21
καὶ Ροβοαμ υἱὸς Σαλωμων ἐβασίλευσεν ἐπὶ Ιουδα υἱὸς τεσσαράκοντα καὶ ἑνὸς ἐνιαυτῶν Ροβοαμ ἐν τῷ βασιλεύειν αὐτὸν καὶ δέκα ἑπτὰ ἔτη ἐβασίλευσεν ἐν Ιερουσαλημ τῇ πόλει ἣν ἐξελέξατο κύριος θέσθαι τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ἐκεῖ ἐκ πασῶν φυλῶν τοῦ Ισραηλ καὶ τὸ ὄνομα τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ Νααμα ἡ Αμμανῖτις
And Rehoboam son of Solomon reigned over Judah; Rehoboam was a son of forty-one years when he became king, and he reigned seventeen years in Jerusalem, the city which the LORD chose to put his name there out of all the tribes of Israel; and the name of his mother was Naamah the Ammanite.
The verse opens with the Hebraizing καί-parataxis typical of LXX narrative; in the Rahlfs text it follows directly upon the gap (vv. 1–20 absent), functioning as the standard Deuteronomistic regnal-accession formula: name + patronym, territory, age at accession, length and place of reign, and queen-mother. The relative clause τῇ πόλει ἣν ἐξελέξατο κύριος invokes the Deuteronomic centralization-of-the-name theology (cf. Deut 12:5), framing the apostasy notice that immediately follows in vv. 22–24.
Word-by-word analysis· 48 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΡοβοαμRehoboamsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΡοβοαμ: transliteration of Hebrew רְחַבְעָם ('the people is enlarged'); son of Solomon, first king of the divided southern kingdom of Judah; indeclinable in the LXX, here the grammatical subject of ἐβασίλευσεν.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ροβοαμ (patronymic)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; renders בֵּן; in the patronymic 'son of Solomon' it anchors the Davidic dynastic line to which the temple-name theology of the verse attaches.
Σαλωμωνof Solomongenitival patronym (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliteration of Hebrew שְׁלֹמֹה (Solomon); indeclinable in this form in the Rahlfs text; here functioning as a genitive of relationship after υἱός even though morphologically unmarked.
ἐβασίλευσενreignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (accession statement)→ ingressive aorist (entered upon the kingship)βασιλεύω: 'be king / reign'; renders מָלַךְ; the aorist in regnal formulae is typically ingressive ('became king / began to reign'), here introducing Rehoboam's accession over the southern kingdom after the schism of ch. 12.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive (sphere of rule)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'over'; with βασιλεύω marks the territory ruled; the limitation 'over Judah' (not over all Israel) silently registers the loss of the northern tribes to Jeroboam.
ΙουδαJudahgenitive object of ἐπί (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliteration of Hebrew יְהוּדָה; indeclinable in the LXX; here the southern kingdom over which Rehoboam alone now reigns.
υἱὸςa sonNominativepredicate nominative (age idiom: 'a son of ... years')→ participant prominenceυἱός: in the idiom υἱὸς τεσσαράκοντα καὶ ἑνὸς ἐνιαυτῶν ('a son of forty-one years') the noun calques the Hebrew בֶּן + number for age-reckoning (cf. בֶּן ... שָׁנָה); a Hebraism for stating a person's age.
τεσσαράκονταfortycardinal numeral (with ἑνὸς ἐνιαυτῶν: 'forty-one years')→ measure or countτεσσαράκοντα: 'forty'; indeclinable cardinal numeral; combined with ἑνός it gives Rehoboam's age at accession as forty-one (cf. 2 Chr 12:13).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining numerals)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑνὸςoneGenitivecardinal numeral (genitive, with ἐνιαυτῶν)→ relational specificationεἷς, μία, ἕν: 'one'; the genitive ἑνός agrees with ἐνιαυτῶν; 'forty and one years' = forty-one.
ἐνιαυτῶνyearsGenitivegenitive of measure (age: 'of ... years')→ relational specificationἐνιαυτός: 'year'; renders שָׁנָה; the genitive plural completes the Hebraic age-idiom 'a son of forty-one years.'
ΡοβοαμRehoboamsubject (resumptive, indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΡοβοαμ: the name is repeated for clarity after the parenthetical age-notice, a feature of the paratactic LXX style.
ἐνin / whenpreposition + dative articular infinitive (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + articular infinitive (ἐν τῷ βασιλεύειν): a temporal construction, 'when he began to reign / at his becoming king'; a common LXX rendering of the Hebrew infinitive construct with בְּ.
τῷtheDativearticle governing the infinitive βασιλεύειν→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύεινto reignPres Act Inf · βασιλεύωarticular infinitive (temporal: 'when he became king')→ temporal infinitive (the moment of accession)βασιλεύω: the articular infinitive ἐν τῷ βασιλεύειν αὐτόν renders the Hebrew בְּמָלְכוֹ ('when he reigned'); the accusative αὐτόν is the subject of the infinitive.
αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive βασιλεύειν→ participant referenceαὐτός: the accusative pronoun serves as the subject of the articular infinitive, a standard Greek and LXX construction.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δέκαtencardinal numeral (with ἑπτά: 'seventeen')→ measure or countδέκα: 'ten'; indeclinable cardinal; with ἑπτά forms 'seventeen years,' the length of Rehoboam's reign (cf. 2 Chr 12:13).
ἑπτὰsevencardinal numeral (with δέκα: 'seventeen')→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; indeclinable cardinal; δέκα ἑπτά = seventeen, the regnal length.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('seventeen years')→ object specificationἔτος: 'year'; renders שָׁנָה; the accusative plural marks duration — the span of Rehoboam's reign in Jerusalem.
ἐβασίλευσενhe reignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (repeated, with duration and place)→ constative aorist (the reign viewed as a whole)βασιλεύω: the second occurrence summarizes the whole seventeen-year reign as a single completed span (constative), now adding its location in Jerusalem.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemdative object of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliteration of Hebrew יְרוּשָׁלַ͏ִם; indeclinable in the LXX; the chosen capital, identified in the following relative clause as the place of YHWH's name.
τῇtheDativearticle (in apposition to Ιερουσαλημ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειcityDativedative in apposition to Ιερουσαλημ ('the city which ...')→ sphere or referenceπόλις: 'city'; renders עִיר; the appositional 'the city which the LORD chose' invokes the Deuteronomic election-of-place theology underlying the temple.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐξελέξατο)→ participant referenceὅς, ἥ, ὅ: the feminine accusative ἥν refers to πόλει, object of the verb of choosing.
ἐξελέξατοchoseAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐκλέγομαιverb of relative clause (divine election of the city)→ constative aorist (the once-for-all act of election)ἐκλέγομαι: 'choose / select'; renders בָּחַר; the middle voice ('chose for himself') fits the divine election of Jerusalem as the dwelling for the divine name (cf. Deut 12:5; 3 Kgdms 8:44, 48).
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ἐξελέξατο (divine agent of election)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; here the subject of the election of Jerusalem, the theological anchor of the verse's appositional clause.
θέσθαιto putAor Mid Inf · τίθημιinfinitive of purpose (with ἐξελέξατο: 'chose ... to put')→ verbal action or stateτίθημι: 'put / place / set'; the middle aorist infinitive θέσθαι expresses the purpose of the election — 'to set his name there'; renders the Deuteronomic לָשׂוּם / לְשַׁכֵּן אֶת שְׁמוֹ ('to put / cause his name to dwell').
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὄνομα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομαnameAccusativedirect object of θέσθαι ('to put his name')→ object specificationὄνομα: 'name'; renders שֵׁם; the 'name'-theology designates Jerusalem/the temple as the place of YHWH's covenantal presence and worship.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (YHWH's name)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (YHWH's name).
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place (locating the name)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; renders שָׁם; the resumptive 'there' (alongside the relative ἥν) is a Hebraism reflecting the resumptive pronoun of the Hebrew relative clause ('the city which ... there').
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (selection from a whole)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (selection from a whole).
πασῶνallGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying φυλῶν)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the feminine genitive plural πασῶν agrees with φυλῶν; 'out of all the tribes of Israel' underlines the singular election of Jerusalem from among the whole nation.
φυλῶνtribesGenitivegenitive of source (with ἐκ: 'out of the tribes')→ relational specificationφυλή: 'tribe'; renders שֵׁבֶט; the election 'out of all the tribes of Israel' makes Jerusalem the cultic center for the whole people even after the political schism.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with Ισραηλ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive (with φυλῶν; indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable in the LXX; here 'all the tribes of Israel' denotes the whole covenant people from whom Jerusalem is chosen.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing queen-mother notice)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with ὄνομα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομαnameNominativesubject of an implied copula ('the name ... was Naamah')→ participant prominenceὄνομα: here in the queen-mother formula 'and the name of his mother was Naamah,' a fixed element of the Judahite regnal notices.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with μητρός)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μητρὸςmotherGenitivegenitive of possession ('of his mother')→ relational specificationμήτηρ: 'mother'; renders אֵם; the queen-mother (gebirah) notice is a standard feature of the Judahite accession formulae, reflecting her status at court.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship (Rehoboam's mother)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship (Rehoboam's mother).
ΝααμαNaamahpredicate (indeclinable proper noun: the mother's name)→ participant identificationΝααμα: transliteration of Hebrew נַעֲמָה ('pleasant'); indeclinable in the LXX; Rehoboam's mother, identified as an Ammonite — a foreign-wife notice that obliquely explains the apostasy of vv. 22–24.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with the gentilic Αμμανῖτις)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑμμανῖτιςAmmaniteNominativegentilic noun in apposition to Νααμα ('the Ammanite')→ participant prominenceΑμμανῖτις: 'Ammonitess / Ammanite woman'; feminine gentilic (declinable) of the Ammonites (Hebrew עַמּוֹנִית); Naamah's foreign origin links the Solomonic foreign-marriage apostasy (ch. 11) to Rehoboam's reign.
22
καὶ ἐποίησεν Ροβοαμ τὸ πονηρὸν ἐνώπιον κυρίου καὶ παρεζήλωσεν αὐτὸν ἐν πᾶσιν οἷς ἐποίησαν οἱ πατέρες αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις αὐτῶν αἷς ἥμαρτον
And Rehoboam did the evil thing before the LORD, and provoked him to jealousy by all the things their fathers had done and by their sins which they had committed.
The verse turns from accession data to moral evaluation with the formulaic ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐνώπιον κυρίου ('did the evil thing before the LORD'), the standard Deuteronomistic verdict on a king's reign. The articular τὸ πονηρόν ('the evil') names a recognized category of covenant infidelity. παρεζήλωσεν ('provoked to jealousy') anticipates the specific cultic abominations catalogued in vv. 23–24.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (Deuteronomistic evaluation formula)→ constative aorist (summary verdict on the reign)ποιέω: 'do / make'; renders עָשָׂה; the phrase ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐνώπιον κυρίου is the fixed LXX rendering of וַיַּעַשׂ הָרַע בְּעֵינֵי יהוה, the recurring Deuteronomistic condemnation of a king's reign.
ΡοβοαμRehoboamsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΡοβοαμ: the king as moral agent of the indictment; though the cultic acts of vv. 23–24 are committed by the people, the king is held responsible as covenant head.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing πονηρόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνevil thingAccusativesubstantivized adjective (direct object: 'the evil')→ object specificationπονηρός: 'evil / wicked'; the substantivized neuter τὸ πονηρόν ('the evil thing') renders הָרַע; the article marks it as the recognized category of cultic-covenantal evil condemned throughout Kings.
ἐνώπιονbeforepreposition + genitive (evaluative: 'in the sight of')→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the sight of'; Hebraism rendering בְּעֵינֵי ('in the eyes of'); the evil is reckoned by the divine evaluation, not merely human judgment.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον (Tetragrammaton)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the genitive after ἐνώπιον identifies YHWH as the offended party whose evaluation defines the 'evil.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρεζήλωσενprovoked to jealousyAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παραζηλόωmain verb (intensifying the indictment)→ constative aorist (the act of provocation)παραζηλόω: 'provoke to jealousy / make jealous'; renders קִנֵּא (Piel/Hiphil); the language of divine jealousy (cf. Deut 32:21) frames Judah's idolatry as covenantal infidelity against the jealous God (Exod 20:5); the same verb underlies Paul's argument at Rom 10:19; 11:11.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object (YHWH, object of provocation)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the accusative pronoun refers to κύριος; YHWH is the one provoked to jealousy by Judah's cultic apostasy.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (instrumental/causal: 'by all the things')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: here instrumental, 'by / through'; a Hebraism (בְּ of means) marking the deeds by which YHWH was provoked.
πᾶσινallDativesubstantivized adjective (dative: 'by all [the things]')→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all'; the neuter dative plural πᾶσιν is the antecedent of the relative οἷς — 'in all [the things] which their fathers did.'
οἷςwhichDativerelative pronoun (attracted to the case of πᾶσιν)→ participant reference or interestὅς, ἥ, ὅ: the relative οἷς is attracted into the dative case of its antecedent πᾶσιν (case-attraction, common in the LXX); logically the object of ἐποίησαν.
ἐποίησανdidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωverb of relative clause (the fathers' deeds)→ constative aorist (past actions of the ancestors)ποιέω: the plural ἐποίησαν refers to the deeds of the preceding generations, whose sins Judah now surpasses or repeats.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with πατέρες)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρεςfathersNominativesubject of ἐποίησαν ('their fathers')→ participant prominenceπατήρ: 'father'; renders אָב; 'their fathers' denotes the prior generations of Israel/Judah whose accumulated sins now reach their culmination under Rehoboam.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship (Rehoboam's / the people's fathers)→ relational specificationαὐτός: the singular 'his' (Rehoboam's) gives way to the plural 'their' in the next clause, the referent shifting from the king to the people collectively.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (instrumental: 'by their sins')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrumental: 'by their sins').
ταῖςtheDativearticle (with ἁμαρτίαις)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαιςsinsDativedative of means ('by their sins')→ sphere or referenceἁμαρτία: 'sin / offense'; renders חַטָּאת / חֵטְא; the second instrumental phrase names the specific sins (idolatrous cult) by which YHWH was provoked.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (the people's sins)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the people's sins).
αἷςwhichDativerelative pronoun (attracted to the dative of ἁμαρτίαις)→ participant reference or interestὅς, ἥ, ὅ: the relative αἷς is again case-attracted to its antecedent ἁμαρτίαις; the cognate construction ἁμαρτίαις αἷς ἥμαρτον ('the sins which they sinned') is a Hebraizing internal-object idiom.
ἥμαρτονthey sinnedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἁμαρτάνωverb of relative clause (cognate with ἁμαρτίαις)→ constative aorist (the sins as committed acts)ἁμαρτάνω: 'sin / miss the mark'; renders חָטָא; the figura etymologica ἁμαρτίαις αἷς ἥμαρτον reflects the Hebrew cognate construction חַטֹּאתָם אֲשֶׁר חָטְאוּ, intensifying the culpability of the people's sin.
23
καὶ ᾠκοδόμησαν ἑαυτοῖς ὑψηλὰ καὶ στήλας καὶ ἄλση ἐπὶ πάντα βουνὸν ὑψηλὸν καὶ ὑποκάτω παντὸς ξύλου συσκίου
And they built for themselves high places and pillars and sacred groves on every high hill and under every shady tree.
The verse specifies the 'evil' and 'sins' of v. 22 with the classic Deuteronomistic triad of illicit cult — high places (ὑψηλά), pillars (στήλας), and sacred poles/Asherim (ἄλση) — situated by the stereotyped formula 'on every high hill and under every shady tree' (ἐπὶ πάντα βουνὸν ὑψηλὸν καὶ ὑποκάτω παντὸς ξύλου συσκίου), the standard idiom for the proscribed Canaanite cult-sites (cf. Deut 12:2; 4 Kgdms 17:10).
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾠκοδόμησανthey builtAor Act Indic 3 Pl · οἰκοδομέωmain verb (the people as builders of the illicit cult)→ constative aorist (the building of cult-sites)οἰκοδομέω: 'build'; renders בָּנָה; the plural subject shifts to the people, who 'build for themselves' (ἑαυτοῖς) the apparatus of forbidden worship — the act that constitutes the 'evil' of v. 22.
ἑαυτοῖςfor themselvesDativereflexive pronoun (dative of advantage: 'for themselves')→ participant reference or interestἑαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun; the dative ἑαυτοῖς ('for themselves') renders the Hebrew ethical dative לָהֶם, stressing that this self-devised cult is a presumptuous human initiative, not divine command.
ὑψηλὰhigh placesAccusativesubstantivized adjective (direct object: 'high places')→ object specificationὑψηλός: 'high / lofty'; the substantivized neuter plural ὑψηλά ('high [places]') renders בָּמוֹת ('high places'), the local cult-shrines repeatedly condemned in Kings as rivals to the Jerusalem temple.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
στήλαςpillarsAccusativedirect object (coordinate with ὑψηλά)→ object specificationστήλη: 'pillar / standing-stone'; renders מַצֵּבוֹת (massebot), the sacred standing-stones of Canaanite worship, prohibited at Deut 16:22; the second member of the illicit-cult triad.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄλσηsacred grovesAccusativedirect object (coordinate with ὑψηλά, στήλας)→ object specificationἄλσος: 'grove / sacred grove'; the LXX's standard rendering of אֲשֵׁרִים (Asherim — cultic wooden poles dedicated to the goddess Asherah); the translation 'grove' reflects the LXX's interpretation of the wooden cult-symbols; the third member of the triad.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (location of cult-sites)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'on / upon'; introduces the stereotyped locale formula for illicit worship.
πάνταeveryAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying βουνόν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'every / all'; the distributive 'on every high hill' marks the pervasiveness of the apostasy across the land.
βουνὸνhillAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί ('on every hill')→ object specificationβουνός: 'hill / mound'; renders גִּבְעָה; the elevated sites were favored for cultic activity; the phrase 'on every high hill' is part of the fixed Deuteronomistic condemnation idiom.
ὑψηλὸνhighAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying βουνόν)→ object specificationὑψηλός: 'high / lofty'; here adjectival with βουνόν ('high hill'), distinct from the substantival ὑψηλά ('high places') earlier in the verse; renders גָּבֹהַּ.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the paired locale phrases)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑποκάτωunderpreposition + genitive (location: 'under every tree')→ spatial or relational framingὑποκάτω: 'underneath / under'; with the genitive renders תַּחַת; 'under every shady tree' completes the merism (hilltop / tree-shade) for the proscribed cult-sites.
παντὸςeveryGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying ξύλου)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'every'; the genitive παντός agrees with ξύλου; 'under every shady tree' parallels 'on every high hill,' marking the saturation of the land with illicit shrines.
ξύλουtreeGenitivegenitive object of ὑποκάτω ('under every tree')→ relational specificationξύλον: 'wood / tree'; renders עֵץ; the leafy tree provided the shaded locale for cultic rites; part of the standard 'high hill / green tree' condemnation formula.
συσκίουshadyGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying ξύλου: 'shady tree')→ relational specificationσύσκιος: 'thickly shaded / leafy'; renders רַעֲנָן ('luxuriant, green'); the 'shady/leafy tree' is the recurring LXX rendering for the tree-shrine sites of the Canaanizing cult (cf. Deut 12:2; Jer 2:20).
24
καὶ σύνδεσμος ἐγενήθη ἐν τῇ γῇ καὶ ἐποίησαν ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν βδελυγμάτων τῶν ἐθνῶν ὧν ἐξῆρεν κύριος ἀπὸ προσώπου υἱῶν Ισραηλ
And a cult-bond arose in the land, and they practiced according to all the abominations of the nations which the LORD had removed from before the sons of Israel.
The catalogue climaxes with σύνδεσμος ('a binding / league'), the LXX's rendering where the MT reads קָדֵשׁ ('male cult-prostitute') — the translator apparently read or interpreted the consonants in the sense of קֶשֶׁר ('conspiracy'). The verse then generalizes: Judah imitated 'all the abominations of the nations' YHWH had dispossessed before Israel, casting the apostasy as a reversal of the conquest — Judah now does the very things for which the Canaanites were driven out.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σύνδεσμοςcult-bondNominativesubject of ἐγενήθη ('a bond arose')→ participant prominenceσύνδεσμος: 'bond / fastening / league, conspiracy'; here the LXX stands where the MT reads קָדֵשׁ ('male cult-prostitute'); the Greek translator apparently associated the consonants with קֶשֶׁר ('conspiracy / league'), yielding σύνδεσμος; in context it denotes the organized cultic abomination (sacred prostitution) established in the land.
ἐγενήθηaroseAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb ('came to be / arose in the land')→ constative aorist (the establishment of the cultic practice)γίνομαι (aor. pass.): 'come to be / arise / happen'; renders הָיָה; the passive ἐγενήθη describes the emergence of the cultic σύνδεσμος as an accomplished fact within the land.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle (with γῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῇlandDativedative of place ('in the land')→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land / earth'; renders אֶרֶץ; 'in the land' — the promised land itself, now defiled by the very abominations for which its former inhabitants were expelled.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησανthey practicedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb ('they did / practiced [according to]')→ constative aorist (Judah's imitation of the nations)ποιέω: 'do / make / practice'; with the partitive ἀπό ('according to / after the manner of all') it denotes imitative practice — Judah reproducing the cultic 'abominations' of the dispossessed nations.
ἀπὸaccording topreposition + genitive (partitive/imitative: 'after all the abominations')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: here in a partitive-imitative sense ('[some / after the manner] of all the abominations'), a Hebraizing construction; Judah's practice conforms to the Canaanite cultic pattern.
πάντωνallGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying βδελυγμάτων)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totalizing 'all the abominations' underscores the comprehensiveness of Judah's apostasy — nothing of the proscribed cult was omitted.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with βδελυγμάτων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βδελυγμάτωνabominationsGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό ('of the abominations')→ relational specificationβδέλυγμα: 'abomination / detestable thing'; renders תּוֹעֵבָה; the standard LXX term for idolatrous cultic practices that are loathsome to YHWH (cf. Deut 18:9–12); here summarizing the high places, pillars, Asherim, and cult-prostitution of vv. 23–24.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἐθνῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐθνῶνnationsGenitivegenitive of source/possession ('of the nations')→ relational specificationἔθνος: 'nation / gentile people'; renders גּוֹי; 'the nations' are the Canaanite peoples whose abominations Israel was warned not to imitate (Deut 18:9) and for which they were dispossessed.
ὧνwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (object of ἐξῆρεν; genitive by attraction to ἐθνῶν)→ relational specificationὅς, ἥ, ὅ: the relative ὧν (logically the accusative object of ἐξῆρεν, referring to the nations) is case-attracted to the genitive of its antecedent ἐθνῶν.
ἐξῆρενremovedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαίρωverb of relative clause (the dispossession of the nations)→ constative aorist (the past act of dispossession at the conquest)ἐξαίρω: 'remove / take away / destroy'; renders הוֹרִישׁ / הִשְׁמִיד; recalls YHWH's dispossession of the Canaanite nations before Israel — the very judgment Judah now invites upon itself by adopting their abominations.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἐξῆρεν (Tetragrammaton)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the subject of the dispossession; the irony is pointed — the God who removed the nations for these abominations is now provoked by his own people's identical sins.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation: 'from before')→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation: 'from before').
προσώπουface / beforeGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (Hebraism: 'from the face of')→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; the phrase ἀπὸ προσώπου ('from before / from the face of') is a Hebraism rendering מִפְּנֵי; idiomatic for dispossession 'before' the advancing Israelites.
υἱῶνof the sonsGenitivegenitive of relationship ('of the sons of Israel')→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; 'the sons of Israel' (υἱοὶ Ισραηλ) is the standard LXX designation of the covenant people, renders בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, before whom the nations were removed.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive (with υἱῶν; indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; in 'the sons of Israel' it denotes the whole covenant nation as beneficiary of the conquest now imperiled by apostasy.
25
καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ ἐνιαυτῷ τῷ πέμπτῳ βασιλεύοντος Ροβοαμ ἀνέβη Σουσακιμ βασιλεὺς Αἰγύπτου ἐπὶ Ιερουσαλημ
And it came to pass in the fifth year of Rehoboam's reign that Shishak king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem.
The macarism-like temporal formula καὶ ἐγένετο ('and it came to pass') with the genitive absolute βασιλεύοντος Ροβοαμ ('Rehoboam reigning') is a classic LXX Hebraism (וַיְהִי + temporal clause) introducing a decisive new event. The fifth-year dating and the invasion of Σουσακιμ (Shishak/Sheshonq I of Egypt) present the foreign assault as the historical enactment of the judgment implied by the apostasy of vv. 22–24.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (with ἐγένετο: temporal formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (impersonal temporal formula)→ constative aorist (narrative onset of a new event)γίνομαι (aor. mid.): the impersonal καὶ ἐγένετο renders the Hebrew narrative formula וַיְהִי ('and it happened / came to pass'), a standard LXX device marking a temporal setting for a significant event.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal: 'in the year')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal: 'in the year').
τῷtheDativearticle (with ἐνιαυτῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνιαυτῷyearDativedative of time ('in the year')→ sphere or referenceἐνιαυτός: 'year'; renders שָׁנָה; the temporal dative fixes the date of Shishak's invasion within Rehoboam's reign.
τῷtheDativearticle (with πέμπτῳ, second-attributive position)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πέμπτῳfifthDativeordinal adjective (modifying ἐνιαυτῷ: 'the fifth year')→ sphere or referenceπέμπτος: 'fifth'; ordinal numeral; renders חֲמִישִׁית; the fifth regnal year of Rehoboam dates the invasion (cf. 2 Chr 12:2), correlated with Sheshonq I's Palestinian campaign.
βασιλεύοντοςreigningPres Act Part Gen Sg Masc · βασιλεύωgenitive absolute participle (with Ροβοαμ: 'Rehoboam reigning')→ imperfective participle (reign in progress at the time)βασιλεύω: the present participle in the genitive-absolute construction βασιλεύοντος Ροβοαμ ('while Rehoboam was reigning') marks the temporal background to the invasion; a common LXX rendering of a Hebrew infinitival or temporal clause.
Ροβοαμof Rehoboamsubject of the genitive-absolute participle (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΡοβοαμ: indeclinable; the genitive-absolute subject ('Rehoboam reigning'); morphologically unmarked but functioning as genitive in the construction.
ἀνέβηcame upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb of the apodosis (the invasion proper)→ constative aorist (the act of invasion)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up / come up'; renders עָלָה; the verb of military advance 'came up against' (ἀνέβη ... ἐπί) is standard idiom for an attacking army marching on a city.
ΣουσακιμShishaksubject of ἀνέβη (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣουσακιμ: transliteration of Hebrew שִׁישַׁק (Shishak), the Egyptian pharaoh Sheshonq I (founder of the Twenty-second Dynasty); indeclinable; his campaign against Judah is attested in his Karnak relief.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativenominative in apposition to Σουσακιμ→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; renders מֶלֶךְ; the appositional title identifies Shishak as the Egyptian sovereign, the agent of YHWH's chastening of Judah.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of relationship (with βασιλεύς: 'king of Egypt')→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος (gen. Αἰγύπτου): standard LXX form of Hebrew מִצְרַיִם; the genitive specifies Shishak's realm; Egypt, the old house of bondage, again threatens the covenant people.
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction: 'against')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'against'; with ἀναβαίνω marks the hostile objective of the campaign, Jerusalem.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemaccusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: indeclinable; the target of Shishak's assault — the very city YHWH chose for his name (v. 21), now exposed to plunder because of Judah's apostasy.
26
καὶ ἔλαβεν πάντας τοὺς θησαυροὺς οἴκου κυρίου καὶ τοὺς θησαυροὺς οἴκου τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ τὰ δόρατα τὰ χρυσᾶ ἃ ἔλαβεν Δαυιδ ἐκ χειρὸς τῶν παίδων Αδρααζαρ βασιλέως Σουβα καὶ εἰσήνεγκεν αὐτὰ εἰς Ιερουσαλημ τὰ πάντα ἔλαβεν ὅπλα τὰ χρυσᾶ
And he took all the treasures of the house of the LORD and the treasures of the king's house, and the gold spears which David had taken from the hand of the servants of Hadadezer king of Zobah and brought into Jerusalem — all these he took, the gold shields.
The invasion's outcome is the stripping of the sacred and royal treasuries. The thrice-repeated ἔλαβεν ('he took'), framing the verse, hammers the totality of the loss. The relative clause on the gold spears/shields links the plunder back to David's Aramean victories (cf. 2 Kgdms 8:7), so that the wealth Solomon's father had won from Hadadezer of Zobah is now carried off to Egypt — a reversal of Israel's imperial high-water mark.
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενhe tookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (Shishak's seizure of the treasures)→ constative aorist (act of plunder)λαμβάνω: 'take / seize / carry off'; renders לָקַח; the verb of plunder governs the entire catalogue of seized treasures; its threefold repetition in the verse stresses the comprehensiveness of the spoliation.
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying θησαυρούς)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the masculine accusative πάντας emphasizes that the temple treasury was emptied — nothing was left.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with θησαυρούς)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θησαυροὺςtreasuresAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationθησαυρός: 'treasure / treasury / storehouse'; renders אוֹצָר / אוֹצְרוֹת; here the accumulated wealth of the Solomonic temple, now plundered by Egypt.
οἴκουof the houseGenitivegenitive of possession ('of the house of the LORD')→ relational specificationοἶκος: 'house / temple'; renders בַּיִת; οἶκος κυρίου ('house of the LORD') is the standard LXX designation of the Jerusalem temple.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (Tetragrammaton)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; οἶκος κυρίου is the temple — its plundering is the gravest loss, the sacred wealth of YHWH's house removed because of Judah's sin.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with θησαυρούς)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θησαυροὺςtreasuresAccusativedirect object (coordinate: the palace treasury)→ object specificationθησαυρός: the second 'treasures' denotes the royal palace treasury, plundered alongside the temple — both sacred and royal wealth are stripped.
οἴκουof the houseGenitivegenitive of possession ('of the king's house')→ relational specificationοἶκος: here οἶκος τοῦ βασιλέως ('house of the king') = the royal palace, distinct from the temple just named.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of possession ('of the king')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; renders מֶלֶךְ; the royal palace whose treasury, like the temple's, is emptied by Shishak.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with δόρατα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δόραταspearsAccusativedirect object (coordinate: the gold spears/shields)→ object specificationδόρυ (pl. δόρατα): 'spear / lance'; here the LXX renders the gold ceremonial arms (Hebrew מָגֵן, 'shields,' in the parallel; cf. v. 26b ὅπλα) taken by David; the term shades toward 'shields/weapons of state' — the prestige armory of the Davidic court.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (attributive, with χρυσᾶ)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρυσᾶgoldenAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying δόρατα: 'the gold spears')→ object specificationχρυσοῦς: 'made of gold'; renders זָהָב; the gold of the ceremonial arms is precisely what makes them prized plunder — and what Rehoboam must replace with bronze (v. 27).
ἃwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἔλαβεν, referring to the spears)→ participant referenceὅς, ἥ, ὅ: the neuter accusative plural ἅ refers to τὰ δόρατα, introducing the historical note on David's acquisition of them.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωverb of relative clause (David's original capture of the arms)→ constative aorist (David's past acquisition)λαμβάνω: the second ἔλαβεν, with David as subject, recalls the original seizure of the gold arms from the Arameans (cf. 2 Kgdms 8:7); the lexical echo of Shishak's 'taking' frames Judah's loss as the undoing of David's gains.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject of the relative-clause ἔλαβεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliteration of Hebrew דָּוִד; indeclinable in the LXX; the founder of the dynasty whose hard-won spoils are now surrendered to Egypt.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source of David's capture)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source of David's capture).
χειρὸςhandGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (Hebraism: 'from the hand of')→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand'; ἐκ χειρός ('from the hand of') is a Hebraism rendering מִיַּד, idiomatic for taking something from someone's possession or power.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with παίδων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παίδωνservantsGenitivegenitive of relationship ('the servants of Hadadezer')→ relational specificationπαῖς: 'servant / attendant'; renders עֶבֶד; here the officers/retainers of Hadadezer from whom David seized the gold arms.
ΑδρααζαρHadadezergenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑδρααζαρ: transliteration of Hebrew הֲדַדְעֶזֶר (Hadadezer), the Aramean king of Zobah defeated by David (2 Kgdms 8:3–8); indeclinable in the LXX.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to Αδρααζαρ ('king of Zobah')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the appositional title identifies Hadadezer as the Aramean sovereign of Zobah.
Σουβαof Zobahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΣουβα: transliteration of Hebrew צוֹבָה (Zobah), an Aramean kingdom north of Damascus; indeclinable in the LXX.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing the relative clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσήνεγκενbrought inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσφέρωverb of relative clause (David brought the arms to Jerusalem)→ constative aorist (David's bringing of the spoils to the capital)εἰσφέρω: 'bring in / carry into'; renders הֵבִיא; David brought the captured gold arms into Jerusalem, where they remained until Shishak carried them off — the verb of importing now reversed by the export of plunder.
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object of εἰσήνεγκεν (the gold arms)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the neuter accusative plural refers to τὰ δόρατα τὰ χρυσᾶ, the gold arms David brought to Jerusalem.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemaccusative object of εἰς (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: indeclinable; David's destination for his spoils, now the source from which Shishak removes them.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with πάντα, summarizing object)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πάνταall thingsAccusativesubstantivized adjective (resumptive summary object: 'all these')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the resumptive τὰ πάντα ('all these things') gathers up the whole catalogue of plundered items before the final verb, a Hebraizing recapitulation.
ἔλαβενhe tookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (resumptive summary of the plunder)→ constative aorist (summary of the total seizure)λαμβάνω: the third ἔλαβεν, with Shishak again the subject, closes the verse by summarizing the totality of the spoliation — 'all these he took.'
ὅπλαshieldsAccusativedirect object in apposition to τὰ πάντα ('the gold shields')→ object specificationὅπλον: 'weapon / shield / armor'; here the gold ceremonial shields (Hebrew מָגִנֵּי הַזָּהָב, 'shields of gold,' 1 Kgs 14:26); the term clarifies the δόρατα above as parade-armor, the prestige equipment whose loss Rehoboam must remedy with bronze.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (attributive, with χρυσᾶ)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρυσᾶgoldenAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ὅπλα: 'the gold shields')→ object specificationχρυσοῦς: 'made of gold'; the final word names the shields as gold — the very feature that dooms them to plunder and that Rehoboam can only replace in baser bronze (v. 27).
27
καὶ ἐποίησεν Ροβοαμ ὁ βασιλεὺς ὅπλα χαλκᾶ ἀντ᾿ αὐτῶν καὶ ἐπέθεντο ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸν οἱ ἡγούμενοι τῶν παρατρεχόντων οἱ φυλάσσοντες τὸν πυλῶνα οἴκου τοῦ βασιλέως
And Rehoboam the king made bronze shields in their place, and the commanders of the runners who guard the gateway of the king's house were put in charge of them.
Rehoboam's countermeasure — bronze shields ἀντ᾿ αὐτῶν ('in place of' the gold) — is a quietly humiliating index of Judah's diminished glory: the same ἐποίησεν ('made') that introduced his apostasy (v. 22) now introduces his impoverished imitation of Solomonic splendor. The shields are entrusted to the royal runners (παρατρέχοντες), the palace guard, who keep them in the guardroom and bear them ceremonially (v. 28).
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενmadeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (Rehoboam's manufacture of replacement shields)→ constative aorist (the act of making)ποιέω: 'make / do'; renders עָשָׂה; Rehoboam 'makes' bronze shields to replace the plundered gold — a reduced echo of Solomon's golden craftsmanship (cf. 3 Kgdms 10:16–17).
ΡοβοαμRehoboamsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΡοβοαμ: indeclinable; the king as agent of the bronze-for-gold substitution.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with the appositional title βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativenominative in apposition to Ροβοαμ ('Rehoboam the king')→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the title underscores the irony — the king of Judah, heir of Solomon's gold, is reduced to commissioning bronze.
ὅπλαshieldsAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationὅπλον: 'shield / weapon'; the replacement ceremonial shields, now of bronze, matching the form but not the value of the plundered gold ones.
χαλκᾶbronzeAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ὅπλα: 'bronze shields')→ object specificationχαλκοῦς: 'made of bronze / copper'; renders נְחֹשֶׁת; the substitution of bronze (χαλκᾶ) for gold (χρυσᾶ, v. 26) is the verse's pointed measure of Judah's decline under judgment.
ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution: 'instead of')→ spatial or relational framingἀντί: 'instead of / in place of'; with the genitive marks the bronze shields as substitutes for the lost gold ones; the elided form ἀντ᾿ precedes the vowel of αὐτῶν.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί (the plundered gold shields)→ relational specificationαὐτός: the genitive plural refers to the gold shields taken by Shishak (v. 26); the bronze stand 'in place of them.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέθεντοwere put in chargeAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (the guards take charge of the shields)→ constative aorist (the committal of the shields to the guard)ἐπιτίθημι (mid.): 'set upon / lay upon / put in charge'; here ἐπέθεντο ἐπ᾿ αὐτόν renders the appointment of the guard-commanders over the shields (cf. MT 'committed them to the hands of the chiefs of the guard'); the middle marks their being entrusted with the responsibility.
ἐπ᾿overpreposition + accusative (with ἐπέθεντο: charge over)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: with ἐπιτίθημι in the sense of being set 'over / in charge of' the shields; the elided ἐπ᾿ precedes the vowel of αὐτόν.
αὐτὸνitAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπ᾿ (the shield-store, collective)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the masculine singular accusative is best taken collectively/distributively of the shields' safekeeping ('they were set over it'); the guard-commanders assume responsibility for the armory.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with the substantival participle ἡγούμενοι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡγούμενοιcommandersPres Mid Part Nom Pl Masc · ἡγέομαιsubstantival participle (subject of ἐπέθεντο: 'the commanders')→ imperfective participle (those exercising command)ἡγέομαι: 'lead / command / go before'; the substantival present participle οἱ ἡγούμενοι ('the leaders / commanders') denotes the officers in charge of the palace runners; renders שָׂרֵי ('chiefs').
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with the participle παρατρεχόντων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρατρεχόντωνrunnersPres Act Part Gen Pl Masc · παρατρέχωsubstantival participle (genitive: 'of the runners')→ imperfective participle (those who run alongside)παρατρέχω: 'run alongside / run beside'; the substantival participle οἱ παρατρέχοντες ('the runners') is the LXX term for the royal bodyguard/couriers (Hebrew רָצִים, 'runners') who attend the king; the genitive marks them as the body the ἡγούμενοι command.
οἱthe onesNominativearticle (with the participle φυλάσσοντες; resumptive)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλάσσοντεςwho guardPres Act Part Nom Pl Masc · φυλάσσωattributive participle (describing the runners: 'who guard the gate')→ imperfective participle (ongoing guard-duty)φυλάσσω: 'guard / keep watch'; the attributive participle οἱ φυλάσσοντες ('those who guard') describes the runners' function at the palace gate; renders שֹׁמְרִים.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with πυλῶνα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πυλῶναgatewayAccusativedirect object of φυλάσσοντες ('guard the gateway')→ object specificationπυλών: 'gateway / portal / vestibule'; renders פֶּתַח / שַׁעַר; the entrance to the palace which the runners guard, and where the ceremonial shields are deployed when the king passes (v. 28).
οἴκουof the houseGenitivegenitive of possession ('of the king's house')→ relational specificationοἶκος: 'house / palace'; here οἶκος τοῦ βασιλέως, the royal residence whose gate the runners guard.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of possession ('of the king')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the palace whose entrance is guarded; the runners are the king's own household guard.
28
καὶ ἐγένετο ὅτε εἰσεπορεύετο ὁ βασιλεὺς εἰς οἶκον κυρίου καὶ ᾖρον αὐτὰ οἱ παρατρέχοντες καὶ ἀπηρείδοντο αὐτὰ εἰς τὸ θεε τῶν παρατρεχόντων
And it came to pass, whenever the king entered the house of the LORD, the runners would carry them, and they would return them to the guardroom of the runners.
The καὶ ἐγένετο ὅτε construction with the imperfects εἰσεπορεύετο, ᾖρον, ἀπηρείδοντο describes a customary, repeated routine: whenever the king processed to the temple, the runners bore the bronze shields and afterward returned them to their guardroom. The transliterated Hebraism τὸ θεε (Hebrew תָּא, 'guard-chamber') is left untranslated by the Greek, a tell-tale sign of the translator preserving a technical architectural term.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (with ἐγένετο: temporal formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (impersonal temporal formula introducing a routine)→ constative aorist (framing an iterative custom)γίνομαι (aor. mid.): the impersonal καὶ ἐγένετο ὅτε ('and it came to pass, whenever') frames the habitual routine that follows; renders וַיְהִי with iterative force here.
ὅτεwhenevertemporal conjunction (iterative: 'whenever')→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτε: 'when / whenever'; with the following imperfects it carries iterative/customary force ('every time the king went in'), describing a recurring ceremonial practice.
εἰσεπορεύετοenteredImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰσπορεύομαιverb of the temporal clause (iterative imperfect: 'used to enter')→ customary imperfect (repeated entries)εἰσπορεύομαι: 'enter / go in'; the imperfect denotes habitual, repeated action — each time the king went into the temple; renders בֹּא.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject of εἰσεπορεύετο→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Rehoboam, whose ceremonial processions to the temple occasioned the display of the bronze shields.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction of entry)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of entry).
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς ('into the house')→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / temple'; οἶκος κυρίου, the temple, the destination of the king's ceremonial entry.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (Tetragrammaton)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; οἶκος κυρίου designates the Jerusalem temple to which the king processed.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (apodosis after the temporal clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here introducing the apodosis after the ὅτε-clause, a Hebraizing apodotic καί ('then the runners would bear them').
ᾖρονwould carryImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · αἴρωmain verb of the apodosis (iterative imperfect: 'used to bear')→ customary imperfect (repeated bearing of the shields)αἴρω: 'lift / take up / carry'; the imperfect ᾖρον denotes the recurring act — each procession, the runners would take up the bronze shields and bear them before the king.
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object of ᾖρον (the bronze shields)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the neuter accusative plural refers to the ὅπλα χαλκᾶ, the bronze shields of v. 27.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with the substantival participle παρατρέχοντες)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρατρέχοντεςrunnersPres Act Part Nom Pl Masc · παρατρέχωsubstantival participle (subject of ᾖρον: 'the runners')→ imperfective participle (the royal couriers/guards)παρατρέχω: 'run beside'; the substantival οἱ παρατρέχοντες ('the runners') are the royal bodyguard who bear the shields; renders הָרָצִים.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπηρείδοντοwould returnImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἀπερείδωmain verb (iterative imperfect: 'used to set back')→ customary imperfect (repeated returning of the shields)ἀπερείδω (mid.): 'rest / set down / lay back'; the middle imperfect ἀπηρείδοντο describes the runners returning the shields to their place after each procession — the recurring counterpart to ᾖρον.
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object of ἀπηρείδοντο (the bronze shields)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the neuter accusative plural again refers to the bronze shields, now returned to storage.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction: 'into the guardroom')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction: 'into the guardroom').
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with the transliterated noun θεε)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεεguardroomaccusative object of εἰς (transliterated indeclinable noun)→ clausal contributionθεε: an untranslated transliteration of Hebrew תָּא ('guard-chamber / cell'; cf. the gate-chambers of Ezek 40:7); the Greek translator preserves the technical architectural term rather than rendering it, marking the guardroom where the runners stored the shields; indeclinable.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with the participle παρατρεχόντων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρατρεχόντωνrunnersPres Act Part Gen Pl Masc · παρατρέχωsubstantival participle (genitive of possession: 'of the runners')→ imperfective participle (the royal guard)παρατρέχω: the genitive substantival participle marks the guardroom as belonging to the runners — 'the guardroom of the runners,' their station within the palace complex.
29
καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Ροβοαμ καὶ πάντα ἃ ἐποίησεν οὐκ ἰδοὺ ταῦτα γεγραμμένα ἐν βιβλίῳ λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν Ιουδα
And the rest of the acts of Rehoboam, and all that he did — behold, are these not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah?
The verse deploys the stereotyped Deuteronomistic source-citation formula τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων ... οὐκ ἰδοὺ ταῦτα γεγραμμένα ('the rest of the acts ... are these not written'), a rhetorical question referring the reader to an external royal chronicle. The idiom λόγοι τῶν ἡμερῶν ('words/events of the days' = annals/chronicle) renders the Hebrew דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים and gives the canonical book of Chronicles its Hebrew title.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the closure formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with the substantival λοιπά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιπὰrestNominativesubstantivized adjective (topic: 'the rest [of the acts]')→ participant prominenceλοιπός: 'remaining / rest'; the substantival neuter plural τὰ λοιπά ('the remaining things') renders יֶתֶר ('the rest of'); a fixed element of the Deuteronomistic regnal-closure formula.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with λόγων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνactsGenitivegenitive (partitive: 'of the acts/words of Rehoboam')→ relational specificationλόγος: 'word / matter / deed'; in the idiom λόγοι ('words') = 'acts / affairs / deeds'; renders דִּבְרֵי; 'the rest of the acts of Rehoboam' points to deeds not narrated here.
Ροβοαμof Rehoboamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΡοβοαμ: indeclinable; the king whose remaining acts are referred to the chronicle.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallNominativesubstantivized adjective (topic: 'all [that he did]')→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; the neuter plural πάντα ('all things') with the relative ἅ embraces the totality of Rehoboam's deeds beyond those recorded.
ἃwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὅς, ἥ, ὅ: the neuter accusative plural ἅ ('which') is the object of ἐποίησεν, 'all that he did.'
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause ('all that he did')→ constative aorist (the sum of his deeds)ποιέω: 'do / make'; the summary 'all that he did' is part of the standard formula referring the reader to the fuller royal annals.
οὐκnotnegative particle (introducing rhetorical question: 'are these not ...?')→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: the negative in the rhetorical-question formula οὐκ ἰδοὺ ... γεγραμμένα ('behold, are these not written?') expects an affirmative answer — yes, they are recorded in the chronicle.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle ('behold')→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold / look'; renders הִנֵּה; the presentative particle heightens the rhetorical question, directing attention to the external source where the king's full record stands.
ταῦταthese thingsNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of the implied copula with γεγραμμένα)→ participant referenceοὗτος: the demonstrative ταῦτα ('these things') sums up the 'rest of the acts'; subject of the periphrastic 'are written.'
γεγραμμέναwrittenPerf Pass Part Nom Pl Neut · γράφωpredicate participle (periphrastic perfect with implied εἰσίν: 'are written')→ resultative perfect (standing recorded)γράφω (perf. pass. ptc.): 'write'; the perfect passive participle γεγραμμένα ('having been written / standing written') with an implied copula forms a periphrastic perfect — the deeds 'are recorded' (and remain so) in the royal chronicle; renders the Hebrew passive of כָּתַב.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location of the record)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location of the record).
βιβλίῳbookDativedative of place ('in the book')→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book / scroll / document'; renders סֵפֶר; the 'book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah,' a (now-lost) official annal repeatedly cited by the Deuteronomistic historian.
λόγωνof the actsGenitivegenitive (with βιβλίῳ: 'book of the words/acts')→ relational specificationλόγος: in λόγοι τῶν ἡμερῶν ('words/events of the days') = 'annals / chronicle'; the idiom renders דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים, the Hebrew title of the books of Chronicles.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἡμερῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμερῶνof the daysGenitivegenitive (with λόγων: 'the events of the days' = annals)→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; λόγοι τῶν ἡμερῶν ('the matters of the days') is the standard idiom for a chronicle/annal; renders הַיָּמִים.
τοῖςof theDativearticle (with βασιλεῦσιν; dative of reference)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῦσινkingsDativedative of reference/possession ('belonging to the kings of Judah')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the dative τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν ('for/of the kings') is a Hebraizing dative of possession rendering לְמַלְכֵי ('of the kings of Judah'), naming the chronicle's subject-matter.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙουδα: indeclinable; 'the kings of Judah' — the southern dynastic line whose annal is here cited, distinct from the parallel chronicle of the kings of Israel.
30
καὶ πόλεμος ἦν ἀνὰ μέσον Ροβοαμ καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον Ιεροβοαμ πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας
And there was war between Rehoboam and Jeroboam all their days.
A brief summary notice of the perpetual hostility between the two kingdoms. The doubled ἀνὰ μέσον ... ἀνὰ μέσον ('between ... and between') is a Hebraism rendering בֵּין ... וּבֵין; the phrase πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας ('all the days') marks the conflict between Rehoboam and Jeroboam as continuous throughout their reigns — the lasting wound of the schism of ch. 12.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πόλεμοςwarNominativesubject of ἦν ('there was war')→ participant prominenceπόλεμος: 'war / battle / conflict'; renders מִלְחָמָה; the standing state of hostility between the two kingdoms after the schism, recorded as a fixed feature of both reigns.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential imperfect: 'there was')→ durative imperfect (ongoing state of war)εἰμί (impf.): 'be / exist'; the imperfect ἦν marks the war as a continuous, ongoing state ('there kept being war'), reinforced by πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας.
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (in the idiom ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between')→ spatial or relational framingἀνά: in the fixed phrase ἀνὰ μέσον ('in the midst of / between'); part of the Hebraizing 'between ... and between' construction.
μέσονmidstAccusativeaccusative in the prepositional idiom ἀνὰ μέσον ('between')→ spatial or relational framingμέσος: 'middle / midst'; ἀνὰ μέσον renders בֵּין ('between'); the substantival μέσον completes the idiom marking the parties to the conflict.
ΡοβοαμRehoboamobject of ἀνὰ μέσον (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΡοβοαμ: indeclinable; the southern king, one party to the perpetual war.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the two parties)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (repeated ἀνὰ μέσον: Hebraism 'and between')→ spatial or relational framingἀνά: the repeated ἀνὰ μέσον reflects the Hebrew doubled בֵּין ... וּבֵין ('between ... and between'), a standard idiom naming two opposing parties.
μέσονmidstAccusativeaccusative in the repeated idiom ἀνὰ μέσον→ object specificationμέσος: the second μέσον completes the doubled 'between' construction marking Jeroboam as the opposing party.
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamobject of the second ἀνὰ μέσον (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliteration of Hebrew יָרָבְעָם (Jeroboam I son of Nebat); indeclinable; the first king of the northern kingdom of Israel, Rehoboam's perpetual adversary.
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἡμέρας)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας ('all the days') marks the war as continuous throughout the reigns of both kings.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἡμέρας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('all the days')→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the accusative of duration πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας renders כָּל הַיָּמִים ('all the days'), marking the war's uninterrupted continuance.
31
καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Ροβοαμ μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ καὶ θάπτεται μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ ἐν πόλει Δαυιδ καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Αβιου υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ
And Rehoboam slept with his fathers, and is buried with his fathers in the city of David; and Abia his son reigned in his place.
The chapter ends with the stereotyped death-burial-succession formula: ἐκοιμήθη μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ ('slept with his fathers,' the LXX euphemism for death), burial in the city of David, and the accession of the heir 'in his place' (ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ). The historic present θάπτεται ('is buried') vivifies the burial notice. The successor Αβιου (Abijam/Abia) carries the Davidic line forward into ch. 15.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκοιμήθηsleptAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κοιμάωmain verb (death formula: 'slept with his fathers')→ constative aorist (the event of death)κοιμάω (aor. pass. 'fall asleep'): the formula ἐκοιμήθη μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ ('he slept with his fathers') renders שָׁכַב עִם אֲבֹתָיו, the standard Deuteronomistic euphemism for a king's (peaceful) death and joining of the ancestral dead.
ΡοβοαμRehoboamsubject of ἐκοιμήθη (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΡοβοαμ: indeclinable; the king whose death and burial close the chapter.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment: 'with his fathers')→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with'; in the death-formula 'slept with his fathers,' denoting the gathering of the king to the ancestral dead.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with πατέρων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive object of μετά ('with his fathers')→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father / ancestor'; renders אָב; 'his fathers' are the dynastic forebears with whom the king is gathered in death.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship (Rehoboam's fathers)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship (Rehoboam's fathers).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θάπτεταιis buriedPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · θάπτωmain verb (burial notice; historic present)→ historic present (vivid narration of the burial)θάπτω: 'bury'; the historic present θάπτεται ('is buried') vivifies the burial notice within a past-tense narrative; renders the Hebrew passive/Niphal of קָבַר ('was buried').
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment: 'with his fathers')→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment: 'with his fathers').
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with πατέρων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive object of μετά (burial 'with his fathers')→ relational specificationπατήρ: the repeated 'with his fathers' now governs the burial — interment in the ancestral royal tombs in the city of David.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place of burial)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place of burial).
πόλειcityDativedative of place ('in the city of David')→ sphere or referenceπόλις: 'city'; πόλις Δαυιδ ('the city of David') = the Davidic quarter of Jerusalem, site of the royal tombs; renders עִיר דָּוִד.
Δαυιδof Davidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; 'the city of David' marks the dynastic burial-place, anchoring Rehoboam in the Davidic line.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the succession notice)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσενreignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (succession formula)→ ingressive aorist (the heir's accession)βασιλεύω: 'become king / reign'; the ingressive aorist in the succession formula marks the accession of the heir who reigns 'in his place' (ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ).
ΑβιουAbiasubject of ἐβασίλευσεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑβιου: the LXX form of the name of Rehoboam's successor (Hebrew אֲבִיָּם, Abijam / אֲבִיָּה, Abijah); indeclinable here; his reign is narrated in 3 Kgdms 15:1–8.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Αβιου ('his son')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; renders בֵּן; the dynastic succession from father to son maintains the unbroken Davidic line.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship ('his son')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship ('his son').
ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (succession: 'in place of him')→ spatial or relational framingἀντί: 'instead of / in place of'; in the succession formula ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ ('in his place') renders תַּחְתָּיו, marking the orderly dynastic transfer of the throne.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί ('in place of him')→ relational specificationαὐτός: the genitive pronoun refers to Rehoboam; his son Abia succeeds 'in his place,' closing the regnal panel.