Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Third Book of Kingdoms, Chapter 15ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ Γ′ ΙΕ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Judah and Israel pass through contrasting reigns as Asa reforms while northern dynasties fall under prophetic judgment.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of 3 Kingdoms 15 (= 1 Kings 15) follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. The chapter is a tightly compressed annalistic sequence governed by the regnal-formula structures of the Deuteronomistic 'book of the chronicles' (βιβλίον λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν), alternating between the Davidic kings of Judah and the dynastically unstable kings of the northern Israel. In the LXX (Old Greek) the verse-division of this chapter differs from the Masoretic versification: the reference text preserves verses 1–5 and 7–31 and 33–34, so that BOTH verse 6 AND verse 32 are absent from the numeration — yielding 32 verses present (a recognized feature of the Greek verse-system here, not a textual lacuna in the narrative). The chapter narrates: (A) the brief, flawed reign of ABIA/Αβιου (Abijam) of Judah, whose 'heart was not perfect with the LORD' (οὐκ ἦν ἡ καρδία αὐτοῦ τελεία μετὰ κυρίου, v. 3), yet for David's sake the LORD grants him a κατάλειμμα ('remnant / posterity', v. 4) — the 'lamp in Jerusalem' theology of dynastic preservation; (B) the closing notice and accession of ASA/Ασα, the good Judahite king who 'did the right thing before the LORD as David' (v. 11), removed the τελετάς ('cult-rites') and his (grand)mother Ana/Maacah's idol in the Kidron wadi (v. 13); (C) the war with BAASA/Βαασα of Israel and Asa's purchase of an alliance with the son of ADER/Hadad (Ben-Hadad) of Συρία/Damascus (vv. 16–22); (D) Asa's death and the succession of Jehoshaphat (vv. 23–24); and (E) the northern sequence — NADAB/Ναδαβ son of Jeroboam, struck down by Baasha at Gabathon, whose coup exterminates the whole house of Jeroboam 'according to the word of the LORD which he spoke by the hand of his servant Ahijah the Shilonite' (κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου … ἐν χειρὶ δούλου αὐτοῦ Αχια τοῦ Σηλωνίτου, v. 29), fulfilling the prophecy of 3 Kgdms 14; then Baasha's own accession and persistence in Jeroboam's sin (vv. 33–34). Distinctive LXX features include the indeclinable Hebraizing onomastics (Αβιου, Ασα, Βαασα, Αχια, Θερσα, Γαβαθων), the recurring τελεία-καρδία formula (vv. 3, 14), the idiom ἐποίησεν τὸ εὐθὲς / τὸ πονηρὸν ἐνώπιον κυρίου, and the causative ἐξαμαρτάνω + accusative ('cause Israel to sin', vv. 26, 30, 34) rendering the Hiphil of חטא.

1

καὶ ἐν τῷ ὀκτωκαιδεκάτῳ ἔτει βασιλεύοντος Ιεροβοαμ υἱοῦ Ναβατ βασιλεύει Αβιου υἱὸς Ροβοαμ ἐπὶ Ιουδα

And in the eighteenth year of the reign of Jeroboam son of Nabat, Abia son of Rehoboam begins to reign over Judah.

Regnal accession-formula (synchronism with the northern king)καὶ ἐν τῷ ὀκτωκαιδεκάτῳ ἔτει
The chapter opens with the Deuteronomistic accession-synchronism: a Judahite king's reign is dated by the regnal year of the contemporary Israelite king (here Jeroboam's eighteenth year). The genitive-absolute βασιλεύοντος Ιεροβοαμ supplies the temporal anchor, and the historic present βασιλεύει introduces the new Judahite reign with narrative immediacy.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀκτωκαιδεκάτῳeighteenthDativeattributive ordinal adjective (with ἔτει)→ sphere or referenceὀκτωκαιδέκατος: 'eighteenth'; the compound ordinal (ὀκτώ + καί + δέκατος) dates the accession; the LXX standardly expresses regnal synchronisms by the dative of time within ('in the Nth year').
ἔτειyearDativedative of time within (locating the accession)→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; renders שָׁנָה; the regnal year is the basic chronological unit of the Kings-narrative's synchronistic framework.
βασιλεύοντοςreigningPres Act Ptcp Gen Sg Masc · βασιλεύωgenitive absolute (temporal: 'while Jeroboam was reigning')→ imperfective participle (ongoing reign as temporal frame)βασιλεύω: 'be king / reign'; the genitive-absolute participle with Ιεροβοαμ frames the date by the northern king's ongoing rule; the present aspect marks the reign as the durative background to the new accession.
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamgenitive subject of the genitive absolute (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliteration of Hebrew יָרָבְעָם; indeclinable in the LXX; the first king of the northern Israel (3 Kgdms 11–14), here functioning as the chronological reference-point for Judah's regnal dating.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition (patronymic: 'son of Nabat')→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic υἱοῦ Ναβατ is the fixed epithet of Jeroboam throughout Kings, distinguishing him and marking the non-dynastic, individual origin of the northern apostasy.
ΝαβατNabatgenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΝαβατ: transliteration of Hebrew נְבָט; indeclinable; the father of Jeroboam, named only in the recurring epithet 'son of Nabat.'
βασιλεύειbegins to reignPres Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (historic present: ingressive accession)→ historic/ingressive present (vivid narration of accession)βασιλεύω: here with ingressive force ('becomes king / begins to reign'); the LXX of Kings characteristically uses the present βασιλεύει for accessions, giving the annalistic record vividness and present-tense immediacy.
ΑβιουAbiasubject of βασιλεύει (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑβιου: the LXX form of Hebrew אֲבִיָּם / אֲבִיָּה (Abijam/Abijah), son of Rehoboam; treated as indeclinable (the same form serves as nominative here and genitive in vv. 7–8); the name means 'my father is Yah(weh).'
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Αβιου (patronymic)→ participant prominenceυἱός: the patronymic 'son of Rehoboam' situates Abia in the unbroken Davidic succession of Judah, in contrast to the northern usurpations.
ΡοβοαμRehoboamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΡοβοαμ: transliteration of Hebrew רְחַבְעָם; indeclinable; son of Solomon and first king of the divided Judah; Abia is his son and heir.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive/accusative (rule over)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί: with the territory/people ruled; βασιλεύει ἐπὶ Ιουδα = 'reigns over Judah,' the standard LXX idiom for royal dominion.
ΙουδαJudahobject of ἐπί (indeclinable: realm ruled)→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliteration of Hebrew יְהוּדָה; here indeclinable (contrast the accusative Ιουδαν at vv. 9, 17); denotes the southern Davidic kingdom over which Abia reigns.
2

καὶ ἓξ ἔτη ἐβασίλευσεν καὶ ὄνομα τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ Μααχα θυγάτηρ Αβεσσαλωμ

And he reigned six years; and the name of his mother was Maacah daughter of Abessalom.

Regnal-data formula (length of reign + queen-mother)καὶ ἓξ ἔτη ἐβασίλευσεν
The second element of the accession-formula supplies the reign-length (six years) and the name of the queen-mother (גְּבִירָה), a fixed datum in the Judahite regnal notices. The constative aorist ἐβασίλευσεν summarizes the whole reign as a completed span; the verbless nominal clause ὄνομα … Μααχα is a Hebraizing identification-formula.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἓξsixnumeral (indeclinable cardinal, modifying ἔτη)→ clausal contributionἕξ: 'six'; indeclinable cardinal; the reign-length of Abia, brief compared with the long reigns of the favored Davidic kings.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time (duration of reign)→ object specificationἔτος (pl. ἔτη): the accusative of temporal extent measures the duration of the reign.
ἐβασίλευσενhe reignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (constative aorist summarizing the reign)→ constative aorist (whole reign viewed as a single completed span)βασιλεύω (aor.): here the constative aorist sums up the entire six-year reign as one completed fact, contrasting with the ingressive present βασιλεύει of accession in v. 1.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing queen-mother datum)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄνομαnameNominativesubject of verbless identification-clause→ participant prominenceὄνομα: 'name'; the formula ὄνομα τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ X is the fixed Hebraizing identification-clause for the queen-mother in the Judahite regnal notices.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μητρὸςmotherGenitivegenitive of possession ('his mother's name')→ relational specificationμήτηρ: 'mother'; the queen-mother (גְּבִירָה) held official standing in the Judahite court; her name is regularly recorded in the regnal formula.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (referring to Abia)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (referring to Abia).
ΜααχαMaacahpredicate nominative of identification (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΜααχα: transliteration of Hebrew מַעֲכָה; indeclinable; the queen-mother of Abia; she reappears in v. 13 (there named Ανα) as the (grand)mother whom Asa deposes for idolatry.
θυγάτηρdaughterNominativenominative in apposition to Μααχα (patronymic)→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; renders בַּת; the patronymic identifies Maacah's lineage; θυγάτηρ here may carry the broader sense 'descendant' (granddaughter).
ΑβεσσαλωμAbessalomgenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΑβεσσαλωμ: transliteration of Hebrew אַבְשָׁלוֹם (Absalom); indeclinable; her father (or ancestor), traditionally identified with David's son Absalom.
3

καὶ ἐπορεύθη ἐν ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ αἷς ἐποίησεν ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ καὶ οὐκ ἦν ἡ καρδία αὐτοῦ τελεία μετὰ κυρίου θεοῦ αὐτοῦ ὡς ἡ καρδία Δαυιδ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ

And he walked in the sins of his father which he had committed before him, and his heart was not perfect with the LORD his God as was the heart of David his father.

Theological evaluation (Deuteronomistic regnal verdict)καὶ ἐπορεύθη ἐν ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις
The Deuteronomistic 'verdict' on the reign: Abia continues his father's sins, and his heart is not τελεία ('perfect / wholly devoted') toward the LORD as David's was. The walking-metaphor (ἐπορεύθη ἐν) renders the Hebrew הָלַךְ בְּ for conduct, and the heart-comparison with David sets the standard against which every Judahite king is measured.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηhe walkedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (figurative: 'walked in the sins')→ constative aorist (characterizing the reign's conduct)πορεύομαι: 'go / walk / proceed'; the deponent aorist ἐπορεύθη renders Hebrew הָלַךְ; the idiom πορεύομαι ἐν ('walk in') describes moral-religious conduct, here continuation in the ancestral sins.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere of conduct)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere of conduct).
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαιςsinsDativedative object of ἐν (sphere of conduct)→ sphere or referenceἁμαρτία: 'sin'; renders חַטָּאת; in Kings 'the sins of the father/of Jeroboam' is a technical phrase for the perpetuated cultic apostasy that defines a king's failure.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive of possession ('his father's sins')→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father'; here Rehoboam, whose sins Abia perpetuates; the genitive links the son's failure to the ancestral pattern.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
αἷςwhichDativerelative pronoun (dat. by attraction to ἁμαρτίαις; object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun; here in the dative by case-attraction to its antecedent ἁμαρτίαις, though logically the accusative object of ἐποίησεν — a common LXX/Koine attraction.
ἐποίησενhe did / committedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause (the father's committing of the sins)→ constative aorist (completed prior action)ποιέω: 'do / make'; the subject is the father (Rehoboam); ποιέω ἁμαρτίαν = 'commit sin,' renders עָשָׂה.
ἐνώπιονbeforepreposition + genitive (Hebraism: 'before him')→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the presence of'; Hebraism rendering לִפְנֵי; here 'before him' (i.e. before Abia / in his own time) marks the temporal-moral priority of the father's example.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἐνώπιον.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the heart-verdict)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle (negating ἦν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negative adverb; here negating the predicate τελεία — the key evaluative negation of the reign.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (linking καρδία and τελεία)→ stative imperfect (enduring condition of the heart)εἰμί (impf.): the imperfect ἦν describes the durative state of Abia's heart throughout his reign; the negated copula yields the verdict 'his heart was not perfect.'
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίαheartNominativesubject of ἦν→ participant prominenceκαρδία: 'heart'; renders לֵב; in Deuteronomistic theology the seat of covenant loyalty; the 'perfect heart' formula (cf. v. 14; 3 Kgdms 8:61; 11:4) is the measure of undivided devotion to the LORD.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
τελείαperfect / wholeNominativepredicate adjective (with ἦν: 'was perfect')→ participant prominenceτέλειος: 'complete / perfect / wholly devoted'; renders שָׁלֵם (a heart 'whole / at peace with' the LORD); the term denotes undivided allegiance rather than moral sinlessness; its negation here, and its affirmation of Asa in v. 14, frame the chapter's central contrast.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (relational: 'with the LORD')→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with'; the idiom καρδία τελεία μετὰ κυρίου ('a heart perfect with the LORD') renders לֵב שָׁלֵם עִם יהוה, a Hebraism for wholehearted covenant fidelity.
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of μετά (the LORD)→ relational specificationκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the covenant God with whom the king's heart is (or is not) wholly aligned.
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive in apposition to κυρίου→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; κυρίου θεοῦ αὐτοῦ ('the LORD his God') renders יהוה אֱלֹהָיו, binding the covenant name to the personal-possessive relationship between God and the Davidic king.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with θεοῦ)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with θεοῦ).
ὡςascomparative particle (introducing the David-standard)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like'; introduces the comparison with David's heart, the fixed Deuteronomistic benchmark of royal fidelity.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίαheartNominativenominative in the comparative clause ('as the heart of David')→ participant prominenceκαρδία: the repetition of καρδία makes David's heart the explicit standard of comparison against which Abia's is found wanting.
ΔαυιδDavidgenitive of possession (indeclinable: 'David's heart')→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliteration of Hebrew דָּוִד; indeclinable in the LXX; the paradigmatic faithful king whose 'perfect heart' is the measure for all his descendants and the ground of the dynastic promise (v. 4).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with πατρὸς)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive in apposition to Δαυιδ ('David his father')→ relational specificationπατήρ: here 'father' = ancestor; David is Abia's 'father' as dynastic forefather, not immediate parent — the genealogical idiom underscores the Davidic covenant-line.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
4

ὅτι διὰ Δαυιδ ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ κύριος κατάλειμμα ἵνα στήσῃ τέκνα αὐτοῦ μετ᾿ αὐτὸν καὶ στήσῃ τὴν Ιερουσαλημ

Because for David's sake the LORD gave him a remnant, that he might raise up his children after him and establish Jerusalem.

Causal-explanatory clause (the dynastic-preservation 'lamp' theology)ὅτι διὰ Δαυιδ
The ὅτι-clause supplies the theological rationale for the dynasty's survival despite Abia's failure: 'for David's sake' (διὰ Δαυιδ) the LORD grants a κατάλειμμα ('remnant / surviving posterity') — the LXX's conceptual equivalent of the 'lamp in Jerusalem' (cf. 3 Kgdms 11:36; 4 Kgdms 8:19). The double ἵνα στήσῃ purpose-clause (raise up offspring + establish Jerusalem) articulates the unconditional Davidic promise operating beneath the conditional regnal verdicts.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (introducing the explanatory clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / that'; here causal, grounding the dynastic continuity in the David-promise rather than in Abia's merit.
διὰbecause of / for the sake ofpreposition + accusative (cause/reason: 'for David's sake')→ spatial or relational framingδιά + acc.: 'on account of / for the sake of'; the phrase διὰ Δαυιδ ('for David's sake') is the recurring formula by which the LXX of Kings explains the LORD's mercy to the wayward Judahite line (cf. 3 Kgdms 11:12-13, 32-34).
ΔαυιδDavidobject of διά (indeclinable: cause of the preservation)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; the covenant-recipient whose faithfulness secures mercy for his unworthy descendants — the heart of the chapter's dynastic theology.
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (divine bestowal of a remnant)→ constative aorist (definite act of grace)δίδωμι: 'give'; renders נָתַן; the LORD as subject 'gives' a κατάλειμμα — divine grant of dynastic survival as an act of covenant fidelity to David.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object (dative recipient: Abia)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object (dative recipient: Abia).
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἔδωκεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the sovereign giver of dynastic continuity, acting from covenant loyalty to David.
κατάλειμμαremnant / posterityAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν→ object specificationκατάλειμμα: 'remnant / that which is left / surviving posterity'; renders שְׁאֵרִית or here the 'lamp' (נִיר) of the dynastic-survival formula; the LXX renders the 'lamp in Jerusalem' metaphor conceptually as a 'remnant' — a surviving descendant to continue David's line.
ἵναthat / so thatpurpose conjunction (introducing double final clause + subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: 'that / in order that'; introduces the purpose of the κατάλειμμα — the perpetuation of David's line and the establishment of Jerusalem.
στήσῃhe might raise up / establishAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἵστημιverb of purpose clause (subjunctive after ἵνα)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (purposed establishing)ἵστημι: 'set up / establish / raise up'; renders הֵקִים / הֶעֱמִיד; στήσῃ τέκνα = 'raise up offspring,' i.e. provide a continuing dynastic succession; the subject may be the LORD or, idiomatically, the remnant securing the line.
τέκναchildrenAccusativedirect object of στήσῃ→ object specificationτέκνον (pl. τέκνα): 'child / offspring'; renders בָּנִים; the descendants whose continuation fulfills the Davidic promise.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with τέκνα)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with τέκνα).
μετ᾿afterpreposition + accusative (succession: 'after him', elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + acc.: 'after'; μετ᾿ αὐτόν ('after him') marks the post-Abia dynastic succession — the children who will continue to reign.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative object of μετά→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of μετά.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the second purpose verb)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
στήσῃhe might establishAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἵστημιsecond verb of purpose clause (with object Ιερουσαλημ)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (purposed establishing)ἵστημι: the repeated στήσῃ now takes Jerusalem as object — 'establish / make firm Jerusalem'; the holy city's permanence is bound to the survival of David's line, a key Zion-theology motif.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Ιερουσαλημ)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemdirect object of στήσῃ (indeclinable, with declined article)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliteration of Hebrew יְרוּשָׁלַͺם; indeclinable (the declined article τὴν supplies its case); the chosen city whose establishment is the goal of the Davidic-remnant grant.
5

ὡς ἐποίησεν Δαυιδ τὸ εὐθὲς ἐνώπιον κυρίου οὐκ ἐξέκλινεν ἀπὸ πάντων ὧν ἐνετείλατο αὐτῷ πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας τῆς ζωῆς αὐτοῦ

Inasmuch as David did the right thing before the LORD; he did not turn aside from any of the things which he commanded him, all the days of his life.

Grounding comparison (the David-standard expanded)ὡς ἐποίησεν Δαυιδ
The ground of the dynastic mercy of v. 4 is David's exemplary obedience: he 'did the right thing before the LORD' (ἐποίησεν τὸ εὐθὲς ἐνώπιον κυρίου, the LXX's stock approval-idiom) and 'did not turn aside' (οὐκ ἐξέκλινεν) from any divine command all his life. (The Hebrew here adds the Uriah exception, which the Old Greek of this verse does not reproduce.)
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ὡςinasmuch as / ascomparative/causal particle (introducing the David-ground)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / inasmuch as'; here links the dynastic mercy of v. 4 to David's faithfulness as its ground and pattern.
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (David's doing of the right)→ constative aorist (summary of David's lifelong conduct)ποιέω: 'do / make'; ἐποίησεν τὸ εὐθές ('did the right thing') is the LXX's stock approval-formula (rendering עָשָׂה הַיָּשָׁר), the positive counterpart to ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρόν (cf. vv. 26, 34).
ΔαυιδDavidsubject of ἐποίησεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; the model king whose lifelong obedience grounds the LORD's covenant fidelity to his line.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing εὐθές)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐθὲςthe right / upright thingAccusativesubstantivized adjective (direct object: 'the right thing')→ object specificationεὐθύς: 'straight / right / upright'; the neuter substantive τὸ εὐθές renders הַיָּשָׁר ('that which is right'); the standard object of the approval-formula for a faithful king.
ἐνώπιονbeforepreposition + genitive (Hebraism: 'before the LORD')→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: Hebraism rendering בְּעֵינֵי / לִפְנֵי ('in the eyes of / before'); the divine evaluative perspective from which the king's conduct is judged.
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the one before whom right and wrong conduct is measured.
οὐκnotnegative particle (negating ἐξέκλινεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξέκλινενhe turned asideAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκκλίνωmain verb (negated: 'did not deviate')→ constative aorist (lifelong non-deviation)ἐκκλίνω: 'turn aside / deviate / swerve'; renders סוּר; the negated οὐκ ἐξέκλινεν ('did not turn aside') is a Deuteronomistic idiom for unwavering obedience (cf. Deut 17:20; 4 Kgdms 22:2).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation: 'from any of')→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation: 'from any of').
πάντωνallGenitivesubstantival adjective (genitive after ἀπό: 'from all that')→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all / everything'; πάντων ὧν ἐνετείλατο = 'all that he commanded'; the totality underscores David's comprehensive obedience.
ὧνwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (gen. by attraction; object of ἐνετείλατο)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun, genitive by attraction to πάντων; logically the content of what the LORD commanded.
ἐνετείλατοhe commandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιverb of relative clause (the LORD's commanding)→ constative aorist (the body of divine commands)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command / charge / enjoin'; deponent; renders צִוָּה; the subject is the LORD; the totality of his commands is the measure from which David did not deviate.
αὐτῷhimDativeindirect object (dative recipient of the command: David)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object (dative recipient of the command: David).
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (with ἡμέρας: accusative of extent)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας ('all the days') is the LXX's standard accusative-of-extent idiom for the whole span of a life or reign.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('all the days')→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; renders יוֹם; the accusative of temporal extent marks the lifelong duration of David's fidelity.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with ζωῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζωῆςlifeGenitivegenitive (defining the days: 'days of his life')→ relational specificationζωή: 'life'; renders חַיִּים; ἡμέρας τῆς ζωῆς αὐτοῦ ('the days of his life') is a Hebraizing periphrasis for 'his whole lifetime.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
7

καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Αβιου καὶ πάντα ἃ ἐποίησεν οὐκ ἰδοὺ ταῦτα γεγραμμένα ἐπὶ βιβλίῳ λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν Ιουδα καὶ πόλεμος ἦν ἀνὰ μέσον Αβιου καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον Ιεροβοαμ

And the rest of the acts of Abia, and all that he did — behold, are these not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah? And there was war between Abia and Jeroboam.

Annalistic closing-formula (source-citation + war-note)καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Αβιου
The Deuteronomistic citation-formula closing a reign: 'the rest of the acts … are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah?' The rhetorical οὐκ … ἰδού frames it as a question expecting affirmation. A war-note (πόλεμος ἦν ἀνὰ μέσον …, the Hebraizing 'between … and between' idiom) records continual conflict with Jeroboam. (Verse 6 is absent from the LXX numeration.)
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (opening the closing-formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with λοιπά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιπὰrest / remaining thingsNominativesubstantivized adjective (subject: 'the rest')→ participant prominenceλοιπός: 'remaining / rest'; τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων ('the rest of the acts/words') is the fixed opening of the Deuteronomistic source-citation formula.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with λόγων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνacts / words / mattersGenitivepartitive genitive (with τὰ λοιπά)→ relational specificationλόγος: 'word / matter / account'; here in the plural λόγοι = 'acts / affairs / deeds' (rendering דִּבְרֵי, 'the matters/chronicles of'); the phrase τῶν λόγων defines the royal record.
Αβιουof Abiagenitive of possession (indeclinable: 'Abia's acts')→ participant identificationΑβιου: indeclinable; here functioning as genitive ('of Abia'), the king whose reign the formula concludes.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallNominativesubstantival adjective ('all that he did')→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; πάντα ἃ ἐποίησεν ('all that he did') extends the citation to the king's complete record.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun, neuter plural accusative; introduces the relative clause specifying the king's deeds.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (sum of the king's deeds)ποιέω: 'do'; the constative aorist gathers the totality of Abia's reign-deeds into the citation.
οὐκnotinterrogative negative (rhetorical question: 'are not … ?')→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐ: here the rhetorical-question negative (οὐκ … ;) expecting the affirmative answer 'yes, they are written.'
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle (deictic: 'behold')→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold / look'; renders הִנֵּה; a presentative attention-marker; the LXX's οὐκ ἰδού … combination renders the Hebrew הֲלֹא־הֵם, the standard rhetorical citation-question of Kings.
ταῦταthese thingsNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of the verbless clause)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; ταῦτα refers to the totality of Abia's deeds, presented as recorded in the annals.
γεγραμμέναwrittenPerf Pass Ptcp Nom Pl Neut · γράφωpredicate participle (periphrastic with implied εἰσίν: 'are written')→ resultative perfect (standing written in the record)γράφω (perf. pass. ptcp.): 'write'; the perfect γεγραμμένα ('having been written / standing written') emphasizes the abiding documentary record; renders the Hebrew passive participle כְּתוּבִים in the citation-formula.
ἐπὶin / uponpreposition + dative (location: 'in the book')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + dat.: 'upon / in'; with βιβλίῳ = 'in/upon the book(-scroll)'; idiom for what is recorded on a written document.
βιβλίῳbook / scrollDativedative object of ἐπί (the documentary source)→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book / scroll'; renders סֵפֶר; the βιβλίον λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν ('book of the chronicles/daily-matters') is the cited annalistic source for the kings of Judah.
λόγωνof the chronicles / mattersGenitivegenitive (defining the book: 'of matters/words')→ relational specificationλόγος: here λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν = 'the matters/words of the days,' i.e. 'chronicles' (Hebrew דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים), the title of the royal annals.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἡμερῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμερῶνof the daysGenitivegenitive (defining λόγων: 'of the days' = annals)→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν ('words of the days') is the calque of דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים = 'chronicles / annals.'
τοῖςof theDativearticle (with βασιλεῦσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῦσινfor the kingsDativedative (possessive/reference: 'belonging to the kings of Judah')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the dative τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν Ιουδα ('for/of the kings of Judah') renders the Hebrew לְמַלְכֵי יְהוּדָה — the annals pertaining to the Judahite monarchs.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'of Judah')→ participant identificationΙουδα: indeclinable; the southern kingdom whose royal annals are cited.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the war-note)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πόλεμοςwarNominativesubject of ἦν→ participant prominenceπόλεμος: 'war / battle'; renders מִלְחָמָה; the note of continual war between south and north is a recurring annalistic datum (cf. v. 16).
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (existential: 'there was war')→ durative imperfect (ongoing state of war)εἰμί (impf.): the imperfect ἦν marks the war as an ongoing, continual condition between the two kingdoms.
ἀνὰbetween (with μέσον)preposition (with μέσον: distributive 'between')→ spatial or relational framingἀνά: in the locution ἀνὰ μέσον ('in the midst of / between'); the doubled ἀνὰ μέσον … καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον renders the Hebrew בֵּין … וּבֵין ('between … and between'), a Hebraism for reciprocal relation.
μέσονthe midstAccusativesubstantive with ἀνά ('between')→ object specificationμέσος: 'middle / midst'; in ἀνὰ μέσον it forms the prepositional idiom 'between.'
ΑβιουAbiaobject of ἀνὰ μέσον (indeclinable: first party)→ participant identificationΑβιου: indeclinable; the Judahite party to the war.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (within the 'between … and' idiom)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνὰbetween (with μέσον)preposition (second member of the 'between … and between' idiom)→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ: meaning 'between (with μέσον)'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition (second member of the 'between … and between' idiom).
μέσονthe midstAccusativesubstantive with ἀνά (second member)→ object specificationμέσον: meaning 'the midst'; it serves as substantive with ἀνά (second member).
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamobject of ἀνὰ μέσον (indeclinable: second party)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: indeclinable; the northern party to the continual war.
8

καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Αβιου μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ εἰκοστῷ καὶ τετάρτῳ ἔτει τοῦ Ιεροβοαμ καὶ θάπτεται μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ ἐν πόλει Δαυιδ καὶ βασιλεύει Ασα υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ

And Abia slept with his fathers in the twenty-fourth year of Jeroboam, and he is buried with his fathers in the city of David; and Asa his son reigns in his place.

Death-burial-succession formula (closing Abia's reign)καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Αβιου μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ
The three-part death-formula: ἐκοιμήθη μετὰ τῶν πατέρων ('slept with his fathers' — the euphemism for peaceful death), θάπτεται ('is buried' in the city of David), and the succession βασιλεύει … ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ ('reigns in his place'). The historic presents θάπτεται and βασιλεύει render the transition vivid.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκοιμήθηslept / diedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κοιμάομαιmain verb (euphemism for death)→ constative aorist (single event of death)κοιμάομαι: 'lie down / sleep'; the aorist passive ἐκοιμήθη renders Hebrew שָׁכַב; the idiom ἐκοιμήθη μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ ('slept with his fathers') is the standard euphemism for the peaceful, natural death of a king.
ΑβιουAbiasubject of ἐκοιμήθη (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑβιου: indeclinable; subject of the death-formula.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment: 'with his fathers')→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with'; the burial-with-the-ancestors idiom expressing dynastic continuity in death.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with πατέρων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationπατήρ (pl. πατέρες): 'father / ancestor'; renders אָבוֹת; the royal forebears with whom the king is gathered at death.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal: 'in the … year')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal: 'in the … year').
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰκοστῷtwentiethDativeattributive ordinal (with τετάρτῳ ἔτει: 'twenty-fourth')→ sphere or referenceεἰκοστός: 'twentieth'; combined with τετάρτῳ ('fourth') to express 'twenty-fourth' — the synchronistic dating of Abia's death to Jeroboam's reign.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the compound ordinal)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τετάρτῳfourthDativeattributive ordinal (with εἰκοστῷ ἔτει)→ sphere or referenceτέταρτος: 'fourth'; εἰκοστῷ καὶ τετάρτῳ = 'twenty-fourth'; the additive compound ordinal is the LXX's normal way of expressing such numbers.
ἔτειyearDativedative of time within (synchronism)→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; the regnal year of Jeroboam dating Abia's death.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with Ιεροβοαμ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ιεροβοαμof Jeroboamgenitive of reference (indeclinable: 'of Jeroboam's reign')→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: indeclinable; the synchronistic reference-point (with declined article τοῦ).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing burial)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θάπτεταιhe is buriedPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · θάπτωmain verb (historic present: burial)→ historic present (vivid narration of burial)θάπτω: 'bury'; the historic present passive θάπτεται ('is buried') renders the burial-formula vividly; renders קָבַר; burial 'in the city of David' marks royal interment in the Davidic necropolis.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationπατέρων: meaning 'fathers'; it serves as genitive object of μετά.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: place of burial)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: place of burial).
πόλειcityDativedative of place (locative: 'in the city')→ sphere or referenceπόλις: 'city'; πόλει Δαυιδ ('the city of David') = the royal quarter of Jerusalem, the burial-place of the Davidic kings.
Δαυιδof Davidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'David's city')→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; 'city of David' is the fixed designation of the Davidic royal precinct and tomb.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing succession)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βασιλεύειreignsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (historic present: accession of successor)→ historic/ingressive present (accession of Asa)βασιλεύω: the ingressive present 'reigns / becomes king' marks the succession; the formula βασιλεύει X ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ ('reigns in his place') closes each reign-notice.
ΑσαAsasubject of βασιλεύει (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑσα: transliteration of Hebrew אָסָא; indeclinable in the LXX (nominative, genitive, and dative all written Ασα); the reforming Judahite king who succeeds Abia and dominates the rest of the chapter.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ασα→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; identifies Asa as Abia's son and dynastic heir.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with υἱός)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with υἱός).
ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution: 'in his place', elided)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί: 'instead of / in place of'; ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ ('in his place') is the fixed succession-phrase rendering תַּחְתָּיו.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἀντί.
9

ἐν τῷ ἐνιαυτῷ τῷ τετάρτῳ καὶ εἰκοστῷ τοῦ Ιεροβοαμ βασιλέως Ισραηλ βασιλεύει Ασα ἐπὶ Ιουδαν

In the twenty-fourth year of Jeroboam king of Israel, Asa begins to reign over Judah.

Regnal accession-formula for Asa (synchronism)ἐν τῷ ἐνιαυτῷ τῷ τετάρτῳ καὶ εἰκοστῷ
Asa's formal accession-synchronism, parallel to v. 1: dated to Jeroboam's twenty-fourth year (here ἐνιαυτός rather than ἔτος for 'year'), with the historic present βασιλεύει introducing the new reign. The accusative Ιουδαν (vs. indeclinable Ιουδα in v. 1) shows the name's occasional Greek declension.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῷtheDativearticle (with ἐνιαυτῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνιαυτῷyearDativedative of time within (locating the accession)→ sphere or referenceἐνιαυτός: 'year / annual cycle'; a near-synonym of ἔτος, here used for the regnal-year synchronism; renders שָׁנָה.
τῷtheDativearticle (attributive position with the ordinal)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τετάρτῳfourthDativeattributive ordinal (with εἰκοστῷ: 'twenty-fourth')→ sphere or referenceτέταρτος: 'fourth'; the compound τετάρτῳ καὶ εἰκοστῷ = 'twenty-fourth' synchronizes Asa's accession with Jeroboam's reign.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the compound ordinal)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰκοστῷtwentiethDativeattributive ordinal (with τετάρτῳ)→ sphere or referenceεἰκοστός: 'twentieth'; second element of the additive compound 'twenty-fourth.'
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with Ιεροβοαμ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ιεροβοαμof Jeroboamgenitive of reference (indeclinable, with declined article)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: indeclinable; the synchronistic reference-king.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ιεροβοαμ ('king of Israel')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the apposed title βασιλέως Ισραηλ identifies Jeroboam's realm — the standard epithet distinguishing the northern monarch.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: realm of the king)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; here the northern kingdom over which Jeroboam reigns.
βασιλεύειbegins to reignPres Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (historic present: accession)→ historic/ingressive present (Asa's accession)βασιλεύω: ingressive present 'begins to reign'; the formal accession-notice for Asa, parallel to v. 1.
ΑσαAsasubject of βασιλεύει (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑσα: indeclinable; the new Judahite king.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (rule over)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'over'; βασιλεύει ἐπὶ Ιουδαν = 'reigns over Judah.'
ΙουδανJudahAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (realm ruled)→ object specificationΙουδα(ν): here the name takes a Greek accusative ending -ν (contrast indeclinable Ιουδα in v. 1); a fluctuation typical of LXX onomastics where a Hebrew name is partially assimilated to Greek declension.
10

καὶ τεσσαράκοντα καὶ ἓν ἔτος ἐβασίλευσεν ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ὄνομα τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ Ανα θυγάτηρ Αβεσσαλωμ

And he reigned forty-one years in Jerusalem; and the name of his mother was Ana daughter of Abessalom.

Regnal-data formula (reign-length + queen-mother)καὶ τεσσαράκοντα καὶ ἓν ἔτος ἐβασίλευσεν
The reign-length notice for Asa (forty-one years, a long and favored reign) and the queen-mother datum, parallel to v. 2. The 'mother' Ana corresponds to Maacah of v. 2; here named Ανα (the LXX's variant), she is in fact the grandmother whom Asa deposes in v. 13.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τεσσαράκονταfortynumeral (indeclinable cardinal, with ἓν ἔτος)→ measure or countτεσσαράκοντα: 'forty'; indeclinable cardinal; with ἕν = 'forty-one,' Asa's long reign-length.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the compound numeral)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἓνoneAccusativenumeral (neuter, agreeing with ἔτος: 'one year' = forty-one)→ measure or countεἷς, μία, ἕν: 'one'; the neuter ἕν agrees with ἔτος; τεσσαράκοντα καὶ ἕν = 'forty-one.'
ἔτοςyear(s)Accusativeaccusative of extent of time (duration of reign)→ object specificationἔτος: 'year'; singular by attraction to the compound numeral; accusative of temporal extent measuring the reign.
ἐβασίλευσενhe reignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (constative aorist summarizing the reign)→ constative aorist (whole reign as one span)βασιλεύω (aor.): sums up Asa's forty-one-year reign as a completed whole.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in Jerusalem')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in Jerusalem').
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemobject of ἐν (indeclinable: place of reign)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: indeclinable; the Davidic capital, seat of Asa's reign.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing queen-mother datum)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄνομαnameNominativesubject of verbless identification-clause→ participant prominenceὄνομα: 'name'; the fixed queen-mother identification-formula, parallel to v. 2.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μητρὸςmotherGenitivegenitive of possession ('his mother's name')→ relational specificationμήτηρ: 'mother'; here in the broad sense, since Ana/Maacah is properly Asa's grandmother (cf. v. 13); the queen-mother datum is retained from the dynastic notice.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (referring to Asa)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (referring to Asa).
ΑναAnapredicate nominative of identification (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑνα: the LXX's name-form for the queen-mother here and in v. 13, corresponding to Μααχα (Maacah) of v. 2; indeclinable; the same woman whose Asherah-cult Asa abolishes (v. 13).
θυγάτηρdaughterNominativenominative in apposition to Ανα (patronymic)→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: 'daughter / descendant'; renders בַּת; the patronymic identifies her lineage from Abessalom.
ΑβεσσαλωμAbessalomgenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΑβεσσαλωμ: indeclinable; her father/ancestor, the same name as in v. 2.
11

καὶ ἐποίησεν Ασα τὸ εὐθὲς ἐνώπιον κυρίου ὡς Δαυιδ ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ

And Asa did the right thing before the LORD, as David his father.

Theological evaluation (positive regnal verdict)καὶ ἐποίησεν Ασα τὸ εὐθὲς ἐνώπιον κυρίου
The positive Deuteronomistic verdict on Asa, the inverse of v. 3's verdict on Abia: he 'did the right thing before the LORD as David,' the highest commendation of a Judahite king. The David-comparison (ὡς Δαυιδ ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ) again invokes the dynastic standard, this time as fulfilled rather than failed.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (the king's doing of the right)→ constative aorist (characterizing the reign)ποιέω: ἐποίησεν τὸ εὐθές ('did the right thing') — the stock approval-formula (עָשָׂה הַיָּשָׁר), applied to Asa as to David.
ΑσαAsasubject of ἐποίησεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑσα: indeclinable; the approved king.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing εὐθές)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐθὲςthe right thingAccusativesubstantivized adjective (direct object)→ object specificationεὐθύς: 'straight / right'; τὸ εὐθές renders הַיָּשָׁר, the standard object of the approval-formula.
ἐνώπιονbeforepreposition + genitive (Hebraism: 'before the LORD')→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: Hebraism rendering בְּעֵינֵי; the divine evaluative perspective.
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.
ὡςas / likecomparative particle (David-standard)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like'; introduces the David-comparison, here fulfilled by Asa's fidelity.
ΔαυιδDavidnominative in the comparative clause (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; the benchmark of faithful kingship which Asa is said to match.
theNominativearticle (with πατήρ)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατὴρfatherNominativenominative in apposition to Δαυιδ ('David his father')→ participant prominenceπατήρ: 'father / forefather'; David as Asa's dynastic ancestor; the genealogical idiom binds the reform to the Davidic ideal.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
12

καὶ ἀφεῖλεν τὰς τελετὰς ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς καὶ ἐξαπέστειλεν πάντα τὰ ἐπιτηδεύματα ἃ ἐποίησαν οἱ πατέρες αὐτοῦ

And he removed the cult-rites from the land, and he did away with all the practices which his fathers had made.

Reform-report (cultic purgation)καὶ ἀφεῖλεν τὰς τελετάς
The concrete content of Asa's 'doing right': the removal of the τελετάς ('cult-rites / consecrations,' the LXX's term for the קְדֵשִׁים cultic personnel/practices) from the land and the abolition of the idolatrous ἐπιτηδεύματα ('practices / inventions') of his fathers. The two verbs ἀφεῖλεν / ἐξαπέστειλεν frame a comprehensive cultic purgation.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφεῖλενhe removedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφαιρέωmain verb (act of removal)→ constative aorist (decisive reform-act)ἀφαιρέω: 'take away / remove'; renders הֶעֱבִיר / הֵסִיר; the standard verb for cultic purgation in the reform-reports of Kings.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with τελετάς)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τελετὰςcult-rites / consecrationsAccusativedirect object of ἀφεῖλεν→ object specificationτελετή: 'rite / consecration / initiation (into a cult)'; the LXX uses τελετάς to render הַקְּדֵשִׁים — the consecrated cult-personnel/practices of fertility worship; Asa's removal of these is the centerpiece of his reform.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation: 'from the land')→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation: 'from the land').
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with γῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (place of removal)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land / earth'; renders אֶרֶץ; here the territory of Judah, cleansed of its cult-rites.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (second reform-verb)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαπέστειλενhe did away with / sent awayAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωmain verb (act of abolition)→ constative aorist (decisive removal)ἐξαποστέλλω: 'send away / dismiss / do away with'; the intensive compound here means to abolish/expel the idolatrous practices; renders הֵסִיר; the verb pairs with ἀφεῖλεν to express total purgation.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (with ἐπιτηδεύματα)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; underscores the comprehensiveness of the abolition — every idolatrous practice is removed.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ἐπιτηδεύματα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιτηδεύματαpractices / inventionsAccusativedirect object of ἐξαπέστειλεν→ object specificationἐπιτήδευμα: 'practice / pursuit / (idolatrous) invention'; renders גִּלֻּלִים or מַעֲשֶׂה; in the LXX often the disparaging term for the cultic 'devices' / idolatrous artifacts of apostate worship.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησαν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; neuter plural accusative, referring to the ἐπιτηδεύματα.
ἐποίησανthey madeAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωverb of relative clause (the fathers' making of the practices)→ constative aorist (prior idolatrous activity)ποιέω: 'make / do'; the third-plural subject is 'his fathers,' who instituted the idolatrous practices that Asa now abolishes.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with πατέρες)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρεςfathersNominativesubject of ἐποίησαν→ participant prominenceπατήρ (pl. πατέρες): 'fathers / forebears'; Asa's predecessors (Rehoboam, Abia) who instituted the cultic abuses; the reform reverses their legacy.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
13

καὶ τὴν Ανα τὴν μητέρα αὐτοῦ μετέστησεν τοῦ μὴ εἶναι ἡγουμένην καθὼς ἐποίησεν σύνοδον ἐν τῷ ἄλσει αὐτῆς καὶ ἐξέκοψεν Ασα τὰς καταδύσεις αὐτῆς καὶ ἐνέπρησεν πυρὶ ἐν τῷ χειμάρρῳ Κεδρων

And Ana his mother he removed from being a leading lady, because she had made an assembly in her sacred grove; and Asa cut down her hiding-places and burned them with fire in the wadi Kidron.

Reform-report climax (deposition of the queen-mother for idolatry)καὶ τὴν Ανα τὴν μητέρα αὐτοῦ μετέστησεν
The most dramatic reform-act: Asa deposes even his own (grand)mother Ana/Maacah from her official position (ἡγουμένην, 'leading lady / queen-mother') because of her idolatrous cult — an 'assembly' (σύνοδον) in her sacred grove (ἄλσος = Asherah). He cuts down and burns her cult-objects in the Kidron wadi. The articular infinitive τοῦ μὴ εἶναι expresses the purpose/result of the deposition.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Ανα)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑναAnadirect object of μετέστησεν (indeclinable, with declined article τήν)→ noun-phrase markingΑνα: indeclinable; the queen-mother (= Maacah of v. 2), deposed for her Asherah-cult; the declined article τήν supplies the accusative case.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with μητέρα)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μητέραmotherAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Ανα→ object specificationμήτηρ: 'mother'; here in the broad sense (Maacah is Asa's grandmother); the apposition stresses the radical impartiality of the reform — even his own kin is not spared.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
μετέστησενhe removed / deposedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · μεθίστημιmain verb (act of deposition)→ constative aorist (decisive removal from office)μεθίστημι: 'remove / transfer / depose'; renders הֵסִיר; here 'removed (her) from being' the queen-mother — a formal deposition from the office of גְּבִירָה because of her idolatry.
τοῦ(so as)articular-infinitive marker (genitive article expressing purpose/result)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: the genitive article with the infinitive (τοῦ μὴ εἶναι) expresses purpose/result — 'so that she should not be'; a frequent LXX construction rendering Hebrew infinitival clauses.
μὴnotnegative particle (negating the infinitive εἶναι)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: the negative used with the infinitive; 'so as not to be (queen-mother).'
εἶναιto bePres Act Inf · εἰμίarticular infinitive (purpose/result of the deposition)→ imperfective infinitive (continuing status denied)εἰμί (inf.): 'to be'; the present infinitive in τοῦ μὴ εἶναι ἡγουμένην denies her the continuing status of queen-mother.
ἡγουμένηνa leading lady / rulerPres Mid Ptcp Acc Sg Fem · ἡγέομαιpredicate participle (with εἶναι: 'to be one leading')→ imperfective participle (the office/role denied)ἡγέομαι: 'lead / govern / be chief'; the feminine participle ἡγουμένην ('leading lady / ruler') renders her official position as גְּבִירָה (queen-mother); the participle functions substantivally as the predicate of εἶναι.
καθὼςbecause / inasmuch ascausal/comparative conjunction (giving the ground of the deposition)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'as / just as / inasmuch as'; here with causal nuance, introducing the reason for the deposition — her idolatrous 'assembly.'
ἐποίησενshe had madeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of causal clause (the queen-mother's idolatrous act)→ constative aorist (prior idolatrous deed)ποιέω: 'make / do'; the subject is Ana/Maacah; she 'made an assembly' (idolatrous cult-gathering) in her grove — the offense warranting her removal.
σύνοδονan assembly / gatheringAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationσύνοδος: 'assembly / gathering / convocation'; here the LXX's term for the idolatrous cultic assembly/rite Maacah instituted (rendering the Hebrew מִפְלֶצֶת, 'horrid image,' which the Old Greek interprets as a cultic gathering).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in the grove')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in the grove').
τῷtheDativearticle (with ἄλσει)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄλσειsacred groveDativedative of place (locative: site of the cult)→ sphere or referenceἄλσος: 'grove / sacred wood'; the standard LXX rendering of אֲשֵׁרָה (Asherah / its cultic pole or grove); the locus of the forbidden fertility-worship.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession (the grove belonging to Ana)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the grove belonging to Ana).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (next reform-act)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξέκοψενhe cut downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκκόπτωmain verb (destruction of the cult-objects)→ constative aorist (decisive demolition)ἐκκόπτω: 'cut down / cut out / fell'; renders כָּרַת / גָּדַע; used of felling sacred trees/poles and demolishing cult-installations.
ΑσαAsasubject of ἐξέκοψεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑσα: indeclinable; named again as the agent of the demolition.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with καταδύσεις)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταδύσειςhiding-places / retreatsAccusativedirect object of ἐξέκοψεν→ object specificationκατάδυσις: 'hiding-place / lurking-place / retreat'; here the LXX's term for the secret cult-shrines or installations of the grove (perhaps interpreting the Hebrew cultic objects as concealed retreats); these Asa demolishes.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession (the cult-objects belonging to Ana)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the cult-objects belonging to Ana).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνέπρησενhe burnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐμπίπρημιmain verb (burning of the cult-objects)→ constative aorist (decisive incineration)ἐμπίπρημι (ἐμπρήθω): 'set on fire / burn up'; renders שָׂרַף; the destruction-by-fire of idolatrous objects in the Kidron is the classic Judahite reform-gesture (cf. 4 Kgdms 23:4-6).
πυρὶwith fireDativedative of instrument ('with fire')→ sphere or referenceπῦρ: 'fire'; the instrumental dative πυρί ('with fire') is a Hebraizing pleonasm (שָׂרַף בָּאֵשׁ, 'burn with fire') common in the LXX.
ἐνin / atpreposition + dative (locative: place of burning)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: place of burning).
τῷtheDativearticle (with χειμάρρῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειμάρρῳwadi / winter-torrentDativedative of place (locative: 'in the wadi')→ sphere or referenceχείμαρρος: 'winter-flowing stream / wadi / torrent-valley'; renders נַחַל; the Kidron wadi east of Jerusalem, the standard dumping/burning ground for defiled cultic objects.
ΚεδρωνKidrongenitive of apposition (indeclinable place-name: 'the wadi Kidron')→ participant identificationΚεδρων: transliteration of Hebrew קִדְרוֹן; indeclinable; the Kidron valley, the disposal-site for the burned idols of Judah's reforms.
14

τὰ δὲ ὑψηλὰ οὐκ ἐξῆρεν πλὴν ἡ καρδία Ασα ἦν τελεία μετὰ κυρίου πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας αὐτοῦ

But the high places he did not remove; nevertheless the heart of Asa was perfect with the LORD all his days.

Qualified evaluation (the high-places caveat + the 'perfect heart' verdict)τὰ δὲ ὑψηλὰ οὐκ ἐξῆρεν
The standard qualifying caveat of the reforming Judahite kings: the high places (ὑψηλά = בָּמוֹת) were not removed. Yet the verdict is overwhelmingly positive: Asa's heart was τελεία ('perfect') with the LORD all his days — the exact inverse of the verdict on Abia in v. 3, forming the chapter's central antithesis. πλήν ('nevertheless') marks the contrastive concession.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ὑψηλά, fronted object)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutmild adversative (post-positive, marking the caveat)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive; here adversative, introducing the qualification to the otherwise positive reform-report.
ὑψηλὰhigh placesAccusativesubstantivized adjective (direct object, fronted for emphasis)→ object specificationὑψηλός: 'high / lofty'; the neuter substantive τὰ ὑψηλά renders הַבָּמוֹת ('the high places'), the local cult-shrines whose non-removal is the recurring caveat in the verdicts on otherwise faithful Judahite kings.
οὐκnotnegative particle (negating ἐξῆρεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆρενhe removedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαίρωmain verb (negated: the high places not removed)→ constative aorist (the one incomplete reform)ἐξαίρω: 'lift away / remove / abolish'; renders הֵסִיר; the negated οὐκ ἐξῆρεν τὰ ὑψηλά is the formulaic caveat acknowledging the limit of Asa's otherwise thorough reform.
πλὴνnevertheless / exceptadversative particle (introducing the overriding positive verdict)→ discourse linkage or contrastπλήν: 'except / nevertheless / however'; here concessive-adversative, subordinating the high-places caveat to the overall commendation of Asa's wholehearted devotion.
theNominativearticle (with καρδία)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίαheartNominativesubject of ἦν→ participant prominenceκαρδία: 'heart'; the seat of covenant loyalty; the affirmation ἡ καρδία Ασα ἦν τελεία directly answers the negation οὐκ ἦν ἡ καρδία αὐτοῦ τελεία of Abia in v. 3.
Ασαof Asagenitive of possession (indeclinable: 'Asa's heart')→ participant identificationΑσα: indeclinable; here genitive ('of Asa'), the king whose heart is commended as perfect.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (linking καρδία and τελεία)→ stative imperfect (enduring condition)εἰμί (impf.): the imperfect ἦν marks the durative, lifelong state of Asa's heart-devotion.
τελείαperfect / wholeNominativepredicate adjective (with ἦν)→ participant prominenceτέλειος: 'complete / perfect / wholly devoted'; renders שָׁלֵם; the 'perfect heart' formula, affirmed of Asa as the positive counterpart of its denial to Abia (v. 3).
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (relational: 'with the LORD')→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with'; καρδία τελεία μετὰ κυρίου renders לֵב שָׁלֵם עִם יהוה, the Hebraism for wholehearted covenant fidelity.
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (with ἡμέρας: accusative of extent)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας ('all the days') marks the lifelong constancy of Asa's devotion.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἡμέρας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the accusative of temporal extent marks the whole span of his life.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
15

καὶ εἰσήνεγκεν τοὺς κίονας τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ καὶ τοὺς κίονας αὐτοῦ εἰσήνεγκεν εἰς τὸν οἶκον κυρίου ἀργυροῦς καὶ χρυσοῦς καὶ σκεύη

And he brought in his father's pillars and his own pillars; he brought them into the house of the LORD, silver and gold, and vessels.

Reform-report conclusion (dedication of votive treasures)καὶ εἰσήνεγκεν τοὺς κίονας
The positive counterpart to the destructions of vv. 12-13: Asa brings into the temple both his father's and his own dedicated κίονας ('pillars / columns' — votive precious-metal objects) of silver and gold, along with vessels. The repeated εἰσήνεγκεν frames the act of restoration; the materials ἀργυροῦς καὶ χρυσοῦς attach to κίονας in apposition.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσήνεγκενhe brought inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσφέρωmain verb (act of dedication)→ constative aorist (decisive act of bringing in)εἰσφέρω: 'bring in / carry into'; renders הֵבִיא; here the dedicatory deposit of votive treasures into the temple — the restorative side of Asa's piety.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with κίονας)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κίοναςpillars / columnsAccusativedirect object of εἰσήνεγκεν→ object specificationκίων: 'pillar / column'; here the LXX renders the Hebrew קָדָשִׁים ('dedicated/holy things') as κίονας, i.e. the votive precious-metal objects (perhaps columnar) dedicated to the temple by Asa and his father.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with πατρός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive of possession ('his father's pillars')→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father'; here Abia, whose dedicated objects Asa deposits alongside his own.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with κίονας)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κίοναςpillarsAccusativedirect object (second: Asa's own pillars)→ object specificationκίων: the second set of dedicated objects, Asa's own, paired with his father's to express continuity of dynastic piety.
αὐτοῦhis ownGenitivegenitive of possession (Asa's own)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his own'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Asa's own).
εἰσήνεγκενhe brought inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσφέρωmain verb (repeated for emphasis/resumption)→ constative aorist (resumptive)εἰσφέρω: the repeated εἰσήνεγκεν resumes and completes the dedicatory act, now specifying the destination (the house of the LORD) and the materials.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction: 'into the house')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction: 'into the house').
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with οἶκον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the temple)→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house'; οἶκος κυρίου ('house of the LORD') = the Jerusalem temple, the destination of the dedicated treasures.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (with οἶκον)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the temple is 'the house of the LORD.'
ἀργυροῦςsilverAccusativeattributive adjective (material, in apposition to κίονας)→ object specificationἀργυροῦς: 'made of silver'; renders כֶּסֶף; describes the material of the dedicated pillars/objects.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χρυσοῦςgoldAccusativeattributive adjective (material, coordinate with ἀργυροῦς)→ object specificationχρυσοῦς: 'made of gold'; renders זָהָב; the silver-and-gold pairing is the standard merism for precious votive metals.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σκεύηvesselsAccusativedirect object (additional dedicated items)→ object specificationσκεῦος (pl. σκεύη): 'vessel / implement / article'; renders כֵּלִים; the cultic vessels added to the dedicated treasures of the temple.
16

καὶ πόλεμος ἦν ἀνὰ μέσον Ασα καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον Βαασα βασιλέως Ισραηλ πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας

And there was war between Asa and Baasha king of Israel all their days.

Transitional war-summary (introducing the Baasha conflict)καὶ πόλεμος ἦν ἀνὰ μέσον Ασα
A summary war-note, parallel to v. 7b, now transitioning to the central conflict of the chapter: continual war between Asa of Judah and Baasha of Israel. The 'between … and between' idiom (ἀνὰ μέσον … καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον) and the durative ἦν mark the war as a lifelong condition, setting up the Ben-Hadad episode (vv. 17-22).
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πόλεμοςwarNominativesubject of ἦν→ participant prominenceπόλεμος: 'war'; renders מִלְחָמָה; the continual hostility between south and north, here specified as Asa vs. Baasha.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (existential: 'there was war')→ durative imperfect (ongoing state of war)εἰμί (impf.): the imperfect marks the war as a continual, ongoing condition.
ἀνὰbetween (with μέσον)preposition (with μέσον: 'between')→ spatial or relational framingἀνά: in ἀνὰ μέσον ('between'); the doubled idiom renders Hebrew בֵּין … וּבֵין.
μέσονthe midstAccusativesubstantive with ἀνά ('between')→ object specificationμέσος: 'midst'; forms the prepositional idiom 'between' with ἀνά.
ΑσαAsaobject of ἀνὰ μέσον (indeclinable: first party)→ participant identificationΑσα: indeclinable; the Judahite party.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (within the 'between … and' idiom)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνὰbetween (with μέσον)preposition (second member of the idiom)→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ: meaning 'between (with μέσον)'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition (second member of the idiom).
μέσονthe midstAccusativesubstantive with ἀνά (second member)→ object specificationμέσον: meaning 'the midst'; it serves as substantive with ἀνά (second member).
ΒαασαBaashaobject of ἀνὰ μέσον (indeclinable: second party)→ participant identificationΒαασα: transliteration of Hebrew בַּעְשָׁא; indeclinable in the LXX (nom. and gen. both Βαασα); the king of the northern Israel who exterminates Jeroboam's house and wars against Asa.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to Βαασα ('king of Israel')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the apposed title identifies Baasha's realm.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: realm)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the northern kingdom of Baasha.
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (with ἡμέρας: accusative of extent)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας ('all the days') marks the lifelong duration of the war.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἡμέρας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; accusative of temporal extent for the whole period of the two reigns.
17

καὶ ἀνέβη Βαασα βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ ἐπὶ Ιουδαν καὶ ᾠκοδόμησεν τὴν Ραμα τοῦ μὴ εἶναι ἐκπορευόμενον καὶ εἰσπορευόμενον τῷ Ασα βασιλεῖ Ιουδα

And Baasha king of Israel went up against Judah and fortified Ramah, so that no one could go out or come in to Asa king of Judah.

Narrative escalation (Baasha's invasion and blockade)καὶ ἀνέβη Βαασα βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ ἐπὶ Ιουδαν
The war turns concrete: Baasha 'goes up against' (ἀνέβη … ἐπί, the standard idiom for a military campaign) Judah and fortifies Ramah on the border, to blockade Asa's kingdom — the articular-infinitive purpose-clause τοῦ μὴ εἶναι ἐκπορευόμενον καὶ εἰσπορευόμενον ('so that there should be no one going out and coming in') renders the Hebrew idiom for a total blockade cutting off all movement.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέβηhe went upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (military advance)→ constative aorist (single campaign-event)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up / ascend'; renders עָלָה; ἀνέβη … ἐπί is the standard military idiom 'march up against,' reflecting both the topography (ascending to the Judean hills) and the technical sense of launching a campaign.
ΒαασαBaashasubject of ἀνέβη (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒαασα: indeclinable; the northern king on campaign against Judah.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativenominative in apposition to Βαασα→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the apposed title with Ισραηλ identifies the aggressor's realm.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; Baasha's northern kingdom.
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction: 'against Judah')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'against'; with ἀναβαίνω marks the hostile target of the campaign.
ΙουδανJudahAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (target of the campaign)→ object specificationΙουδα(ν): the accusative form with -ν (cf. v. 9), here the object of the hostile ἐπί.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾠκοδόμησενhe built / fortifiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb (fortification of Ramah)→ constative aorist (act of fortifying)οἰκοδομέω: 'build / fortify'; renders בָּנָה; here 'fortify / build up (as a fortress)' Ramah, establishing a forward base on the Judah–Israel frontier.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Ραμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΡαμαRamahdirect object of ᾠκοδόμησεν (indeclinable, with declined article)→ participant identificationΡαμα: transliteration of Hebrew הָרָמָה; indeclinable (the declined article τήν supplies the case); a town ca. 8 km north of Jerusalem, fortified by Baasha to blockade Judah's northern access.
τοῦ(so as)articular-infinitive marker (genitive article, purpose)→ clausal contributionτοῦ: the genitive article with the infinitive (τοῦ μὴ εἶναι) expressing purpose — 'so that there should not be.'
μὴnotnegative particle (with the infinitive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: negative with the infinitive; the blockade prevents any movement.
εἶναιto bePres Act Inf · εἰμίarticular infinitive (purpose of the fortification)→ imperfective infinitive (ongoing prevention)εἰμί (inf.): 'to be'; here existential ('so that there be no one going out/coming in'), the goal of the blockade.
ἐκπορευόμενονgoing outPres Mid Ptcp Acc Sg Masc · ἐκπορεύομαιsubstantival participle (subject-accusative of εἶναι: 'one going out')→ imperfective participle (the prevented movement)ἐκπορεύομαι: 'go out / depart'; the participle in the idiom ἐκπορευόμενον καὶ εἰσπορευόμενον ('one going out and coming in') renders יוֹצֵא וָבָא — a merism for all freedom of movement, here cut off by the blockade.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the two participles)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσπορευόμενονcoming inPres Mid Ptcp Acc Sg Masc · εἰσπορεύομαιsubstantival participle (coordinate with ἐκπορευόμενον)→ imperfective participle (the prevented movement)εἰσπορεύομαι: 'go in / enter'; the second member of the going-out-and-coming-in merism; together they denote total cessation of traffic into and out of Judah.
τῷto / for theDativearticle (with Ασα)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑσαAsadative of reference (indeclinable: 'to/for Asa', with declined article τῷ)→ noun-phrase markingΑσα: indeclinable; here dative ('to/for Asa') — the king whose subjects are barred from movement; the declined article τῷ marks the case.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative in apposition to Ασα ('king of Judah')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the apposed title identifies Asa's realm, the object of the blockade.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: realm)→ participant identificationΙουδα: indeclinable; here the southern kingdom of Asa.
18

καὶ ἔλαβεν Ασα τὸ ἀργύριον καὶ τὸ χρυσίον τὸ εὑρεθὲν ἐν τοῖς θησαυροῖς τοῦ οἴκου τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτὰ εἰς χεῖρας παίδων αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐξαπέστειλεν αὐτοὺς ὁ βασιλεὺς Ασα πρὸς υἱὸν Αδερ υἱὸν Ταβερεμμαν υἱοῦ Αζιν βασιλέως Συρίας τοῦ κατοικοῦντος ἐν Δαμασκῷ λέγων

And Asa took the silver and the gold that was found in the treasuries of the king's house, and gave it into the hands of his servants; and king Asa sent them to the son of Ader son of Taberemman son of Azin, king of Syria, who dwelt in Damascus, saying:

Narrative development (Asa's purchase of a foreign alliance)καὶ ἔλαβεν Ασα τὸ ἀργύριον καὶ τὸ χρυσίον
Asa responds to the blockade not by trust in the LORD but by emptying the royal (and, in the MT, temple) treasuries to bribe the Aramean king Ben-Hadad — 'the son of Ader' — into breaking his alliance with Baasha. The long genealogy (υἱὸν Αδερ υἱὸν Ταβερεμμαν υἱοῦ Αζιν) and the participial λέγων introducing the embassy's message build to the direct speech of v. 19.
Word-by-word analysis· 44 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (taking of the treasure)→ constative aorist (decisive act)λαμβάνω: 'take / seize'; renders לָקַח; here Asa appropriates the treasury silver and gold to fund the bribe.
ΑσαAsasubject of ἔλαβεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑσα: indeclinable; the Judahite king.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ἀργύριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀργύριονsilverAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationἀργύριον: 'silver / money'; renders כֶּסֶף; the precious metal used to purchase the alliance.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with χρυσίον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρυσίονgoldAccusativedirect object (coordinate with ἀργύριον)→ object specificationχρυσίον: 'gold / gold-money'; renders זָהָב; together with the silver, the bribe-treasure.
τὸthe (which)Accusativearticle (with the participle εὑρεθέν, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὑρεθὲνthat was foundAor Pass Ptcp Acc Sg Neut · εὑρίσκωattributive participle (modifying ἀργύριον/χρυσίον: 'that was found')→ constative aorist participle (the treasure as located)εὑρίσκω (aor. pass. ptcp.): 'find'; the articular participle τὸ εὑρεθέν ('the (silver/gold) that was found') specifies the treasure remaining in the royal storehouses, now expended on the bribe.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in the treasuries')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in the treasuries').
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with θησαυροῖς)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θησαυροῖςtreasuries / storehousesDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceθησαυρός: 'treasury / storehouse'; renders אוֹצָר; the royal repositories from which Asa draws the bribe-funds.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with οἴκου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουhouseGenitivegenitive of possession ('the treasuries of the house')→ relational specificationοἶκος: 'house'; οἶκος τοῦ βασιλέως ('the king's house') = the royal palace and its treasury.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of possession ('the king's house')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; here Asa himself, whose palace-treasury supplies the bribe.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (handing over of the treasure)→ constative aorist (decisive transfer)δίδωμι: 'give / hand over'; renders נָתַן; Asa entrusts the treasure to his servants for the embassy.
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object (the silver and gold)→ participant referenceαὐτός: here the neuter plural αὐτά refers to the silver and gold collectively.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (idiom: 'into the hands of')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: in the idiom εἰς χεῖρας ('into the hands of'), a Hebraism (בְּיַד) for entrusting/delegating.
χεῖραςhandsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς ('into the hands')→ object specificationχείρ: 'hand'; the idiom 'give into the hands of' = entrust to the agency/control of.
παίδωνservantsGenitivegenitive of possession ('the hands of his servants')→ relational specificationπαῖς: 'servant / attendant / official'; renders עֶבֶד; here Asa's royal envoys who carry the bribe to Damascus.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωmain verb (dispatch of the embassy)→ constative aorist (act of sending)ἐξαποστέλλω: 'send out / dispatch'; renders שָׁלַח; here the formal dispatch of the diplomatic mission to Damascus.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object (the servants/envoys)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the masculine plural αὐτούς here = the envoys dispatched with the bribe.
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject in apposition to the implied subject ('king Asa')→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; ὁ βασιλεὺς Ασα ('king Asa') restates the subject of the sending for clarity in the long sentence.
ΑσαAsanominative in apposition to ὁ βασιλεύς (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑσα: indeclinable; the sending king.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of the embassy)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: 'to / toward'; marks the recipient of the embassy.
υἱὸνsonAccusativeaccusative object of πρός ('the son of Ader')→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; υἱὸν Αδερ ('son of Ader') = Ben-Hadad, the dynastic title-name of the Aramean kings of Damascus (Hebrew בֶּן־הֲדַד).
ΑδερAder / Hadadgenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΑδερ: transliteration of Hebrew הֲדַד (Hadad); indeclinable; the divine/dynastic name in 'Ben-Hadad' (son of Hadad), king of Aram-Damascus.
υἱὸνsonAccusativeaccusative in apposition (further genealogy: 'son of Taberemman')→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; continues the Aramean royal genealogy.
ΤαβερεμμανTaberemmangenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΤαβερεμμαν: transliteration of Hebrew טַבְרִמֹּן (Tabrimmon); indeclinable; the father of Ben-Hadad in the Aramean royal line.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition (further genealogy: 'son of Azin')→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; here genitive, continuing the genealogy ('son of Azin').
ΑζινAzingenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΑζιν: transliteration of Hebrew חֶזְיוֹן (Hezion); indeclinable; the grandfather in the Aramean royal genealogy.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition ('king of Syria')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; identifies Ben-Hadad's realm as Aram/Syria.
Συρίαςof SyriaGenitivegenitive of relationship (declinable place-name: realm)→ relational specificationΣυρία: 'Syria / Aram'; a Greek-declinable place-name (gen. Συρίας); the LXX's rendering of אֲרָם; the Aramean kingdom centered on Damascus.
τοῦthe (who)Genitivearticle (with the participle κατοικοῦντος, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦντοςdwellingPres Act Ptcp Gen Sg Masc · κατοικέωattributive participle (modifying Ben-Hadad: 'who dwelt')→ imperfective participle (settled residence)κατοικέω: 'dwell / inhabit / reside'; the articular participle τοῦ κατοικοῦντος ('who dwells') locates Ben-Hadad's seat at Damascus.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in Damascus')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in Damascus').
ΔαμασκῷDamascusDativedative object of ἐν (place of residence)→ sphere or referenceΔαμασκός: 'Damascus'; a Greek-declinable place-name (dat. Δαμασκῷ); renders דַּמֶּשֶׂק; the Aramean capital, seat of Ben-Hadad.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech-introduction (introducing the direct message)→ imperfective participle (Hebraizing speech-marker)λέγω (ptcp.): the participle λέγων ('saying') is the standard LXX Hebraism (rendering לֵאמֹר) introducing the content of the diplomatic message that follows in v. 19.
19

διάθου διαθήκην ἀνὰ μέσον ἐμοῦ καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον σοῦ καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ πατρός μου καὶ τοῦ πατρός σου ἰδοὺ ἐξαπέσταλκά σοι δῶρα ἀργύριον καὶ χρυσίον δεῦρο διασκέδασον τὴν διαθήκην σου τὴν πρὸς Βαασα βασιλέα Ισραηλ καὶ ἀναβήσεται ἀπ᾿ ἐμοῦ

Make a covenant between me and you, and between my father and your father; behold, I have sent you gifts of silver and gold; come, break your covenant with Baasha king of Israel, and he will go up away from me.

Direct speech (Asa's treaty-proposal to Ben-Hadad)διάθου διαθήκην ἀνὰ μέσον ἐμοῦ καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον σοῦ
The embassy's message: a treaty-proposal in imperative form. διάθου διαθήκην ('cut a covenant') is the LXX's idiom for making a treaty; the appeal to the fathers' prior pact, the presentation of the bribe (ἰδοὺ ἐξαπέσταλκά σοι δῶρα), and the demand διασκέδασον ('break/scatter') Ben-Hadad's pact with Baasha frame a transactional realpolitik. The closing καὶ ἀναβήσεται predicts Baasha's resultant withdrawal.
Word-by-word analysis· 40 words
διάθουmake / cut (a covenant)Aor Mid Impv 2 Sg · διατίθημιmain verb (imperative: treaty-proposal)→ ingressive aorist imperative (enter into a covenant)διατίθημι (mid.): 'arrange / dispose / make (a covenant)'; the idiom διατίθεσθαι διαθήκην ('cut a covenant') renders כָּרַת בְּרִית; the middle voice marks the subject's self-interested participation in the treaty.
διαθήκηνcovenant / treatyAccusativedirect object of διάθου (cognate accusative)→ object specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant / treaty / pact'; renders בְּרִית; here a political alliance between Judah and Aram-Damascus.
ἀνὰbetween (with μέσον)preposition (with μέσον: 'between')→ spatial or relational framingἀνά: in ἀνὰ μέσον ('between'); the repeated idiom renders בֵּין … וּבֵין.
μέσονthe midstAccusativesubstantive with ἀνά ('between')→ object specificationμέσος: 'midst'; forms 'between' with ἀνά.
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of ἀνὰ μέσον (first party: Asa)→ relational specificationἐγώ (emphatic gen. ἐμοῦ): 'me'; the first party to the proposed treaty, Asa.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (within the 'between … and' idiom)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνὰbetween (with μέσον)preposition (second member)→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ: meaning 'between (with μέσον)'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition (second member).
μέσονthe midstAccusativesubstantive with ἀνά (second member)→ object specificationμέσον: meaning 'the midst'; it serves as substantive with ἀνά (second member).
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive object of ἀνὰ μέσον (second party: Ben-Hadad)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. σοῦ): 'you'; the second party to the treaty, Ben-Hadad.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνὰbetween (with μέσον)preposition (extending to the fathers' pact)→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ: meaning 'between (with μέσον)'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition (extending to the fathers' pact).
μέσονthe midstAccusativesubstantive with ἀνά→ object specificationμέσον: meaning 'the midst'; it serves as substantive with ἀνά.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with πατρός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρόςfatherGenitivegenitive object of ἀνὰ μέσον ('my father')→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father'; the appeal to the prior generation's alliance invokes an inherited diplomatic relationship between the dynasties.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (with πατρός)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with πατρός).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with πατρός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρόςfatherGenitivegenitive (parallel: 'your father')→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father'; the parallel reference to Ben-Hadad's father completes the appeal to ancestral treaty-relations.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with πατρός)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with πατρός).
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle (introducing the gift)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; renders הִנֵּה; here drawing attention to the accompanying bribe as proof of good faith.
ἐξαπέσταλκάI have sentPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωmain verb (the sending of the gifts)→ resultative perfect (the gifts already dispatched and standing sent)ἐξαποστέλλω (perf.): 'send out'; the perfect ἐξαπέσταλκά ('I have sent') stresses the completed dispatch with present effect — the gifts are on their way / already arriving as inducement.
σοιto youDativeindirect object (dative recipient: Ben-Hadad)→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. σοι): 'to you'; the recipient of the gifts.
δῶραgiftsAccusativedirect object of ἐξαπέσταλκά→ object specificationδῶρον: 'gift / present'; renders שֹׁחַד / מִנְחָה; here the diplomatic 'gifts' (effectively a bribe) of silver and gold.
ἀργύριονsilverAccusativeaccusative in apposition to δῶρα→ object specificationἀργύριον: 'silver'; specifies the content of the gifts.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χρυσίονgoldAccusativeaccusative in apposition to δῶρα (coordinate with ἀργύριον)→ object specificationχρυσίον: 'gold'; the second component of the gift.
δεῦροcomeadverb/interjection of summons ('come now!')→ clausal contributionδεῦρο: 'come here / come now'; an adverbial imperative-interjection of urgent summons, here pressing Ben-Hadad to act.
διασκέδασονbreak / scatterAor Act Impv 2 Sg · διασκεδάννυμιmain verb (imperative: dissolve the rival pact)→ ingressive aorist imperative (annul the treaty)διασκεδάννυμι: 'scatter / disperse / annul'; renders הֵפֵר (break a covenant); διασκέδασον τὴν διαθήκην ('break/dissolve the covenant') is the demand to repudiate the Aramean–Israelite pact.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with διαθήκην)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαθήκηνcovenantAccusativedirect object of διασκέδασον→ object specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant / treaty'; here Ben-Hadad's existing pact with Baasha, which Asa demands be annulled.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with διαθήκην)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with διαθήκην).
τὴνthe (which is)Accusativearticle (resumptive, with the πρός-phrase: 'the one with Baasha')→ noun-phrase markingὁ/ἡ/τό: the repeated article τὴν πρὸς Βαασα is an attributive 'the (covenant) with Baasha,' restricting which covenant is meant.
πρὸςwithpreposition + accusative (relation: 'with Baasha')→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: 'with / toward'; defines the party to the covenant to be broken.
ΒαασαBaashaobject of πρός (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒαασα: indeclinable; the northern king whose alliance with Damascus Asa seeks to undo.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Βαασα ('king of Israel')→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the apposed title identifies Baasha's realm.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the northern kingdom.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (result clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναβήσεταιhe will go up / withdrawFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (predicted result: Baasha's withdrawal)→ predictive future (anticipated outcome of the alliance)ἀναβαίνω (fut. mid.): 'go up / withdraw'; here ἀναβήσεται ἀπ᾿ ἐμοῦ ('he will go up/withdraw from me') predicts Baasha's abandonment of the campaign against Judah once attacked from the north.
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (separation: 'away from me', elided)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from / away from'; marks Baasha's withdrawal from pressing Asa.
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. ἐμοῦ): 'me'; Asa, from whom Baasha will withdraw.
20

καὶ ἤκουσεν υἱὸς Αδερ τοῦ βασιλέως Ασα καὶ ἀπέστειλεν τοὺς ἄρχοντας τῶν δυνάμεων τῶν αὐτοῦ ταῖς πόλεσιν τοῦ Ισραηλ καὶ ἐπάταξεν τὴν Αιν καὶ τὴν Δαν καὶ τὴν Αβελμαα καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν Χεζραθ ἕως πάσης τῆς γῆς Νεφθαλι

And the son of Ader listened to king Asa, and sent the commanders of his forces against the cities of Israel, and struck Ain and Dan and Abelmaa and all Chezrath, as far as the whole land of Naphtali.

Narrative outcome (Ben-Hadad's acceptance and northern campaign)καὶ ἤκουσεν υἱὸς Αδερ τοῦ βασιλέως Ασα
Ben-Hadad accepts the bribe ('listened to' = complied with Asa) and opens a northern front, sending his commanders to strike a string of Israelite towns in the far north (Naphtali). The verb ἤκουσεν + genitive ('heeded / obeyed') marks compliance; the toponym-list (Αιν, Δαν, Αβελμαα, Χεζραθ) traces the campaign's sweep through Israel's northern frontier.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤκουσενlistened / heededAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (with genitive object: compliance)→ constative aorist (act of heeding)ἀκούω: 'hear / listen / heed'; with the genitive (τοῦ βασιλέως Ασα) it means 'obeyed / complied with' — Ben-Hadad accedes to Asa's proposal.
υἱὸςsonNominativesubject of ἤκουσεν ('the son of Ader')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; υἱὸς Αδερ = Ben-Hadad, the Aramean king.
ΑδερAder / Hadadgenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΑδερ: indeclinable; the dynastic name in 'Ben-Hadad.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive object of ἤκουσεν (the one heeded)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the genitive of the person obeyed — Asa, whose proposal Ben-Hadad accepts.
ΑσαAsagenitive in apposition to βασιλέως (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑσα: indeclinable; the king whose request is heeded.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (dispatch of forces)→ constative aorist (military dispatch)ἀποστέλλω: 'send / dispatch'; renders שָׁלַח; here the sending of army-commanders against the Israelite towns.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with ἄρχοντας)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρχονταςcommanders / rulersAccusativedirect object of ἀπέστειλεν→ object specificationἄρχων: 'ruler / commander / officer'; renders שַׂר; here the military commanders of Ben-Hadad's army.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with δυνάμεων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνάμεωνforces / armiesGenitivegenitive of relationship ('commanders of his forces')→ relational specificationδύναμις: 'power / force / army'; in the plural δυνάμεις = 'military forces / armies' (rendering חֲיָלִים); the commanders are 'of the forces.'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with αὐτοῦ, attributive: 'his (forces)')→ noun-phrase markingὁ/ἡ/τό: the article τῶν αὐτοῦ ('the [ones] of him') is an attributive possessive construction — 'his forces.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with the articular construction)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with the articular construction).
ταῖςthe / against theDativearticle (with πόλεσιν)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεσινcitiesDativedative (of hostile direction: 'against the cities')→ sphere or referenceπόλις: 'city'; the dative here marks the target of the military expedition ('against the cities of Israel'), a Hebraizing use of the dative.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with Ισραηλ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'cities of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the northern kingdom whose border-towns are attacked.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstruckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (military attack on the towns)→ constative aorist (act of striking/conquest)πατάσσω: 'strike / smite / defeat'; renders הִכָּה; the standard verb for military conquest/attack on towns; here the campaign devastates the northern Israelite settlements.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Αιν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑινAin / Ijondirect object of ἐπάταξεν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΑιν: transliteration of Hebrew עִיּוֹן (Ijon); indeclinable; a town in the far north of Israel, struck by Ben-Hadad's forces.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Δαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΔανDandirect object of ἐπάταξεν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΔαν: transliteration of Hebrew דָּן; indeclinable; the northernmost Israelite city (proverbially 'from Dan to Beersheba'), struck in the campaign.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Αβελμαα)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑβελμααAbelmaadirect object of ἐπάταξεν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΑβελμαα: transliteration of Hebrew אָבֵל בֵּית מַעֲכָה (Abel-beth-maacah); indeclinable; a northern fortress-town struck in the campaign.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective (with Χεζραθ)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / whole'; marks the totality of the region of Chezrath struck.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Χεζραθ)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧεζραθChezrath / Chinnerothdirect object of ἐπάταξεν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΧεζραθ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew כִּנְּרוֹת (Chinneroth, the region around the Sea of Galilee); indeclinable; the broad district overrun in the campaign.
ἕωςas far as / untopreposition + genitive (extent: 'as far as')→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until / as far as'; marks the geographic limit of the campaign — the whole land of Naphtali.
πάσηςall / wholeGenitiveattributive adjective (with γῆς)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all / whole'; the totality of Naphtali's territory is swept.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with γῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive object of ἕως ('as far as the land')→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land / territory'; renders אֶרֶץ; the tribal land of Naphtali, the campaign's furthest reach.
ΝεφθαλιNaphtaligenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'land of Naphtali')→ participant identificationΝεφθαλι: transliteration of Hebrew נַפְתָּלִי; indeclinable; the northern tribal territory devastated by Ben-Hadad's forces.
21

καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς ἤκουσεν Βαασα καὶ διέλιπεν τοῦ οἰκοδομεῖν τὴν Ραμα καὶ ἀνέστρεψεν εἰς Θερσα

And it came to pass, when Baasha heard, that he stopped building Ramah and returned to Tirzah.

Narrative resolution (Baasha's withdrawal — Asa's stratagem succeeds)καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς ἤκουσεν Βαασα
The stratagem works exactly as predicted in v. 19: forced to defend his northern flank, Baasha abandons the fortification of Ramah and withdraws to his capital Tirzah. The narrative-formula καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς ('and it came to pass when') is the LXX's stock temporal transition (rendering וַיְהִי כְּ).
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (opening the temporal formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (temporal-transition formula)→ constative aorist (narrative-transition marker)γίνομαι: 'become / happen'; καὶ ἐγένετο ('and it came to pass') renders וַיְהִי, the stock LXX narrative-transition introducing a temporal clause.
ὡςwhen / astemporal conjunction (introducing the 'when'-clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / when'; here temporal, introducing the moment of Baasha's hearing.
ἤκουσενheardAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωverb of temporal clause (Baasha's hearing the news)→ constative aorist (point of hearing)ἀκούω: 'hear'; here absolute ('when he heard,' i.e. learned of Ben-Hadad's northern attack), prompting his withdrawal.
ΒαασαBaashasubject of ἤκουσεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒαασα: indeclinable; the northern king forced to react.
καὶand (then)apodotic καί (introducing the main clause after the temporal protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here the apodotic καί (Hebraism, rendering the waw of the apodosis after a temporal protasis) — 'then he stopped.'
διέλιπενhe ceased / left offAor Act Indic 3 Sg · διαλείπωmain verb (cessation of building)→ constative aorist (act of stopping)διαλείπω: 'leave off / cease / desist'; with the articular infinitive (τοῦ οἰκοδομεῖν) it means 'ceased from building'; the verb marks the abandonment of the Ramah project.
τοῦ(from)articular-infinitive marker (genitive article: complement of διέλιπεν)→ clausal contributionτοῦ: the genitive article with the infinitive (τοῦ οἰκοδομεῖν) completes διέλιπεν — 'ceased from building.'
οἰκοδομεῖνbuildingPres Act Inf · οἰκοδομέωarticular infinitive (complement of διέλιπεν)→ imperfective infinitive (the ongoing project ceased)οἰκοδομέω: 'build / fortify'; the present infinitive marks the ongoing fortification of Ramah that Baasha now abandons.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Ραμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΡαμαRamahobject of οἰκοδομεῖν (indeclinable, with declined article)→ participant identificationΡαμα: indeclinable; the frontier town whose fortification Baasha abandons.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέστρεψενhe returnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναστρέφωmain verb (withdrawal to the capital)→ constative aorist (act of returning)ἀναστρέφω: 'turn back / return'; renders שׁוּב; Baasha withdraws to his royal seat at Tirzah.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction: 'to Tirzah')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction: 'to Tirzah').
ΘερσαTirzahobject of εἰς (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΘερσα: transliteration of Hebrew תִּרְצָה (Tirzah); indeclinable; the early capital of the northern kingdom and Baasha's royal seat (cf. v. 33).
22

καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς Ασα παρήγγειλεν παντὶ Ιουδα εἰς Αινακιμ καὶ αἴρουσιν τοὺς λίθους τῆς Ραμα καὶ τὰ ξύλα αὐτῆς ἃ ᾠκοδόμησεν Βαασα καὶ ᾠκοδόμησεν ἐν αὐτοῖς ὁ βασιλεὺς Ασα πᾶν βουνὸν Βενιαμιν καὶ τὴν σκοπιάν

And king Asa gave orders to all Judah at Ainakim, and they carry off the stones of Ramah and its timbers which Baasha had built; and with them king Asa built up every hill of Benjamin and the watchtower.

Narrative conclusion (Asa repurposes the spoils of Ramah)καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς Ασα παρήγγειλεν παντὶ Ιουδα
Asa exploits Baasha's withdrawal: by levy of all Judah he dismantles the abandoned fortifications of Ramah and reuses the stones and timber to build up his own border-defenses — Geba of Benjamin and the watchtower (σκοπιά). The historic present αἴρουσιν ('they carry off') vivifies the labor-levy; the repeated ᾠκοδόμησεν reverses Baasha's building against Asa into Asa's building for himself.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject ('king Asa')→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; ὁ βασιλεὺς Ασα names the agent of the labor-levy.
ΑσαAsanominative in apposition to ὁ βασιλεύς (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑσα: indeclinable; the Judahite king.
παρήγγειλενgave orders / summonedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παραγγέλλωmain verb (royal command/levy)→ constative aorist (act of commanding)παραγγέλλω: 'command / give orders / summon (to muster)'; renders הִשְׁמִיעַ / צִוָּה; here the proclamation of a national labor-levy (corvée) over all Judah.
παντὶallDativeattributive adjective (with Ιουδα: dative of the addressed)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all'; παντὶ Ιουδα ('to all Judah') marks the comprehensive scope of the levy — every able man is summoned.
ΙουδαJudahdative of the addressed (indeclinable: 'to all Judah')→ participant identificationΙουδα: indeclinable; here construed as dative (the people commanded), the case marked by παντί.
εἰςat / topreposition + accusative (place/direction of muster)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: 'to / at'; here marking the muster-point/destination of the levy (Ainakim).
ΑινακιμAinakimobject of εἰς (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΑινακιμ: indeclinable transliteration; an obscure place-name in the Old Greek (the MT lacks an equivalent here); apparently the muster-site or region to which Judah is summoned for the demolition-work.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἴρουσινthey carry offPres Act Indic 3 Pl · αἴρωmain verb (historic present: the labor of carrying away)→ historic present (vivid narration of the levy's work)αἴρω: 'lift / take up / carry away'; renders נָשָׂא; the historic present αἴρουσιν vividly depicts the levy hauling away Ramah's building-materials.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with λίθους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λίθουςstonesAccusativedirect object of αἴρουσιν→ object specificationλίθος: 'stone'; renders אֶבֶן; the dressed building-stones of the dismantled fortress, repurposed by Asa.
τῆςofGenitivearticle (with Ραμα)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΡαμαRamahgenitive of source (indeclinable, with declined article: 'of Ramah')→ participant identificationΡαμα: indeclinable; the dismantled town whose materials are taken (the declined article τῆς marks the genitive).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ξύλα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ξύλαtimbers / woodAccusativedirect object (coordinate with λίθους)→ object specificationξύλον: 'wood / timber'; renders עֵץ; the beams and timber of the fortress, carried off with the stones.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession ('its timbers', of Ramah)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('its timbers', of Ramah).
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ᾠκοδόμησεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; neuter plural accusative, referring to the stones and timbers Baasha had used.
ᾠκοδόμησενhad built (with)Aor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωverb of relative clause (Baasha's prior building)→ constative aorist (prior fortification, now undone)οἰκοδομέω: 'build / fortify'; here the materials 'which Baasha had built (with)' at Ramah, now seized and repurposed.
ΒαασαBaashasubject of the relative-clause verb (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒαασα: indeclinable; whose fortification-work is now dismantled.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾠκοδόμησενbuilt upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb (Asa's reuse of the materials)→ constative aorist (act of building)οἰκοδομέω: the repeated verb now has Asa as subject — he 'builds up' his own fortifications with the seized materials, ironically reversing Baasha's offensive work into Judah's defense.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrumental: 'with them')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: here instrumental ('with / by means of them'), a Hebraizing use rendering בְּ; the materials are the means of the new construction.
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative of instrument (the stones and timber)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: the dative plural αὐτοῖς = the seized stones and timber, used as building-material.
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (restated: 'king Asa')→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the subject restated for clarity in the long sentence.
ΑσαAsanominative in apposition to ὁ βασιλεύς (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑσα: indeclinable; the builder-king.
πᾶνeveryAccusativeattributive adjective (with βουνόν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'every / all'; here 'every hill of Benjamin' (or the whole of the fortified site).
βουνὸνhillAccusativedirect object of ᾠκοδόμησεν→ object specificationβουνός: 'hill / mound'; here perhaps the LXX's rendering/interpretation of Geba (גֶּבַע, 'hill') of Benjamin — the fortified height Asa builds up with Ramah's materials.
Βενιαμινof Benjamingenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'hill of Benjamin')→ participant identificationΒενιαμιν: transliteration of Hebrew בִּנְיָמִן; indeclinable; the border-tribe whose territory Asa fortifies (Geba of Benjamin).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with σκοπιάν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκοπιάνwatchtower / lookoutAccusativedirect object (coordinate with βουνόν)→ object specificationσκοπιά: 'watchtower / lookout-post'; here the LXX's rendering of Mizpah (מִצְפָּה, 'watchtower'); the second site (with Geba) that Asa fortifies — Mizpah of Benjamin.
23

καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Ασα καὶ πᾶσα ἡ δυναστεία αὐτοῦ ἣν ἐποίησεν οὐκ ἰδοὺ ταῦτα γεγραμμένα ἐστὶν ἐπὶ βιβλίῳ λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν Ιουδα πλὴν ἐν τῷ καιρῷ τοῦ γήρως αὐτοῦ ἐπόνεσεν τοὺς πόδας αὐτοῦ

And the rest of the acts of Asa, and all his might which he exercised — behold, are these not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah? Nevertheless, in the time of his old age he suffered in his feet.

Annalistic closing-formula for Asa (source-citation + illness note)καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Ασα
The Deuteronomistic closing-formula for Asa, expanded with reference to his δυναστεία ('might / power / mighty deeds') and a personal note: in his old age he suffered a foot-ailment (πλήν ἐν τῷ καιρῷ τοῦ γήρως … ἐπόνεσεν τοὺς πόδας), the one shadow on an otherwise commended reign.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (opening the closing-formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with λοιπά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιπὰrestNominativesubstantivized adjective (subject: 'the rest')→ participant prominenceλοιπός: 'remaining / rest'; the fixed opening of the source-citation formula (cf. v. 7).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with λόγων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνacts / mattersGenitivepartitive genitive (with τὰ λοιπά)→ relational specificationλόγος: here 'acts / deeds / affairs' (rendering דִּבְרֵי); the royal record.
Ασαof Asagenitive of possession (indeclinable: 'Asa's acts')→ participant identificationΑσα: indeclinable; here genitive ('of Asa').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶσαallNominativeattributive adjective (with δυναστεία)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of Asa's mighty deeds.
theNominativearticle (with δυναστεία)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυναστείαmight / power / mighty deedsNominativesubject (coordinate with τὰ λοιπά)→ participant prominenceδυναστεία: 'power / might / domination'; renders גְּבוּרָה; here Asa's 'might / mighty deeds' — the record of his royal achievements and military strength.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; feminine accusative, agreeing with δυναστεία ('the might which he exercised').
ἐποίησενhe did / exercisedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (sum of Asa's exploits)ποιέω: 'do / perform'; here 'exercised / accomplished' his might — the deeds gathered into the annalistic record.
οὐκnotinterrogative negative (rhetorical question)→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐ: the rhetorical-question negative (οὐκ … ;) expecting affirmation.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle (citation-formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; renders הִנֵּה; with οὐκ forms the rhetorical citation-question.
ταῦταthese thingsNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of γεγραμμένα ἐστίν)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; ταῦτα = the totality of Asa's acts, presented as recorded.
γεγραμμέναwrittenPerf Pass Ptcp Nom Pl Neut · γράφωpredicate participle (periphrastic with ἐστίν: 'are written')→ resultative perfect (standing written)γράφω (perf. pass. ptcp.): 'write'; the periphrastic perfect γεγραμμένα ἐστίν ('are/stand written') emphasizes the abiding documentary record.
ἐστὶνis / arePres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (periphrastic with γεγραμμένα)→ stative present (the present documentary fact)εἰμί: the copula completing the periphrastic perfect γεγραμμένα ἐστίν.
ἐπὶin / uponpreposition + dative (location: 'in the book')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + dat.: 'in / upon'; the documentary source-citation idiom.
βιβλίῳbook / scrollDativedative object of ἐπί→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book / scroll'; the cited annalistic source.
λόγωνof the chroniclesGenitivegenitive (defining the book)→ relational specificationλόγος: λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν = 'chronicles' (דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἡμερῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμερῶνof the daysGenitivegenitive (defining λόγων: 'of the days' = annals)→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the calque 'words of the days' = annals.
τοῖςof theDativearticle (with βασιλεῦσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῦσινfor the kingsDativedative (reference: 'of/for the kings of Judah')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the annals 'of the kings of Judah' (לְמַלְכֵי יְהוּדָה).
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: indeclinable; the southern kingdom whose annals are cited.
πλὴνnevertheless / howeveradversative particle (introducing the illness-note)→ discourse linkage or contrastπλήν: 'except / nevertheless'; here introducing the one negative note appended to the otherwise glowing record — Asa's late illness.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal: 'in the time')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal: 'in the time').
τῷtheDativearticle (with καιρῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καιρῷtime / seasonDativedative of time ('in the time of')→ sphere or referenceκαιρός: 'time / season / occasion'; renders עֵת; here the period of Asa's old age.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with γήρως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γήρωςold ageGenitivegenitive (defining καιρῷ: 'the time of his old age')→ relational specificationγῆρας (gen. γήρως): 'old age'; renders זִקְנָה; the period in which Asa's foot-ailment afflicted him.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with γήρως)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with γήρως).
ἐπόνεσενhe suffered / was in painAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πονέωmain verb (the affliction)→ ingressive/constative aorist (onset of the ailment)πονέω: 'toil / suffer / be in pain'; renders חָלָה; ἐπόνεσεν τοὺς πόδας ('he suffered in his feet,' accusative of respect) records Asa's foot-disease in old age (cf. 2 Chr 16:12).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with πόδας)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόδαςfeetAccusativeaccusative of respect ('suffered as to his feet')→ object specificationπούς (pl. πόδας): 'foot'; renders רַגְלַיִם; the accusative of respect specifies the locus of Asa's affliction.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with πόδας)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with πόδας).
24

καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Ασα καὶ θάπτεται μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ ἐν πόλει Δαυιδ καὶ βασιλεύει Ιωσαφατ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ

And Asa slept with his fathers, and is buried with his fathers in the city of David; and Jehoshaphat his son reigns in his place.

Death-burial-succession formula (closing Asa's reign)καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Ασα
The standard death-formula for Asa, parallel to v. 8: he 'slept' (ἐκοιμήθη, peaceful death), is buried in the city of David, and his son Jehoshaphat succeeds (βασιλεύει … ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ). The historic presents θάπτεται and βασιλεύει again render the transition vivid, closing the Judahite material and pivoting to the northern kings (vv. 25ff.).
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκοιμήθηslept / diedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κοιμάομαιmain verb (euphemism for death)→ constative aorist (single event of death)κοιμάομαι: 'sleep / die'; the euphemistic death-formula 'slept with his fathers' (here the μετὰ τῶν πατέρων is supplied by the parallel burial-phrase).
ΑσαAsasubject of ἐκοιμήθη (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑσα: indeclinable; the deceased king.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing burial)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θάπτεταιhe is buriedPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · θάπτωmain verb (historic present: burial)→ historic present (vivid narration of burial)θάπτω: 'bury'; the historic present passive θάπτεται ('is buried'); burial 'in the city of David' = royal interment in the Davidic necropolis.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with'; burial 'with his fathers,' expressing dynastic continuity in death.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with πατέρων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationπατήρ (pl. πατέρες): 'father / ancestor'; the royal forebears.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: place of burial)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: place of burial).
πόλειcityDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceπόλις: 'city'; πόλει Δαυιδ = the Davidic royal precinct of Jerusalem.
Δαυιδof Davidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'David's city')→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; the burial-place of the Davidic kings.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing succession)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βασιλεύειreignsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (historic present: accession of successor)→ historic/ingressive present (accession of Jehoshaphat)βασιλεύω: ingressive present 'reigns / becomes king'; the succession-formula βασιλεύει X ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ.
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphatsubject of βασιλεύει (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: transliteration of Hebrew יְהוֹשָׁפָט; indeclinable; Asa's son and successor, the next major Judahite king (his reign narrated from 3 Kgdms 22).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ιωσαφατ→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; identifies Jehoshaphat as Asa's son and dynastic heir.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with υἱός)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with υἱός).
ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution: 'in his place', elided)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί: 'instead of / in place of'; the fixed succession-phrase (תַּחְתָּיו).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἀντί.
25

καὶ Ναδαβ υἱὸς Ιεροβοαμ βασιλεύει ἐπὶ Ισραηλ ἐν ἔτει δευτέρῳ τοῦ Ασα βασιλέως Ιουδα καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν ἐπὶ Ισραηλ ἔτη δύο

And Nadab son of Jeroboam begins to reign over Israel in the second year of Asa king of Judah, and he reigned over Israel two years.

Northern accession-formula (pivot to the kings of Israel)καὶ Ναδαβ υἱὸς Ιεροβοαμ βασιλεύει ἐπὶ Ισραηλ
The narrative pivots to the northern kingdom with the accession-formula for Nadab son of Jeroboam, synchronized to Asa's second year, with a brief two-year reign-length. The juxtaposition of the long, commended Asa with the short, doomed Nadab sets up the dynastic instability that drives the rest of the chapter.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (pivot to the north)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΝαδαβNadabsubject of βασιλεύει (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΝαδαβ: transliteration of Hebrew נָדָב; indeclinable; the son and short-lived successor of Jeroboam, last of his dynasty.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ναδαβ (patronymic)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; identifies Nadab as the heir of Jeroboam's apostate house.
Ιεροβοαμof Jeroboamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: indeclinable; the founder of the northern dynasty whose 'house' is about to be destroyed.
βασιλεύειbegins to reignPres Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (historic present: accession)→ historic/ingressive present (Nadab's accession)βασιλεύω: ingressive present 'begins to reign'; the northern accession-notice.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (rule over)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'over'; βασιλεύει ἐπὶ Ισραηλ = 'reigns over Israel.'
ΙσραηλIsraelobject of ἐπί (indeclinable: realm ruled)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the northern kingdom over which Nadab reigns.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal synchronism)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal synchronism).
ἔτειyearDativedative of time within (synchronism)→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; the regnal year of Asa dating Nadab's accession.
δευτέρῳsecondDativeattributive ordinal (with ἔτει: 'second year')→ sphere or referenceδεύτερος: 'second'; synchronizes Nadab's accession to Asa's second regnal year.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with Ασα)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ασαof Asagenitive of reference (indeclinable, with declined article)→ participant identificationΑσα: indeclinable; the Judahite synchronistic reference-king.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ασα ('king of Judah')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the apposed title identifies Asa's realm.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: indeclinable; the southern kingdom.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (reign-length datum)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσενhe reignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (constative aorist: reign-length)→ constative aorist (whole reign as one span)βασιλεύω (aor.): sums up Nadab's brief two-year reign.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (rule over)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (rule over).
ΙσραηλIsraelobject of ἐπί (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the realm of Nadab's reign.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time (reign-length)→ object specificationἔτος (pl. ἔτη): the accusative of temporal extent measuring the two-year reign.
δύοtwonumeral (indeclinable cardinal, with ἔτη)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; indeclinable; Nadab's brief reign-length, the prelude to Baasha's coup.
26

καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐνώπιον κυρίου καὶ ἐπορεύθη ἐν ὁδῷ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις αὐτοῦ αἷς ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ισραηλ

And he did the evil thing before the LORD, and walked in the way of his father and in his sins by which he caused Israel to sin.

Theological evaluation (negative regnal verdict on Nadab)καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐνώπιον κυρίου
The negative Deuteronomistic verdict on Nadab, the inverse of the Asa-verdict (v. 11): he 'did the evil thing before the LORD' and walked in his father Jeroboam's way and sins. The causative ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ισραηλ ('caused Israel to sin') is the technical northern-apostasy formula, here continued from father to son.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (the king's doing of evil)→ constative aorist (characterizing the reign)ποιέω: ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρόν ('did the evil thing') — the stock condemnation-formula (עָשָׂה הָרַע), the negative counterpart of ἐποίησεν τὸ εὐθές (v. 11).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing πονηρόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνthe evil thingAccusativesubstantivized adjective (direct object)→ object specificationπονηρός: 'evil / wicked'; τὸ πονηρόν renders הָרַע ('that which is evil'), the standard object of the condemnation-formula.
ἐνώπιονbeforepreposition + genitive (Hebraism: 'before the LORD')→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: Hebraism rendering בְּעֵינֵי; the divine evaluative perspective.
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηhe walkedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (figurative: 'walked in the way')→ constative aorist (characterizing conduct)πορεύομαι: 'walk / go'; the idiom πορεύομαι ἐν ὁδῷ ('walk in the way of') renders הָלַךְ בְּדֶרֶךְ — to follow the pattern of conduct of another; here Nadab follows Jeroboam's apostate way.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere of conduct)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere of conduct).
ὁδῷwayDativedative object of ἐν ('in the way of')→ sphere or referenceὁδός: 'way / road / path'; renders דֶּרֶךְ; figuratively the moral-religious 'way' of conduct, here the apostate path of Jeroboam.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with πατρός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive of possession ('his father's way')→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father'; here Jeroboam, whose apostate way Nadab perpetuates.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere of conduct)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere of conduct).
ταῖςtheDativearticle (with ἁμαρτίαις)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαιςsinsDativedative object of ἐν (sphere of conduct)→ sphere or referenceἁμαρτία: 'sin'; renders חַטָּאת; 'his sins' = Jeroboam's apostate cult, perpetuated by Nadab.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
αἷςby whichDativerelative pronoun (dat. by attraction; instrumental: 'by which')→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun, dative by attraction to ἁμαρτίαις; here instrumental ('by which he made Israel to sin').
ἐξήμαρτενhe caused to sinAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαμαρτάνωmain verb of relative clause (causative: 'made Israel sin')→ constative aorist (causative act of leading into sin)ἐξαμαρτάνω: 'cause to sin / lead into sin'; the causative compound renders the Hiphil of חטא (הֶחֱטִיא); ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ισραηλ ('caused Israel to sin') is the technical formula for the northern kings' corporate apostasy (cf. vv. 30, 34).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ισραηλ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraeldirect object of ἐξήμαρτεν (indeclinable, with declined article)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable (the declined article τόν marks the accusative); the nation led into corporate sin by its king.
27

καὶ περιεκάθισεν αὐτὸν Βαασα υἱὸς Αχια ἐπὶ τὸν οἶκον Βελααν καὶ ἐπάταξεν αὐτὸν ἐν Γαβαθων τῇ τῶν ἀλλοφύλων καὶ Ναδαβ καὶ πᾶς Ισραηλ περιεκάθητο ἐπὶ Γαβαθων

And Baasha son of Ahijah conspired against him over the house of Belaan, and struck him down at Gabathon of the Philistines; for Nadab and all Israel were besieging Gabathon.

Narrative climax (Baasha's coup against Nadab)καὶ περιεκάθισεν αὐτὸν Βαασα υἱὸς Αχια
The coup: Baasha son of Ahijah plots/ambushes (περιεκάθισεν) Nadab and strikes him down at Gabathon, a Philistine town which Nadab and all Israel were besieging (περιεκάθητο). The wordplay between περιεκάθισεν (Baasha's ambush) and περιεκάθητο (Israel's siege) ties the assassination to the siege-context — the king is killed during his own military campaign.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιεκάθισενconspired against / laid siege toAor Act Indic 3 Sg · περικαθίζωmain verb (the act of plotting/ambush)→ constative aorist (the coup-act)περικαθίζω: 'sit around / besiege / lay in wait against'; renders קָשַׁר ('conspire') in this context; the compound (περι- 'around') suggests an encircling ambush/plot; here Baasha's conspiracy against Nadab.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object (Nadab, the victim)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the accusative αὐτόν = Nadab, the object of Baasha's conspiracy.
ΒαασαBaashasubject of περιεκάθισεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒαασα: indeclinable; the usurper who founds the next northern dynasty.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Βαασα (patronymic)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; identifies Baasha's lineage.
Αχιαof Ahijahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΑχια: transliteration of Hebrew אֲחִיָּה; indeclinable; Baasha's father (not to be confused with Ahijah the Shilonite prophet of v. 29, though the same Greek form is used).
ἐπὶover / atpreposition + accusative (location of the plot)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: here locating the conspiracy 'over/at the house of Belaan' — perhaps a place or clan associated with the coup.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with οἶκον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / household'; here 'the house of Belaan,' an obscure designation (place or clan) in the Old Greek associated with the locus of Baasha's conspiracy.
ΒελαανBelaangenitive of relationship (indeclinable name: 'house of Belaan')→ participant identificationΒελααν: indeclinable transliteration (corresponding to Hebrew בַּעְשָׁא / a place-name in the textual tradition); an obscure proper name in the Old Greek marking the setting of the plot.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstruck him downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (the assassination)→ constative aorist (decisive killing-blow)πατάσσω: 'strike / smite / kill'; renders הִכָּה; here the lethal blow by which Baasha assassinates Nadab.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object (Nadab)→ participant referenceαὐτός: Nadab, struck down.
ἐνat / inpreposition + dative (locative: 'at Gabathon')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'at Gabathon').
ΓαβαθωνGabathonobject of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΓαβαθων: transliteration of Hebrew גִּבְּתוֹן (Gibbethon); indeclinable; a Philistine town being besieged by Israel, the scene of Nadab's assassination.
τῇthe (which is)Dativearticle (attributive with the genitive phrase: 'that of the Philistines')→ noun-phrase markingὁ/ἡ/τό: the article τῇ τῶν ἀλλοφύλων ('the [one] of the Philistines') attributively identifies Gabathon as a Philistine town.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἀλλοφύλων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλοφύλωνPhilistines / foreignersGenitivegenitive of possession ('of the Philistines')→ relational specificationἀλλόφυλος: lit. 'of another tribe / foreigner'; the standard LXX rendering of פְּלִשְׁתִּים ('Philistines'); Gabathon is in Philistine territory, the front Israel was attacking.
καὶand / fornarrative conjunction (introducing the explanatory siege-note)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here introducing the circumstantial/explanatory note that Israel was besieging Gabathon — providing the military context of the coup.
ΝαδαβNadabsubject of περιεκάθητο (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΝαδαβ: indeclinable; the king, killed while leading the siege.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (compound subject)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjective (with Ισραηλ)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; πᾶς Ισραηλ ('all Israel') = the whole northern army engaged in the siege.
ΙσραηλIsraelsubject (compound with Ναδαβ; indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the army of the northern kingdom.
περιεκάθητοwere besiegingImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · περικάθημαιmain verb (the ongoing siege)→ durative imperfect (siege in progress)περικάθημαι: 'sit around / besiege'; the imperfect περιεκάθητο ('were besieging') marks the ongoing siege of Gabathon; the verb echoes περιεκάθισεν (v. 27a), linking the assassination to the siege-context.
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + genitive (object of the siege)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί: here with the besieged town as object ('besieging Gabathon').
ΓαβαθωνGabathonobject of ἐπί (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΓαβαθων: indeclinable; the besieged Philistine town, scene of the coup.
28

καὶ ἐθανάτωσεν αὐτὸν Βαασα ἐν ἔτει τρίτῳ τοῦ Ασα υἱοῦ Αβιου βασιλέως Ιουδα καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν

And Baasha put him to death in the third year of Asa son of Abia king of Judah, and he reigned in his place.

Narrative resolution (Nadab's death + Baasha's accession)καὶ ἐθανάτωσεν αὐτὸν Βαασα
The coup's completion: Baasha 'put to death' (ἐθανάτωσεν) Nadab, dated to Asa's third year, and himself became king (καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν). The synchronism is doubly anchored by Asa's patronymic (υἱοῦ Αβιου), linking the northern usurpation to the Judahite chronological frame.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθανάτωσενput to deathAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θανατόωmain verb (the killing)→ constative aorist (act of execution)θανατόω: 'put to death / kill'; the causative verb (renders הֵמִית) makes explicit the regicide — Baasha 'caused (Nadab) to die,' completing the coup of v. 27.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object (Nadab)→ participant referenceαὐτός: Nadab, the slain king.
ΒαασαBaashasubject of ἐθανάτωσεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒαασα: indeclinable; the regicide-usurper.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal synchronism)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal synchronism).
ἔτειyearDativedative of time within (synchronism)→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; the regnal year of Asa dating the coup.
τρίτῳthirdDativeattributive ordinal (with ἔτει: 'third year')→ sphere or referenceτρίτος: 'third'; synchronizes Nadab's death and Baasha's accession to Asa's third regnal year.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with Ασα)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ασαof Asagenitive of reference (indeclinable, with declined article)→ participant identificationΑσα: indeclinable; the Judahite synchronistic reference-king.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ασα (patronymic)→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic υἱοῦ Αβιου identifies Asa within the Davidic line.
Αβιουof Abiagenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΑβιου: indeclinable; Asa's father (the subject of vv. 1-8).
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ασα ('king of Judah')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the apposed title identifies Asa's realm.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: indeclinable; the southern kingdom.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing accession)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσενhe reigned / became kingAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (Baasha's accession)→ ingressive aorist (became king in Nadab's place)βασιλεύω (aor.): here ingressive ('became king / began to reign'); Baasha's seizure of the throne, the result of the regicide; the fuller accession-formula follows in v. 33.
29

καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς ἐβασίλευσεν καὶ ἐπάταξεν τὸν οἶκον Ιεροβοαμ καὶ οὐχ ὑπελίπετο πᾶσαν πνοὴν τοῦ Ιεροβοαμ ἕως τοῦ ἐξολεθρεῦσαι αὐτὸν κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου ὃ ἐλάλησεν ἐν χειρὶ δούλου αὐτοῦ Αχια τοῦ Σηλωνίτου

And it came to pass, when he became king, that he struck down the house of Jeroboam, and he left no breathing thing of Jeroboam, until he had utterly destroyed him, according to the word of the LORD which he spoke by the hand of his servant Ahijah the Shilonite,

Prophetic-fulfilment report (extermination of Jeroboam's house)καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς ἐβασίλευσεν
The dynastic purge as prophetic fulfilment: on accession Baasha exterminates the entire house of Jeroboam, leaving 'no breathing thing' (οὐχ ὑπελίπετο πᾶσαν πνοήν, a Hebraism for total annihilation), 'until he had utterly destroyed him' (ἕως τοῦ ἐξολεθρεῦσαι). The κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου clause expressly identifies this as fulfilment of Ahijah the Shilonite's prophecy (3 Kgdms 14:10-14), the theological key of the passage.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (opening the temporal formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (temporal-transition formula)→ constative aorist (narrative-transition marker)γίνομαι: καὶ ἐγένετο ('and it came to pass') renders וַיְהִי, the stock LXX transition introducing a temporal clause.
ὡςwhentemporal conjunction (introducing the 'when'-clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / when'; temporal, marking the moment of accession.
ἐβασίλευσενhe became kingAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωverb of temporal clause (Baasha's accession)→ ingressive aorist (point of accession)βασιλεύω (aor.): ingressive 'became king'; the accession that triggers the dynastic purge.
καὶand (then)apodotic καί (main clause after temporal protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: the apodotic καί (Hebraism) introducing the main clause — 'then he struck down.'
ἐπάταξενstruck downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (the dynastic massacre)→ constative aorist (act of extermination)πατάσσω: 'strike / smite / kill'; here the wholesale slaughter of Jeroboam's house — the standard means by which a usurping dynasty secured itself against rival claimants.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with οἶκον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativedirect object of ἐπάταξεν→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / household / dynasty'; οἶκος Ιεροβοαμ = the whole family and line of Jeroboam, exterminated in fulfilment of prophecy.
Ιεροβοαμof Jeroboamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'house of Jeroboam')→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: indeclinable; the doomed northern dynasty.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐχnotnegative particle (negating ὑπελίπετο; aspirated before rough breathing)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐχ before rough breathing): the negative emphasizing the totality of the extermination.
ὑπελίπετοhe left (remaining)Aor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὑπολείπωmain verb (negated: 'left none remaining')→ constative aorist (the completeness of the slaughter)ὑπολείπω (mid.): 'leave behind / leave remaining'; the negated οὐχ ὑπελίπετο πᾶσαν πνοήν ('he left no breathing thing') renders the Hebrew לֹא־הִשְׁאִיר כָּל־נְשָׁמָה — a fixed idiom for total annihilation (cf. Josh 10:40; 11:11).
πᾶσανany / everyAccusativeattributive adjective (with πνοήν; with negative = 'not any')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / every'; with the negative οὐχ … πᾶσαν it forms the Hebraism 'not any / none at all.'
πνοὴνbreath / breathing thingAccusativedirect object of ὑπελίπετο→ object specificationπνοή: 'breath / breathing'; renders נְשָׁמָה; πᾶσαν πνοήν ('every breath / breathing thing') = every living person; the idiom for utter extermination, sparing no one alive.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with Ιεροβοαμ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ιεροβοαμof Jeroboamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable, with declined article)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: indeclinable; whose entire line is wiped out.
ἕωςuntilconjunction/preposition (with articular infinitive: 'until')→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until'; with the articular infinitive (ἕως τοῦ ἐξολεθρεῦσαι) it expresses the terminus of the action — 'until he had utterly destroyed.'
τοῦ(of)articular-infinitive marker (genitive article with ἐξολεθρεῦσαι)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: the genitive article forming the articular-infinitive construction with ἕως.
ἐξολεθρεῦσαιto destroy utterlyAor Act Inf · ἐξολεθρεύωarticular infinitive (terminus: 'until he utterly destroyed')→ resultative aorist infinitive (completed annihilation)ἐξολεθρεύω: 'destroy utterly / exterminate'; the intensive compound (ἐξ- + ὀλεθρεύω) renders הִשְׁמִיד / הִכְרִית; the LXX's strong verb for total covenantal destruction; here the complete eradication of Jeroboam's line.
αὐτὸνhim / itAccusativesubject-accusative/object of the infinitive (Jeroboam's house)→ participant referenceαὐτός: here the accusative object of ἐξολεθρεῦσαι, referring to Jeroboam('s house) as the thing destroyed.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm/conformity: 'according to')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to'; κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου ('according to the word of the LORD') marks the massacre as the precise fulfilment of prophecy.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ῥῆμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαwordAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word / saying / utterance'; renders דָּבָר; τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου = the prophetic word, here Ahijah's oracle against Jeroboam (3 Kgdms 14).
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source ('the word of the LORD')→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the divine author of the fulfilled prophecy.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐλάλησεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; neuter accusative, referring to τὸ ῥῆμα.
ἐλάλησενhe spokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωverb of relative clause (the LORD's speaking)→ constative aorist (the prior prophetic utterance)λαλέω: 'speak'; renders דִּבֶּר; the subject is the LORD, who spoke the prophecy through Ahijah.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (instrumental: 'by the hand of')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: in the idiom ἐν χειρί ('by the hand of'), a Hebraism (בְּיַד) marking prophetic agency/mediation.
χειρὶhandDativedative of means ('by the hand of')→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand'; ἐν χειρί = 'through the agency/mediation of,' the standard idiom for prophetic transmission of the divine word.
δούλουservantGenitivegenitive of possession ('of his servant')→ relational specificationδοῦλος: 'servant / slave'; renders עֶבֶד; the prophet as 'servant of the LORD' (δοῦλος κυρίου) is a standard designation of the true prophet (cf. Amos 3:7).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (the LORD's servant)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the LORD's servant).
ΑχιαAhijahgenitive in apposition to δούλου (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχια: indeclinable; here Ahijah the Shilonite, the prophet who foretold the fall of Jeroboam's house (3 Kgdms 11:29-39; 14:1-18) — distinct from Baasha's father Ahijah of v. 27 despite the identical Greek form.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with Σηλωνίτου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Σηλωνίτουthe ShiloniteGenitivegenitive gentilic adjective in apposition to Αχια ('the Shilonite')→ relational specificationΣηλωνίτης: 'Shilonite / of Shiloh'; a declinable Greek gentilic (gen. Σηλωνίτου) rendering הַשִּׁילֹנִי; identifies Ahijah by his town Shiloh, distinguishing this prophet from Baasha's father.
30

περὶ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν Ιεροβοαμ ὡς ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ισραηλ καὶ ἐν τῷ παροργισμῷ αὐτοῦ ᾧ παρώργισεν τὸν κύριον θεὸν τοῦ Ισραηλ

concerning the sins of Jeroboam, in that he caused Israel to sin, and by his provocation by which he provoked the LORD God of Israel.

Causal-theological ground (the reason for the dynasty's destruction)περὶ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν Ιεροβοαμ
The theological ground of the extermination (continuing v. 29): it was 'concerning / on account of the sins of Jeroboam' — both the corporate apostasy (ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ισραηλ) and the divine provocation (παροργισμός … παρώργισεν τὸν κύριον). The cognate παροργισμῷ / παρώργισεν figura etymologica intensifies the gravity of the offense against the LORD God of Israel.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
περὶconcerning / on account ofpreposition + genitive (cause/reference: 'on account of')→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'concerning / about / on account of'; here causal, grounding the destruction of v. 29 in Jeroboam's sins.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἁμαρτιῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτιῶνsinsGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; renders חַטָּאת; 'the sins of Jeroboam' — the technical phrase for the founding apostasy (the golden calves at Bethel and Dan) that defines the northern kingdom's guilt.
Ιεροβοαμof Jeroboamgenitive of possession (indeclinable: 'Jeroboam's sins')→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: indeclinable; the originator of the northern apostasy.
ὡςin that / howconjunction (epexegetical/causal: 'in that')→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: here 'in that / how / inasmuch as'; epexegetical, specifying the content of the sins — leading Israel astray.
ἐξήμαρτενhe caused to sinAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαμαρτάνωmain verb of the ὡς-clause (causative)→ constative aorist (causative act)ἐξαμαρτάνω: 'cause to sin'; the causative compound (Hiphil of חטא); ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ισραηλ ('caused Israel to sin') — the corporate-apostasy formula (cf. vv. 26, 34).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ισραηλ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraeldirect object of ἐξήμαρτεν (indeclinable, with declined article)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the nation led into corporate sin.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνby / inpreposition + dative (means/cause: 'by his provocation')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: here instrumental/causal ('by / through his provocation').
τῷtheDativearticle (with παροργισμῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παροργισμῷprovocationDativedative of means/cause (the provocation of God)→ sphere or referenceπαροργισμός: 'provocation (to anger)'; renders כַּעַס; the noun forms a figura etymologica with the cognate verb παρώργισεν, intensifying the offense — Jeroboam's idolatry as a deliberate provoking of the LORD.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with παροργισμῷ)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with παροργισμῷ).
by whichDativerelative pronoun (cognate dative with παρώργισεν: 'by which')→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun, dative; cognate with παρώργισεν, forming an internal/cognate-dative construction ('the provocation by which he provoked').
παρώργισενhe provokedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παροργίζωverb of relative clause (the provoking of God)→ constative aorist (the act of provocation)παροργίζω: 'provoke to anger / exasperate'; renders הִכְעִיס; the cognate verb (with παροργισμῷ) doubly stresses that Jeroboam's apostasy was a direct provocation of the LORD's anger — the ground of the dynastic judgment.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with κύριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριονthe LORDAccusativedirect object of παρώργισεν→ object specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the accusative κύριον is the object of the provocation — the LORD whose anger Jeroboam aroused.
θεὸνGodAccusativeaccusative in apposition to κύριον ('the LORD God of Israel')→ object specificationθεός: 'God'; κύριον θεὸν τοῦ Ισραηλ ('the LORD God of Israel') renders יהוה אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל — the covenant title underscoring that the offended deity is precisely Israel's own God, making the apostasy a covenant-betrayal.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with Ισραηλ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'God of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the covenant people whose God is provoked.
31

καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Ναδαβ καὶ πάντα ἃ ἐποίησεν οὐκ ἰδοὺ ταῦτα γεγραμμένα ἐστὶν ἐν βιβλίῳ λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν Ισραηλ

And the rest of the acts of Nadab, and all that he did — behold, are these not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel?

Annalistic closing-formula for Nadab (source-citation)καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Ναδαβ
The Deuteronomistic closing-formula for Nadab, parallel to v. 7 but now citing 'the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel' (the northern annals). (Verse 32 — a repeated war-note in the MT — is absent from the LXX numeration.)
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (opening the closing-formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with λοιπά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιπὰrestNominativesubstantivized adjective (subject)→ participant prominenceλοιπός: 'remaining / rest'; the fixed opening of the source-citation formula (cf. vv. 7, 23).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with λόγων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνacts / mattersGenitivepartitive genitive (with τὰ λοιπά)→ relational specificationλόγος: 'acts / deeds / affairs' (דִּבְרֵי); the royal record.
Ναδαβof Nadabgenitive of possession (indeclinable: 'Nadab's acts')→ participant identificationΝαδαβ: indeclinable; here genitive ('of Nadab'), the king whose reign the formula concludes.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallNominativesubstantival adjective ('all that he did')→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; extends the citation to Nadab's complete record.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; neuter plural accusative.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (sum of the king's deeds)ποιέω: 'do'; gathers the totality of Nadab's brief reign-deeds into the citation.
οὐκnotinterrogative negative (rhetorical question)→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐ: the rhetorical-question negative expecting affirmation.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle (citation-formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; renders הִנֵּה; with οὐκ forms the rhetorical citation-question (הֲלֹא־הֵם).
ταῦταthese thingsNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of γεγραμμένα ἐστίν)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; ταῦτα = the totality of Nadab's deeds, presented as recorded.
γεγραμμέναwrittenPerf Pass Ptcp Nom Pl Neut · γράφωpredicate participle (periphrastic with ἐστίν)→ resultative perfect (standing written)γράφω (perf. pass. ptcp.): 'write'; the periphrastic perfect γεγραμμένα ἐστίν emphasizes the abiding documentary record.
ἐστὶνis / arePres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (periphrastic with γεγραμμένα)→ stative present (present documentary fact)εἰμί: the copula completing the periphrastic perfect.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location: 'in the book')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: 'in'; the documentary source-citation idiom (here ἐν, vs. ἐπί in vv. 7, 23 — a stylistic variant).
βιβλίῳbook / scrollDativedative object of ἐν→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book / scroll'; the cited annalistic source for the northern kings.
λόγωνof the chroniclesGenitivegenitive (defining the book)→ relational specificationλόγος: λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν = 'chronicles' (דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἡμερῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμερῶνof the daysGenitivegenitive (defining λόγων: annals)→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the calque 'words of the days' = annals.
τοῖςof theDativearticle (with βασιλεῦσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῦσινfor the kingsDativedative (reference: 'of/for the kings of Israel')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the annals 'of the kings of Israel' (לְמַלְכֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל) — the northern royal chronicles, distinct from those of Judah (vv. 7, 23).
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the northern kingdom whose royal annals are cited.
33

καὶ ἐν τῷ ἔτει τῷ τρίτῳ τοῦ Ασα βασιλέως Ιουδα βασιλεύει Βαασα υἱὸς Αχια ἐπὶ Ισραηλ ἐν Θερσα εἴκοσι καὶ τέσσαρα ἔτη

And in the third year of Asa king of Judah, Baasha son of Ahijah begins to reign over Israel in Tirzah, twenty-four years.

Northern accession-formula for Baasha (synchronism + reign-length)καὶ ἐν τῷ ἔτει τῷ τρίτῳ τοῦ Ασα
The formal accession-formula for Baasha, synchronized to Asa's third year (cf. v. 28), with his seat at Tirzah and a reign-length of twenty-four years. (Verse 32 is absent from the LXX numeration.) The patronymic 'son of Ahijah' is here Baasha's own father, not the prophet of v. 29.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal synchronism)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal synchronism).
τῷtheDativearticle (with ἔτει)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔτειyearDativedative of time within (synchronism)→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; the regnal year of Asa dating Baasha's accession.
τῷtheDativearticle (attributive with the ordinal)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρίτῳthirdDativeattributive ordinal (with ἔτει: 'third year')→ sphere or referenceτρίτος: 'third'; synchronizes Baasha's accession to Asa's third regnal year (cf. v. 28).
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with Ασα)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ασαof Asagenitive of reference (indeclinable, with declined article)→ participant identificationΑσα: indeclinable; the Judahite synchronistic reference-king.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ασα ('king of Judah')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the apposed title identifies Asa's realm.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: indeclinable; the southern kingdom.
βασιλεύειbegins to reignPres Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (historic present: accession)→ historic/ingressive present (Baasha's accession)βασιλεύω: ingressive present 'begins to reign'; the formal northern accession-notice for Baasha.
ΒαασαBaashasubject of βασιλεύει (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒαασα: indeclinable; the new northern king and dynasty-founder.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Βαασα (patronymic)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; identifies Baasha's lineage.
Αχιαof Ahijahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΑχια: indeclinable; here Baasha's own father (cf. v. 27), distinct from Ahijah the Shilonite prophet of v. 29.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (rule over)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'over'; βασιλεύει ἐπὶ Ισραηλ = 'reigns over Israel.'
ΙσραηλIsraelobject of ἐπί (indeclinable: realm ruled)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the northern kingdom Baasha now rules.
ἐνin / atpreposition + dative (locative: 'in Tirzah')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in Tirzah').
ΘερσαTirzahobject of ἐν (indeclinable place-name: royal seat)→ participant identificationΘερσα: indeclinable; Tirzah, the northern capital and Baasha's royal seat (cf. v. 21).
εἴκοσιtwentynumeral (indeclinable cardinal, with τέσσαρα ἔτη)→ measure or countεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; indeclinable; with τέσσαρα = 'twenty-four,' Baasha's reign-length.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the compound numeral)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τέσσαραfourAccusativenumeral (with ἔτη: 'twenty-four years')→ measure or countτέσσαρες (neut. τέσσαρα): 'four'; with εἴκοσι = 'twenty-four'; the reign-length of Baasha.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time (reign-length)→ object specificationἔτος (pl. ἔτη): the accusative of temporal extent measuring Baasha's twenty-four-year reign.
34

καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐνώπιον κυρίου καὶ ἐπορεύθη ἐν ὁδῷ Ιεροβοαμ υἱοῦ Ναβατ καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις αὐτοῦ ὡς ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ισραηλ

And he did the evil thing before the LORD, and walked in the way of Jeroboam son of Nabat and in his sins, by which he caused Israel to sin.

Theological evaluation (negative regnal verdict on Baasha)καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐνώπιον κυρίου
The closing verdict on Baasha, verbally near-identical to that on Nadab (v. 26): though he was the instrument of judgment on Jeroboam's house, Baasha himself 'did the evil thing before the LORD' and walked in Jeroboam's very way and sins (ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ισραηλ). The northern dynasty thus repeats rather than breaks the foundational apostasy — setting up the judgment on Baasha's own house in 3 Kgdms 16.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (the king's doing of evil)→ constative aorist (characterizing the reign)ποιέω: ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρόν ('did the evil thing') — the stock condemnation-formula (עָשָׂה הָרַע), applied to Baasha as to Nadab (v. 26).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing πονηρόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνthe evil thingAccusativesubstantivized adjective (direct object)→ object specificationπονηρός: 'evil / wicked'; τὸ πονηρόν renders הָרַע, the standard object of the condemnation-formula.
ἐνώπιονbeforepreposition + genitive (Hebraism: 'before the LORD')→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: Hebraism rendering בְּעֵינֵי; the divine evaluative perspective.
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηhe walkedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (figurative: 'walked in the way')→ constative aorist (characterizing conduct)πορεύομαι: 'walk / go'; πορεύομαι ἐν ὁδῷ ('walk in the way of') renders הָלַךְ בְּדֶרֶךְ; Baasha follows Jeroboam's apostate way — the irony being that he himself destroyed Jeroboam's house.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere of conduct)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere of conduct).
ὁδῷwayDativedative object of ἐν ('in the way of')→ sphere or referenceὁδός: 'way / path'; renders דֶּרֶךְ; figuratively the moral-religious 'way' of Jeroboam, perpetuated by Baasha.
Ιεροβοαμof Jeroboamgenitive of possession (indeclinable: 'the way of Jeroboam')→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: indeclinable; the originator of the apostate 'way' that Baasha follows.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ιεροβοαμ (patronymic)→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic υἱοῦ Ναβατ is Jeroboam's fixed epithet (cf. v. 1).
Ναβατof Nabatgenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΝαβατ: indeclinable; the father of Jeroboam, named in the recurring epithet (cf. v. 1).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere of conduct)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere of conduct).
ταῖςtheDativearticle (with ἁμαρτίαις)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαιςsinsDativedative object of ἐν (sphere of conduct)→ sphere or referenceἁμαρτία: 'sin'; renders חַטָּאת; 'his sins' = Jeroboam's apostate cult, perpetuated by Baasha.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ὡςby which / in thatconjunction (epexegetical/causal: 'in that / whereby')→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: here 'in that / whereby'; epexegetical, specifying how the sins worked — leading Israel astray (cf. v. 30).
ἐξήμαρτενhe caused to sinAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαμαρτάνωmain verb of the ὡς-clause (causative)→ constative aorist (causative act)ἐξαμαρτάνω: 'cause to sin'; the causative compound (Hiphil of חטא); ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ισραηλ ('caused Israel to sin') — the corporate-apostasy formula (cf. vv. 26, 30), here applied to Jeroboam's sins which Baasha continues.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ισραηλ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraeldirect object of ἐξήμαρτεν (indeclinable, with declined article)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable (the declined article τόν marks the accusative); the nation led into corporate sin, closing the chapter on the note of perpetuated apostasy.