallying cry.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνώματάtentsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationσκήνωμα: 'tent / dwelling'; renders Hebrew אֹהֶל; 'to your tents, O Israel' is the ancient cry of tribal dispersal and revolt (Judg 20:8; 2 Sam 20:1), evoking pre-monarchic tribal independence.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with σκηνώματα)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with σκηνώματα).
νῦνnowtemporal adverb→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; sharpens the taunt that follows, turning to address David.
βόσκεlook to / shepherdPres Act Impv 2 Sg · βόσκωimperative (taunt addressed to David)→ present imperative (derisive command)βόσκω: 'feed / tend / pasture'; lit. 'now feed/tend your own house, David!' — a derisive command telling the Davidic dynasty to look after itself alone, since the north will no longer be its flock; possibly an ironic jab at David's shepherd origins.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκόνhouseAccusativedirect object of βόσκε→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / household / dynasty'; here 'your own house' = the tribe of Judah and the Davidic line, all that remains to David.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ΔαυιδO Davidvocative (indeclinable; addressee of the taunt)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: vocative, the dynasty addressed in the derisive command.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (resuming main line)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆλθενwent offAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb (the rupture enacted)→ constative aoristἀπέρχομαι (aor. ἀπῆλθεν): 'go away / depart'; the singular with collective Ισραηλ; the people enact the secession-cry, physically dispersing and effecting the schism.
ΙσραηλIsraelsubject (indeclinable; collective)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable; collective).
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνώματαtentsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationσκήνωμα: 'tent'; the dispersal to the tents completes the secession-cry's command.
αὐτοῦits / theirGenitivegenitive of possession (with σκηνώματα)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with σκηνώματα).
18

καὶ ἀπέστειλεν ὁ βασιλεὺς τὸν Αδωνιραμ τὸν ἐπὶ τοῦ φόρου καὶ ἐλιθοβόλησαν αὐτὸν πᾶς Ισραηλ ἐν λίθοις καὶ ἀπέθανεν καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς Ροβοαμ ἔφθασεν ἀναβῆναι τοῦ φυγεῖν εἰς Ιερουσαλημ

And the king sent Adoniram, who was over the tribute, and all Israel stoned him with stones, and he died; and king Rehoboam hastened to mount up to flee to Jerusalem.

Narrative: the violent rupture (main line)καὶ ἀπέστειλεν ὁ βασιλεύς
Verse 17 is absent from this Greek tradition (in the Hebrew it notes the Israelites dwelling in Judah's cities). Here the schism turns violent: Rehoboam's tribute-officer Adoniram, the embodiment of the hated corvée, is stoned to death, and the king himself barely escapes by chariot to Jerusalem. ἔφθασεν ἀναβῆναι ('hastened to mount up') conveys urgent, undignified flight.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (the king dispatches his officer)→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send / dispatch'; Rehoboam sends his corvée-officer, perhaps to reassert authority or muster labor — a fatal misjudgment of the people's mood.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (Rehoboam)→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject (Rehoboam).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑδωνιραμAdoniramdirect object of ἀπέστειλεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑδωνιραμ: transliteration of Hebrew אֲדֹנִירָם (Adoniram, called Adoram in some traditions); indeclinable; Solomon's (and David's) overseer of the forced labor (1 Kgs 4:6; 5:14), the very symbol of the burdensome corvée the people revolted against.
τὸνthe (who was)Accusativearticle (substantizing the prepositional phrase)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive (oversight: 'over the tribute')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'over / in charge of'; ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ φόρου ('the one over the tribute/levy') is the title of the official in charge of the forced-labor corvée.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φόρουtribute / levyGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationφόρος: 'tribute / tax / forced levy'; renders Hebrew מַס ('corvée / forced labor'); the institution at the heart of the revolt — Adoniram's office made him the natural target of the people's rage.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλιθοβόλησανstonedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λιθοβολέωmain verb (the killing)→ constative aoristλιθοβολέω: 'stone / pelt with stones'; the plural with collective πᾶς Ισραηλ; stoning is mob execution, expressing the people's collective verdict against the corvée and, by extension, the king.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἐλιθοβόλησαν (Adoniram)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐλιθοβόλησαν (Adoniram).
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying Ισραηλ)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; the whole northern body acts as one in the stoning.
ΙσραηλIsraelsubject (indeclinable; collective)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable; collective).
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrument, Hebraizing ἐν)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrument, Hebraizing ἐν).
λίθοιςstonesDativedative of instrument (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceλίθος (dat. pl. λίθοις): 'stone'; the instrumental dative; the cognate of λιθοβολέω, a Hebraizing pleonasm ('stoned him with stones').
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέθανενhe diedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (result of the stoning)→ constative aoristἀποθνῄσκω (aor. ἀπέθανεν): 'die'; the death of the corvée-officer is the first blood of the schism, making reconciliation impossible.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (in apposition to Ροβοαμ)→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject (in apposition to Ροβοαμ).
ΡοβοαμRehoboamsubject (indeclinable; in apposition to βασιλεύς)→ participant identificationΡοβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable; in apposition to βασιλεύς).
ἔφθασενhastened / managedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φθάνωmain verb (the king's urgent escape)→ constative aoristφθάνω: 'come/do first, anticipate, hasten, manage in time'; with the complementary infinitive ἀναβῆναι it means 'made haste to mount up / barely managed to get up (into his chariot)', conveying the king's narrow, undignified escape.
ἀναβῆναιto mount upAor Act Inf · ἀναβαίνωcomplementary infinitive (with ἔφθασεν)→ verbal action or stateἀναβαίνω: 'go up / mount'; here 'mount (the chariot)'; the king scrambles aboard his chariot to escape the mob (cf. the explicit 'chariot' in the Hebrew and in 12:24u).
τοῦto / in order toGenitivearticle (with articular infinitive of purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυγεῖνto fleeAor Act Inf · φεύγωarticular infinitive of purpose (τοῦ φυγεῖν)→ purpose (telic)φεύγω: 'flee / escape'; the articular infinitive τοῦ φυγεῖν expresses purpose — the king mounts up in order to flee; the flight to Jerusalem marks the definitive collapse of the united monarchy.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemaccusative object of εἰς (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliteration of Hebrew יְרוּשָׁלַ͏ִם (Jerusalem); indeclinable in the LXX; the Davidic capital, refuge of the king and seat of the surviving southern kingdom of Judah.
19

καὶ ἠθέτησεν Ισραηλ εἰς τὸν οἶκον Δαυιδ ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης

And Israel revolted against the house of David, to this day.

Narrative summary with etiological formula (main line)καὶ ἠθέτησεν Ισραηλ
A terse summarizing verdict on the schism, sealed by the etiological formula ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης ('to this day'), which marks the division of the kingdom as a permanent, ongoing reality from the narrator's vantage. The verb ἀθετέω ('reject / break faith') frames the secession as covenant-breaking revolt.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἠθέτησενrevolted / broke faithAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀθετέωmain verb (the revolt)→ constative aorist (summary of the schism)ἀθετέω: 'set aside / reject / break faith / rebel'; renders Hebrew פָּשַׁע ('rebel / transgress'); the verb casts the northern secession as an act of treachery against the Davidic covenant, here construed with εἰς ('against').
ΙσραηλIsraelsubject (indeclinable; the northern tribes)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: now denotes specifically the ten northern tribes that broke away, who retain the name 'Israel' as the northern kingdom.
εἰςagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction: 'against')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: here in hostile sense 'against', with ἀθετέω; a Hebraizing construction (rebel 'against').
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (against the dynasty)→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / dynasty'; 'the house of David' = the Davidic royal line, against which the north now stands.
ΔαυιδDavidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable; the dynasty)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; the Davidic dynasty, now reduced to Judah and Benjamin.
ἕωςuntil / topreposition + genitive (temporal extent: etiological formula)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until / up to'; in the formula ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης ('to this day') marks the enduring consequence of the schism from the narrator's standpoint.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdayGenitivegenitive of time (with ἕως)→ relational specificationἡμέρα (gen. ἡμέρας): 'day'; the 'this day' of the etiological formula, asserting the permanence of the division.
ταύτηςthisGenitivedemonstrative (modifying ἡμέρας)→ relational specificationοὗτος (gen. ταύτης): 'this'; the etiological 'this day' is a standard biblical narrator's formula (cf. Deut 34:6; Josh 4:9) marking a lasting state of affairs.
20

καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς ἤκουσεν πᾶς Ισραηλ ὅτι ἀνέκαμψεν Ιεροβοαμ ἐξ Αἰγύπτου καὶ ἀπέστειλαν καὶ ἐκάλεσαν αὐτὸν εἰς τὴν συναγωγὴν καὶ ἐβασίλευσαν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ Ισραηλ καὶ οὐκ ἦν ὀπίσω οἴκου Δαυιδ πάρεξ σκήπτρου Ιουδα καὶ Βενιαμιν μόνοι

And it came to pass, when all Israel heard that Jeroboam had returned from Egypt, that they sent and called him to the assembly and made him king over Israel; and none followed the house of David except the tribe of Judah and Benjamin only.

Narrative: the enthronement of Jeroboam (main line)καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς ἤκουσεν
The καὶ ἐγένετο + ὡς construction (a Hebraism rendering וַיְהִי כַּאֲשֶׁר) frames the decisive event: on hearing of Jeroboam's return, the north summons and crowns him. The closing clause defines the new political map — only Judah and Benjamin remain loyal to the house of David, the ten tribes following Jeroboam.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (narrative-framing formula)→ constative aoristγίνομαι (aor. ἐγένετο): 'become / happen'; καὶ ἐγένετο is the standard LXX narrative-onset formula (וַיְהִי), here introducing a temporal clause leading to the enthronement.
ὡςwhentemporal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'when / as'; introduces the temporal clause (with ἤκουσεν).
ἤκουσενheardAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωverb of temporal clause→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear'; the news of Jeroboam's return prompts the summons.
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying Ισραηλ)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; πᾶς Ισραηλ, the assembled northern tribes.
ΙσραηλIsraelsubject of ἤκουσεν (indeclinable; collective)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject of ἤκουσεν (indeclinable; collective).
ὅτιthatcomplementizer (content of ἤκουσεν)→ clausal contributionὅτι: 'that'; introduces the news heard.
ἀνέκαμψενhad returnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνακάμπτωverb of ὅτι-clause→ constative aorist (antecedent action)ἀνακάμπτω: 'turn back / return'; of Jeroboam's return from his Egyptian exile (to which he had fled from Solomon, 1 Kgs 11:40); his homecoming makes him available as the north's candidate king.
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamsubject of ἀνέκαμψεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: the future first king of the northern kingdom, returning from refuge in Egypt.
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΑἰγύπτουEgyptGenitivegenitive of source (with ἐξ)→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος (gen. Αἰγύπτου): 'Egypt'; declinable in the LXX; the place of Jeroboam's exile under Shishak (1 Kgs 11:40); the supplement (12:24) gives a fuller account of this Egyptian sojourn.
καὶthat / andnarrative conjunction (apodosis of καὶ ἐγένετο)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here introduces the apodosis after the temporal clause, a Hebraizing waw-apodosis.
ἀπέστειλανthey sentAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (the summons)→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send'; the people send messengers to summon Jeroboam to the assembly.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάλεσανcalledAor Act Indic 3 Pl · καλέωmain verb (the summons)→ constative aoristκαλέω: 'call / summon / invite'; the north calls Jeroboam to the formal assembly to be enthroned.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἐκάλεσαν (Jeroboam)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐκάλεσαν (Jeroboam).
εἰςto / intopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συναγωγὴνassemblyAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationσυναγωγή: 'assembly / congregation / gathering'; renders Hebrew עֵדָה / קָהָל; the formal national assembly convened to enthrone Jeroboam.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσανmade kingAor Act Indic 3 Pl · βασιλεύωmain verb (the enthronement)→ constative aoristβασιλεύω: 'reign / be king'; here transitive-causative ('make king / enthrone'); the people crown Jeroboam, fulfilling Ahijah's prophecy (v. 15).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἐβασίλευσαν (Jeroboam)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐβασίλευσαν (Jeroboam).
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (royal authority over)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'over'; marks the extent of Jeroboam's royal authority — 'over Israel'.
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable; the northern kingdom)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: here the northern kingdom over which Jeroboam now reigns.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the political summary)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἦν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνthere wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential, summarizing loyalty)→ imperfect (resulting state)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'was'; here in the idiom ἦν ὀπίσω ('was after / followed'), describing political allegiance — none followed the house of David except two tribes.
ὀπίσωafter / followingpreposition/adverb + genitive (allegiance: 'after')→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'behind / after'; the Hebraism ἦν ὀπίσω ('was after') = 'followed / gave allegiance to' (אַחֲרֵי); describes loyalty to a royal house.
οἴκουhouseGenitivegenitive object of ὀπίσω→ relational specificationοἶκος (gen. οἴκου): 'house / dynasty'; the house of David, now followed only by Judah and Benjamin.
ΔαυιδDavidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable; the dynasty)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable; the dynasty).
πάρεξexceptpreposition + genitive (exception)→ spatial or relational framingπάρεξ: 'except / besides'; introduces the exception — the tribes that remained loyal to David.
σκήπτρουtribe / scepterGenitivegenitive object of πάρεξ→ relational specificationσκῆπτρον (gen. σκήπτρου): lit. 'scepter / staff', used in the LXX of Kings for 'tribe' (rendering שֵׁבֶט, which means both 'staff' and 'tribe'); here 'the tribe of Judah'.
ΙουδαJudahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable; the tribe)→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliteration of Hebrew יְהוּדָה (Judah); indeclinable; the leading southern tribe and core of the surviving Davidic kingdom.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΒενιαμινBenjamingenitive of relationship (indeclinable; the tribe)→ participant identificationΒενιαμιν: transliteration of Hebrew בִּנְיָמִין (Benjamin); indeclinable; the small tribe adjoining Judah that remained with the Davidic house.
μόνοιonlyNominativepredicate adjective (emphatic: 'only')→ participant prominenceμόνος (nom. pl. μόνοι): 'alone / only'; the masculine plural (constructio ad sensum, of the men of the two tribes) stresses that only these remained loyal — the kingdom is now decisively split, ten tribes to one (plus Benjamin).
21

καὶ Ροβοαμ εἰσῆλθεν εἰς Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ἐξεκκλησίασεν τὴν συναγωγὴν Ιουδα καὶ σκῆπτρον Βενιαμιν ἑκατὸν καὶ εἴκοσι χιλιάδες νεανιῶν ποιούντων πόλεμον τοῦ πολεμεῖν πρὸς οἶκον Ισραηλ ἐπιστρέψαι τὴν βασιλείαν Ροβοαμ υἱῷ Σαλωμων

And Rehoboam entered Jerusalem, and he assembled the congregation of Judah and the tribe of Benjamin — a hundred and twenty thousand young warriors making war — to fight against the house of Israel, to restore the kingdom to Rehoboam son of Solomon.

Narrative: the muster for civil war (main line)καὶ Ροβοαμ εἰσῆλθεν
Rehoboam responds to the schism by mustering a massive army (120,000) from Judah and Benjamin to reconquer the north. The doubled infinitives of purpose (τοῦ πολεμεῖν … ἐπιστρέψαι) name the goal: to fight Israel and restore the kingdom to the Davidic line. This sets up the prophetic prohibition of vv. 22–24.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΡοβοαμRehoboamsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΡοβοαμ: the southern king, now mustering for war.
εἰσῆλθενenteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (arrival in the capital)→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter / go in'; Rehoboam reaches Jerusalem, the base from which he prepares his counter-offensive.
εἰςto / intopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemaccusative object of εἰς (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: the Davidic capital.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξεκκλησίασενassembled / musteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξεκκλησιάζωmain verb (the muster)→ constative aoristἐξεκκλησιάζω: 'call out into assembly / muster'; a rare denominative from ἐκκλησία, here of summoning the men of Judah and Benjamin for war.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συναγωγὴνcongregationAccusativedirect object of ἐξεκκλησίασεν→ object specificationσυναγωγή: 'congregation / assembly'; here the muster of Judah's fighting men.
ΙουδαJudahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: the tribe of Judah, core of the southern kingdom.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σκῆπτρονtribeAccusativedirect object (coordinate with συναγωγήν)→ object specificationσκῆπτρον: 'scepter / tribe'; here 'the tribe of Benjamin' (cf. v. 20).
ΒενιαμινBenjamingenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒενιαμιν: the tribe of Benjamin, loyal to David.
ἑκατὸνa hundredcardinal numeral (with χιλιάδες)→ measure or countἑκατόν: 'one hundred'; indeclinable numeral; with εἴκοσι χιλιάδες = 120,000.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (in compound numeral)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἴκοσιtwentycardinal numeral (with χιλιάδες)→ measure or countεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; indeclinable; 'a hundred and twenty thousand'.
χιλιάδεςthousandsNominativenoun of number (in apposition to the muster)→ participant prominenceχιλιάς (nom. pl. χιλιάδες): 'thousand (as a group)'; 120,000 men, a hyperbolic figure conveying the scale of the intended civil war.
νεανιῶνyoung men / warriorsGenitivegenitive (partitive/descriptive: 'of young men')→ relational specificationνεανίας (gen. pl. νεανιῶν): 'young man / youth'; here 'choice young warriors', the able-bodied fighting men of the muster.
ποιούντωνmakingPres Act Ptcp Gen Masc Pl · ποιέωparticiple (attributive, modifying νεανιῶν)→ present (characterizing)ποιέω (ptcp.): 'make / do'; ποιοῦντες πόλεμον ('making war') is an idiom for waging/engaging in battle; characterizes the mustered men as warriors.
πόλεμονwar / battleAccusativedirect object of ποιούντων (idiom: 'make war')→ object specificationπόλεμος: 'war / battle'; the object of the idiom ποιεῖν πόλεμον ('wage war').
τοῦto / in order toGenitivearticle (with articular infinitive of purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολεμεῖνto fightPres Act Inf · πολεμέωarticular infinitive of purpose (τοῦ πολεμεῖν)→ purpose (telic)πολεμέω: 'wage war / fight'; the articular infinitive τοῦ πολεμεῖν expresses the purpose of the muster — to fight the north.
πρὸςagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile: 'against')→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: here 'against', marking the object of the intended war.
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house'; 'the house of Israel' = the northern kingdom under Jeroboam.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable; the northern kingdom)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the northern kingdom, the target of Rehoboam's planned campaign.
ἐπιστρέψαιto restoreAor Act Inf · ἐπιστρέφωinfinitive of purpose (second goal)→ purpose (telic)ἐπιστρέφω: 'turn back / restore / bring back'; the aorist infinitive names the ultimate aim — to restore the (whole) kingdom to the Davidic line.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλείανkingdomAccusativedirect object of ἐπιστρέψαι→ object specificationβασιλεία: 'kingdom / kingship / reign'; the united monarchy Rehoboam seeks to reclaim by force.
Ροβοαμto Rehoboamdative of advantage (indeclinable; recipient of the restored kingdom)→ participant identificationΡοβοαμ: here functioning as the dative recipient ('to Rehoboam'), to whom the kingdom is to be restored.
υἱῷsonDativedative in apposition to Ροβοαμ→ sphere or referenceυἱός (dat. υἱῷ): 'son'; the patronymic 'son of Solomon' affirms Rehoboam's Davidic-Solomonic legitimacy, the basis of his claim to the whole kingdom.
ΣαλωμωνSolomongenitive of relationship (indeclinable; the father)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; Solomon, Rehoboam's father; the dynastic line invoked to justify the war.
22

καὶ ἐγένετο λόγος κυρίου πρὸς Σαμαιαν ἄνθρωπον τοῦ θεοῦ λέγων

And the word of the LORD came to Shemaiah the man of God, saying:

Prophetic word-event formula (main line)καὶ ἐγένετο λόγος κυρίου
The prophetic word-reception formula καὶ ἐγένετο λόγος κυρίου πρός (a Hebraism, וַיְהִי דְּבַר־יהוה אֶל) introduces divine intervention to halt the civil war. Shemaiah is titled ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ ('man of God'), the standard designation of a prophet, lending divine authority to the prohibition that follows.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοcame / happenedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (word-event formula)→ constative aoristγίνομαι (aor. ἐγένετο): 'come to be / happen'; in καὶ ἐγένετο λόγος κυρίου ('the word of the LORD came'), the standard LXX prophetic formula for the reception of revelation.
λόγοςwordNominativesubject→ participant prominenceλόγος: 'word'; the divine communication; λόγος κυρίου renders דְּבַר־יהוה, the technical term for prophetic revelation.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source (with λόγος)→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the divine source of the prophetic word.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (recipient)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (recipient).
ΣαμαιανShemaiahAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the prophet)→ object specificationΣαμαιας (acc. Σαμαιαν): transliteration of Hebrew שְׁמַעְיָה (Shemaiah); declined as a first-declension noun in the LXX (hence kind 'n' with case); the prophet who forbids the civil war.
ἄνθρωπονmanAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Σαμαιαν→ object specificationἄνθρωπος (acc. ἄνθρωπον): 'man'; in the title ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ ('man of God', אִישׁ הָאֱלֹהִים), the standard designation of a prophet.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive (in the title 'man of God')→ relational specificationθεός (gen. θεοῦ): 'God'; the title 'man of God' marks Shemaiah as an authorized prophetic spokesman of YHWH.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · λέγωparticiple of attendant speech (introducing oracle)→ imperfective participle (pleonastic speech-marker)λέγω (ptcp.): Hebraizing speech-marker (= לֵאמֹר), introducing the content of the oracle in v. 23.
23

εἰπὸν τῷ Ροβοαμ υἱῷ Σαλωμων βασιλεῖ Ιουδα καὶ πρὸς πάντα οἶκον Ιουδα καὶ Βενιαμιν καὶ τῷ καταλοίπῳ τοῦ λαοῦ λέγων

Speak to Rehoboam son of Solomon, king of Judah, and to all the house of Judah and Benjamin, and to the remnant of the people, saying:

Direct discourse: the commission to the prophetεἰπὸν τῷ Ροβοαμ
The LORD commissions Shemaiah to address the whole southern coalition — king, the two tribes, and the rest of the people. The threefold addressee (Rehoboam / the house of Judah and Benjamin / the remnant of the people) ensures the prohibition reaches the entire war-party. The oracle proper follows in v. 24.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
εἰπὸνspeak / sayAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb (divine command to the prophet)→ ingressive aorist imperativeλέγω (aor. impv. εἰπόν): 'say / speak'; the LORD commands Shemaiah to deliver the message; the accent εἰπόν marks the aorist imperative.
τῷtoDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΡοβοαμRehoboamdative indirect object (indeclinable; first addressee)→ participant identificationΡοβοαμ: the king, primary addressee of the oracle.
υἱῷsonDativedative in apposition to Ροβοαμ→ sphere or referenceυἱός (dat. υἱῷ): 'son'; 'son of Solomon', affirming Rehoboam's dynastic identity.
ΣαλωμωνSolomongenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; Rehoboam's father.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative in apposition to Ροβοαμ→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς (dat. βασιλεῖ): 'king'; 'king of Judah' — the title now restricted to the southern kingdom, reflecting the new political reality.
ΙουδαJudahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: the southern kingdom over which Rehoboam now reigns.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (second addressee)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying οἶκον)→ object specificationπᾶς (acc. masc. πάντα): 'all / whole'; 'all the house of Judah and Benjamin' — the entire southern population.
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house'; the collective body of the two southern tribes.
ΙουδαJudahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΒενιαμινBenjamingenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒενιαμιν: the second loyal tribe.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (third addressee)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταλοίπῳremnant / restDativedative indirect object (substantival adjective)→ sphere or referenceκατάλοιπος: 'remaining / left over'; substantivized 'the remnant / the rest of the people', renders Hebrew יֶתֶר; here the remainder of the southern population beyond the two named tribes.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive (with καταλοίπῳ: 'remnant of the people')→ relational specificationλαός (gen. λαοῦ): 'people'; the populace of the southern kingdom.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · λέγωparticiple of attendant speech (introducing the oracle)→ imperfective participle (pleonastic speech-marker)λέγω (ptcp.): introduces the oracle proper, given in v. 24.
24

τάδε λέγει κύριος οὐκ ἀναβήσεσθε οὐδὲ πολεμήσετε μετὰ τῶν ἀδελφῶν ὑμῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ ἀναστρεφέτω ἕκαστος εἰς τὸν οἶκον ἑαυτοῦ ὅτι παρ᾿ ἐμοῦ γέγονεν τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο καὶ ἤκουσαν τοῦ λόγου κυρίου καὶ κατέπαυσαν τοῦ πορευθῆναι κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς Σαλωμων κοιμᾶται μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ καὶ θάπτεται μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ ἐν πόλει Δαυιδ καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Ροβοαμ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ ἐν Ιερουσαλημ υἱὸς ὢν ἑκκαίδεκα ἐτῶν ἐν τῷ βασιλεύειν αὐτὸν καὶ δώδεκα ἔτη ἐβασίλευσεν ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ὄνομα τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ Νααναν θυγάτηρ Αναν υἱοῦ Ναας βασιλέως υἱῶν Αμμων καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐνώπιον κυρίου καὶ οὐκ ἐπορεύθη ἐν ὁδῷ Δαυιδ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ καὶ ἦν ἄνθρωπος ἐξ ὄρους Εφραιμ δοῦλος τῷ Σαλωμων καὶ ὄνομα αὐτῷ Ιεροβοαμ καὶ ὄνομα τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ Σαριρα γυνὴ πόρνη καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτὸν Σαλωμων εἰς ἄρχοντα σκυτάλης ἐπὶ τὰς ἄρσεις οἴκου Ιωσηφ καὶ ᾠκοδόμησεν τῷ Σαλωμων τὴν Σαριρα τὴν ἐν ὄρει Εφραιμ καὶ ἦσαν αὐτῷ ἅρματα τριακόσια ἵππων οὗτος ᾠκοδόμησεν τὴν ἄκραν ἐν ταῖς ἄρσεσιν οἴκου Εφραιμ οὗτος συνέκλεισεν τὴν πόλιν Δαυιδ καὶ ἦν ἐπαιρόμενος ἐπὶ τὴν βασιλείαν καὶ ἐζήτει Σαλωμων θανατῶσαι αὐτόν καὶ ἐφοβήθη καὶ ἀπέδρα αὐτὸς πρὸς Σουσακιμ βασιλέα Αἰγύπτου καὶ ἦν μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ ἕως ἀπέθανεν Σαλωμων καὶ ἤκουσεν Ιεροβοαμ ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ ὅτι τέθνηκεν Σαλωμων καὶ ἐλάλησεν εἰς τὰ ὦτα Σουσακιμ βασιλέως Αἰγύπτου λέγων ἐξαπόστειλόν με καὶ ἀπελεύσομαι ἐγὼ εἰς τὴν γῆν μου καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ Σουσακιμ αἴτησαί τι αἴτημα καὶ δώσω σοι καὶ Σουσακιμ ἔδωκεν τῷ Ιεροβοαμ τὴν Ανω ἀδελφὴν Θεκεμινας τὴν πρεσβυτέραν τῆς γυναικὸς αὐτοῦ αὐτῷ εἰς γυναῖκα αὕτη ἦν μεγάλη ἐν μέσῳ τῶν θυγατέρων τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ ἔτεκεν τῷ Ιεροβοαμ τὸν Αβια υἱὸν αὐτοῦ καὶ εἶπεν Ιεροβοαμ πρὸς Σουσακιμ ὄντως ἐξαπόστειλόν με καὶ ἀπελεύσομαι καὶ ἐξῆλθεν Ιεροβοαμ ἐξ Αἰγύπτου καὶ ἦλθεν εἰς γῆν Σαριρα τὴν ἐν ὄρει Εφραιμ καὶ συνάγεται ἐκεῖ πᾶν σκῆπτρον Εφραιμ καὶ ᾠκοδόμησεν Ιεροβοαμ ἐκεῖ χάρακα καὶ ἠρρώστησε τὸ παιδάριον αὐτοῦ ἀρρωστίαν κραταιὰν σφόδρα καὶ ἐπορεύθη Ιεροβοαμ ἐπερωτῆσαι ὑπὲρ τοῦ παιδαρίου καὶ εἶπε πρὸς Ανω τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ ἀνάστηθι καὶ πορεύου ἐπερώτησον τὸν θεὸν ὑπὲρ τοῦ παιδαρίου εἰ ζήσεται ἐκ τῆς ἀρρωστίας αὐτοῦ καὶ ἄνθρωπος ἦν ἐν Σηλω καὶ ὄνομα αὐτῷ Αχια καὶ οὗτος ἦν υἱὸς ἑξήκοντα ἐτῶν καὶ ῥῆμα κυρίου μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ καὶ εἶπεν Ιεροβοαμ πρὸς τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ ἀνάστηθι καὶ λαβὲ εἰς τὴν χεῖρά σου τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ τοῦ θεοῦ ἄρτους καὶ κολλύρια τοῖς τέκνοις αὐτοῦ καὶ σταφυλὴν καὶ στάμνον μέλιτος καὶ ἀνέστη ἡ γυνὴ καὶ ἔλαβεν εἰς τὴν χεῖρα αὐτῆς ἄρτους καὶ δύο κολλύρια καὶ σταφυλὴν καὶ στάμνον μέλιτος τῷ Αχια καὶ ὁ ἄνθρωπος πρεσβύτερος καὶ οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ αὐτοῦ ἠμβλυώπουν τοῦ βλέπειν καὶ ἀνέστη ἐκ Σαριρα καὶ πορεύεται καὶ ἐγένετο εἰσελθούσης αὐτῆς εἰς τὴν πόλιν πρὸς Αχια τὸν Σηλωνίτην καὶ εἶπεν Αχια τῷ παιδαρίῳ αὐτοῦ ἔξελθε δὴ εἰς ἀπαντὴν Ανω τῇ γυναικὶ Ιεροβοαμ καὶ ἐρεῖς αὐτῇ εἴσελθε καὶ μὴ στῇς ὅτι τάδε λέγει κύριος σκληρὰ ἐγὼ ἐπαποστελῶ ἐπὶ σέ καὶ εἰσῆλθεν Ανω πρὸς τὸν ἄνθρωπον τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῇ Αχια ἵνα τί μοι ἐνήνοχας ἄρτους καὶ σταφυλὴν καὶ κολλύρια καὶ στάμνον μέλιτος τάδε λέγει κύριος ἰδοὺ σὺ ἀπελεύσῃ ἀπ᾿ ἐμοῦ καὶ ἔσται εἰσελθούσης σου τὴν πύλην εἰς Σαριρα καὶ τὰ κοράσιά σου ἐξελεύσονταί σοι εἰς συνάντησιν καὶ ἐροῦσίν σοι τὸ παιδάριον τέθνηκεν ὅτι τάδε λέγει κύριος ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ ἐξολεθρεύσω τοῦ Ιεροβοαμ οὐροῦντα πρὸς τοῖχον καὶ ἔσονται οἱ τεθνηκότες τοῦ Ιεροβοαμ ἐν τῇ πόλει καταφάγονται οἱ κύνες καὶ τὸν τεθνηκότα ἐν τῷ ἀγρῷ καταφάγεται τὰ πετεινὰ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ τὸ παιδάριον κόψονται οὐαὶ κύριε ὅτι εὑρέθη ἐν αὐτῷ ῥῆμα καλὸν περὶ τοῦ κυρίου καὶ ἀπῆλθεν ἡ γυνή ὡς ἤκουσεν καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὴν Σαριρα καὶ τὸ παιδάριον ἀπέθανεν καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ἡ κραυγὴ εἰς ἀπαντήν καὶ ἐπορεύθη Ιεροβοαμ εἰς Σικιμα τὴν ἐν ὄρει Εφραιμ καὶ συνήθροισεν ἐκεῖ τὰς φυλὰς τοῦ Ισραηλ καὶ ἀνέβη ἐκεῖ Ροβοαμ υἱὸς Σαλωμων καὶ λόγος κυρίου ἐγένετο πρὸς Σαμαιαν τὸν Ελαμι λέγων λαβὲ σεαυτῷ ἱμάτιον καινὸν τὸ οὐκ εἰσεληλυθὸς εἰς ὕδωρ καὶ ῥῆξον αὐτὸ δώδεκα ῥήγματα καὶ δώσεις τῷ Ιεροβοαμ καὶ ἐρεῖς αὐτῷ τάδε λέγει κύριος λαβὲ σεαυτῷ δέκα ῥήγματα τοῦ περιβαλέσθαι σε καὶ ἔλαβεν Ιεροβοαμ καὶ εἶπεν Σαμαιας τάδε λέγει κύριος ἐπὶ τὰς δέκα φυλὰς τοῦ Ισραηλ καὶ εἶπεν ὁ λαὸς πρὸς Ροβοαμ υἱὸν Σαλωμων ὁ πατήρ σου ἐβάρυνεν τὸν κλοιὸν αὐτοῦ ἐφ᾿ ἡμᾶς καὶ ἐβάρυνεν τὰ βρώματα τῆς τραπέζης αὐτοῦ καὶ νῦν εἰ κουφιεῖς σὺ ἐφ᾿ ἡμᾶς καὶ δουλεύσομέν σοι καὶ εἶπεν Ροβοαμ πρὸς τὸν λαόν ἔτι τριῶν ἡμερῶν καὶ ἀποκριθήσομαι ὑμῖν ῥῆμα καὶ εἶπεν Ροβοαμ εἰσαγάγετέ μοι τοὺς πρεσβυτέρους καὶ συμβουλεύσομαι μετ᾿ αὐτῶν τί ἀποκριθῶ τῷ λαῷ ῥῆμα ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ τρίτῃ καὶ ἐλάλησεν Ροβοαμ εἰς τὰ ὦτα αὐτῶν καθὼς ἀπέστειλεν ὁ λαὸς πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ εἶπον οἱ πρεσβύτεροι τοῦ λαοῦ οὕτως ἐλάλησεν πρὸς σὲ ὁ λαός καὶ διεσκέδασεν Ροβοαμ τὴν βουλὴν αὐτῶν καὶ οὐκ ἤρεσεν ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀπέστειλεν καὶ εἰσήγαγεν τοὺς συντρόφους αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς τὰ αὐτά καὶ ταῦτα ἀπέστειλεν πρός με λέγων ὁ λαός καὶ εἶπαν οἱ σύντροφοι αὐτοῦ οὕτως λαλήσεις πρὸς τὸν λαὸν λέγων ἡ μικρότης μου παχυτέρα ὑπὲρ τὴν ὀσφὺν τοῦ πατρός μου ὁ πατήρ μου ἐμαστίγου ὑμᾶς μάστιγξιν ἐγὼ δὲ κατάρξω ὑμῶν ἐν σκορπίοις καὶ ἤρεσεν τὸ ῥῆμα ἐνώπιον Ροβοαμ καὶ ἀπεκρίθη τῷ λαῷ καθὼς συνεβούλευσαν αὐτῷ οἱ σύντροφοι αὐτοῦ τὰ παιδάρια καὶ εἶπεν πᾶς ὁ λαὸς ὡς ἀνὴρ εἷς ἕκαστος τῷ πλησίον αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀνέκραξαν ἅπαντες λέγοντες οὐ μερὶς ἡμῖν ἐν Δαυιδ οὐδὲ κληρονομία ἐν υἱῷ Ιεσσαι εἰς τὰ σκηνώματά σου Ισραηλ ὅτι οὗτος ὁ ἄνθρωπος οὐκ εἰς ἄρχοντα οὐδὲ εἰς ἡγούμενον καὶ διεσπάρη πᾶς ὁ λαὸς ἐκ Σικιμων καὶ ἀπῆλθεν ἕκαστος εἰς τὸ σκήνωμα αὐτοῦ καὶ κατεκράτησεν Ροβοαμ καὶ ἀπῆλθεν καὶ ἀνέβη ἐπὶ τὸ ἅρμα αὐτοῦ καὶ εἰσῆλθεν εἰς Ιερουσαλημ καὶ πορεύονται ὀπίσω αὐτοῦ πᾶν σκῆπτρον Ιουδα καὶ πᾶν σκῆπτρον Βενιαμιν καὶ ἐγένετο ἐνισταμένου τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ καὶ συνήθροισεν Ροβοαμ πάντα ἄνδρα Ιουδα καὶ Βενιαμιν καὶ ἀνέβη τοῦ πολεμεῖν πρὸς Ιεροβοαμ εἰς Σικιμα καὶ ἐγένετο ῥῆμα κυρίου πρὸς Σαμαιαν ἄνθρωπον τοῦ θεοῦ λέγων εἰπὸν τῷ Ροβοαμ βασιλεῖ Ιουδα καὶ πρὸς πάντα οἶκον Ιουδα καὶ Βενιαμιν καὶ πρὸς τὸ κατάλειμμα τοῦ λαοῦ λέγων τάδε λέγει κύριος οὐκ ἀναβήσεσθε οὐδὲ πολεμήσετε πρὸς τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς ὑμῶν υἱοὺς Ισραηλ ἀναστρέφετε ἕκαστος εἰς τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ ὅτι παρ᾿ ἐμοῦ γέγονεν τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο καὶ ἤκουσαν τοῦ λόγου κυρίου καὶ ἀνέσχον τοῦ πορευθῆναι κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου

Thus says the LORD: You shall not go up nor make war against your brothers, the sons of Israel; let each man return to his own house, for from me has this thing come about. And they listened to the word of the LORD and ceased from going up, according to the word of the LORD. [And here the LXX adds the supplement:] And king Solomon slept with his fathers and was buried with his fathers in the city of David, and Rehoboam his son reigned in his place in Jerusalem, being sixteen years old when he became king, and he reigned twelve years in Jerusalem; and his mother's name was Naanan, daughter of Anan son of Naas king of the sons of Ammon. And he did what was evil before the LORD, and did not walk in the way of David his father. And there was a man from the hill country of Ephraim, a servant of Solomon, whose name was Jeroboam, and his mother's name was Sarira, a harlot woman; and Solomon made him an officer over the levy-staff of the burden-bearers of the house of Joseph. And he built for Solomon Sarira in the hill country of Ephraim, and he had three hundred chariots of horses; he built the citadel with the levies of the house of Ephraim; he fortified the city of David and was lifting himself up toward the kingship. And Solomon sought to put him to death; and he was afraid and fled to Shishak king of Egypt and stayed with him until Solomon died. And Jeroboam heard in Egypt that Solomon was dead, and he spoke into the ears of Shishak king of Egypt, saying, 'Send me away, that I may go to my own land'; and Shishak said to him, 'Ask any request, and I will give it to you.' And Shishak gave to Jeroboam Ano, the elder sister of Thekemina his wife, to him as a wife; she was great among the daughters of the king, and she bore to Jeroboam Abijah his son. And Jeroboam said to Shishak, 'Truly, send me away, that I may go.' And Jeroboam went out of Egypt and came to the land of Sarira in the hill country of Ephraim, and there all the tribe of Ephraim gathered, and Jeroboam built there a stronghold. And his child fell sick with a very severe sickness, and Jeroboam went to inquire concerning the child, and he said to Ano his wife, 'Arise and go, inquire of God concerning the child, whether he will recover from his sickness.' Now there was a man in Shiloh whose name was Ahijah, and he was sixty years old, and the word of the LORD was with him. And Jeroboam said to his wife, 'Arise and take in your hand for the man of God loaves and cakes for his children, and a cluster of grapes and a jar of honey.' And the woman arose and took in her hand loaves and two cakes and a cluster of grapes and a jar of honey for Ahijah; and the man was old, and his eyes were dim so that he could not see. And she arose from Sarira and went; and it came to pass, as she entered the city to Ahijah the Shilonite, that Ahijah said to his servant, 'Go out now to meet Ano the wife of Jeroboam, and say to her, Come in and do not stand still, for thus says the LORD: harsh things I am sending upon you.' And Ano came in to the man of God, and Ahijah said to her, 'Why have you brought me loaves and grapes and cakes and a jar of honey? Thus says the LORD: Behold, you shall depart from me, and it shall be, as you enter the gate into Sarira, that your maidens shall come out to meet you and shall say to you, The child is dead. For thus says the LORD: Behold, I will utterly destroy of Jeroboam every male; and the dead of Jeroboam in the city the dogs shall devour, and the one dead in the field the birds of heaven shall devour; and for the child they shall mourn, Alas, Lord! for in him was found something good concerning the LORD.' And the woman went away when she had heard; and it came to pass, as she entered into Sarira, that the child died, and the wailing went out to meet her. And Jeroboam went to Shechem in the hill country of Ephraim and gathered there the tribes of Israel, and Rehoboam son of Solomon went up there. And the word of the LORD came to Shemaiah the Elamite, saying, 'Take for yourself a new garment that has not gone into water, and tear it into twelve pieces, and you shall give to Jeroboam and say to him, Thus says the LORD: Take for yourself ten pieces to clothe yourself.' And Jeroboam took them, and Shemaiah said, 'Thus says the LORD concerning the ten tribes of Israel.' And the people said to Rehoboam son of Solomon, 'Your father made his yoke heavy upon us and made heavy the food of his table; and now, if you will lighten it upon us, then we will serve you.' And Rehoboam said to the people, 'In yet three days I will give you an answer.' And Rehoboam said, 'Bring in to me the elders, and I will take counsel with them what I shall answer the people' — on the third day. And Rehoboam spoke into their ears as the people had sent to him, and the elders of the people said, 'Thus the people have spoken to you.' And Rehoboam scattered their counsel, and it did not please him; and he sent and brought in his companions and spoke to them the same things — 'and these things the people sent to me,' said he; and his companions said, 'Thus shall you say to the people: My little finger is thicker than my father's loins; my father scourged you with whips, but I will rule you with scorpions.' And the word pleased Rehoboam, and he answered the people just as his companions the young men had counseled him. And all the people spoke as one man, each to his neighbor, and they all cried out, saying, 'We have no portion in David, nor inheritance in the son of Jesse; to your tents, O Israel! for this man is not for a ruler nor for a leader.' And all the people were scattered from Shechem, and each went off to his tent; and Rehoboam prevailed and went off and mounted his chariot and entered Jerusalem; and all the tribe of Judah and all the tribe of Benjamin went after him. And it came to pass, at the turn of the year, that Rehoboam gathered all the men of Judah and Benjamin and went up to make war against Jeroboam at Shechem. And the word of the LORD came to Shemaiah the man of God, saying, 'Speak to Rehoboam king of Judah and to all the house of Judah and Benjamin and to the remnant of the people, saying, Thus says the LORD: You shall not go up nor make war against your brothers the sons of Israel; let each man return to his own house, for from me has this thing come about.' And they listened to the word of the LORD and refrained from going up, according to the word of the LORD.

Prophetic oracle (vv. 22–24 main) + the long Old-Greek 'Jeroboam supplement' (12:24a–z)τάδε λέγει κύριος … [+ 12:24a–z]
The verse opens with the oracle proper (the messenger-formula τάδε λέγει κύριος forbidding the civil war) and the obedience of the southern coalition. The Old Greek then appends, run together within this one verse, the extensive 'supplement' conventionally lettered 12:24a–z: a second, parallel, and substantially divergent account of Solomon's death and Rehoboam's accession ([a]), Jeroboam's origins as Solomon's corvée-officer and his self-exaltation ([b]), his flight to Shishak of Egypt ([c]), his Egyptian marriage to Ano sister of Shishak's wife ([d]–[e]), his return and fortification of Sarira ([f]), the sickness of his child and the consultation of the aged prophet Ahijah of Shiloh ([g]–[i]), Ahijah's oracle of doom on the house of Jeroboam and the child's death ([k]–[n]), the Shechem assembly with the torn-garment sign of the ten tribes ([o]), and a second telling of the harsh-counsel episode and the schism, ending with Shemaiah's prohibition of war ([p]–[z]). In the source the lettered sections are separated only by editorial markers ('<br/><i>[a]</i>' … '<br/><i>[z]</i>'); these have been stripped, and the whole is annotated as a single continuous verse.
Word-by-word analysis· 1017 words
τάδεthus / these thingsAccusativedemonstrative pronoun (object of λέγει)→ participant referenceὅδε (neut. pl. τάδε): the messenger-formula τάδε λέγει κύριος ('thus says the LORD') renders כֹּה אָמַר יהוה, opening the prophetic oracle.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of messenger-formula→ historic/oracular presentλέγω (pres.): the oracular present of the messenger-formula gives the divine word ongoing authority.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of λέγει→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the divine speaker.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἀναβήσεσθε)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναβήσεσθεyou shall go upFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (prohibition)→ prohibitive future (= imperatival)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; the future with οὐ functions as a prohibition — 'you shall not go up (to war)'.
οὐδὲnornegative coordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδέ: 'and not / nor'; extends the prohibition to the second verb.
πολεμήσετεyou shall make warFut Act Indic 2 Pl · πολεμέωmain verb (prohibition, parallel)→ prohibitive futureπολεμέω: 'wage war / fight'; the prohibited action — fratricidal war against the north.
μετὰagainst / withpreposition + genitive (here hostile: 'against')→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: normally 'with', here in the sense 'against' with the verb of fighting (Hebraizing).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφῶνbrothersGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationἀδελφός (gen. pl. ἀδελφῶν): 'brother'; the northern tribes are 'your brothers', framing the war as fratricide.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive in apposition to ἀδελφῶν→ relational specificationυἱός (gen. pl. υἱῶν): 'son'; 'sons of Israel' identifies the brothers as the northern Israelites.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: here the northern tribes.
ἀναστρεφέτωlet returnPres Act Impv 3 Sg · ἀναστρέφωthird-person imperative (distributive)→ present imperative (command)ἀναστρέφω: 'turn back / return'; the distributive third-person command 'let each return home' demobilizes the army.
ἕκαστοςeach oneNominativesubject (distributive)→ participant prominenceἕκαστος: 'each'; the distributive subject of the command to disperse.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / home'; each is to return to his own household.
ἑαυτοῦhis ownGenitivereflexive genitive of possession→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun 'his own'; emphasizes the return to one's own home rather than to war.
ὅτιbecause / forcausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; gives the divine reason for the prohibition.
παρ᾿frompreposition + genitive (elided; source)→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + gen.: 'from (the side of)'; marks the LORD as the source of the schism.
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of παρ᾿ (emphatic first person)→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. ἐμοῦ): the emphatic 'from me' attributes the division to YHWH's own will.
γέγονενhas come aboutPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb of ὅτι-clause→ perfect (settled accomplished state)γίνομαι (perf. γέγονεν): 'have become / come to pass'; the perfect stresses the schism as a divinely-accomplished and abiding fact.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαthing / matterNominativesubject of γέγονεν→ participant prominenceῥῆμα: 'word / thing / matter'; renders Hebrew דָּבָר, here 'this thing / event' (the schism).
τοῦτοthisNominativedemonstrative (modifying ῥῆμα)→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative (modifying ῥῆμα).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤκουσανthey listenedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀκούωmain verb (obedience)→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear / heed'; with the genitive (τοῦ λόγου) it means 'obey'; the southern coalition obeys the prohibition.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγουwordGenitivegenitive object of ἤκουσαν→ relational specificationλόγος (gen. λόγου): 'word'; the prophetic prohibition obeyed.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source→ relational specificationκύριος (gen.): the Tetragrammaton; the word's divine origin.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέπαυσανthey ceasedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · καταπαύωmain verb (cessation)→ constative aoristκαταπαύω: 'cause to cease / desist'; here intransitive 'ceased', with the genitive articular infinitive of separation (τοῦ πορευθῆναι).
τοῦfromGenitivearticle (with articular infinitive of separation)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πορευθῆναιto goAor Pass Inf · πορεύομαιarticular infinitive (genitive of separation with κατέπαυσαν)→ telic aorist infinitiveπορεύομαι: 'go / proceed'; 'they ceased from going (to war)'.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to'; their obedience conforms to the divine word.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαwordAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word'; the divine command obeyed.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source→ relational specificationκυρίου: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive of source.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins supplement [a])→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here opens the Old-Greek supplement (12:24a), shifting back to recount Solomon's death and Rehoboam's accession.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (in apposition to Σαλωμων)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; the supplement opens with the death-and-burial notice of Solomon (cf. 1 Kgs 11:43).
κοιμᾶταιsleeps / lies down (in death)Pres Mid Indic 3 Sg · κοιμάομαιmain verb (death-notice; historic present)→ historic presentκοιμάομαι: 'fall asleep / lie down'; the euphemism 'sleep with one's fathers' (κοιμᾶσθαι μετὰ τῶν πατέρων) is the standard biblical idiom for a king's peaceful death (שָׁכַב עִם אֲבֹתָיו).
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (association).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationπατήρ (gen. pl. πατέρων): 'father / ancestor'; 'his fathers' = the ancestral dead.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θάπτεταιis buriedPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · θάπτωmain verb (burial-notice; historic present)→ historic presentθάπτω: 'bury'; the passive 'is buried' completes the royal death-and-burial formula.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationπατέρων: meaning 'fathers'; it serves as genitive object of μετά.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
πόλειcityDativedative of place (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceπόλις (dat. πόλει): 'city'; 'the city of David' = Jerusalem (the royal necropolis).
ΔαυιδDavidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; 'the city of David', the royal burial-place.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσενreigned / became kingAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (accession-notice)→ constative aorist (ingressive: became king)βασιλεύω: 'reign / become king'; the accession formula for Rehoboam in the supplement.
ΡοβοαμRehoboamsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΡοβοαμ: indeclinable; succeeds his father Solomon.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ροβοαμ→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; 'his son'.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship (Solomon's)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship (Solomon's).
ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (elided; substitution)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί + gen.: 'in place of / instead of'; the standard succession idiom 'reigned in his place'.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀντ᾿ (Solomon)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἀντ᾿ (Solomon).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemdative of place (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: indeclinable; the seat of Rehoboam's reign.
υἱὸςsonNominativepredicate nominative (in age-formula: 'a son of sixteen years')→ participant prominenceυἱός: in the Hebraizing age-idiom 'a son of N years' (בֶּן … שָׁנָה) = 'N years old'.
ὢνbeingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · εἰμίcircumstantial participle (with the age-formula)→ present (contemporaneous circumstance)εἰμί (ptcp. ὤν): 'being'; 'being sixteen years old', stating Rehoboam's age at accession.
ἑκκαίδεκαsixteencardinal numeral (with ἐτῶν)→ clausal contributionἑκκαίδεκα: 'sixteen'; indeclinable numeral; the supplement's figure for Rehoboam's age at accession (the MT/3 Kgdms main text has forty-one).
ἐτῶνyearsGenitivegenitive of measure (with the age-formula)→ relational specificationἔτος (gen. pl. ἐτῶν): 'year'; the genitive of measure in the age-formula.
ἐνin / whenpreposition + dative (temporal, with articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingἐν τῷ + inf.: temporal 'when / while', a common LXX construction.
τῷtheDativearticle (with articular infinitive)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύεινto reign / becoming kingPres Act Inf · βασιλεύωarticular infinitive (temporal, with ἐν τῷ)→ temporal infinitive (the moment of accession)βασιλεύω: 'reign'; ἐν τῷ βασιλεύειν αὐτόν = 'when he became king'.
αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of the articular infinitive→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative subject of the articular infinitive.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώδεκαtwelvecardinal numeral (with ἔτη)→ clausal contributionδώδεκα: 'twelve'; indeclinable; the supplement's figure for the length of Rehoboam's reign (the main text has seventeen).
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἔτος (acc. pl. ἔτη): 'year'; accusative of duration — 'reigned twelve years'.
ἐβασίλευσενreignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (length of reign)→ constative aoristβασιλεύω: 'reign'; the summary of the reign's duration.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemdative of place (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative of place (indeclinable).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄνομαnameNominativesubject (nominal clause: 'the name … was Naanan')→ participant prominenceὄνομα: 'name'; the queen-mother notice, standard in the regnal formulae of Kings.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μητρὸςmotherGenitivegenitive of possession (with ὄνομα)→ relational specificationμήτηρ (gen. μητρός): 'mother'; the queen-mother (gebirah).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship (Rehoboam's)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship (Rehoboam's).
ΝαανανNaananpredicate (indeclinable; the mother's name)→ participant identificationΝααναν: transliterated personal name (the queen-mother; cf. Naamah, MT); indeclinable.
θυγάτηρdaughterNominativenominative in apposition to Νααναν→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; identifies Naanan by her father.
ΑνανAnangenitive of relationship (indeclinable; the father)→ participant identificationΑναν: transliterated personal name; indeclinable.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Αναν→ relational specificationυἱός (gen. υἱοῦ): 'son'; 'son of Naas'.
ΝααςNaasgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΝαας: transliteration of Hebrew נָחָשׁ (Nahash); indeclinable; here styled king of the Ammonites.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ναας→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): 'king'; 'king of the sons of Ammon'.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive (with βασιλέως: 'king of the sons of Ammon')→ relational specificationυἱός (gen. pl. υἱῶν): 'sons'; 'the sons of Ammon' = the Ammonites.
ΑμμωνAmmongenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑμμων: transliteration of Hebrew עַמּוֹן (Ammon); indeclinable; the Transjordanian people; Rehoboam's mother is thus given Ammonite royal descent.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (regnal evaluation)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do / make'; ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρόν ('did the evil') is the standard Deuteronomistic evaluation-formula for an unfaithful king.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνevilAccusativesubstantival adjective (direct object of ἐποίησεν)→ object specificationπονηρός: 'evil / wicked'; τὸ πονηρόν ('the evil thing') renders הָרַע; the formulaic verdict on the king's conduct.
ἐνώπιονbeforepreposition + genitive (in the sight of)→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the sight of'; Hebraism 'in the eyes of the LORD'.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationκύριος (gen.): the Tetragrammaton; the divine standard of evaluation.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἐπορεύθη)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηwalkedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (negated)→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: 'go / walk'; 'walk in the way of' is a Hebraism for following someone's pattern of life; Rehoboam did not follow David's faithful example.
ἐνinpreposition + dative→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative.
ὁδῷwayDativedative of place/manner (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceὁδός (dat. ὁδῷ): 'way / road'; metaphorically the pattern of conduct ('the way of David').
ΔαυιδDavidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive in apposition to Δαυιδ→ relational specificationπατήρ (gen. πατρός): 'father'; David here loosely 'his father' (= ancestor).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins supplement [b])→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: opens 12:24b, introducing Jeroboam's origins.
ἦνwas / there wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential, introducing Jeroboam)→ imperfect (background)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'was'; introduces Jeroboam as a new character (cf. the parallel introduction in 1 Kgs 11:26).
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativepredicate nominative (with ἦν)→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man'; 'there was a man', the storytelling introduction of Jeroboam.
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (origin)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (origin).
ὄρουςmountain / hill countryGenitivegenitive object of ἐξ→ relational specificationὄρος (gen. ὄρους): 'mountain / hill country'; 'the hill country of Ephraim', Jeroboam's homeland.
ΕφραιμEphraimgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΕφραιμ: transliteration of Hebrew אֶפְרַיִם (Ephraim); indeclinable; the leading northern tribe and territory of Jeroboam.
δοῦλοςservant / slaveNominativepredicate nominative (in apposition to ἄνθρωπος)→ participant prominenceδοῦλος: 'servant / slave'; Jeroboam was an official in Solomon's service (cf. 1 Kgs 11:26-28).
τῷtoDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαλωμωνSolomondative complement of δοῦλος (indeclinable: 'servant to Solomon')→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative complement of δοῦλος (indeclinable: 'servant to Solomon').
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄνομαnameNominativesubject (nominal clause: 'his name was Jeroboam')→ participant prominenceὄνομα: 'name'; introduces Jeroboam by name.
αὐτῷto him / hisDativedative of possession (with ὄνομα)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of possession (with ὄνομα).
ΙεροβοαμJeroboampredicate (indeclinable; the man's name)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: indeclinable; named here as the man from Ephraim.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄνομαnameNominativesubject (nominal clause: his mother's name)→ participant prominenceὄνομα: meaning 'name'; it serves as subject (nominal clause: his mother's name).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μητρὸςmotherGenitivegenitive of possession (with ὄνομα)→ relational specificationμήτηρ (gen. μητρός): 'mother'; Jeroboam's mother.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
ΣαριραSarirapredicate (indeclinable; the mother's name)→ participant identificationΣαριρα: here a personal name (Jeroboam's mother; cf. Zeruah, MT); the same form also names Jeroboam's town later in the supplement; indeclinable.
γυνὴwomanNominativenominative in apposition to Σαριρα→ participant prominenceγυνή: 'woman / wife'.
πόρνηharlotNominativepredicate/appositional noun (characterizing γυνή)→ participant prominenceπόρνη: 'prostitute / harlot'; the supplement's characterization of Jeroboam's mother (the MT has 'a widow woman').
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενgave / appointedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (Solomon's appointment of Jeroboam)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; here 'appoint / set' (ἔδωκεν εἰς ἄρχοντα = 'made him an officer'); cf. 1 Kgs 11:28.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν (Jeroboam)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἔδωκεν (Jeroboam).
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
εἰςas / forpreposition + accusative (predicative: 'as an officer')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: predicative use ('appoint as'), a Hebraism (לְ).
ἄρχονταruler / officerAccusativeaccusative (predicative with εἰς)→ object specificationἄρχων (acc. ἄρχοντα): 'ruler / officer / overseer'; Jeroboam's administrative post over the forced labor.
σκυτάληςof the staff / levy-staffGenitivegenitive (with ἄρχοντα: 'officer of the staff')→ relational specificationσκυτάλη (gen. σκυτάλης): 'staff / rod / cudgel'; here apparently the overseer's staff of the corvée — 'officer of the levy-staff', i.e. a taskmaster over forced labor.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (oversight)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'over'; marks the sphere of Jeroboam's authority.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρσειςburdens / leviesAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationἄρσις (acc. pl. ἄρσεις): 'a lifting / burden / load'; here the forced-labor burdens (the corvée-levy) of the house of Joseph (cf. 1 Kgs 11:28, 'the labor/burden of the house of Joseph').
οἴκουof the houseGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ἄρσεις)→ relational specificationοἶκος (gen. οἴκου): 'house'; 'the house of Joseph' = the northern (Ephraim/Manasseh) tribes.
ΙωσηφJosephgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliteration of Hebrew יוֹסֵף (Joseph); indeclinable; 'the house of Joseph' designates the central northern tribes.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾠκοδόμησενbuiltAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb (Jeroboam's building work)→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: 'build / fortify'; Jeroboam built/fortified Sarira for Solomon.
τῷforDativearticle (dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαλωμωνSolomondative of advantage (indeclinable: 'for Solomon')→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative of advantage (indeclinable: 'for Solomon').
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαριραSariradirect object of ᾠκοδόμησεν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΣαριρα: here a place-name (Jeroboam's town in Ephraim, = Zeredah, MT); the feminine article τήν treats it as a city; indeclinable.
τὴνthe (which is)Accusativearticle (attributive, with prepositional phrase)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ὄρειmountain / hill countryDativedative of place (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceὄρος (dat. ὄρει): 'mountain / hill country'; 'in the hill country of Ephraim'.
ΕφραιμEphraimgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΕφραιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦσανthere were / he hadImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (possession idiom: ἦσαν αὐτῷ)→ imperfect (state)εἰμί (impf. ἦσαν): 'were'; with the dative of possession (αὐτῷ) = 'he had' three hundred chariots.
αὐτῷto him / he hadDativedative of possession (with ἦσαν)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of possession (with ἦσαν).
ἅρματαchariotsNominativesubject of ἦσαν→ participant prominenceἅρμα (nom. pl. ἅρματα): 'chariot'; a mark of military strength and status.
τριακόσιαthree hundredNominativecardinal numeral (modifying ἅρματα)→ participant prominenceτριακόσιοι (neut. τριακόσια): 'three hundred'; the chariot-count signaling Jeroboam's resources.
ἵππωνof horsesGenitivegenitive (with ἅρματα: 'chariots of horses')→ relational specificationἵππος (gen. pl. ἵππων): 'horse'; 'chariots of horses' = horse-drawn war-chariots.
οὗτοςthis one / heNominativesubject (emphatic demonstrative)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this one'; the emphatic 'he it was who built…' highlights Jeroboam's significant works.
ᾠκοδόμησενbuiltAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: 'build'; of the citadel (ἄκρα).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄκρανcitadel / acropolisAccusativedirect object of ᾠκοδόμησεν→ object specificationἄκρα: 'citadel / acropolis / fortified height'; the Millo (cf. 1 Kgs 11:27), built up with the labor-levies.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrument/means)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrument/means).
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρσεσινlevies / burdensDativedative of means (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceἄρσις (dat. pl. ἄρσεσιν): 'burden / levy'; the corvée-labor of the house of Ephraim was the means of the building.
οἴκουof the houseGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationοἶκος (gen. οἴκου): 'house'; 'the house of Ephraim' = the northern labor force.
ΕφραιμEphraimgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΕφραιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
οὗτοςthis one / heNominativesubject (emphatic demonstrative)→ participant referenceοὗτος: again 'he it was who…', emphasizing Jeroboam's deeds.
συνέκλεισενclosed up / fortifiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συγκλείωmain verb→ constative aoristσυγκλείω: 'shut up / enclose / fortify'; here of walling/closing up the city of David — possibly a sinister note (Jeroboam controlling the fortifications).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλινcityAccusativedirect object of συνέκλεισεν→ object specificationπόλις (acc. πόλιν): 'city'; 'the city of David' (Jerusalem).
ΔαυιδDavidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίauxiliary (periphrastic with ἐπαιρόμενος)→ imperfect (durative)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): forms a periphrastic imperfect with ἐπαιρόμενος ('was lifting himself up'), depicting Jeroboam's growing ambition.
ἐπαιρόμενοςlifting himself up / exalting himselfPres Mid Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · ἐπαίρωparticiple (periphrastic with ἦν)→ present (durative ambition)ἐπαίρω (mid. 'lift oneself up'): 'raise / exalt'; the middle participle marks Jeroboam's self-exaltation and aspiration to the kingship — the motive for Solomon's hostility.
ἐπὶtoward / againstpreposition + accusative (aim/aspiration)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: here 'toward / against (the kingship)', marking the object of Jeroboam's ambition.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλείανkingdom / kingshipAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationβασιλεία: 'kingdom / kingship'; the throne to which Jeroboam aspired.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins supplement [c])→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: opens 12:24c, Solomon's attempt on Jeroboam's life and his flight.
ἐζήτειsoughtImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ζητέωmain verb (Solomon's intent)→ imperfect (durative/conative: kept seeking)ζητέω: 'seek'; the conative imperfect — Solomon was trying to put Jeroboam to death (cf. 1 Kgs 11:40).
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
θανατῶσαιto put to deathAor Act Inf · θανατόωcomplementary infinitive (with ἐζήτει)→ verbal action or stateθανατόω: 'put to death / kill'; the object of Solomon's seeking.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object of θανατῶσαι (Jeroboam)→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of θανατῶσαι (Jeroboam).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐφοβήθηwas afraidAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · φοβέομαιmain verb (Jeroboam's reaction)→ constative/ingressive aoristφοβέομαι: 'fear / be afraid'; Jeroboam's fear prompts his flight.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέδραfled / ran awayAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποδιδράσκωmain verb (the flight)→ constative aoristἀποδιδράσκω (aor. ἀπέδρα): 'run away / escape'; Jeroboam flees to Egypt for asylum.
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (subject emphasis)→ participant referenceαὐτός: intensive 'he himself', emphasizing Jeroboam's personal flight.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΣουσακιμShishakaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣουσακιμ: transliteration of Hebrew שִׁישַׁק (Shishak/Sheshonq I), pharaoh of Egypt; indeclinable; Jeroboam's protector in exile.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Σουσακιμ→ object specificationβασιλεύς (acc. βασιλέα): 'king'; 'king of Egypt'.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of relationship (with βασιλέα)→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος (gen. Αἰγύπτου): 'Egypt'; declinable; Shishak's realm and Jeroboam's place of refuge.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwas / remainedImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (Jeroboam's stay)→ imperfect (durative state)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'was / remained'; Jeroboam stayed with Shishak.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (elided; association)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (elided; association).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of μετ᾿ (Shishak)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μετ᾿ (Shishak).
ἕωςuntilconjunction (temporal limit)→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: 'until'; here with a finite verb, marking the term of Jeroboam's exile.
ἀπέθανενdiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωverb of ἕως-clause→ constative aoristἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; Solomon's death ends Jeroboam's exile.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject of ἀπέθανεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject of ἀπέθανεν (indeclinable).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins supplement [d])→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: opens 12:24d, Jeroboam's request to return after Solomon's death.
ἤκουσενheardAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear'; Jeroboam learns of Solomon's death.
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΑἰγύπτῳEgyptDativedative of place (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceΑἴγυπτος (dat. Αἰγύπτῳ): 'Egypt'; declinable; Jeroboam's place of exile.
ὅτιthatcomplementizer (content of ἤκουσεν)→ clausal contributionὅτι: meaning 'that'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
τέθνηκενhad died / is deadPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · θνῄσκωverb of ὅτι-clause→ perfect (resultant state: is dead)θνῄσκω (perf. τέθνηκεν): 'be dead'; the perfect stresses the accomplished fact of Solomon's death.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject of τέθνηκεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject of τέθνηκεν (indeclinable).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak'; Jeroboam petitions Shishak.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (idiom: 'into the ears')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (idiom: 'into the ears').
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὦταearsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiom)→ object specificationοὖς (pl. ὦτα): 'ear'; λαλεῖν εἰς τὰ ὦτα ('speak into the ears of') is a Hebraism for private, direct address.
ΣουσακιμShishakgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣουσακιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to Σουσακιμ→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): 'king'; 'king of Egypt'.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος (gen.): 'Egypt'.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · λέγωparticiple of attendant speech→ imperfective participle (pleonastic speech-marker)λέγω (ptcp.): introduces Jeroboam's request.
ἐξαπόστειλόνsend awayAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωimperative (the petition)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἐξαποστέλλω: 'send away / dismiss'; Jeroboam asks leave to return home.
μεmeAccusativedirect object of ἐξαπόστειλόν→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐξαπόστειλόν.
καὶand / thatcoordinating conjunction (consecutive)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπελεύσομαιI will go awayFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb (intended result)→ future (purpose/result)ἀπέρχομαι: 'go away / depart'; Jeroboam's intended return to his land.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic 'I', stressing Jeroboam's personal desire to go home.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationγῆ (acc. γῆν): 'land'; Jeroboam's homeland.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Shishak's reply)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπεν): introduces Shishak's answer.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object (Jeroboam)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (Jeroboam).
ΣουσακιμShishaksubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣουσακιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
αἴτησαίaskAor Mid Impv 2 Sg · αἰτέωimperative (Shishak's offer)→ ingressive aorist imperativeαἰτέω (mid. αἴτησαι): 'ask / request (for oneself)'; Shishak invites Jeroboam to make any request.
τιany / someAccusativeindefinite pronoun (with αἴτημα)→ participant referenceτις (neut. τι): 'any / some'; 'ask any request'.
αἴτημαrequestAccusativedirect object of αἴτησαί (cognate accusative)→ object specificationαἴτημα: 'request / petition'; cognate with αἰτέω — 'ask a request'.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώσωI will giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (Shishak's promise)→ promissory futureδίδωμι: 'give'; Shishak's pledge to grant the request.
σοιto youDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins supplement [e])→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: opens 12:24e, Jeroboam's Egyptian marriage.
ΣουσακιμShishaksubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣουσακιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (the marriage-gift)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; Shishak gives Jeroboam a royal Egyptian wife — a striking parallel to the Hadad narrative (1 Kgs 11:19).
τῷtoDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamdative indirect object (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative indirect object (indeclinable).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑνωAnodirect object of ἔδωκεν (indeclinable; the woman's name)→ participant identificationΑνω: indeclinable personal name; the Egyptian princess given to Jeroboam as wife, sister of Shishak's own wife.
ἀδελφὴνsisterAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Ανω→ object specificationἀδελφή: 'sister'; Ano is the sister of Shishak's wife Thekemina.
Θεκεμιναςof ThekeminaGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ἀδελφήν)→ relational specificationΘεκεμινα (gen. Θεκεμινας): personal name (Tahpenes, cf. 1 Kgs 11:19); declined as a first-declension noun (hence kind 'n' with case); Shishak's chief wife.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (attributive, with πρεσβυτέραν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρεσβυτέρανelderAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἀδελφήν: 'the elder sister')→ object specificationπρεσβύτερος (comparative fem. πρεσβυτέραν): 'elder / older'; Ano is the elder sister of the queen.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναικὸςwifeGenitivegenitive (with πρεσβυτέραν: 'elder than his wife')→ relational specificationγυνή (gen. γυναικός): 'wife / woman'; Shishak's wife (Thekemina).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Shishak's)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Shishak's).
αὐτῷto himDativedative of advantage (resumptive: 'to him')→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: resumptive dative ('to him as a wife'), echoing τῷ Ιεροβοαμ.
εἰςas / forpreposition + accusative (predicative: 'as a wife')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: predicative ('to be his wife'), Hebraism (לְאִשָּׁה).
γυναῖκαwifeAccusativeaccusative (predicative with εἰς)→ object specificationγυνή (acc. γυναῖκα): 'wife'; the role Ano is given.
αὕτηshe / this womanNominativesubject (demonstrative pronoun)→ participant referenceοὗτος (fem. αὕτη): 'this (woman) / she'; Ano.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (description)→ imperfect (state)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'was'; describing Ano's rank.
μεγάληgreatNominativepredicate adjective (with ἦν)→ participant prominenceμέγας (fem. μεγάλη): 'great'; Ano held high standing among the king's daughters.
ἐνin / amongpreposition + dative (idiom: 'in the midst of')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (idiom: 'in the midst of').
μέσῳmidstDativedative (idiom: 'in the midst of')→ sphere or referenceμέσος (dat. μέσῳ): 'middle / midst'; ἐν μέσῳ ('among').
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατέρωνdaughtersGenitivegenitive (with ἐν μέσῳ)→ relational specificationθυγάτηρ (gen. pl. θυγατέρων): 'daughter'; the royal daughters among whom Ano ranked high.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of relationship (with θυγατέρων)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): 'king'; Shishak.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔτεκενboreAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίκτωmain verb (birth-notice)→ constative aoristτίκτω (aor. ἔτεκεν): 'bear / give birth'; Ano bears Jeroboam a son, Abijah (cf. 1 Kgs 14:1).
τῷtoDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamdative of advantage (indeclinable: 'to Jeroboam')→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative of advantage (indeclinable: 'to Jeroboam').
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑβιαAbijahdirect object of ἔτεκεν (indeclinable; the child)→ participant identificationΑβια: transliteration of Hebrew אֲבִיָּה (Abijah); indeclinable; Jeroboam's son whose sickness and death the supplement narrates (cf. 1 Kgs 14).
υἱὸνsonAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Αβια→ object specificationυἱός (acc. υἱόν): 'son'.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship (Jeroboam's)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship (Jeroboam's).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins supplement [f])→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: opens 12:24f, Jeroboam's departure from Egypt and return.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπεν): introduces Jeroboam's renewed request.
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΣουσακιμShishakaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣουσακιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (indeclinable).
ὄντωςtruly / indeedadverb (emphatic)→ clausal contributionὄντως: 'really / truly / indeed'; Jeroboam presses his request emphatically — 'truly, send me away!'
ἐξαπόστειλόνsend awayAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωimperative (the renewed petition)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἐξαποστέλλω: 'send away / dismiss'; the repeated request for leave to depart.
μεmeAccusativedirect object of ἐξαπόστειλόν→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐξαπόστειλόν.
καὶand / thatcoordinating conjunction (consecutive)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπελεύσομαιI will go awayFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb (intended result)→ future (purpose/result)ἀπέρχομαι: 'depart'; Jeroboam's intended departure.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆλθενwent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (departure)→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out / depart'; Jeroboam leaves Egypt.
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΑἰγύπτουEgyptGenitivegenitive of source (with ἐξ)→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος (gen.): 'Egypt'.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (arrival)→ constative aoristἔρχομαι (aor. ἦλθεν): 'come'; Jeroboam reaches his home territory.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationγῆ (acc. γῆν): 'land'; 'the land of Sarira'.
ΣαριραSariragenitive of relationship (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΣαριρα: Jeroboam's town in Ephraim; indeclinable.
τὴνthe (which is)Accusativearticle (attributive, with prepositional phrase)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ὄρειhill countryDativedative of place (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceὄρος (dat. ὄρει): 'hill country'; 'in the hill country of Ephraim'.
ΕφραιμEphraimgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΕφραιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνάγεταιgathers / is gatheredPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · συνάγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (vivid)συνάγω (mid./pass.): 'gather together / assemble'; the historic present vividly depicts the tribe of Ephraim rallying to Jeroboam.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; at Sarira.
πᾶνallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying σκῆπτρον)→ participant prominenceπᾶς (neut. πᾶν): 'all / whole'; 'all the tribe of Ephraim'.
σκῆπτρονtribeNominativesubject of συνάγεται→ participant prominenceσκῆπτρον: 'scepter / tribe'; the whole tribe of Ephraim gathers to Jeroboam.
ΕφραιμEphraimgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΕφραιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾠκοδόμησενbuiltAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: 'build'; Jeroboam builds a stronghold at Sarira.
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
χάρακαpalisade / strongholdAccusativedirect object of ᾠκοδόμησεν→ object specificationχάραξ (acc. χάρακα): 'palisade / rampart / fortified camp'; a defensive earthwork, marking Jeroboam's establishment of a power-base.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins supplement [g])→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: opens 12:24g, the sickness of Jeroboam's child.
ἠρρώστησεfell sickAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀρρωστέωmain verb (onset of illness)→ ingressive aorist (fell sick)ἀρρωστέω: 'be ill / fall sick'; with the cognate accusative ἀρρωστίαν ('a sickness'), a Hebraizing intensifier.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδάριονchild / boyNominativesubject of ἠρρώστησε→ participant prominenceπαιδάριον: 'child / young boy'; Jeroboam's son Abijah.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
ἀρρωστίανsicknessAccusativecognate accusative (with ἠρρώστησε)→ object specificationἀρρωστία: 'sickness / illness'; the cognate accusative intensifies the verb (a Hebraism).
κραταιὰνsevere / strongAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἀρρωστίαν)→ object specificationκραταιός (fem. κραταιάν): 'strong / mighty / severe'; the gravity of the illness.
σφόδραexceedinglyadverb of degree (intensifying κραταιάν)→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'very / exceedingly'; renders Hebrew מְאֹד; 'a very severe sickness'.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηwentAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: 'go'; Jeroboam sets out to inquire about his child.
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
ἐπερωτῆσαιto inquireAor Act Inf · ἐπερωτάωinfinitive of purpose→ purpose (telic)ἐπερωτάω: 'ask / inquire / consult'; here 'inquire (of God/the prophet)', the technical sense of seeking an oracle.
ὑπὲρconcerningpreposition + genitive (reference)→ spatial or relational framingὑπέρ + gen.: 'concerning / on behalf of'; the matter of the inquiry.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδαρίουchildGenitivegenitive object of ὑπέρ→ relational specificationπαιδάριον (gen. παιδαρίου): 'child'; the sick boy.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπεsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπε): 'said'; Jeroboam instructs his wife.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΑνωAnoaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑνω: Jeroboam's wife.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναῖκαwifeAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Ανω→ object specificationγυνή (acc. γυναῖκα): 'wife'.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
ἀνάστηθιariseAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀνίστημιimperative (command to the wife)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἀνίστημι (aor. impv. ἀνάστηθι): 'rise / get up'; the standard summons to action.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πορεύουgoPres Mid Impv 2 Sg · πορεύομαιimperative→ present imperative (command)πορεύομαι (impv. πορεύου): 'go'; the wife is to go consult the prophet.
ἐπερώτησονinquireAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐπερωτάωimperative→ ingressive aorist imperativeἐπερωτάω: 'inquire / consult'; she is to seek God's word about the child.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸνGodAccusativedirect object of ἐπερώτησον→ object specificationθεός (acc. θεόν): 'God'; the object of the oracular inquiry, mediated through the prophet Ahijah.
ὑπὲρconcerningpreposition + genitive (reference)→ spatial or relational framingὑπὲρ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (reference).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδαρίουchildGenitivegenitive object of ὑπέρ→ relational specificationπαιδαρίου: meaning 'child'; it serves as genitive object of ὑπέρ.
εἰwhetherconjunction (introducing indirect question)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: 'whether'; introduces the indirect question of the inquiry.
ζήσεταιwill live / recoverFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ζάωverb of indirect question→ predictive futureζάω (fut. ζήσεται): 'live / survive'; here 'recover' from the illness.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρρωστίαςsicknessGenitivegenitive of separation (with ἐκ)→ relational specificationἀρρωστία (gen.): 'sickness'; 'recover from his sickness'.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins supplement [h])→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: opens 12:24h, the introduction of the prophet Ahijah.
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativepredicate nominative (with ἦν)→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man'; 'there was a man', introducing Ahijah.
ἦνwas / there wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential)→ imperfect (background)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'there was'.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΣηλωShilohdative of place (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣηλω: transliteration of Hebrew שִׁלֹה (Shiloh); indeclinable; the old sanctuary town, home of the prophet Ahijah.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄνομαnameNominativesubject (nominal clause: 'his name was Ahijah')→ participant prominenceὄνομα: 'name'.
αὐτῷto him / hisDativedative of possession (with ὄνομα)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of possession (with ὄνομα).
ΑχιαAhijahpredicate (indeclinable; the prophet's name)→ participant identificationΑχια: indeclinable; the Shilonite prophet (cf. vv. 15, 24; 1 Kgs 11:29).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὗτοςthis one / heNominativesubject (demonstrative pronoun)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this one'; Ahijah.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (age-formula)→ imperfect (state)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'was'; in the age-formula 'was a son of sixty years' = 'was sixty years old'.
υἱὸςsonNominativepredicate nominative (age-idiom)→ participant prominenceυἱός: in the Hebraizing age-idiom 'a son of sixty years'.
ἑξήκονταsixtycardinal numeral (with ἐτῶν)→ measure or countἑξήκοντα: 'sixty'; indeclinable; Ahijah's age.
ἐτῶνyearsGenitivegenitive of measure (age-formula)→ relational specificationἔτος (gen. pl. ἐτῶν): 'year'.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ῥῆμαwordNominativesubject (nominal clause: 'the word of the LORD was with him')→ participant prominenceῥῆμα: 'word'; 'the word of the LORD was with him' marks Ahijah as a genuine prophet.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source (with ῥῆμα)→ relational specificationκύριος (gen.): the Tetragrammaton.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (elided; accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (elided; accompaniment).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of μετ᾿ (Ahijah)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μετ᾿ (Ahijah).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπεν): Jeroboam instructs his wife (now with provisions).
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναῖκαwifeAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationγυνή (acc. γυναῖκα): 'wife'; Ano.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
ἀνάστηθιariseAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀνίστημιimperative→ ingressive aorist imperativeἀνίστημι (impv. ἀνάστηθι): 'rise / get up'.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λαβὲtakeAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λαμβάνωimperative→ ingressive aorist imperativeλαμβάνω (impv. λαβέ): 'take'; she is to bring gifts to the prophet, a customary gesture when seeking an oracle (cf. 1 Sam 9:7-8).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (idiom: 'into your hand')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (idiom: 'into your hand').
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖράhandAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiom: 'take in hand')→ object specificationχείρ (acc. χεῖρα): 'hand'; 'take in your hand' is a Hebraism for carrying.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
τῷfor theDativearticle (dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνθρώπῳmanDativedative of advantage (in the title 'man of God')→ sphere or referenceἄνθρωπος (dat. ἀνθρώπῳ): 'man'; 'the man of God' = the prophet Ahijah.
τοῦofGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive (in the title 'man of God')→ relational specificationθεός (gen. θεοῦ): 'God'; the prophetic title.
ἄρτουςloavesAccusativedirect object of λαβέ→ object specificationἄρτος (acc. pl. ἄρτους): 'bread / loaf'; part of the gift for the prophet.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κολλύριαcakesAccusativedirect object of λαβέ→ object specificationκολλύριον (acc. pl. κολλύρια): 'small cake / roll'; a baked offering.
τοῖςfor theDativearticle (dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέκνοιςchildrenDativedative of advantage (for the prophet's children)→ sphere or referenceτέκνον (dat. pl. τέκνοις): 'child'; the cakes are for the prophet's children.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σταφυλὴνcluster of grapesAccusativedirect object of λαβέ→ object specificationσταφυλή (acc. σταφυλήν): 'bunch / cluster of grapes'; part of the gift.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
στάμνονjarAccusativedirect object of λαβέ→ object specificationστάμνος (acc. στάμνον): 'jar / vessel'; a jar of honey, completing the gift.
μέλιτοςof honeyGenitivegenitive of content (with στάμνον)→ relational specificationμέλι (gen. μέλιτος): 'honey'; the contents of the jar.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins supplement [i])→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: opens 12:24i, the wife's compliance.
ἀνέστηaroseAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνίστημιmain verb→ constative aoristἀνίστημι (aor. ἀνέστη): 'rise / get up'; the wife obeys Jeroboam's command.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυνὴwoman / wifeNominativesubject (Ano)→ participant prominenceγυνή: 'woman / wife'; Jeroboam's wife Ano.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb→ constative aoristλαμβάνω (aor. ἔλαβεν): 'take'; she takes the prescribed gifts.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (idiom: 'into her hand')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (idiom: 'into her hand').
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραhandAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiom)→ object specificationχείρ (acc. χεῖρα): 'hand'; 'took in her hand'.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἄρτουςloavesAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationἄρτος (acc. pl. ἄρτους): 'loaves'.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δύοtwocardinal numeral (modifying κολλύρια)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; indeclinable here; 'two cakes' (a slight specification beyond the command).
κολλύριαcakesAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationκολλύριον (acc. pl. κολλύρια): 'small cakes'.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σταφυλὴνcluster of grapesAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationσταφυλή (acc.): 'cluster of grapes'.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
στάμνονjarAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationστάμνος (acc. στάμνον): 'jar'.
μέλιτοςof honeyGenitivegenitive of content (with στάμνον)→ relational specificationμέλι (gen. μέλιτος): 'honey'.
τῷforDativearticle (dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑχιαAhijahdative of advantage (indeclinable: 'for Ahijah')→ participant identificationΑχια: the prophet, recipient of the gifts.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativesubject (nominal clause: 'the man was old')→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man'; Ahijah.
πρεσβύτεροςoldNominativepredicate adjective (with implied ἦν)→ participant prominenceπρεσβύτερος: 'old / aged'; the prophet's advanced age, here linked to his failing sight.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθαλμοὶeyesNominativesubject of ἠμβλυώπουν→ participant prominenceὀφθαλμός (nom. pl. ὀφθαλμοί): 'eye'; Ahijah's eyes, dim with age (echoing Eli, 1 Sam 4:15; Isaac, Gen 27:1).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἠμβλυώπουνwere dimImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀμβλυωπέωmain verb (description)→ imperfect (state)ἀμβλυωπέω: 'be dim-sighted / see faintly'; the imperfect describes Ahijah's failing vision — significant, since he must recognize the disguised visitor by the LORD's word, not by sight.
τοῦso as toGenitivearticle (with articular infinitive of result)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βλέπεινto seePres Act Inf · βλέπωarticular infinitive (genitive of result/respect: 'so as to see')→ verbal action or stateβλέπω: 'see / look'; τοῦ βλέπειν ('with respect to seeing') — his eyes were too dim to see.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins supplement [k])→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: opens 12:24k, the wife's arrival and Ahijah's instruction to his servant.
ἀνέστηaroseAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνίστημιmain verb→ constative aoristἀνίστημι (aor. ἀνέστη): 'set out'; the wife departs from Sarira.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΣαριραSariragenitive of source (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΣαριρα: Jeroboam's town.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πορεύεταιgoesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (vivid)πορεύομαι: 'go'; the historic present lends immediacy to the journey.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (narrative-framing formula)→ constative aoristγίνομαι (aor. ἐγένετο): the καὶ ἐγένετο formula introduces the scene at the prophet's house.
εἰσελθούσηςas she enteredAor Act Ptcp Gen Fem Sg · εἰσέρχομαιparticiple (genitive absolute with αὐτῆς)→ aorist (coincident/antecedent)εἰσέρχομαι (aor. ptcp.): 'enter'; the genitive absolute εἰσελθούσης αὐτῆς ('as she entered') sets the temporal frame.
αὐτῆςsheGenitivegenitive absolute subject (with εἰσελθούσης)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'she'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive absolute subject (with εἰσελθούσης).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλινcityAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationπόλις (acc. πόλιν): 'city'; Shiloh.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΑχιαAhijahaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (indeclinable).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Σηλωνίτην)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣηλωνίτηνShiloniteAccusativegentilic adjective (modifying Αχια)→ object specificationΣηλωνίτης (acc. Σηλωνίτην): 'Shilonite, of Shiloh'; declinable gentilic; identifies Ahijah by his town.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (apodosis of ἐγένετο)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπεν): Ahijah, forewarned by the LORD, instructs his servant.
ΑχιαAhijahsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδαρίῳservant / boyDativedative indirect object→ sphere or referenceπαιδάριον (dat. παιδαρίῳ): here 'servant-lad / attendant' of the prophet.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἔξελθεgo outAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιimperative (command to the servant)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἐξέρχομαι (impv. ἔξελθε): 'go out'; the servant is sent to meet the visitor.
δὴnow / indeedemphatic particle (with the imperative)→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: 'now / pray'; a hortatory particle softening or urging the command.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (purpose: 'to meet')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose: 'to meet').
ἀπαντὴνmeetingAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiom: 'to meet')→ object specificationἀπάντησις/ἀπαντή (acc. ἀπαντήν): 'meeting / encounter'; εἰς ἀπαντήν ('to meet') renders לִקְרַאת.
ΑνωAnogenitive/dative of relationship (indeclinable; the one met)→ participant identificationΑνω: Jeroboam's wife, here named as the one to be met.
τῇtheDativearticle (in apposition to Ανω)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναικὶwifeDativedative in apposition to Ανω→ sphere or referenceγυνή (dat. γυναικί): 'wife'; 'Ano the wife of Jeroboam'.
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρεῖςyou shall sayFut Act Indic 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb (imperatival future)→ imperatival future (instruction)λέγω (fut. ἐρεῖς): 'you shall say'; the future commands what the servant is to tell her.
αὐτῇto herDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'to her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
εἴσελθεcome inAor Act Impv 2 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιimperative (within the quoted message)→ ingressive aorist imperativeεἰσέρχομαι (impv. εἴσελθε): 'come in / enter'; she is bidden to enter.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotnegative particle (with prohibitive subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: the negative of prohibition, with the aorist subjunctive στῇς.
στῇςstand still / stopAor Act Subj 2 Sg · ἵστημιprohibitive subjunctive (μὴ στῇς)→ prohibitive aorist subjunctiveἵστημι (aor. subj. στῇς): 'stand / halt'; μὴ στῇς ('do not stand/stop') — come straight in without delay.
ὅτιforcausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'for / because'; introduces the reason (the divine oracle).
τάδεthusAccusativedemonstrative pronoun (object of λέγει; messenger-formula)→ participant referenceὅδε (neut. pl. τάδε): the messenger-formula τάδε λέγει κύριος.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of messenger-formula→ oracular presentλέγω (pres.): the oracular present.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of λέγει→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton.
σκληρὰharsh thingsAccusativedirect object of ἐπαποστελῶ (neuter plural)→ object specificationσκληρός (neut. pl. σκληρά): 'hard / harsh things'; the grievous tidings the prophet must deliver.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic 'I', YHWH himself the sender of judgment.
ἐπαποστελῶI will sendFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐπαποστέλλωmain verb (announcement of judgment)→ predictive future (threat)ἐπαποστέλλω: 'send upon / dispatch against'; the compound conveys hostile sending — the LORD will send harsh things upon her/the house.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (hostile direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (hostile direction).
σέyouAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ participant referenceσέ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ἐπί.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins supplement [l])→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: opens 12:24l, Ano's audience with Ahijah and his oracle.
εἰσῆλθενcame inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι (aor. εἰσῆλθεν): 'enter / come in'; Ano enters the prophet's presence.
ΑνωAnosubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑνω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθρωπονmanAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (in the title 'man of God')→ object specificationἄνθρωπος (acc.): 'man'; 'the man of God' (Ahijah).
τοῦofGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive (in the title 'man of God')→ relational specificationθεός (gen.): 'God'.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπεν): Ahijah, recognizing her despite his blindness, speaks.
αὐτῇto herDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'to her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
ΑχιαAhijahsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
ἵναwhyinterrogative (ἵνα τί: 'why?')→ clausal contributionἵνα: in the idiom ἵνα τί ('for what purpose / why?'), a fixed interrogative phrase.
τίwhy / whatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (ἵνα τί)→ participant referenceτίς (neut. τί): 'why'; the prophet's rebuking question — gifts are useless, for the news is fixed.
μοιto me / for meDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage.
ἐνήνοχαςhave you broughtPerf Act Indic 2 Sg · φέρωmain verb of question→ perfect (completed act with present relevance)φέρω (perf. ἐνήνοχας): 'bring / carry'; the perfect — 'why have you brought me these?' — implies the gifts cannot alter the verdict.
ἄρτουςloavesAccusativedirect object of ἐνήνοχας→ object specificationἄρτος (acc. pl.): 'loaves'.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σταφυλὴνcluster of grapesAccusativedirect object of ἐνήνοχας→ object specificationσταφυλή (acc.): 'cluster of grapes'.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κολλύριαcakesAccusativedirect object of ἐνήνοχας→ object specificationκολλύριον (acc. pl.): 'cakes'.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
στάμνονjarAccusativedirect object of ἐνήνοχας→ object specificationστάμνος (acc.): 'jar'.
μέλιτοςof honeyGenitivegenitive of content (with στάμνον)→ relational specificationμέλι (gen.): 'honey'.
τάδεthusAccusativedemonstrative pronoun (messenger-formula)→ participant referenceὅδε (neut. pl. τάδε): the messenger-formula introducing the oracle of judgment.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of messenger-formula→ oracular presentλέγω (pres.): oracular present.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of λέγει→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold / look'; renders Hebrew הִנֵּה; calls attention to the announcement.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you'; addressed to Ano.
ἀπελεύσῃyou will departFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb (announcement)→ predictive futureἀπέρχομαι (fut. ἀπελεύσῃ): 'depart / go away'; she will leave the prophet's presence.
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (elided; separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπ᾿: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (elided; separation).
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of ἀπ᾿ (the prophet)→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'me'; it serves as genitive object of ἀπ᾿ (the prophet).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (apodosis-introducing 'and it shall be')→ predictive futureεἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'will be'; καὶ ἔσται ('and it shall come to pass') is a Hebraism (וְהָיָה) introducing a future scenario.
εἰσελθούσηςas you enterAor Act Ptcp Gen Fem Sg · εἰσέρχομαιparticiple (genitive absolute with σου)→ aorist (coincident future circumstance)εἰσέρχομαι (aor. ptcp.): 'enter'; the genitive absolute εἰσελθούσης σου ('as you enter') frames the moment the news will reach her.
σουyouGenitivegenitive absolute subject (with εἰσελθούσης)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive absolute subject (with εἰσελθούσης).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πύληνgateAccusativeaccusative of place (the gate she enters)→ object specificationπύλη (acc. πύλην): 'gate'; the city-gate of Sarira; accusative of the place entered.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΣαριραSariraaccusative object of εἰς (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΣαριρα: Jeroboam's town.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοράσιάmaidens / girlsNominativesubject of ἐξελεύσονται→ participant prominenceκοράσιον (nom. pl. κοράσια): 'girl / maiden / young female servant'; the maidservants who will meet her with the news.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐξελεύσονταίwill come outFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb→ predictive futureἐξέρχομαι (fut. ἐξελεύσονται): 'go out / come out'; the maidens will come to meet her.
σοιto youDativedative (the one met)→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative (the one met).
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (purpose: 'to meet')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose: 'to meet').
συνάντησινmeetingAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiom: 'to meet')→ object specificationσυνάντησις (acc. συνάντησιν): 'meeting'; εἰς συνάντησιν ('to meet'), renders לִקְרַאת.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐροῦσίνwill sayFut Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ predictive futureλέγω (fut. ἐροῦσιν): 'will say'; the maidens will announce the death.
σοιto youDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδάριονchildNominativesubject of τέθνηκεν (quoted announcement)→ participant prominenceπαιδάριον: 'child'; the boy.
τέθνηκενhas died / is deadPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · θνῄσκωverb of quoted announcement→ perfect (resultant state)θνῄσκω (perf. τέθνηκεν): 'be dead'; the quoted message 'the child is dead'.
ὅτιforcausal conjunction (begins supplement [m])→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'for'; opens 12:24m, the broader oracle of doom on Jeroboam's house.
τάδεthusAccusativedemonstrative pronoun (messenger-formula)→ participant referenceὅδε (neut. pl. τάδε): the messenger-formula again.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of messenger-formula→ oracular presentλέγω (pres.): oracular present.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of λέγει→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic 'I', YHWH the agent of judgment.
ἐξολεθρεύσωI will utterly destroyFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐξολεθρεύωmain verb (judgment-oracle)→ predictive future (threat)ἐξολεθρεύω: 'utterly destroy / exterminate'; the intensive compound announces the extirpation of Jeroboam's male line (cf. the dynastic-curse formula, 1 Kgs 14:10).
τοῦofGenitivearticle (partitive genitive)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable; whose line)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: 'of Jeroboam' — his house is the object of extermination.
οὐροῦνταone who urinates (i.e. every male)Pres Act Ptcp Acc Masc Sg · οὐρέωsubstantival participle (object of ἐξολεθρεύσω)→ present (characterizing)οὐρέω (ptcp. οὐροῦντα): 'urinate'; οὐροῦντα πρὸς τοῖχον ('one who urinates against a wall') is a coarse Hebraism (מַשְׁתִּין בְּקִיר) for 'every male'; the idiom marks total dynastic destruction.
πρὸςagainstpreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τοῖχονwallAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationτοῖχος (acc. τοῖχον): 'wall'; part of the idiom for 'every male'.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσονταιwill beFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (fate of the dead)→ predictive futureεἰμί (fut. ἔσονται): 'will be'; introduces the fate of Jeroboam's dead — denial of burial.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεθνηκότεςthe deadPerf Act Ptcp Nom Masc Pl · θνῄσκωsubstantival participle (subject)→ perfect (state: those who have died)θνῄσκω (perf. ptcp. τεθνηκότες): 'the dead'; Jeroboam's deceased who will be denied honorable burial.
τοῦofGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειcityDativedative of place (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceπόλις (dat. πόλει): 'city'; those who die in the city.
καταφάγονταιwill devourFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · κατεσθίωmain verb→ predictive futureκατεσθίω (fut. καταφάγονται): 'devour / eat up'; the dogs will consume the corpses — the curse of non-burial (cf. 1 Kgs 14:11).
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύνεςdogsNominativesubject of καταφάγονται→ participant prominenceκύων (nom. pl. κύνες): 'dog'; scavengers; their devouring of the dead is the ultimate dishonor.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεθνηκόταthe dead onePerf Act Ptcp Acc Masc Sg · θνῄσκωsubstantival participle (object of καταφάγεται)→ perfect (state)θνῄσκω (perf. ptcp. τεθνηκότα): 'the dead one'; one who dies in the open field.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγρῷfieldDativedative of place (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceἀγρός (dat. ἀγρῷ): 'field / open country'; those who die outside the city.
καταφάγεταιwill devourFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · κατεσθίωmain verb→ predictive futureκατεσθίω (fut. καταφάγεται): 'devour'; here singular agreeing with the neuter plural subject (τὰ πετεινά).
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πετεινὰbirdsNominativesubject of καταφάγεται→ participant prominenceπετεινόν (nom. pl. πετεινά): 'bird / flying creature'; 'the birds of heaven' (carrion birds).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανοῦheaven / skyGenitivegenitive of relationship (with πετεινά)→ relational specificationοὐρανός (gen. οὐρανοῦ): 'heaven / sky'; 'the birds of heaven'.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδάριονchildAccusativedirect object of κόψονται (fronted)→ object specificationπαιδάριον: 'child'; the sick boy, the one exception — he alone will be mourned and buried.
κόψονταιthey will mourn / beat the breastFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · κόπτωmain verb (mourning)→ predictive futureκόπτω (mid. κόψονται): 'beat (the breast) / mourn / lament'; the middle denotes ritual mourning; the child alone of Jeroboam's house will receive lament and burial.
οὐαὶalas / woeinterjection (lament cry)→ clausal contributionοὐαί: 'alas / woe'; the cry of lamentation over the dead child.
κύριεO LordVocativevocative (in the lament cry)→ direct addressκύριος (voc. κύριε): 'Lord'; here possibly the mourning cry 'Alas, lord!' (a lament over a noble, cf. Jer 22:18), or an address to the LORD.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; gives the reason the child alone is spared dishonor.
εὑρέθηwas foundAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω (aor. pass. εὑρέθη): 'be found'; something good was found in the child (cf. 1 Kgs 14:13).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
αὐτῷhimDativedative of place (in the child)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of place (in the child).
ῥῆμαthing / wordNominativesubject of εὑρέθη→ participant prominenceῥῆμα: 'thing / word / matter'; here 'something good' was found in him.
καλὸνgoodNominativeattributive adjective (modifying ῥῆμα)→ participant prominenceκαλός (neut. καλόν): 'good / fine'; the child's piety, the sole good in Jeroboam's house.
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive (reference)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'concerning / toward'; the good in him was directed toward the LORD.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationκύριος (gen.): the Tetragrammaton; the object of the child's devotion.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins supplement [n])→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: opens 12:24n, the fulfilment — the child dies as Ano returns.
ἀπῆλθενwent awayAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀπέρχομαι (aor. ἀπῆλθεν): 'go away / depart'; Ano leaves the prophet.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυνήwoman / wifeNominativesubject (Ano)→ participant prominenceγυνή: 'woman / wife'; Ano.
ὡςwhen / astemporal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'when'; introduces the temporal clause.
ἤκουσενheardAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωverb of temporal clause→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear'; she heard the oracle and departed.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (narrative-framing formula)→ constative aoristγίνομαι (aor. ἐγένετο): the καὶ ἐγένετο formula frames the fulfilment.
ὡςwhen / astemporal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'when'; exactly as the prophet foretold.
εἰσῆλθενenteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιverb of temporal clause→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι (aor. εἰσῆλθεν): 'enter'; she enters Sarira.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαριραSariraaccusative object of εἰς (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΣαριρα: Jeroboam's town.
καὶand / thatnarrative conjunction (apodosis of ἐγένετο)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδάριονchildNominativesubject of ἀπέθανεν→ participant prominenceπαιδάριον: 'child'; the boy, who dies exactly as foretold.
ἀπέθανενdiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (fulfilment of the oracle)→ constative aoristἀποθνῄσκω (aor. ἀπέθανεν): 'die'; the prophesied death occurs.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆλθενwent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι (aor. ἐξῆλθεν): 'go out'; the cry of mourning goes out to meet her.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κραυγὴcry / wailingNominativesubject of ἐξῆλθεν→ participant prominenceκραυγή: 'cry / outcry / wailing'; the wail of mourning, fulfilling the prophet's word that the maidens would announce the death.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (purpose: 'to meet')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose: 'to meet').
ἀπαντήνmeetingAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiom: 'to meet her')→ object specificationἀπαντή (acc. ἀπαντήν): 'meeting'; εἰς ἀπαντήν ('to meet').
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins supplement [o])→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: opens 12:24o, the Shechem assembly and the torn-garment sign.
ἐπορεύθηwentAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: 'go'; Jeroboam goes to Shechem.
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΣικιμαShechemaccusative object of εἰς (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΣικιμα: Shechem; the assembly-site (as in v. 1), here in the supplement's parallel account.
τὴνthe (which is)Accusativearticle (attributive, with prepositional phrase)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ὄρειhill countryDativedative of place (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceὄρος (dat. ὄρει): 'hill country'; 'in the hill country of Ephraim'.
ΕφραιμEphraimgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΕφραιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνήθροισενgatheredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συναθροίζωmain verb→ constative aoristσυναθροίζω: 'gather together / assemble'; Jeroboam convenes the tribes at Shechem.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; at Shechem.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλὰςtribesAccusativedirect object of συνήθροισεν→ object specificationφυλή (acc. pl. φυλάς): 'tribe'; the tribes of Israel assembled by Jeroboam.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέβηwent upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb→ constative aoristἀναβαίνω (aor. ἀνέβη): 'go up'; Rehoboam too goes up to Shechem (the parallel to v. 1).
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
ΡοβοαμRehoboamsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΡοβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ροβοαμ→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; 'son of Solomon'.
ΣαλωμωνSolomongenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λόγοςwordNominativesubject (word-event formula)→ participant prominenceλόγος: 'word'; the word of the LORD comes to the prophet (here Shemaiah the Elamite).
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source (with λόγος)→ relational specificationκύριος (gen.): the Tetragrammaton.
ἐγένετοcameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (word-event formula)→ constative aoristγίνομαι (aor. ἐγένετο): 'came to be'; the prophetic word-reception formula.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (recipient)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (recipient).
ΣαμαιανShemaiahAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the prophet)→ object specificationΣαμαιας (acc. Σαμαιαν): 'Shemaiah'; declinable; here given the epithet 'the Elamite' (the supplement's form of the prophet's identification — in the main text 'man of God').
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ελαμι)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ελαμιthe Elamiteepithet (indeclinable; modifying Σαμαιαν)→ participant identificationΕλαμι: an indeclinable gentilic/epithet ('the Elamite' or 'the Enlamite'), identifying this Shemaiah in the supplement; treated as indeclinable.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · λέγωparticiple of attendant speech→ imperfective participle (pleonastic speech-marker)λέγω (ptcp.): introduces the LORD's command.
λαβὲtakeAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λαμβάνωimperative (the sign-act command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeλαμβάνω (impv. λαβέ): 'take'; the prophet is to take a new garment for the symbolic act (a doublet of Ahijah's sign, 1 Kgs 11:29-31).
σεαυτῷfor yourselfDativereflexive dative of advantage→ sphere or referenceσεαυτοῦ (dat. σεαυτῷ): reflexive 'for yourself'; an ethical dative emphasizing personal action.
ἱμάτιονgarment / cloakAccusativedirect object of λαβέ→ object specificationἱμάτιον: 'garment / outer cloak'; the new cloak to be torn into twelve pieces, symbolizing the twelve tribes.
καινὸνnewAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἱμάτιον)→ object specificationκαινός (acc. καινόν): 'new / fresh'; the garment must be new and unwashed (whole, undamaged) for the sign to be meaningful.
τὸthe (which)Accusativearticle (substantizing the participle εἰσεληλυθός)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with εἰσεληλυθός)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσεληλυθὸςhaving gone / comePerf Act Ptcp Acc Neut Sg · εἰσέρχομαιparticiple (attributive, modifying ἱμάτιον)→ perfect (settled state: not yet washed)εἰσέρχομαι (perf. ptcp. εἰσεληλυθός): 'gone in'; 'that has not gone into water' = an unwashed (new) garment.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ὕδωρwaterAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationὕδωρ: 'water'; the garment is unwashed, hence new and intact.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ῥῆξονtearAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ῥήγνυμιimperative (the symbolic act)→ ingressive aorist imperativeῥήγνυμι (impv. ῥῆξον): 'tear / rend'; the prophet tears the garment as a sign of the kingdom's division.
αὐτὸitAccusativedirect object of ῥῆξον (the garment)→ participant referenceαὐτὸ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ῥῆξον (the garment).
δώδεκαtwelvecardinal numeral (with ῥήγματα)→ clausal contributionδώδεκα: 'twelve'; indeclinable; the twelve pieces = the twelve tribes.
ῥήγματαpieces / fragmentsAccusativeaccusative of result (predicative: 'into twelve pieces')→ object specificationῥῆγμα (acc. pl. ῥήγματα): 'fragment / torn piece'; the rent pieces symbolizing the tribes (cf. Ahijah's twelve pieces, 1 Kgs 11:30).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώσειςyou shall giveFut Act Indic 2 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (imperatival future)→ imperatival futureδίδωμι (fut. δώσεις): 'give'; the prophet is to give the pieces to Jeroboam.
τῷtoDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamdative indirect object (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative indirect object (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρεῖςyou shall sayFut Act Indic 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb (imperatival future)→ imperatival futureλέγω (fut. ἐρεῖς): 'you shall say'; introduces the accompanying oracle.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
τάδεthusAccusativedemonstrative pronoun (messenger-formula)→ participant referenceὅδε (neut. pl. τάδε): the messenger-formula.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of messenger-formula→ oracular presentλέγω (pres.): oracular present.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of λέγει→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton.
λαβὲtakeAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λαμβάνωimperative (oracle to Jeroboam)→ ingressive aorist imperativeλαμβάνω (impv. λαβέ): 'take'; Jeroboam is to take ten of the pieces — the ten tribes given to him.
σεαυτῷfor yourselfDativereflexive dative of advantage→ sphere or referenceσεαυτοῦ (dat.): 'for yourself'.
δέκαtencardinal numeral (with ῥήγματα)→ measure or countδέκα: 'ten'; indeclinable; the ten tribes assigned to Jeroboam.
ῥήγματαpiecesAccusativedirect object of λαβέ→ object specificationῥῆγμα (acc. pl.): 'pieces'; the ten he is to take.
τοῦto / so as toGenitivearticle (with articular infinitive of purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περιβαλέσθαιto clothe yourselfAor Mid Inf · περιβάλλωarticular infinitive of purpose (τοῦ περιβαλέσθαι)→ purpose (telic)περιβάλλω (mid.): 'put on / clothe oneself'; the purpose — Jeroboam is to clothe himself with the ten pieces, symbolically donning the ten-tribe kingdom.
σεyouAccusativeaccusative subject of the articular infinitive→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative subject of the articular infinitive.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (Jeroboam's compliance)→ constative aoristλαμβάνω (aor. ἔλαβεν): 'take'; Jeroboam takes the pieces, accepting the sign.
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπεν): Shemaiah interprets the sign.
ΣαμαιαςShemaiahNominativesubject (declinable name)→ participant prominenceΣαμαιας (nom.): 'Shemaiah'; the prophet who performs the torn-garment sign.
τάδεthusAccusativedemonstrative pronoun (messenger-formula)→ participant referenceὅδε (neut. pl. τάδε): messenger-formula.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of messenger-formula→ oracular presentλέγω (pres.): oracular present.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of λέγει→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton.
ἐπὶconcerning / overpreposition + accusative (reference)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: here 'concerning / over'; the oracle pertains to the ten tribes.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέκαtencardinal numeral (modifying φυλάς)→ measure or countδέκα: 'ten'; indeclinable; the ten northern tribes.
φυλὰςtribesAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationφυλή (acc. pl. φυλάς): 'tribe'; the ten tribes assigned to Jeroboam.
τοῦofGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins supplement [p])→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: opens 12:24p, the supplement's parallel of the people's plea (cf. vv. 3-4).
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπεν): the people address Rehoboam (a doublet of vv. 3-4).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; the assembled tribes.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΡοβοαμRehoboamaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΡοβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (indeclinable).
υἱὸνsonAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Ροβοαμ→ object specificationυἱός (acc.): 'son'; 'son of Solomon'.
ΣαλωμωνSolomongenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατήρfatherNominativesubject (= Solomon, within quoted plea)→ participant prominenceπατήρ: 'father'; Solomon, in the people's complaint.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐβάρυνενmade heavyAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βαρύνωmain verb (within quoted plea)→ constative aoristβαρύνω: 'make heavy / burden'; the complaint about Solomon's yoke (cf. v. 4).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κλοιὸνyokeAccusativedirect object of ἐβάρυνεν→ object specificationκλοιός: 'yoke / collar'; the burden of Solomon's reign.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐφ᾿uponpreposition + accusative (elided; imposition)→ spatial or relational framingἐφ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (elided; imposition).
ἡμᾶςusAccusativeaccusative object of ἐφ᾿→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ἐφ᾿.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβάρυνενmade heavyAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βαρύνωmain verb (second complaint)→ constative aoristβαρύνω: 'make heavy'; here of the burdensome provisioning of the royal table (a detail unique to the supplement).
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βρώματαfood / provisionsAccusativedirect object of ἐβάρυνεν→ object specificationβρῶμα (acc. pl. βρώματα): 'food / provisions'; the food-levy for Solomon's table (cf. 1 Kgs 4:22-23), an added grievance.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τραπέζηςtableGenitivegenitive of relationship (with βρώματα)→ relational specificationτράπεζα (gen. τραπέζης): 'table'; the royal table whose provisioning burdened the people.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; the decisive moment of petition.
εἰifconditional conjunction (protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: 'if'; introduces the conditional plea.
κουφιεῖςyou will lightenFut Act Indic 2 Sg · κουφίζωverb of protasis→ future (condition)κουφίζω (fut. κουφιεῖς): 'lighten'; the people's request — if the king lightens the burden.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you'.
ἐφ᾿uponpreposition + accusative (elided)→ spatial or relational framingἐφ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (elided).
ἡμᾶςusAccusativeaccusative object of ἐφ᾿→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ἐφ᾿.
καὶthen / andcoordinating conjunction (apodosis marker)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: introduces the apodosis ('then we will serve you'), Hebraizing waw-apodosis.
δουλεύσομένwe will serveFut Act Indic 1 Pl · δουλεύωverb of apodosis (the pledge)→ promissory futureδουλεύω: 'serve'; the conditional pledge of loyalty (cf. v. 4).
σοιyouDativedative complement of δουλεύσομεν→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative complement of δουλεύσομεν.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Rehoboam's reply)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπεν): Rehoboam defers his answer (cf. v. 5).
ΡοβοαμRehoboamsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΡοβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόνpeopleAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationλαός (acc. λαόν): 'people'.
ἔτιyet / stilladverb (temporal: 'yet three days')→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'yet / still'; 'in yet three days', the deferral period.
τριῶνthreeGenitiveattributive numeral (with ἡμερῶν)→ relational specificationτρεῖς (gen. τριῶν): 'three'.
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitivegenitive of time (within which)→ relational specificationἡμέρα (gen. pl. ἡμερῶν): 'day'; the three-day deliberation (cf. v. 5).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποκριθήσομαιI will answerFut Pass Indic 1 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb (the promised reply)→ predictive futureἀποκρίνομαι (fut. ἀποκριθήσομαι): 'answer'; Rehoboam promises a reply after three days.
ὑμῖνyouDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
ῥῆμαa word / answerAccusativedirect object of ἀποκριθήσομαι→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word / answer'; the content of the forthcoming reply.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins supplement [q])→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: opens 12:24q, Rehoboam's consultation of the elders.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπεν): Rehoboam summons the elders.
ΡοβοαμRehoboamsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΡοβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
εἰσαγάγετέbring inAor Act Impv 2 Pl · εἰσάγωimperative (command to attendants)→ ingressive aorist imperativeεἰσάγω (impv. εἰσαγάγετε): 'bring in / lead in'; the king orders the elders summoned.
μοιto meDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρεσβυτέρουςeldersAccusativedirect object of εἰσαγάγετε→ object specificationπρεσβύτερος (acc. pl. πρεσβυτέρους): 'elders'; the senior counselors (cf. v. 6).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συμβουλεύσομαιI will take counselFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · συμβουλεύωmain verb (purpose of summons)→ predictive futureσυμβουλεύω (mid.): 'take counsel / consult'; the king will deliberate with the elders.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (elided; association)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (elided; association).
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of μετ᾿→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μετ᾿.
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object of ἀποκριθῶ)→ participant referenceτίς (neut. τί): 'what'; the deliberative question.
ἀποκριθῶI should answerAor Pass Subj 1 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιdeliberative subjunctive→ deliberative subjunctiveἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer'; 'what should I answer the people?'
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαῷpeopleDativedative indirect object→ sphere or referenceλαός (dat. λαῷ): 'people'.
ῥῆμαa word / answerAccusativedirect object of ἀποκριθῶ→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word / answer'.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the appointed third day.
τῇtheDativearticle (attributive, with τρίτῃ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρίτῃthirdDativeordinal adjective (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceτρίτος: 'third'.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak'; Rehoboam lays the people's request before the elders.
ΡοβοαμRehoboamsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΡοβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (idiom: 'into the ears')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (idiom: 'into the ears').
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὦταearsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiom)→ object specificationοὖς (pl. ὦτα): 'ear'; 'into their ears' (Hebraism for direct address).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καθὼςjust ascomparative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'just as / according as'; the king reports exactly what the people sent.
ἀπέστειλενsent / sent wordAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωverb of καθώς-clause→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send'; here 'sent word / made representation' — the people's message to the king.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject of ἀπέστειλεν→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
αὐτόνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the king)→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (the king).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπονsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (the elders' reply)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπον): 'said'; the elders respond.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρεσβύτεροιeldersNominativesubject of εἶπον→ participant prominenceπρεσβύτερος (nom. pl.): 'elders'; the senior counselors.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive of relationship (with πρεσβύτεροι)→ relational specificationλαός (gen. λαοῦ): 'people'; the elders of the people.
οὕτωςthus / soadverb of manner→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus'; the elders merely confirm the people's request — 'thus the people have spoken to you' (their counsel, by implication, is to grant it).
ἐλάλησενhas spokenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωverb of the elders' reply→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak'; 'thus the people have spoken to you'.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
σὲyouAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the king)→ participant referenceσὲ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (the king).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόςpeopleNominativesubject of ἐλάλησεν→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins supplement [r])→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: opens 12:24r, Rehoboam's rejection of the elders and turn to his companions.
διεσκέδασενscattered / set asideAor Act Indic 3 Sg · διασκεδάννυμιmain verb (rejection of counsel)→ constative aoristδιασκεδάννυμι: 'scatter / disperse / annul'; Rehoboam 'scattered' (rejected/annulled) the elders' counsel — the supplement's vivid equivalent of ἐγκατέλιπεν (v. 8).
ΡοβοαμRehoboamsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΡοβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βουλὴνcounselAccusativedirect object of διεσκέδασεν→ object specificationβουλή: 'counsel'; the elders' advice, rejected.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (the elders')→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the elders').
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἤρεσεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤρεσενpleasedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀρέσκωmain verb (impersonal: 'it pleased')→ constative aoristἀρέσκω: 'please / be pleasing'; the elders' counsel did not please Rehoboam (ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ, 'in his sight').
ἐνώπιονbefore / in the sight ofpreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the sight of'; Hebraism 'in his eyes'.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἐνώπιον.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send'; Rehoboam sends for his companions.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσήγαγενbrought inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσάγωmain verb→ constative aoristεἰσάγω (aor. εἰσήγαγεν): 'bring in'; he brings in his young companions.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συντρόφουςcompanions / foster-brothersAccusativedirect object of εἰσήγαγεν→ object specificationσύντροφος (acc. pl. συντρόφους): 'foster-brother / companion raised together'; the supplement's term for the young men (παιδάρια) of vv. 8-11 — those reared alongside Rehoboam.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak'; he lays the same matter before them.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'to them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτάthe same thingsAccusativedirect object (τὰ αὐτά: 'the same things')→ participant referenceαὐτός (neut. pl. αὐτά): in τὰ αὐτά = 'the same things'; the king repeats the people's request to his companions.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (introducing quoted report)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativedirect object of ἀπέστειλεν (within quoted report)→ object specificationοὗτος (neut. pl. ταῦτα): 'these things'; the king quotes the people's message — 'and these things the people sent to me'.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (within quoted report)→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send (word)'; the people's message.
πρόςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
μεmeAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the king speaking)→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (the king speaking).
λέγωνsaid / sayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · λέγωparticiple (loosely attached, marking the speaker)→ imperfective participle (pleonastic speech-marker)λέγω (ptcp.): the participle (singular, agreeing loosely with ὁ λαός) marks the reported speech.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόςpeopleNominativesubject (of the reported sending)→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; the senders of the message.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (the companions' counsel)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπαν): 'said'; the companions give their harsh advice.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σύντροφοιcompanionsNominativesubject of εἶπαν→ participant prominenceσύντροφος (nom. pl. σύντροφοι): 'foster-brothers / companions'; the young men.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
οὕτωςthusadverb of manner (introducing scripted reply)→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / in this way'; 'thus shall you say to the people'.
λαλήσειςyou shall sayFut Act Indic 2 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (imperatival future)→ imperatival future (instruction)λαλέω (fut. λαλήσεις): 'you shall say'; prescribes the king's harsh reply.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸνpeopleAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationλαός (acc. λαόν): 'people'.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · λέγωparticiple of attendant speech→ imperfective participle (pleonastic speech-marker)λέγω (ptcp.): introduces the harsh formula.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μικρότηςlittleness / little fingerNominativesubject (of the comparative boast)→ participant prominenceμικρότης: 'smallness / littleness' (the 'little finger'); the boast 'my little finger is thicker than my father's loins' (cf. v. 10, here with ὑπέρ + acc. rather than the genitive of comparison).
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
παχυτέραthickerNominativepredicate adjective (comparative)→ participant prominenceπαχύς (comparative παχυτέρα): 'thicker'; here construed with ὑπέρ + accusative ('thicker than') rather than the genitive of comparison of v. 10.
ὑπὲρthan / beyondpreposition + accusative (comparison)→ spatial or relational framingὑπέρ + acc.: 'beyond / more than'; a Hebraizing comparative construction (מִן) replacing the classical genitive of comparison.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀσφὺνloins / waistAccusativeaccusative object of ὑπέρ (comparison)→ object specificationὀσφῦς (acc. ὀσφύν): 'loin / waist'; the seat of strength, against which the king's 'little finger' is boastfully measured.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρόςfatherGenitivegenitive of possession (with ὀσφύν)→ relational specificationπατήρ (gen. πατρός): 'father'; Solomon.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατήρfatherNominativesubject (second saying)→ participant prominenceπατήρ: 'father'; Solomon.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐμαστίγουscourgedImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · μαστιγόωmain verb (the father's chastisement)→ imperfect (customary past)μαστιγόω: 'whip / scourge'; the supplement's verb (cognate with μάστιξ) for Solomon's corporal discipline, parallel to ἐπαίδευσεν (v. 11).
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object of ἐμαστίγου→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐμαστίγου.
μάστιγξινwith whipsDativedative of instrument→ sphere or referenceμάστιξ (dat. pl. μάστιγξιν): 'whip / scourge'; the milder instrument.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic 'I', contrasting the new king with his father.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: adversative, sharpening the father/son contrast.
κατάρξωI will rule / masterFut Act Indic 1 Sg · κατάρχωmain verb (escalated threat)→ predictive future (threat)κατάρχω: 'rule over / master / hold sway' (+ gen.); the supplement's verb (replacing παιδεύσω of v. 11) — 'I will master you with scorpions', a threat of harsh domination.
ὑμῶνyou / over youGenitivegenitive complement of κατάρξω (rule over)→ relational specificationὑμῶν: genitive object of κατάρχω ('rule over you').
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrument)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrument).
σκορπίοιςscorpionsDativedative of instrument→ sphere or referenceσκορπίος (dat. pl. σκορπίοις): 'scorpion'; barbed scourges (cf. v. 11).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins supplement [s])→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: opens 12:24s, the king's adoption of the harsh counsel.
ἤρεσενpleasedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀρέσκωmain verb (impersonal: 'it pleased')→ constative aoristἀρέσκω: 'please'; the harsh word pleased Rehoboam — the inverse of the elders' counsel which did not (v. 24r).
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαwordNominativesubject of ἤρεσεν→ participant prominenceῥῆμα: 'word'; the companions' harsh advice.
ἐνώπιονbefore / in the sight ofpreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before'; 'in Rehoboam's sight'.
ΡοβοαμRehoboamgenitive object of ἐνώπιον (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΡοβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive object of ἐνώπιον (indeclinable).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπεκρίθηansweredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer'; Rehoboam answers the people harshly.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαῷpeopleDativedative indirect object→ sphere or referenceλαός (dat. λαῷ): 'people'.
καθὼςjust ascomparative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'just as'; the king follows the companions' counsel.
συνεβούλευσανthey counseledAor Act Indic 3 Pl · συμβουλεύωverb of καθώς-clause→ constative aoristσυμβουλεύω: 'counsel / advise'; the companions' advice now enacted.
αὐτῷhimDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σύντροφοιcompanionsNominativesubject of συνεβούλευσαν→ participant prominenceσύντροφος (nom. pl.): 'companions / foster-brothers'.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
τὰtheNominativearticle (in apposition to σύντροφοι)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδάριαyoung menNominativeappositional noun (identifying the companions)→ participant prominenceπαιδάριον (nom. pl. παιδάρια): 'young men'; glosses the σύντροφοι, equating the supplement's term with the παιδάρια of the main account (vv. 8-11).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins supplement [t])→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: opens 12:24t, the people's secession-cry.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (with collective subject)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπεν): 'said'; the whole people respond as one.
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying λαός)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; 'all the people'.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject of εἶπεν→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'.
ὡςas / likecomparative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like'; 'as one man' — a Hebraism (כְּאִישׁ אֶחָד) for unanimity.
ἀνὴρmanNominativepredicate (in the simile 'as one man')→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; 'as one man' = with one accord.
εἷςoneNominativenumeral (with ἀνήρ)→ measure or countεἷς: 'one'; the unanimity-idiom.
ἕκαστοςeach oneNominativesubject (distributive, in apposition)→ participant prominenceἕκαστος: 'each'; 'each to his neighbor' depicts the cry passing through the whole assembly.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλησίονneighborDativedative (substantizied adverb: 'to his neighbor')→ sphere or referenceπλησίον: 'neighbor'; the indeclinable adverb used substantivally with the dative article.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέκραξανcried outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀνακράζωmain verb (the shout)→ constative aoristἀνακράζω: 'cry out / shout aloud'; the people raise the secession-cry together.
ἅπαντεςall togetherNominativesubject (emphatic 'all')→ participant prominenceἅπας (nom. pl. ἅπαντες): 'all (together)'; the strengthened form of πᾶς, stressing total unanimity.
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Pl · λέγωparticiple of attendant speech→ verbal action or stateλέγω (ptcp.): introduces the secession-cry.
οὐno / notnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: 'not'; 'no portion for us in David' (cf. v. 16).
μερὶςportion / shareNominativesubject (of the verbless cry)→ participant prominenceμερίς: 'portion / share'; the denial of any stake in the Davidic house (cf. v. 16; 2 Sam 20:1).
ἡμῖνto us / have weDativedative of possession→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'to us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of possession.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (relation)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (relation).
ΔαυιδDaviddative object of ἐν (indeclinable; the dynasty)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: the Davidic dynasty, repudiated.
οὐδὲnornegative coordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδέ: 'nor'; parallel denial.
κληρονομίαinheritanceNominativesubject (of the verbless cry)→ participant prominenceκληρονομία: 'inheritance'; parallel to μερίς (cf. v. 16).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (relation)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (relation).
υἱῷsonDativedative object of ἐν→ sphere or referenceυἱός (dat. υἱῷ): 'son'; 'the son of Jesse' = David (a dismissive periphrasis).
ΙεσσαιJessegenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεσσαι: David's father; 'son of Jesse' diminishes the dynasty.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνώματάtentsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationσκήνωμα (acc. pl. σκηνώματα): 'tent / dwelling'; 'to your tents, O Israel!' — the ancient cry of tribal dispersal (cf. v. 16).
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ΙσραηλO Israelvocative (indeclinable; addressee of the cry)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: vocative, addressing the northern tribes.
ὅτιforcausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'for'; gives the ground of the secession — Rehoboam is unfit to rule.
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative (subject)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; contemptuous reference to Rehoboam.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativesubject (predicate of the verbless clause)→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man'; 'this man' (Rehoboam) is judged unfit for rule.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςfor / fit to bepreposition + accusative (predicative purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: predicative ('fit to be / destined for'); 'this man is not for a ruler'.
ἄρχονταrulerAccusativeaccusative (predicative with εἰς)→ object specificationἄρχων (acc. ἄρχοντα): 'ruler'; the office for which Rehoboam is deemed unfit.
οὐδὲnornegative coordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδέ: 'nor'.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (predicative purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (predicative purpose).
ἡγούμενονleaderPres Mid Ptcp Acc Masc Sg · ἡγέομαιsubstantival participle (predicative with εἰς)→ present (characterizing)ἡγέομαι (ptcp. ἡγούμενον): 'lead / govern'; the substantival participle 'a leader / ruler'; renders Hebrew נָגִיד; parallel to ἄρχων.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins supplement [u])→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: opens 12:24u, the dispersal and Rehoboam's flight to Jerusalem.
διεσπάρηwas scatteredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · διασπείρωmain verb (the dispersal)→ constative aoristδιασπείρω (aor. pass. διεσπάρη): 'scatter / disperse'; the people scatter from Shechem (cf. the 'diaspora' cognate).
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying λαός)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject of διεσπάρη→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΣικιμωνShechemGenitivegenitive of source (with ἐκ)→ relational specificationΣικιμα (here gen. pl. Σικιμων): 'Shechem'; this inflected genitive-plural form (treating the toponym as a plural) is declinable, hence kind 'n' with case.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆλθενwent offAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb (with distributive subject)→ constative aoristἀπέρχομαι (aor. ἀπῆλθεν): 'go away'; each went to his own tent.
ἕκαστοςeach oneNominativesubject (distributive)→ participant prominenceἕκαστος: 'each'.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκήνωμαtentAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationσκήνωμα: 'tent / dwelling'; each man's home.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατεκράτησενprevailed / held firmAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατακρατέωmain verb→ constative aoristκατακρατέω: 'prevail / take firm hold / master'; Rehoboam asserts control (over Judah/Benjamin) and withdraws.
ΡοβοαμRehoboamsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΡοβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆλθενwent offAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀπέρχομαι: 'go away'; Rehoboam departs.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέβηmounted / went upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb→ constative aoristἀναβαίνω (aor. ἀνέβη): 'go up / mount'; Rehoboam mounts his chariot (cf. the chariot-flight implied in v. 18).
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (onto)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (onto).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅρμαchariotAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationἅρμα: 'chariot'; the king's chariot for his escape to Jerusalem.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσῆλθενenteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι (aor. εἰσῆλθεν): 'enter'; Rehoboam reaches Jerusalem.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemaccusative object of εἰς (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: the Davidic capital.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πορεύονταιgo / followPres Mid Indic 3 Pl · πορεύομαιmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (vivid)πορεύομαι: 'go'; ὀπίσω αὐτοῦ ('after him') = 'follow him'; Judah and Benjamin remain loyal.
ὀπίσωafterpreposition + genitive (allegiance: 'after / behind')→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'after / behind'; 'follow after' = give allegiance to.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ὀπίσω→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ὀπίσω.
πᾶνallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying σκῆπτρον)→ participant prominenceπᾶς (neut. πᾶν): 'all'; 'all the tribe of Judah'.
σκῆπτρονtribeNominativesubject of πορεύονται→ participant prominenceσκῆπτρον: 'scepter / tribe'; the tribe of Judah.
ΙουδαJudahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: the tribe of Judah.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶνallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying σκῆπτρον)→ participant prominenceπᾶς (neut. πᾶν): 'all'.
σκῆπτρονtribeNominativesubject (coordinate with the first σκῆπτρον)→ participant prominenceσκῆπτρον: 'tribe'; the tribe of Benjamin.
ΒενιαμινBenjamingenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒενιαμιν: the tribe of Benjamin.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins supplement [x])→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: opens 12:24x, Rehoboam's muster for war.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (narrative-framing formula)→ constative aoristγίνομαι (aor. ἐγένετο): the καὶ ἐγένετο formula with a genitive-absolute time-marker.
ἐνισταμένουas it drew near / at the turnPres Mid Ptcp Gen Masc Sg · ἐνίστημιparticiple (genitive absolute with τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ)→ present (contemporaneous circumstance)ἐνίστημι (mid. ptcp.): 'be present / be at hand / come round'; the genitive absolute ἐνισταμένου τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ ('at the turn of the year') marks the campaign-season.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (genitive absolute)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνιαυτοῦyearGenitivegenitive absolute subject (with ἐνισταμένου)→ relational specificationἐνιαυτός (gen. ἐνιαυτοῦ): 'year'; 'the turn of the year', the spring campaign-season (cf. 2 Sam 11:1).
καὶand / thatnarrative conjunction (apodosis of ἐγένετο)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνήθροισενgathered / musteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συναθροίζωmain verb (the muster)→ constative aoristσυναθροίζω: 'gather / assemble'; Rehoboam musters the southern army (the supplement's parallel to v. 21).
ΡοβοαμRehoboamsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΡοβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
πάνταevery / allAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἄνδρα)→ object specificationπᾶς (acc. masc. πάντα): 'every'; 'every man of Judah and Benjamin'.
ἄνδραmanAccusativedirect object of συνήθροισεν (collective)→ object specificationἀνήρ (acc. ἄνδρα): 'man'; collective 'every man' (the fighting men).
ΙουδαJudahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: the tribe of Judah.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΒενιαμινBenjamingenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒενιαμιν: the tribe of Benjamin.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέβηwent upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb→ constative aoristἀναβαίνω (aor. ἀνέβη): 'go up'; Rehoboam goes up to make war.
τοῦto / in order toGenitivearticle (with articular infinitive of purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολεμεῖνto make warPres Act Inf · πολεμέωarticular infinitive of purpose (τοῦ πολεμεῖν)→ purpose (telic)πολεμέω: 'wage war'; the purpose of the march — to fight Jeroboam.
πρὸςagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile: 'against')→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: 'against'.
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (indeclinable).
εἰςto / atpreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΣικιμαShechemaccusative object of εἰς (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΣικιμα: Shechem, Jeroboam's base.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins supplement [y])→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: opens 12:24y, the word of the LORD to Shemaiah forbidding the war (parallel to vv. 22-23).
ἐγένετοcameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (word-event formula)→ constative aoristγίνομαι (aor. ἐγένετο): the prophetic word-reception formula.
ῥῆμαwordNominativesubject→ participant prominenceῥῆμα: 'word'; the word of the LORD.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source→ relational specificationκύριος (gen.): the Tetragrammaton.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (recipient)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (recipient).
ΣαμαιανShemaiahAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the prophet)→ object specificationΣαμαιας (acc. Σαμαιαν): 'Shemaiah'; declinable; here titled 'man of God' (as in v. 22).
ἄνθρωπονmanAccusativeaccusative in apposition (title 'man of God')→ object specificationἄνθρωπος (acc.): 'man'; 'man of God'.
τοῦofGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive (in the title 'man of God')→ relational specificationθεός (gen.): 'God'.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · λέγωparticiple of attendant speech→ imperfective participle (pleonastic speech-marker)λέγω (ptcp.): introduces the LORD's command.
εἰπὸνspeakAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λέγωimperative (command to the prophet)→ ingressive aorist imperativeλέγω (aor. impv. εἰπόν): 'say / speak'; commission to address the southern coalition.
τῷtoDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΡοβοαμRehoboamdative indirect object (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΡοβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative indirect object (indeclinable).
βασιλεῖkingDativedative in apposition to Ροβοαμ→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς (dat. βασιλεῖ): 'king'; 'king of Judah'.
ΙουδαJudahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: the southern kingdom.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (second addressee)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying οἶκον)→ object specificationπᾶς (acc. masc. πάντα): 'all'; 'all the house of Judah'.
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house'; the southern tribes.
ΙουδαJudahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΒενιαμινBenjamingenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒενιαμιν: the second loyal tribe.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (third addressee)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατάλειμμαremnant / remainderAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationκατάλειμμα: 'remnant / remainder'; the rest of the people (parallel to τῷ καταλοίπῳ, v. 23).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive (with κατάλειμμα: 'remnant of the people')→ relational specificationλαός (gen. λαοῦ): 'people'.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · λέγωparticiple of attendant speech→ imperfective participle (pleonastic speech-marker)λέγω (ptcp.): introduces the oracle proper.
τάδεthusAccusativedemonstrative pronoun (messenger-formula)→ participant referenceὅδε (neut. pl. τάδε): the messenger-formula.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of messenger-formula→ oracular presentλέγω (pres.): oracular present.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of λέγει→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἀναβήσεσθε)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναβήσεσθεyou shall go upFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (prohibition)→ prohibitive futureἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; the prohibition of war (identical to the oracle at the head of v. 24).
οὐδὲnornegative coordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδέ: 'nor'.
πολεμήσετεyou shall make warFut Act Indic 2 Pl · πολεμέωmain verb (prohibition, parallel)→ prohibitive futureπολεμέω: 'wage war'; the prohibited fratricidal war.
πρὸςagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile: 'against')→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: 'against'; here (unlike μετά at the head of v. 24) the supplement uses πρός for 'against'.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφοὺςbrothersAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationἀδελφός (acc. pl. ἀδελφούς): 'brother'; the northern tribes as kin.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativeaccusative in apposition to ἀδελφούς→ object specificationυἱός (acc. pl. υἱούς): 'sons'; 'sons of Israel'.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
ἀναστρέφετεreturnPres Act Impv 2 Pl · ἀναστρέφωimperative (command to disperse)→ present imperative (command)ἀναστρέφω (impv. ἀναστρέφετε): 'turn back / return'; here a 2nd-person plural imperative ('return, each of you') — note the slight variation from the 3rd-person ἀναστρεφέτω at the head of v. 24.
ἕκαστοςeach oneNominativesubject (distributive, with plural imperative)→ participant prominenceἕκαστος: 'each'; distributive subject.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / home'; each to his own home.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ὅτιforcausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'for'; the divine reason for the prohibition.
παρ᾿frompreposition + genitive (elided; source)→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + gen.: 'from (the side of)'; the LORD as source of the schism.
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of παρ᾿ (emphatic first person)→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. ἐμοῦ): 'from me'; YHWH's own will.
γέγονενhas come aboutPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb of ὅτι-clause→ perfect (settled accomplished state)γίνομαι (perf. γέγονεν): 'have come to pass'; the schism is a divinely-accomplished fact.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαthing / matterNominativesubject of γέγονεν→ participant prominenceῥῆμα: 'thing / matter'; 'this thing' (the division).
τοῦτοthisNominativedemonstrative (modifying ῥῆμα)→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative (modifying ῥῆμα).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins supplement [z])→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: opens 12:24z, the obedience that closes the supplement.
ἤκουσανthey listened / obeyedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀκούωmain verb (obedience)→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear / heed'; with the genitive (τοῦ λόγου) = 'obey'; the coalition obeys the prohibition (cf. the head of v. 24).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγουwordGenitivegenitive object of ἤκουσαν→ relational specificationλόγος (gen. λόγου): 'word'; the prophetic prohibition.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source→ relational specificationκύριος (gen.): the Tetragrammaton.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέσχονthey refrained / held backAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀνέχωmain verb (cessation)→ constative aoristἀνέχω (aor. ἀνέσχον): 'hold back / refrain / forbear'; with the genitive articular infinitive (τοῦ πορευθῆναι) = 'refrained from going (to war)'; the supplement's equivalent of κατέπαυσαν at the head of v. 24.
τοῦfromGenitivearticle (with articular infinitive of separation)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πορευθῆναιto goAor Pass Inf · πορεύομαιarticular infinitive (genitive of separation with ἀνέσχον)→ telic aorist infinitiveπορεύομαι: 'go'; 'refrained from going (to war)'.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to'; their obedience conforms to the divine word — the supplement closes on the same note as the verse opened.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαwordAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word'; the divine command obeyed.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source→ relational specificationκύριος (gen.): the Tetragrammaton; the closing word of the great Jeroboam supplement.
25

καὶ ᾠκοδόμησεν Ιεροβοαμ τὴν Σικιμα τὴν ἐν ὄρει Εφραιμ καὶ κατῴκει ἐν αὐτῇ καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ἐκεῖθεν καὶ ᾠκοδόμησεν τὴν Φανουηλ

And Jeroboam built Shechem in the hill country of Ephraim and dwelt in it, and he went out from there and built Penuel.

Narrative resumption: Jeroboam's reign begins (main line)καὶ ᾠκοδόμησεν Ιεροβοαμ
After the long supplement of v. 24, the main narrative resumes with Jeroboam's first acts as king: fortifying Shechem (his initial capital) and Penuel in Transjordan. The building notices establish his consolidation of the northern kingdom and set the stage for his cultic innovations (vv. 26-33).
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾠκοδόμησενbuiltAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: 'build / fortify'; Jeroboam fortifies Shechem as his royal seat (cf. 1 Kgs 12:25).
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: now king of the north.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣικιμαShechemdirect object of ᾠκοδόμησεν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΣικιμα: Shechem; Jeroboam's first capital.
τὴνthe (which is)Accusativearticle (attributive, with prepositional phrase)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ὄρειhill countryDativedative of place (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceὄρος (dat. ὄρει): 'hill country'; 'in the hill country of Ephraim'.
ΕφραιμEphraimgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΕφραιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατῴκειdweltImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · κατοικέωmain verb→ imperfect (durative residence)κατοικέω: 'dwell / settle'; the imperfect marks Shechem as Jeroboam's habitual residence.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
αὐτῇitDativedative of place (the city)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of place (the city).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆλθενwent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι (aor. ἐξῆλθεν): 'go out'; Jeroboam moves on to fortify a second site.
ἐκεῖθενfrom thereadverb of place (source)→ clausal contributionἐκεῖθεν: 'from there / thence'; from Shechem.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾠκοδόμησενbuiltAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: 'build / fortify'; the building of Penuel.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΦανουηλPenueldirect object of ᾠκοδόμησεν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΦανουηλ: transliteration of Hebrew פְּנוּאֵל (Penuel/Peniel); indeclinable; a Transjordanian site (cf. Gen 32:31; Judg 8:8), fortified by Jeroboam to secure his eastern flank.
26

καὶ εἶπεν Ιεροβοαμ ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ ἰδοὺ νῦν ἐπιστρέψει ἡ βασιλεία εἰς οἶκον Δαυιδ

And Jeroboam said in his heart, 'Behold, now the kingdom will return to the house of David.'

Interior monologue: Jeroboam's fear (main line)καὶ εἶπεν Ιεροβοαμ ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ
The idiom εἶπεν ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ ('said in his heart') opens an interior monologue revealing Jeroboam's political anxiety: that continued pilgrimage to the Jerusalem temple will draw the people's loyalty back to the Davidic house. This fear (vv. 26-27) is the stated motive for his cultic innovations (vv. 28-33).
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (interior monologue)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπεν): 'say'; εἶπεν ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ ('said in his heart') is a Hebraism for inner reflection/resolve.
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίᾳheartDativedative of place (with ἐν: 'in his heart')→ sphere or referenceκαρδία (dat. καρδίᾳ): 'heart'; the seat of thought and will; 'in his heart' = to himself.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; introduces the anxious reflection.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; the imminent danger Jeroboam fears.
ἐπιστρέψειwill returnFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιστρέφωmain verb (the feared outcome)→ predictive future (apprehension)ἐπιστρέφω: 'turn back / return'; here intransitive — the kingdom (kingship) will revert to the Davidic house if the people keep worshiping in Jerusalem.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλείαkingdom / kingshipNominativesubject of ἐπιστρέψει→ participant prominenceβασιλεία: 'kingdom / kingship'; the northern kingship Jeroboam fears losing back to Judah.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / dynasty'; 'the house of David' — the rival Davidic line in Jerusalem.
ΔαυιδDavidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: the Davidic dynasty.
27

ἐὰν ἀναβῇ ὁ λαὸς οὗτος ἀναφέρειν θυσίας ἐν οἴκῳ κυρίου εἰς Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ἐπιστραφήσεται καρδία τοῦ λαοῦ πρὸς κύριον καὶ κύριον αὐτῶν πρὸς Ροβοαμ βασιλέα Ιουδα καὶ ἀποκτενοῦσίν με

'If this people goes up to offer sacrifices in the house of the LORD in Jerusalem, then the heart of the people will turn back to the Lord and to their master, to Rehoboam king of Judah, and they will kill me.'

Conditional reasoning continuing the interior monologueἐὰν ἀναβῇ ὁ λαὸς οὗτος
Jeroboam's fear spelled out as a conditional: pilgrimage to the Jerusalem temple (the house of the LORD) will re-bind the people's allegiance to the LORD and to 'their master' Rehoboam, with fatal consequences for himself. The double πρός (to the Lord / to their lord Rehoboam) fuses cultic and political loyalty, the very link Jeroboam will sever by the golden calves.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (protasis, + subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces a future-more-vivid condition with the subjunctive ἀναβῇ.
ἀναβῇgoes upAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωverb of protasis (subjunctive)→ aorist subjunctive (condition)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; the technical verb for pilgrimage 'up' to Jerusalem/the temple.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject of ἀναβῇ→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; the northern populace.
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative (modifying λαός)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; 'this people'.
ἀναφέρεινto offer upPres Act Inf · ἀναφέρωinfinitive of purpose→ purpose (telic)ἀναφέρω: 'bring up / offer (sacrifice)'; the cultic technical term for presenting offerings on the altar.
θυσίαςsacrificesAccusativedirect object of ἀναφέρειν→ object specificationθυσία (acc. pl. θυσίας): 'sacrifice / offering'; the offerings made at the Jerusalem temple.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
οἴκῳhouseDativedative of place (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceοἶκος (dat. οἴκῳ): 'house'; 'the house of the LORD' = the Jerusalem temple.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of relationship (with οἴκῳ)→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): the Tetragrammaton; 'the house of the LORD' is Solomon's temple.
εἰςto / inpreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemaccusative object of εἰς (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: the cultic center, locus of the pilgrimage Jeroboam fears.
καὶthen / andcoordinating conjunction (apodosis marker)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: introduces the apodosis ('then the heart will turn'), Hebraizing waw-apodosis.
ἐπιστραφήσεταιwill turn backFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιστρέφωverb of apodosis→ predictive future (feared outcome)ἐπιστρέφω (fut. pass.): 'turn / turn back'; the people's loyalty (καρδία) will revert to the LORD and to Rehoboam.
καρδίαheartNominativesubject of ἐπιστραφήσεται→ participant prominenceκαρδία: 'heart'; here the people's allegiance/loyalty.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive of possession (with καρδία)→ relational specificationλαός (gen. λαοῦ): 'people'.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of allegiance)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of allegiance).
κύριονthe LORDAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationκύριος (acc. κύριον): the Tetragrammaton; the people's loyalty turning back to the LORD (worshiped at Jerusalem).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κύριονlord / masterAccusativeaccusative (parallel object: 'their master')→ object specificationκύριος (acc. κύριον): here in the human-master sense ('their lord/master'), defined by the following apposition as Rehoboam — hence NOT the Tetragrammaton but a human sovereign.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with κύριον)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with κύριον).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction, resumptive)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction, resumptive).
ΡοβοαμRehoboamaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable; in apposition to κύριον)→ participant identificationΡοβοαμ: identified as the people's human 'master', the Davidic king at Jerusalem.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Ροβοαμ→ object specificationβασιλεύς (acc. βασιλέα): 'king'; 'king of Judah'.
ΙουδαJudahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: the southern kingdom.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποκτενοῦσίνthey will killFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀποκτείνωmain verb (the feared end)→ predictive future (apprehension)ἀποκτείνω (fut. ἀποκτενοῦσιν): 'kill'; Jeroboam's worst fear — that a reunified loyalty would cost him his life.
μεmeAccusativedirect object of ἀποκτενοῦσίν→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἀποκτενοῦσίν.
28

καὶ ἐβουλεύσατο ὁ βασιλεὺς καὶ ἐπορεύθη καὶ ἐποίησεν δύο δαμάλεις χρυσᾶς καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς τὸν λαόν ἱκανούσθω ὑμῖν ἀναβαίνειν εἰς Ιερουσαλημ ἰδοὺ θεοί σου Ισραηλ οἱ ἀναγαγόντες σε ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου

And the king took counsel, and went and made two golden heifers, and said to the people, 'Enough for you of going up to Jerusalem! Behold your gods, O Israel, who brought you up out of the land of Egypt.'

Narrative climax: the golden calves (main line)καὶ ἐβουλεύσατο ὁ βασιλεύς
Jeroboam's fateful cultic innovation: two golden calf-images and the proclamation ἰδοὺ θεοί σου Ισραηλ ('behold your gods, O Israel') — verbally echoing the golden-calf episode of Exod 32:4,8. The declaration substitutes the calves for the LORD's exodus deliverance, becoming the paradigmatic 'sin of Jeroboam' that the books of Kings repeatedly condemn.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβουλεύσατοtook counselAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · βουλεύωmain verb→ constative aoristβουλεύω (mid. ἐβουλεύσατο): 'take counsel / deliberate / resolve'; Jeroboam devises his plan.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (Jeroboam)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Jeroboam.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηwentAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: 'go / proceed'; here 'set about (doing)', a Hebraizing auxiliary leading into the main action.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενmadeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (the fabrication)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make'; Jeroboam fashions the two calf-images (cf. Aaron's calf, Exod 32:4).
δύοtwocardinal numeral (with δαμάλεις)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; the two calves, set at Bethel and Dan (v. 29).
δαμάλειςheifers / calvesAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationδάμαλις (acc. pl. δαμάλεις): 'heifer / young cow'; the LXX's term for Jeroboam's calf-idols (Hebrew עֲגָלִים, 'calves'); cultic bull/calf images associated with Canaanite and Egyptian worship.
χρυσᾶςgoldenAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying δαμάλεις)→ object specificationχρυσοῦς (acc. fem. pl. χρυσᾶς): 'golden'; the precious material underlines the idols' costliness and the gravity of the apostasy.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (the proclamation)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπεν): introduces Jeroboam's calf-cult proclamation.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόνpeopleAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationλαός (acc. λαόν): 'people'; the northern populace.
ἱκανούσθωlet it be enoughPres Pass Impv 3 Sg · ἱκανόωimpersonal imperative ('enough!')→ present imperative (dismissive)ἱκανόω (pass. ἱκανούσθω): 'be sufficient / be enough'; the impersonal 'let it be enough for you to go up to Jerusalem!' = 'no more pilgrimages to Jerusalem'; renders Hebrew רַב־לָכֶם ('enough for you', Num 16:3; Deut 1:6).
ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of reference (with ἱκανούσθω)→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'for you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of reference (with ἱκανούσθω).
ἀναβαίνεινgoing upPres Act Inf · ἀναβαίνωsubject infinitive (with ἱκανούσθω)→ verbal action or stateἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; the pilgrimage 'up' to Jerusalem, which Jeroboam abolishes.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemaccusative object of εἰς (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: the rival cultic center, now to be supplanted.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; presents the calves as the new objects of worship.
θεοίgodsNominativepredicate nominative (in the calf-proclamation)→ participant prominenceθεός (nom. pl. θεοί): 'gods'; the plural ἰδοὺ θεοί σου ('behold your gods') reproduces verbatim the golden-calf cry of Exod 32:4,8, branding Jeroboam's cult as a repetition of Israel's archetypal apostasy.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with θεοί)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with θεοί).
ΙσραηλO Israelvocative (indeclinable; addressee)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: vocative; the people addressed in the calf-proclamation.
οἱthe (who)Nominativearticle (substantizing the participle ἀναγαγόντες)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀναγαγόντεςwho brought upAor Act Ptcp Nom Masc Pl · ἀνάγωparticiple (attributive, modifying θεοί)→ aorist (the exodus deliverance)ἀνάγω (aor. ptcp. ἀναγαγόντες): 'bring up / lead up'; the plural participle ('who brought you up from Egypt') blasphemously ascribes the exodus to the calves (cf. Exod 32:4); the plural agrees with θεοί.
σεyouAccusativedirect object of ἀναγαγόντες→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἀναγαγόντες.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive of source (with ἐκ)→ relational specificationγῆ (gen. γῆς): 'land'; 'out of the land of Egypt' — the exodus formula.
ΑἰγύπτουEgyptGenitivegenitive of relationship (with γῆς)→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος (gen. Αἰγύπτου): 'Egypt'; the land of bondage from which the LORD (not the calves) had delivered Israel.
29

καὶ ἔθετο τὴν μίαν ἐν Βαιθηλ καὶ τὴν μίαν ἔδωκεν ἐν Δαν

And he set the one in Bethel, and the other he placed in Dan.

Narrative: the placement of the calves (main line)καὶ ἔθετο τὴν μίαν ἐν Βαιθηλ
The two calves are installed at the southern and northern extremities of the kingdom — Bethel (near the Judah border) and Dan (the far north) — bracketing the realm with rival sanctuaries so that no Israelite need travel to Jerusalem. The μίαν … μίαν ('the one … the other') distributes the pair.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθετοset / placedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb→ constative aoristτίθημι (mid. ἔθετο): 'set / place / put'; installs the first calf at Bethel.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (substantival with μίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μίανoneAccusativedirect object (substantival numeral: 'the one')→ measure or countεἷς (acc. fem. μίαν): 'one'; 'the one (calf)'.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΒαιθηλBetheldative of place (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒαιθηλ: transliteration of Hebrew בֵּית־אֵל (Bethel, 'house of God'); indeclinable; an ancient cult-site near the southern border of the northern kingdom — the principal of Jeroboam's two shrines.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (substantival with μίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μίανthe other / oneAccusativedirect object (substantival numeral: 'the other')→ measure or countεἷς (acc. fem. μίαν): 'one'; here 'the other (calf)' in the μίαν … μίαν correlation.
ἔδωκενplaced / putAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ constative aoristδίδωμι: lit. 'give', here 'place / set' (a Hebraizing extension of נָתַן); installs the second calf at Dan.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΔανDandative of place (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαν: transliteration of Hebrew דָּן (Dan); indeclinable; the northernmost city of Israel (cf. 'from Dan to Beersheba'), site of the second calf-shrine.
30

καὶ ἐγένετο ὁ λόγος οὗτος εἰς ἁμαρτίαν καὶ ἐπορεύετο ὁ λαὸς πρὸ προσώπου τῆς μιᾶς ἕως Δαν

And this thing became a sin; and the people went before the one as far as Dan.

Theological verdict (narrator's evaluation)καὶ ἐγένετο ὁ λόγος οὗτος εἰς ἁμαρτίαν
The narrator pronounces the verdict: ἐγένετο … εἰς ἁμαρτίαν ('became a sin') — the calf-cult is the defining 'sin of Jeroboam'. The note that the people processed 'before the one (calf) as far as Dan' depicts the cult taking hold, the worshipers following the idol to its far-northern shrine.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοbecameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (verdict)→ constative aoristγίνομαι (aor. ἐγένετο): 'become'; ἐγένετο εἰς ἁμαρτίαν ('became a sin') is the narrator's condemnatory formula.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγοςthing / matterNominativesubject of ἐγένετο→ participant prominenceλόγος: 'word / thing / matter'; here 'this thing' (the calf-cult), rendering Hebrew דָּבָר.
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative (modifying λόγος)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; the calf-cult just established.
εἰςto / into (a)preposition + accusative (predicative: 'became a sin')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: predicative ('became / resulted in'), Hebraism (לְ).
ἁμαρτίανsinAccusativeaccusative (predicative with εἰς)→ object specificationἁμαρτία (acc. ἁμαρτίαν): 'sin'; renders Hebrew חַטָּאת; the calf-cult is THE 'sin of Jeroboam son of Nabat who made Israel to sin', the refrain of the books of Kings.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύετοwent / processedImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ imperfect (customary/durative)πορεύομαι (impf. ἐπορεύετο): 'go'; the imperfect depicts the people's habitual cultic procession after the calf.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject of ἐπορεύετο→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; the worshipers adopting the new cult.
πρὸbeforepreposition + genitive (in front of)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸ προσώπου: 'before the face of' (Hebraism, לִפְנֵי); here 'before/in procession before' the calf-image.
προσώπουface / presenceGenitivegenitive object of πρό (idiom)→ relational specificationπρόσωπον (gen. προσώπου): 'face'; in the idiom 'before (the face of)'.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (substantival with μιᾶς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μιᾶςthe one (calf)Genitivesubstantival numeral (genitive: 'the one')→ relational specificationεἷς (gen. fem. μιᾶς): 'one'; 'the one (calf)' — the worshipers processed before one of the two images (probably the Dan calf, given 'as far as Dan').
ἕωςas far aspreposition + genitive (spatial limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'as far as / up to'; the extent of the procession.
ΔανDangenitive object of ἕως (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΔαν: Dan; the far-northern shrine to which the worshipers processed.
31

καὶ ἐποίησεν οἴκους ἐφ᾿ ὑψηλῶν καὶ ἐποίησεν ἱερεῖς μέρος τι ἐκ τοῦ λαοῦ οἳ οὐκ ἦσαν ἐκ τῶν υἱῶν Λευι

And he made shrines on the high places, and he made priests, a certain part from among the people, who were not of the sons of Levi.

Narrative: the illegitimate priesthood (main line)καὶ ἐποίησεν οἴκους ἐφ᾿ ὑψηλῶν
Jeroboam compounds the calf-cult with two further offenses: high-place shrines (οἴκους ἐφ᾿ ὑψηλῶν) and a non-Levitical priesthood drawn from the common people. Both violate the centralized, Levitical worship of the Torah and Deuteronomistic law, deepening the apostasy.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενmadeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make / build'; Jeroboam builds high-place shrines.
οἴκουςhouses / shrinesAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationοἶκος (acc. pl. οἴκους): 'house'; here 'shrines / temples' — οἶκοι ὑψηλῶν, the 'houses of the high places' (Hebrew בֵּית בָּמוֹת).
ἐφ᾿onpreposition + genitive (elided; location)→ spatial or relational framingἐφ᾿: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (elided; location).
ὑψηλῶνhigh placesGenitivegenitive object of ἐφ᾿ (substantival adjective)→ relational specificationὑψηλός (gen. pl. ὑψηλῶν): 'high'; substantival 'the high places' (Hebrew בָּמוֹת), the local cult-platforms condemned by Deuteronomistic theology.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενmade / appointedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make'; here 'appoint' priests (ποιεῖν ἱερεῖς), a Hebraism.
ἱερεῖςpriestsAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationἱερεύς (acc. pl. ἱερεῖς): 'priest'; Jeroboam appoints priests illegitimately, outside the Levitical line.
μέροςa partAccusativeaccusative in apposition to ἱερεῖς→ object specificationμέρος: 'part / portion'; 'a certain part (of the people)' — the priests were drawn indiscriminately from the populace.
τιa certain / someAccusativeindefinite pronoun (modifying μέρος)→ participant referenceτις (neut. τι): 'a certain / some'; 'a certain part'.
ἐκfrom amongpreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive of source (partitive, with ἐκ)→ relational specificationλαός (gen. λαοῦ): 'people'; the common people from whom the illegitimate priests were drawn (cf. 1 Kgs 13:33).
οἳwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἦσαν)→ participant referenceὅς (nom. pl. οἵ): relative pronoun; introduces the disqualifying clause.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἦσαν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦσανwereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίverb of relative clause→ imperfect (state)εἰμί (impf. ἦσαν): 'were'; the appointed priests 'were not of the sons of Levi'.
ἐκof / frompreposition + genitive (origin)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (origin).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive of source (with ἐκ)→ relational specificationυἱός (gen. pl. υἱῶν): 'sons'; 'the sons of Levi' = the legitimate Levitical/Aaronic priesthood.
ΛευιLevigenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΛευι: transliteration of Hebrew לֵוִי (Levi); indeclinable; the priestly tribe, from which Jeroboam's priests illegitimately did not come.
32

καὶ ἐποίησεν Ιεροβοαμ ἑορτὴν ἐν τῷ μηνὶ τῷ ὀγδόῳ ἐν τῇ πεντεκαιδεκάτῃ ἡμέρᾳ τοῦ μηνὸς κατὰ τὴν ἑορτὴν τὴν ἐν γῇ Ιουδα καὶ ἀνέβη ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον ὃ ἐποίησεν ἐν Βαιθηλ τοῦ θύειν ταῖς δαμάλεσιν αἷς ἐποίησεν καὶ παρέστησεν ἐν Βαιθηλ τοὺς ἱερεῖς τῶν ὑψηλῶν ὧν ἐποίησεν

And Jeroboam made a feast in the eighth month, on the fifteenth day of the month, like the feast that was in the land of Judah; and he went up to the altar which he had made in Bethel, to sacrifice to the heifers which he had made; and he stationed in Bethel the priests of the high places which he had made.

Narrative: the rival festival (main line)καὶ ἐποίησεν Ιεροβοαμ ἑορτήν
Jeroboam completes his alternative cult with a rival pilgrim-festival in the eighth month, on the fifteenth day — one month after the legitimate Feast of Tabernacles in Judah (seventh month, fifteenth day; Lev 23:34). The deliberate calendrical shift, the Bethel altar, and the high-place priesthood together institutionalize the schismatic religion of the north.
Word-by-word analysis· 47 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενmade / institutedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make / hold (a feast)'; Jeroboam institutes a rival festival.
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
ἑορτὴνfeast / festivalAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationἑορτή (acc. ἑορτήν): 'feast / festival'; a rival pilgrim-feast in imitation of (and competition with) the Judahite festival.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηνὶmonthDativedative of time (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceμήν (dat. μηνί): 'month'.
τῷtheDativearticle (attributive, with ὀγδόῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀγδόῳeighthDativeordinal adjective (modifying μηνί)→ sphere or referenceὄγδοος (dat. ὀγδόῳ): 'eighth'; the eighth month — one month after the legitimate seventh-month Feast of Tabernacles, marking Jeroboam's deliberate calendrical innovation.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῇtheDativearticle (attributive, with πεντεκαιδεκάτῃ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεντεκαιδεκάτῃfifteenthDativeordinal adjective (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceπεντεκαιδέκατος (dat. πεντεκαιδεκάτῃ): 'fifteenth'; the fifteenth day, mirroring the date of Tabernacles (Lev 23:34) but in the wrong month.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα (dat. ἡμέρᾳ): 'day'.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηνὸςmonthGenitivegenitive of time (with ἡμέρᾳ: 'of the month')→ relational specificationμήν (gen. μηνός): 'month'.
κατὰlike / according topreposition + accusative (comparison)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'like / corresponding to'; the northern feast was modeled on the southern one.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑορτὴνfeastAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationἑορτή (acc.): 'feast'; the legitimate festival of Judah, the model Jeroboam imitates.
τὴνthe (which is)Accusativearticle (attributive, with prepositional phrase)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
γῇlandDativedative of place (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceγῆ (dat. γῇ): 'land'; 'in the land of Judah'.
ΙουδαJudahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: the southern kingdom, where the legitimate feast was kept.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέβηwent upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb→ constative aoristἀναβαίνω (aor. ἀνέβη): 'go up'; Jeroboam ascends the altar to officiate — usurping priestly function.
ἐπὶupon / topreposition + accusative (onto)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (onto).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the LXX's term for a legitimate-style altar (vs. βωμός for pagan altars); the Bethel altar Jeroboam built (the target of the prophecy in 1 Kgs 13).
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὅς (neut. ὅ): relative pronoun; 'which he had made'.
ἐποίησενhad madeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (antecedent)ποιέω: 'make'; the altar of Jeroboam's own construction.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΒαιθηλBetheldative of place (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒαιθηλ: Bethel; the principal northern shrine.
τοῦto / in order toGenitivearticle (with articular infinitive of purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θύεινto sacrificePres Act Inf · θύωarticular infinitive of purpose (τοῦ θύειν)→ purpose (telic)θύω: 'sacrifice / offer'; the purpose of his ascent — to sacrifice to the calves.
ταῖςto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δαμάλεσινheifers / calvesDativedative (recipient of sacrifice)→ sphere or referenceδάμαλις (dat. pl. δαμάλεσιν): 'heifer / calf'; sacrificing TO the calf-idols, the height of the apostasy.
αἷςwhichDativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν, attracted to δαμάλεσιν)→ participant reference or interestὅς (dat. fem. pl. αἷς): relative pronoun, dative by attraction to its antecedent δαμάλεσιν; 'which he had made'.
ἐποίησενhad madeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (antecedent)ποιέω: 'make'; the calves of his own fashioning.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρέστησενstationed / installedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παρίστημιmain verb→ constative aoristπαρίστημι (aor. παρέστησεν): 'set / station / present'; here 'installed (in office)' the high-place priests at Bethel.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΒαιθηλBetheldative of place (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒαιθηλ: Bethel.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖςpriestsAccusativedirect object of παρέστησεν→ object specificationἱερεύς (acc. pl. ἱερεῖς): 'priest'; the illegitimate high-place priests installed at Bethel.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑψηλῶνhigh placesGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ἱερεῖς)→ relational specificationὑψηλός (gen. pl. ὑψηλῶν): substantival 'the high places'; 'the priests of the high places'.
ὧνwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν, attracted to ὑψηλῶν)→ relational specificationὅς (gen. pl. ὧν): relative pronoun, genitive by attraction to ὑψηλῶν; 'which he had made'.
ἐποίησενhad madeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (antecedent)ποιέω: 'make'; the high places of his own establishment (v. 31).
33

καὶ ἀνέβη ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον ὃ ἐποίησεν τῇ πεντεκαιδεκάτῃ ἡμέρᾳ ἐν τῷ μηνὶ τῷ ὀγδόῳ ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ ᾗ ἐπλάσατο ἀπὸ καρδίας αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐποίησεν ἑορτὴν τοῖς υἱοῖς Ισραηλ καὶ ἀνέβη ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον τοῦ ἐπιθῦσαι

And he went up to the altar which he had made, on the fifteenth day in the eighth month, at the feast which he had devised out of his own heart; and he made a feast for the sons of Israel, and he went up to the altar to offer sacrifice.

Narrative closure: the self-devised cult (main line)καὶ ἀνέβη ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον
The chapter closes by underscoring the human-fabricated character of Jeroboam's religion: the feast was one ᾗ ἐπλάσατο ἀπὸ καρδίας αὐτοῦ ('which he devised out of his own heart') — a damning phrase marking the whole northern cult as self-invented, not divinely commanded. The repeated ἀνέβη … ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον frames the verse and sets the stage for the prophetic confrontation of ch. 13.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέβηwent upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb→ constative aoristἀναβαίνω (aor. ἀνέβη): 'go up'; Jeroboam ascends the altar to officiate.
ἐπὶupon / topreposition + accusative (onto)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (onto).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the Bethel altar.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὅς (neut. ὅ): 'which'; 'which he had made'.
ἐποίησενhad madeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (antecedent)ποιέω: 'make'; the altar of his own construction.
τῇon theDativearticle (dative of time)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεντεκαιδεκάτῃfifteenthDativeordinal adjective (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceπεντεκαιδέκατος (dat.): 'fifteenth'; the date of his rival feast.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα (dat.): 'day'.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηνὶmonthDativedative of time (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceμήν (dat. μηνί): 'month'.
τῷtheDativearticle (attributive, with ὀγδόῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀγδόῳeighthDativeordinal adjective (modifying μηνί)→ sphere or referenceὄγδοος (dat. ὀγδόῳ): 'eighth'; the self-chosen month of the rival feast.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑορτῇfeastDativedative of time (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceἑορτή (dat. ἑορτῇ): 'feast'; the festival Jeroboam himself contrived.
whichDativerelative pronoun (object of ἐπλάσατο, attracted to ἑορτῇ)→ participant reference or interestὅς (dat. fem. ᾗ): relative pronoun, dative by attraction to ἑορτῇ; 'which he devised'.
ἐπλάσατοdevised / fabricatedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · πλάσσωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristπλάσσω (mid. ἐπλάσατο): 'mold / form / fabricate / invent'; the verb (used of shaping clay) here connotes contrivance — Jeroboam 'fabricated' the feast 'out of his own heart', branding it a human invention with no divine sanction.
ἀπὸfrom / out ofpreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
καρδίαςheartGenitivegenitive of source (with ἀπό)→ relational specificationκαρδία (gen. καρδίας): 'heart'; 'out of his own heart' — the cult is self-originated, the antithesis of obedience to the divine word (contrast 'according to the word of the LORD', v. 24).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενmade / heldAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make / hold'; he holds the feast for the people.
ἑορτὴνfeastAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationἑορτή (acc.): 'feast'; the festival made for the people.
τοῖςfor theDativearticle (dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativedative of advantage (for the people)→ sphere or referenceυἱός (dat. pl. υἱοῖς): 'sons'; 'for the sons of Israel' (the northern people).
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the northern kingdom, for whom the rival feast was instituted.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέβηwent upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (closing repetition)→ constative aoristἀναβαίνω (aor. ἀνέβη): 'go up'; the repeated 'he went up to the altar' frames the verse and leaves Jeroboam mid-sacrifice — the precise moment the man of God will confront him in ch. 13.
ἐπὶupon / topreposition + accusative (onto)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (onto).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the Bethel altar, ascended to offer sacrifice.
τοῦto / in order toGenitivearticle (with articular infinitive of purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιθῦσαιto offer sacrificeAor Act Inf · ἐπιθύωarticular infinitive of purpose (τοῦ ἐπιθῦσαι)→ purpose (telic)ἐπιθύω: 'sacrifice upon / offer sacrifice'; the compound (ἐπί + θύω) of offering on the altar; the chapter ends with Jeroboam in the very act of his apostate sacrifice.