Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Third Book of Kingdoms, Chapter 16ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ Γ′ ΙϚ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Northern instability deepens from Baasha to Omri, and Ahab's rise with Jezebel drives Israel further into evil.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of 3 Kingdoms (1 Kings) 16 follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. The chapter is a rapid annalistic survey of the unstable northern monarchy: the prophetic word of Ιου (Jehu) son of Ανανι against Βαασα (Baasha), echoing the dynastic-doom formula already pronounced over Jeroboam (vv. 1–4); Baasha's death and the two-year reign of his son Ηλα (Elah) (vv. 6–8); the coup of Ζαμβρι (Zimri), commander of half the chariotry, who kills Elah while he is drunk and exterminates the house of Baasha in fulfilment of the oracle (vv. 9–13); Zimri's reign of seven days, the army's acclamation of Αμβρι (Omri), and Zimri's suicide by fire in the burning palace (vv. 15–19); the civil war between the partisans of Omri and Θαμνι (Tibni) and Omri's victory (vv. 21–22); Omri's purchase of the hill of Σεμερων from Σεμηρ and the building of Σαμαρεία, with the verdict that he did worse than all before him (vv. 23–28); and the accession of Αχααβ (Ahab) son of Omri, who marries Ιεζαβελ (Jezebel) daughter of the Sidonian king Ιεθεβααλ, serves Βααλ, builds a Baal temple and an ἄλσος ('grove / Asherah'), and provokes the LORD more than all the kings of Israel before him (vv. 29–33). The chapter closes with the notice that Αχιηλ (Hiel) the Bethelite rebuilt Ιεριχω (Jericho) at the cost of his firstborn and youngest sons, fulfilling the curse spoken through Joshua son of Nun (v. 34). A distinctive feature of the Old Greek here is the long synchronistic plus at v. 28 (marked [a]–[h] in printed editions), a Septuagintal summary of the reign of Jehoshaphat of Judah inserted at Omri's death-notice; in the printed source these inserted units are flagged with editorial sigla, which are stripped here so that only the verbatim Greek text is annotated.

1

καὶ ἐγένετο λόγος κυρίου ἐν χειρὶ Ιου υἱοῦ Ανανι πρὸς Βαασα

And the word of the LORD came by the hand of Jehu son of Hanani against Baasha, saying,

Prophetic word-event formula opening the oracle unitκαὶ ἐγένετο λόγος κυρίου
The clause καὶ ἐγένετο λόγος κυρίου renders the Hebrew prophetic word-event formula וַיְהִי דְבַר־יהוה; the instrumental ἐν χειρὶ ('by the hand of') marks Jehu son of Hanani as the mediating prophet, framing the doom-oracle against Baasha that follows in vv. 2–4.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοcame / happenedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (impersonal word-event formula)→ constative aorist (discrete prophetic word-event)γίνομαι (aor. mid. ἐγένετο): 'become / come to be / happen'; in the formula καὶ ἐγένετο λόγος κυρίου it renders Hebrew וַיְהִי דְבַר־יהוה, the standard introduction to a prophetic oracle (cf. 3 Kgdms 17:2; 21:17 LXX).
λόγοςwordNominativesubject→ participant prominenceλόγος: 'word / message'; renders דָּבָר; λόγος κυρίου is the technical designation for a revelatory prophetic communication, here a verdict of dynastic judgment.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source (with λόγος)→ relational specificationκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the genitive κυρίου marks the word as YHWH's own utterance, not the prophet's invention.
ἐνby / inpreposition + dative (instrumental: 'by the hand of')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: here instrumental, rendering the Hebrew בְּיַד ('by the hand of'); the prophet is the channel through which the divine word reaches its target.
χειρὶhandDativedative of instrument (idiom: 'by the hand of')→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand'; ἐν χειρὶ renders בְּיַד, a Hebraism for prophetic agency/mediation (cf. the same idiom at v. 7 and v. 34).
ΙουJehugenitive of agent (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙου: transliteration of Hebrew יֵהוּא; indeclinable in the LXX; the prophet Jehu son of Hanani (distinct from the later king Jehu), here the bearer of the word against Baasha.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition (patronymic: 'son of Hanani')→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; in patronymic apposition identifying the prophet by his father.
ΑνανιHananigenitive patronymic (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑνανι: transliteration of Hebrew חֲנָנִי; indeclinable; Hanani, father of the prophet Jehu.
πρὸςagainst / topreposition + accusative (hostile direction of the oracle)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + accusative: 'to / against'; here marking Baasha as the addressee/target of the judgment-oracle.
ΒαασαBaashaaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΒαασα: transliteration of Hebrew בַּעְשָׁא; indeclinable in the LXX; third king of the northern kingdom, founder of a dynasty doomed by this oracle.
2

ἀνθ᾿ ὧν ὕψωσά σε ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς καὶ ἔδωκά σε ἡγούμενον ἐπὶ τὸν λαόν μου Ισραηλ καὶ ἐπορεύθης ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ Ιεροβοαμ καὶ ἐξήμαρτες τὸν λαόν μου τὸν Ισραηλ τοῦ παροργίσαι με ἐν τοῖς ματαίοις αὐτῶν

Because I exalted you from the earth and made you leader over my people Israel, and you walked in the way of Jeroboam and made my people Israel to sin, provoking me with their vanities,

Causal ground of the verdict (indictment)ἀνθ᾿ ὧν
ἀνθ᾿ ὧν ('because / in return for which') introduces the judicial indictment: the verdict of vv. 3–4 rests on the contrast between YHWH's elevation of Baasha (ὕψωσά … ἔδωκά) and Baasha's apostasy (ἐπορεύθης … ἐξήμαρτες). The structure mirrors the Jeroboam oracle of 3 Kgdms 14:7–9.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
ἀνθ᾿because / in return forpreposition + genitive (causal, elided ἀντί)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί (elided ἀνθ᾿ before rough breathing): with the relative ὧν forms the causal idiom ἀνθ᾿ ὧν ('because / in return for the fact that'), rendering Hebrew יַעַן אֲשֶׁר; standard introduction to a prophetic indictment.
ὧνwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive with ἀντί, causal idiom)→ relational specificationὅς, ἥ, ὅ: relative pronoun; the genitive plural ὧν is attracted into the causal idiom ἀνθ᾿ ὧν.
ὕψωσάI exaltedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ὑψόωmain verb (divine benefaction, first member of indictment)→ constative aorist (completed act of elevation)ὑψόω: 'lift up / exalt / raise high'; renders Hebrew הֵרִים / רוֹמֵם; YHWH's elevation of Baasha 'from the earth/dust' echoes the elevation language used of Jeroboam and David, underscoring the ingratitude of the apostasy that follows.
σεyouAccusativedirect object (Baasha)→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (Baasha).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source: 'from the earth')→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source: 'from the earth').
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearth / groundGenitivegenitive of source (with ἀπό)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'earth / ground / dust'; ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς renders מִן הֶעָפָר ('from the dust'), the language of lowly origins raised to royal status (cf. 1 Kgdms 2:8; 3 Kgdms 14:7).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκάI gave / appointedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (divine appointment, with double accusative)→ constative aorist (act of installation)δίδωμι: 'give'; here with double accusative (σε … ἡγούμενον) = 'I appointed you as leader', rendering the Hebrew נָתַן used for installation to office (cf. 3 Kgdms 14:7).
σεyouAccusativedirect object (first accusative of double-accusative construction)→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (first accusative of double-accusative construction).
ἡγούμενονleader / rulerPres Mid Part Acc Sg Masc · ἡγέομαιpredicate accusative participle (substantival: 'as leader')→ substantival participle (title of office)ἡγέομαι (pres. mid. part. ἡγούμενος): 'lead / govern'; the substantival participle ἡγούμενον ('leader / ruler / prince') renders Hebrew נָגִיד, the designation for a divinely-designated ruler (cf. 1 Kgdms 9:16; 3 Kgdms 14:7).
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (authority over)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (authority over).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόνpeopleAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the realm of rule)→ object specificationλαός: 'people'; standard LXX term for Israel as YHWH's covenant people (rendering עַם); the possessive μου ('my people') stresses that the kingship is a stewardship over YHWH's own.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (with λαόν)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with λαόν).
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative in apposition to λαόν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable in the LXX; here the northern kingdom over which Baasha was set.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (turning to the indictment)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηςyou walkedAor Pass Indic 2 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (charge of apostasy)→ constative aorist (settled course of conduct)πορεύομαι (aor. pass. dep. ἐπορεύθης): 'go / walk / conduct oneself'; the idiom 'walk in the way of (Jeroboam)' renders הָלַךְ בְּדֶרֶךְ, the Deuteronomistic formula for following an evil precedent.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (idiom: 'in the way')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (idiom: 'in the way').
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδῷwayDativedative of place/manner (idiom: 'in the way of Jeroboam')→ sphere or referenceὁδός: 'way / road / manner of life'; ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ renders בְּדֶרֶךְ; the 'way of Jeroboam' is the paradigmatic sin of northern cultic apostasy (the golden calves).
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliteration of Hebrew יָרָבְעָם; indeclinable; Jeroboam son of Nabat, first king of the northern kingdom and archetype of its cultic apostasy.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξήμαρτεςyou made to sinAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐξαμαρτάνωmain verb (causative charge: led the people into sin)→ constative aorist (completed corporate effect)ἐξαμαρτάνω: 'cause to sin / lead into sin'; here transitive/causative with τὸν λαόν as object, rendering the Hiphil הֶחֱטִיא ('he made Israel sin'); the standard verb for a king who corrupts the nation (cf. v. 13, v. 19, v. 26).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόνpeopleAccusativedirect object of ἐξήμαρτες→ object specificationλαόν: meaning 'people'; it serves as direct object of ἐξήμαρτες.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (in apposition: 'the Israel')→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative in apposition to λαόν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative in apposition to λαόν (indeclinable proper noun).
τοῦto / so as toarticular infinitive marker (genitive of purpose/result)→ clausal contributionτοῦ + infinitive: the articular genitive infinitive expresses purpose or result ('so as to provoke me'), a frequent LXX construction rendering the Hebrew לְ + infinitive.
παροργίσαιto provokeAor Act Inf · παροργίζωarticular infinitive of result/purpose→ telic/consecutive aorist infinitive (the upshot of the apostasy)παροργίζω: 'provoke to anger / enrage'; renders Hebrew הִכְעִיס; the standard Deuteronomistic verb for cultic provocation of YHWH (cf. v. 7, v. 13, v. 26, v. 33).
μεmeAccusativedirect object of παροργίσαι→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of παροργίσαι.
ἐνwith / bypreposition + dative (instrumental: 'with their vanities')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrumental: 'with their vanities').
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ματαίοιςvanities / idolsDativedative of instrument (substantival adjective: 'vanities')→ sphere or referenceμάταιος: 'vain / worthless / empty'; substantivized τὰ μάταια ('vanities') is a LXX dysphemism for idols, rendering Hebrew הֲבָלִים ('vapors / vanities'); the worthlessness of the idols is contrasted with the living God they provoke (cf. v. 13, v. 26).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with ματαίοις)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with ματαίοις).
3

ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ ἐξεγείρω ὀπίσω Βαασα καὶ ὄπισθεν τοῦ οἴκου αὐτοῦ καὶ δώσω τὸν οἶκόν σου ὡς τὸν οἶκον Ιεροβοαμ υἱοῦ Ναβατ

behold, I am stirring up after Baasha and after his house, and I will make your house like the house of Jeroboam son of Nabat.

Verdict / sentence (apodosis of the indictment)ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ
ἰδοὺ ἐγώ ('behold, I') with a futuristic verb is the classic LXX announcement-of-judgment formula (rendering הִנְנִי); the verdict assimilates Baasha's fate to that of Jeroboam's house — total dynastic extermination — making the punishment fit the imitative crime of v. 2.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle (attention-marker)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold / look'; frozen aorist imperative of εἶδον used as an interjection; renders Hebrew הִנֵּה; ἰδοὺ ἐγώ introduces a solemn divine announcement of imminent action.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic first-person pronoun: YHWH himself)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic pronoun stresses YHWH's direct personal agency as the executor of the dynastic judgment.
ἐξεγείρωI am stirring up / will rousePres Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐξεγείρωmain verb (announcement of judgment, futuristic present)→ futuristic present (imminent divine act announced as already underway)ἐξεγείρω: 'rouse / stir up / raise up'; renders Hebrew מַבְעִיר ('I will consume/burn') or the imagery of sweeping away a dynasty; with ὀπίσω ('after') it denotes raising up judgment against Baasha and his line.
ὀπίσωafterpreposition + genitive (sequence/pursuit: 'after Baasha')→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'after / behind'; renders אַחֲרֵי; here in the sense of pursuing/sweeping away what comes after Baasha (his posterity).
ΒαασαBaashagenitive object of ὀπίσω (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΒαασα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive object of ὀπίσω (indeclinable proper noun).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄπισθενbehind / afterpreposition + genitive (parallel to ὀπίσω: 'after his house')→ spatial or relational framingὄπισθεν: 'behind / after'; here synonymous with ὀπίσω, extending the judgment to Baasha's whole household.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουhouseGenitivegenitive object of ὄπισθεν (the dynasty)→ relational specificationοἶκος: 'house / household / dynasty'; renders בַּיִת; 'the house of Baasha' denotes his royal line, the object of extermination (cf. v. 11).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώσωI will make / giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (verdict: 'I will make your house like...')→ predictive future (certain divine sentence)δίδωμι (fut. δώσω): 'give / make / render'; with the comparative ὡς it means 'I will make your house like', rendering the Hebrew נָתַן used for assigning a fate; the comparison is to the doomed house of Jeroboam.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκόνhouseAccusativedirect object of δώσω→ object specificationοἶκος: here 'your house' = Baasha's dynasty, the object that will be assimilated to Jeroboam's fate.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with οἶκόν)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with οἶκόν).
ὡςlike / ascomparative particle (introducing the simile)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like'; renders Hebrew כְּ; introduces the comparison assimilating Baasha's house to Jeroboam's annihilated dynasty.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative of comparison (object of ὡς)→ object specificationοἶκος: 'the house of Jeroboam', the paradigm of total dynastic destruction (cf. 3 Kgdms 14:10–11; 15:29).
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun).
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition (patronymic: 'son of Nabat')→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; in patronymic apposition identifying Jeroboam by his father Nabat.
ΝαβατNabatgenitive patronymic (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΝαβατ: transliteration of Hebrew נְבָט; indeclinable; Nabat, father of Jeroboam I.
4

τὸν τεθνηκότα τοῦ Βαασα ἐν τῇ πόλει καταφάγονται αὐτὸν οἱ κύνες καὶ τὸν τεθνηκότα αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ καταφάγονται αὐτὸν τὰ πετεινὰ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ

Him of Baasha who dies in the city the dogs shall devour, and him of his who dies in the field the birds of heaven shall devour.

Curse-elaboration of the verdict (dishonored death)τὸν τεθνηκότα τοῦ Βαασα
The dog-and-bird curse — unburied corpses devoured by scavengers in city and field — is the stereotyped LXX/Deuteronomistic image of dishonored, accursed death (cf. 3 Kgdms 14:11; 21:24); the fronted accusative τὸν τεθνηκότα with resumptive αὐτόν is a Hebraizing casus pendens construction.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with substantival participle)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεθνηκόταdead one / one who has diedPerf Act Part Acc Sg Masc · θνῄσκωsubstantival participle (fronted accusative, casus pendens)→ resultative perfect participle (the settled state of being dead)θνῄσκω (perf. act. part. τεθνηκώς): 'be dead / have died'; the perfect substantival participle 'the dead one' renders Hebrew הַמֵּת; the perfect stresses the resultant state of being a corpse, exposed to scavengers.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with possessive genitive Βαασα)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒαασαBaashagenitive of possession ('the dead one of Baasha' = of his house)→ participant identificationΒαασα: here genitive of possession/relationship; 'the dead one belonging to Baasha' = any member of his house who dies.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in the city')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in the city').
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειcityDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceπόλις: 'city'; renders עִיר; the city–field merism (πόλις / πεδίον) encompasses every place of death, so that no member of Baasha's house escapes the dishonor of an unburied corpse.
καταφάγονταιshall devourFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · κατεσθίωmain verb (curse-prediction: dogs devour)→ predictive future (certain accursed fate)κατεσθίω (fut. mid. καταφάγομαι): 'eat up / devour completely'; the perfective κατα- intensifies; renders Hebrew אָכַל; the devouring of corpses by dogs marks the absence of honorable burial — a curse-death.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeresumptive direct object (casus pendens, resuming τὸν τεθνηκότα)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the resumptive pronoun αὐτόν picks up the fronted τὸν τεθνηκότα, a Hebraizing pendent-accusative construction.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύνεςdogsNominativesubject of καταφάγονται→ participant prominenceκύων: 'dog'; renders כֶּלֶב; in the OT scavenging dogs of the city are agents of curse, devouring the corpses of the accursed (cf. 3 Kgdms 14:11; 21:23–24; 22:38).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing parallel clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with substantival participle)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεθνηκόταdead onePerf Act Part Acc Sg Masc · θνῄσκωsubstantival participle (fronted accusative, second clause)→ resultative perfect participle (the settled state of being dead)θνῄσκω (perf. part.): the second 'dead one', now located in the field — parallel to the city-corpse, completing the merism.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession ('the dead one of his')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('the dead one of his').
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in the field')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in the field').
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεδίῳfield / plainDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceπεδίον: 'plain / open field / countryside'; renders שָׂדֶה; the open field is where the birds of heaven, rather than dogs, consume the unburied dead.
καταφάγονταιshall devourFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · κατεσθίωmain verb (curse-prediction: birds devour)→ predictive future (certain accursed fate)κατεσθίω (fut. mid.): the same verb repeated, now with the birds of heaven as subject, completing the parallel curse.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeresumptive direct object (casus pendens)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as resumptive direct object (casus pendens).
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πετεινὰbirdsNominativesubject of καταφάγονται (second clause)→ participant prominenceπετεινόν: 'bird / winged creature'; substantivized neuter adjective ('flying things'); τὰ πετεινὰ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ renders עוֹף הַשָּׁמַיִם ('the birds of the heavens'), scavengers of the field-dead.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανοῦheaven / skyGenitivegenitive of relationship (with πετεινά: 'birds of heaven')→ relational specificationοὐρανός: 'heaven / sky'; renders שָׁמַיִם; the genitive 'of heaven' is the fixed epithet of the wild birds in this curse-formula.
5

καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Βαασα καὶ πάντα ἃ ἐποίησεν καὶ αἱ δυναστεῖαι αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἰδοὺ ταῦτα γεγραμμένα ἐν βιβλίῳ λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν τῶν βασιλέων Ισραηλ

And the rest of the acts of Baasha, and all that he did, and his deeds of might — are these not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel?

Regnal-summary (annalistic citation) formulaκαὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων
The citation-formula 'the rest of the acts … are they not written in the book of the chronicles' (καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ … οὐκ … γεγραμμένα ἐν βιβλίῳ λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν) is the stereotyped Deuteronomistic close to a reign; the rhetorical οὐκ ('are they not …?') expects an affirmative answer and refers the reader to a now-lost royal annal.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with substantival adjective λοιπά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιπὰrest / remainderNominativesubstantival adjective (subject: 'the rest of the acts')→ participant prominenceλοιπός: 'remaining / rest'; substantivized τὰ λοιπά ('the remaining matters'); τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων renders יֶתֶר דִּבְרֵי ('the rest of the acts/words of'), the fixed opening of the regnal-summary formula.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνacts / words / mattersGenitivepartitive genitive (with λοιπά: 'rest of the acts')→ relational specificationλόγος: here in the plural λόγοι = 'deeds / affairs / acts' (rendering דִּבְרֵי), the annalistic sense of the word rather than 'words'; refers to the recorded acts of Baasha's reign.
Βαασαof Baashagenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΒαασα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallNominativesubstantival adjective (subject: 'all that he did')→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all / everything'; the neuter plural πάντα ('all the things') with the relative ἅ summarizes the totality of Baasha's deeds.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὅς, ἥ, ὅ: relative pronoun; neuter plural ἅ ('the things which') introducing the relative clause modifying πάντα.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause ('all that he did')→ constative aorist (summary of completed deeds)ποιέω: 'do / make'; renders עָשָׂה; the summary 'all that he did' is a fixed component of the annalistic citation-formula.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυναστεῖαιdeeds of might / dominionsNominativesubject ('his might / mighty deeds')→ participant prominenceδυναστεία: 'power / might / mighty deed'; renders Hebrew גְּבוּרָה ('might / valor'); the plural αἱ δυναστεῖαι denotes Baasha's exploits of power, a standard item in the regnal summary (cf. v. 27).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
οὐκnotnegative particle (rhetorical question marker)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ before vowel): negative; here the οὐκ … ; introduces the rhetorical question 'are these not written …?' expecting the answer 'yes', referring the reader to the royal annals.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle (with οὐκ: 'lo, are they not...')→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; in the formula οὐκ ἰδού it reinforces the rhetorical appeal to the written record (a Hebraism for הֲלֹא הֵם).
ταῦταthese thingsNominativesubject (demonstrative: 'these things')→ participant prominenceοὗτος: demonstrative; neuter plural ταῦτα ('these matters') resuming the deeds just listed, the subject of the periphrastic γεγραμμένα.
γεγραμμέναwrittenPerf Pass Part Nom Pl Neut · γράφωpredicate participle (periphrastic perfect passive: 'are written')→ resultative perfect (standing record)γράφω (perf. pass. part. γεγραμμένος): 'write'; the perfect passive participle (here with implied εἰσίν, periphrastic) denotes the abiding recorded state — 'these stand written'; renders the Hebrew passive participle כְּתוּבִים.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in the book')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in the book').
βιβλίῳbook / scrollDativedative of place (the record-source)→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book / scroll / document'; renders סֵפֶר; βιβλίον λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν renders סֵפֶר דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים ('the book of the chronicles / annals'), the royal annal of the northern kings.
λόγωνof the chronicles / mattersGenitivegenitive of content (with βιβλίῳ)→ relational specificationλόγος: here again the annalistic sense ('acts / records'); λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν = 'records of the days' = chronicles.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitivegenitive (with λόγων: 'records of the days' = annals)→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν ('words/acts of the days') is the LXX calque of דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים, the title of the royal chronicle-source.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωνkingsGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ἡμερῶν: 'of the kings')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the chronicle is specifically that 'of the kings of Israel' (the northern kingdom), distinguished from the parallel annal 'of the kings of Judah' (cf. the v. 28 plus).
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun).
6

καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Βαασα μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ καὶ θάπτεται ἐν Θερσα καὶ βασιλεύει Ηλα υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ εἰκοστῷ ἔτει βασιλέως Ασα

And Baasha slept with his fathers and is buried in Tirzah, and Elah his son reigns in his place in the twentieth year of King Asa.

Death-and-succession formulaκαὶ ἐκοιμήθη Βαασα
The death-notice formula 'slept with his fathers … and X his son reigned in his place' (ἐκοιμήθη … μετὰ τῶν πατέρων … βασιλεύει … ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ) is the standard Deuteronomistic regnal close; the historic presents θάπτεται and βασιλεύει vivify the succession, and the synchronism with Asa of Judah anchors the northern chronology.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκοιμήθηslept / fell asleepAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κοιμάομαιmain verb (death-formula)→ constative aorist (the king's death)κοιμάομαι (aor. pass. ἐκοιμήθη): 'sleep / fall asleep'; the euphemism ἐκοιμήθη μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ renders שָׁכַב עִם אֲבֹתָיו ('he lay down with his fathers'), the standard LXX death-notice for a king dying peacefully (cf. v. 28).
ΒαασαBaashasubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΒαασα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment: 'with his fathers')→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment: 'with his fathers').
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathers / ancestorsGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father / ancestor'; μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ renders עִם אֲבֹתָיו, the death-formula evoking burial in the ancestral grave / reunion with forebears.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θάπτεταιis buriedPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · θάπτωmain verb (historic present: burial)→ historic present (vivid narration of burial)θάπτω (pres. pass. θάπτεται): 'bury'; renders קָבַר; the historic present (a feature of this LXX section's lively narrative style) reports the burial as though before the reader's eyes.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in Tirzah')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in Tirzah').
ΘερσαTirzahdative-equivalent object of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΘερσα: transliteration of Hebrew תִּרְצָה (Tirzah); indeclinable in the LXX; the northern royal capital before Samaria, here the place of Baasha's burial (cf. vv. 8, 9, 15, 17, 23).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing succession)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βασιλεύειreignsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (historic present: accession)→ historic present (vivid narration of accession)βασιλεύω: 'be king / reign'; renders מָלַךְ; the historic present βασιλεύει marks Elah's accession in the succession-formula (cf. v. 23, v. 28).
ΗλαElahsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΗλα: transliteration of Hebrew אֵלָה (Elah); indeclinable in the LXX; son of Baasha and fourth king of the northern kingdom, who reigns two years before Zimri's coup.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ηλα ('his son')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; identifying Elah as Baasha's heir in the dynastic succession that the oracle of vv. 3–4 has already doomed.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with υἱός)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with υἱός).
ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution, elided ἀντί)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί (elided ἀντ᾿): 'instead of / in place of'; ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ renders תַּחְתָּיו ('in his stead'), the fixed succession-phrase.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί ('in place of him')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἀντί ('in place of him').
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal: 'in the year')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal: 'in the year').
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰκοστῷtwentiethDativeordinal adjective (with ἔτει: 'in the twentieth year')→ sphere or referenceεἰκοστός: 'twentieth'; the ordinal in the synchronistic dating formula correlating Elah's accession with the regnal year of Asa of Judah.
ἔτειyearDativedative of time (synchronistic dating)→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; ἐν τῷ … ἔτει renders בִּשְׁנַת, the synchronism-formula correlating the reigns of the two kingdoms.
βασιλέωςof kingGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ἔτει: 'year of King Asa')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; here genitive 'of King Asa', dating the northern event by the Judahite reign.
ΑσαAsagenitive in apposition to βασιλέως (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑσα: transliteration of Hebrew אָסָא (Asa); indeclinable in the LXX; king of Judah, used throughout the chapter as the synchronistic reference-point (cf. vv. 8, 23, 28, 29).
7

καὶ ἐν χειρὶ Ιου υἱοῦ Ανανι ἐλάλησεν κύριος ἐπὶ Βαασα καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ πᾶσαν τὴν κακίαν ἣν ἐποίησεν ἐνώπιον κυρίου τοῦ παροργίσαι αὐτὸν ἐν τοῖς ἔργοις τῶν χειρῶν αὐτοῦ τοῦ εἶναι κατὰ τὸν οἶκον Ιεροβοαμ καὶ ὑπὲρ τοῦ πατάξαι αὐτόν

And by the hand of Jehu son of Hanani the LORD spoke against Baasha and against his house — all the evil that he did before the LORD, provoking him to anger by the works of his hands, by being like the house of Jeroboam — and because he struck him down.

Retrospective theological comment (oracle reprise)καὶ ἐν χειρὶ Ιου
v. 7 is a narratorial flashback recapitulating the prophetic word of vv. 1–4: it restates that the oracle came διὰ Jehu, names Baasha's twofold guilt (his own evil works and his striking down of Jeroboam's house, which made him the unwitting executor and then heir of the same apostasy), and so justifies the doom on his dynasty.
Word-by-word analysis· 42 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (resumptive flashback)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (instrumental: 'by the hand of')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrumental: 'by the hand of').
χειρὶhandDativedative of instrument (idiom: 'by the hand of')→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand'; ἐν χειρὶ renders בְּיַד, prophetic-mediation idiom repeated from v. 1 to frame the flashback.
ΙουJehugenitive of agent (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of agent (indeclinable proper noun).
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition (patronymic)→ relational specificationυἱοῦ: meaning 'son'; it serves as genitive in apposition (patronymic).
ΑνανιHananigenitive patronymic (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑνανι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive patronymic (indeclinable proper noun).
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (the divine speech against Baasha)→ constative aorist (the prophetic pronouncement)λαλέω: 'speak'; renders דִּבֶּר; here YHWH is the subject, and the speaking is the doom-oracle delivered through Jehu against Baasha's house.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject (the divine speaker)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the divine name as subject confirms that the doom on Baasha is YHWH's own pronouncement, mediated by the prophet.
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile: 'against Baasha')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: here hostile, 'against'; renders עַל; marks Baasha and his house as the object of the judgment-speech.
ΒαασαBaashaaccusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΒαασα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable proper noun).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + accusative (extending: 'against his house')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (extending: 'against his house').
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the dynasty)→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / dynasty'; the doom falls on Baasha's whole line, as in v. 3.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective (with κακίαν: 'all the evil')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / whole'; the feminine accusative πᾶσαν agrees with κακίαν; the accusative of respect/content specifying what YHWH 'spoke against' — all the evil Baasha did.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κακίανevil / wickednessAccusativeaccusative of content (the evil that prompted the oracle)→ object specificationκακία: 'evil / wickedness / harm'; renders רָעָה; the totality of Baasha's evil 'before the LORD' is the ground of the dynastic judgment.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὅς, ἥ, ὅ: relative pronoun; feminine accusative ἥν agreeing with κακίαν.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause ('the evil that he did')→ constative aorist (completed wrongdoing)ποιέω: 'do / commit'; here of doing evil ἐνώπιον κυρίου, the Deuteronomistic indictment-formula.
ἐνώπιονbefore / in the sight ofpreposition + genitive (evaluative: 'before the LORD')→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the presence of'; Hebraism rendering בְּעֵינֵי / לִפְנֵי; 'evil before the LORD' = evil as YHWH judges it (cf. v. 19, v. 25, v. 30).
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the evaluating presence before whom the evil is reckoned.
τοῦso as toarticular infinitive marker (genitive of result)→ clausal contributionτοῦ + infinitive: genitive articular infinitive of result/purpose ('so as to provoke').
παροργίσαιto provokeAor Act Inf · παροργίζωarticular infinitive of result ('provoking him to anger')→ telic/consecutive aorist infinitive (the upshot of the apostasy)παροργίζω: 'provoke to anger'; renders הִכְעִיס; the cultic-provocation verb recurring through the chapter (cf. v. 2, v. 13, v. 26, v. 33).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of παροργίσαι (the LORD provoked)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of παροργίσαι (the LORD provoked).
ἐνbypreposition + dative (instrumental: 'by the works')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrumental: 'by the works').
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργοιςworks / deedsDativedative of instrument ('by the works of his hands')→ sphere or referenceἔργον: 'work / deed'; ἔργα τῶν χειρῶν ('works of the hands') is a Hebraism (מַעֲשֵׂה יָדָיו) here denoting idol-fabrication or sinful conduct that provokes YHWH.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρῶνhandsGenitivegenitive of source (with ἔργοις: 'works of his hands')→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand'; the genitive 'of his hands' completes the idiom for human-made works (especially idols) that anger God.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
τοῦso as to / inarticular infinitive marker (genitive of manner/result)→ clausal contributionτοῦ + infinitive: here epexegetical/resultative ('in that he was like…').
εἶναιto be / beingPres Act Inf · εἰμίarticular infinitive (resultative: 'being like the house of Jeroboam')→ verbal action or stateεἰμί (pres. inf. εἶναι): 'be'; the articular infinitive τοῦ εἶναι κατὰ τὸν οἶκον Ιεροβοαμ = 'so as to be like the house of Jeroboam', identifying Baasha's apostasy with the archetypal northern sin.
κατὰaccording to / likepreposition + accusative (comparison: 'like the house')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + accusative: 'according to / like'; renders כְּ; here marking conformity to the pattern of Jeroboam's house.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (the model: Jeroboam's house)→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / dynasty'; the house of Jeroboam as the negative paradigm Baasha imitated and thus shared in its doom.
Ιεροβοαμof Jeroboamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (adding second ground)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑπὲρbecause of / on account ofpreposition + genitive (causal: 'because he struck him')→ spatial or relational framingὑπέρ + genitive: here causal, 'because of / on account of'; with the articular infinitive τοῦ πατάξαι gives the additional ground: Baasha's striking down of Jeroboam's house.
τοῦthat / becausearticular infinitive marker (genitive, causal with ὑπέρ)→ clausal contributionτοῦ + infinitive: with ὑπέρ forms the causal 'because he struck him down'.
πατάξαιto strike / smiteAor Act Inf · πατάσσωarticular infinitive (causal: 'because of his striking him')→ telic aorist infinitive (the hoped-for blow)πατάσσω: 'strike / smite / kill'; renders הִכָּה / נָכָה; refers to Baasha's massacre of the house of Jeroboam (3 Kgdms 15:27–29) — an act that both fulfilled prophecy and, through his subsequent apostasy, incurred his own doom.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object of πατάξαι (Jeroboam's house, struck down)→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of πατάξαι (Jeroboam's house, struck down).
8

καὶ Ηλα υἱὸς Βαασα ἐβασίλευσεν ἐπὶ Ισραηλ δύο ἔτη ἐν Θερσα

And Elah son of Baasha reigned over Israel two years in Tirzah.

Accession-summary formula (new reign opened)καὶ Ηλα υἱὸς Βαασα
The accession-formula (king + patronymic + ἐβασίλευσεν + length + place) opens the brief reign of Elah; the mention of only 'two years' signals from the outset the instability that will end in Zimri's coup (vv. 9–10).
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΗλαElahsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΗλα: Hebrew אֵלָה (Elah); indeclinable; son of Baasha, whose two-year reign is the setting for Zimri's coup.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition (patronymic: 'son of Baasha')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; identifying Elah's dynastic descent from Baasha, the line under judgment.
Βαασαof Baashagenitive patronymic (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΒαασα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive patronymic (indeclinable proper noun).
ἐβασίλευσενreigned / became kingAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (accession-formula)→ constative/ingressive aorist (the reign as a whole / its inception)βασιλεύω: 'reign / become king'; renders מָלַךְ; the aorist ἐβασίλευσεν in the accession-formula sums up the whole (brief) reign.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (authority over)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'over'; renders עַל; marking the realm of Elah's rule.
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable proper noun).
δύοtwonumeral (with ἔτη: 'two years')→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; indeclinable numeral here; the short two-year reign foreshadows the coming coup.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('for two years')→ object specificationἔτος: 'year'; accusative of duration; the reign-length component of the accession-formula.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in Tirzah')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in Tirzah').
ΘερσαTirzahdative-equivalent object of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΘερσα: Hebrew תִּרְצָה (Tirzah); indeclinable; the northern capital and seat of Elah's reign.
9

καὶ συνέστρεψεν ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸν Ζαμβρι ὁ ἄρχων τῆς ἡμίσους τῆς ἵππου καὶ αὐτὸς ἦν ἐν Θερσα πίνων μεθύων ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ Ωσα τοῦ οἰκονόμου ἐν Θερσα

And Zimri, the commander of half the cavalry, conspired against him; and he was in Tirzah drinking himself drunk in the house of Arza the steward in Tirzah.

Conspiracy-notice (peripeteia of the reign)καὶ συνέστρεψεν ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸν Ζαμβρι
The verb συνέστρεψεν ('conspired / banded together against') marks the coup; the circumstantial clause αὐτὸς ἦν … πίνων μεθύων ('he was drinking himself drunk') is a moral cameo highlighting Elah's vulnerable dissipation — drunk in a steward's house while his commander plots regicide.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνέστρεψενconspired / banded togetherAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συστρέφωmain verb (conspiracy-notice)→ ingressive aorist (formation of the plot)συστρέφω: 'gather / band together / conspire'; renders Hebrew קָשַׁר ('conspire'); with ἐπί + acc. ('against him') it is the technical verb for a seditious coup (cf. συνεστράφη in v. 16).
ἐπ᾿againstpreposition + accusative (hostile, elided ἐπί)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί (elided ἐπ᾿): 'against'; with συστρέφω marks the target of the conspiracy.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (Elah)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ἐπί (Elah).
ΖαμβριZimrisubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΖαμβρι: transliteration of Hebrew זִמְרִי (Zimri); indeclinable in the LXX; commander of half the chariotry, whose coup gives him a seven-day reign (vv. 10, 15–18).
theNominativearticle (with ἄρχων)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρχωνcommander / rulerNominativenominative in apposition to Ζαμβρι ('the commander')→ participant prominenceἄρχων: 'ruler / officer / commander'; substantivized participle of ἄρχω, here a fixed title; renders שַׂר ('captain'); Zimri commands half the war-chariotry.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμίσουςhalfGenitivesubstantival adjective (genitive: 'of the half')→ relational specificationἥμισυς: 'half'; substantivized τὸ ἥμισυ ('the half'); renders מַחֲצִית; Zimri commands half the chariot-force, the other half presumably under another officer.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἵππουcavalry / chariotryGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ἡμίσους: 'half the cavalry')→ relational specificationἵππος: 'horse'; the feminine collective ἡ ἵππος = 'the cavalry / chariot-force' (rendering הָרֶכֶב, 'the chariotry'); Zimri commands half of this corps.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing circumstantial clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςheNominativesubject (emphatic: 'he, Elah')→ participant prominenceαὐτός: intensive pronoun 'he himself'; subject of the circumstantial clause describing Elah's drunken state at the moment of the coup.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb of circumstantial clause (with participles: periphrastic)→ descriptive imperfect (ongoing state at the time of the coup)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'be'; with the participles πίνων μεθύων forms a periphrastic imperfect ('he was drinking himself drunk'), depicting Elah's continuous dissipation.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in Tirzah')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in Tirzah').
ΘερσαTirzahdative-equivalent object of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΘερσα: Hebrew תִּרְצָה; indeclinable; the capital where Elah carouses.
πίνωνdrinkingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · πίνωsupplementary participle (periphrastic with ἦν)→ verbal action or stateπίνω (pres. part. πίνων): 'drink'; renders שֹׁתֶה; the present participle in the periphrasis stresses the ongoing carousing.
μεθύωνgetting drunkPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · μεθύωsupplementary participle (intensifying πίνων: 'drinking drunk')→ verbal action or stateμεθύω (pres. part. μεθύων): 'be drunk / get drunk'; renders שִׁכּוֹר; paired with πίνων it underscores Elah's helpless intoxication, the very opposite of royal vigilance.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in the house')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in the house').
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκῳhouseDativedative of place (the steward's house)→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: 'house'; here a private dwelling — the steward's residence — not the palace, heightening the indignity of the king's drunken end.
ΩσαArzagenitive of possession (indeclinable proper noun: 'of Arza')→ participant identificationΩσα: the LXX form of Hebrew אַרְצָא (Arza); indeclinable; the royal steward (οἰκονόμος) in whose house Elah was killed.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with οἰκονόμου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκονόμουsteward / house-managerGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ωσα ('the steward')→ relational specificationοἰκονόμος: 'steward / manager of the household'; renders אֲשֶׁר עַל הַבַּיִת ('who is over the house'), the court official in charge of the palace; Arza held this office.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative, repeated: 'in Tirzah')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative, repeated: 'in Tirzah').
ΘερσαTirzahdative-equivalent object of ἐν (indeclinable place-name, emphatic repetition)→ participant identificationΘερσα: the repeated locative ἐν Θερσα frames the scene of the assassination, a Hebraizing resumptive doubling.
10

καὶ εἰσῆλθεν Ζαμβρι καὶ ἐπάταξεν αὐτὸν καὶ ἐθανάτωσεν αὐτὸν καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ

And Zimri went in and struck him and killed him, and reigned in his place.

Coup executed (rapid καί-chain)καὶ εἰσῆλθεν Ζαμβρι
A staccato chain of four aorists (εἰσῆλθεν … ἐπάταξεν … ἐθανάτωσεν … ἐβασίλευσεν) narrates the lightning regicide-and-usurpation; the doubled 'struck him … killed him' is a Hebraizing intensification stressing the completeness of the assassination.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσῆλθενwent in / enteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (entry to the scene of the killing)→ constative aorist (the decisive entrance)εἰσέρχομαι (aor. εἰσῆλθεν): 'go in / enter'; renders בָּא; Zimri enters the house where the drunken Elah is feasting.
ΖαμβριZimrisubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΖαμβρι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstruckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (the blow)→ constative aorist (the fatal stroke)πατάσσω: 'strike / smite'; renders הִכָּה; the first member of the doubled killing-formula 'struck him and killed him'.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object (Elah)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (Elah).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθανάτωσενput to death / killedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θανατόωmain verb (intensifying ἐπάταξεν)→ constative aorist (completed killing)θανατόω: 'put to death / kill'; renders הֵמִית; the second member of the doubled killing-formula, confirming Elah's death.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object (Elah)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (Elah).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσενreigned / became kingAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (usurpation)→ ingressive aorist (seizure of the throne)βασιλεύω: 'become king / reign'; renders מָלַךְ; the ingressive aorist marks Zimri's immediate (and short-lived) usurpation.
ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution, elided ἀντί)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί (elided ἀντ᾿): 'in place of'; ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ renders תַּחְתָּיו, the succession-phrase — here marking a usurpation rather than a legitimate succession.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἀντί.
11

καὶ ἐγενήθη ἐν τῷ βασιλεῦσαι αὐτὸν ἐν τῷ καθίσαι αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐπάταξεν ὅλον τὸν οἶκον Βαασα

And it happened, when he became king, as soon as he sat on his throne, that he struck down the whole house of Baasha.

Temporal-circumstantial frame + main event (purge)καὶ ἐγενήθη ἐν τῷ βασιλεῦσαι
The 'and it came to pass when …' construction (καὶ ἐγενήθη + articular infinitive of time) is a Hebraizing temporal frame (וַיְהִי כְּ + inf.); the two parallel infinitival clauses ('when he reigned … when he sat on his throne') stress that the very first act of Zimri's reign was the dynastic purge that fulfils the oracle.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγενήθηit happenedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (impersonal temporal frame)→ constative aorist (event-introducing formula)γίνομαι (aor. pass. ἐγενήθη): 'become / happen'; the impersonal καὶ ἐγενήθη … renders וַיְהִי, the Hebraizing 'and it came to pass' that introduces a temporally framed event.
ἐνwhen / inpreposition + articular infinitive (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν τῷ + infinitive: temporal idiom 'when / while', rendering בְּ + infinitive; here 'when he became king'.
τῷthearticular infinitive marker (with ἐν, temporal)→ clausal contributionτῷ + infinitive: the dative articular infinitive after ἐν forms the temporal clause.
βασιλεῦσαιto reign / became kingAor Act Inf · βασιλεύωarticular infinitive of time ('when he reigned')→ ingressive aorist infinitive (entry into kingship)βασιλεύω (aor. inf. βασιλεῦσαι): 'reign / become king'; in the temporal idiom ἐν τῷ βασιλεῦσαι αὐτόν = 'when he became king'.
αὐτὸνhe / himAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive βασιλεῦσαι→ participant referenceαὐτός: accusative subject of the articular infinitive (Greek idiom for the logical subject within ἐν τῷ + inf.).
ἐνwhen / as soon aspreposition + articular infinitive (temporal, parallel)→ spatial or relational framingἐν τῷ + infinitive: second parallel temporal clause, 'as soon as he sat'.
τῷthearticular infinitive marker (with ἐν, temporal)→ clausal contributionτῷ: meaning 'the'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
καθίσαιto sit / sat downAor Act Inf · καθίζωarticular infinitive of time ('when he sat on his throne')→ verbal action or stateκαθίζω (aor. inf. καθίσαι): 'sit / be seated / take one's seat'; renders יָשַׁב; 'sitting on the throne' = formally assuming royal power, the moment the purge begins.
αὐτὸνhe / himAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive καθίσαι→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative subject of the infinitive καθίσαι.
ἐπὶon / uponpreposition + genitive (position: 'on the throne')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position: 'on the throne').
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θρόνουthroneGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (the seat of royal power)→ relational specificationθρόνος: 'throne / seat of power'; renders כִּסֵּא; sitting on the throne marks the formal assumption of kingship from which Zimri orders the purge.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with θρόνου)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with θρόνου).
καὶand / thatcoordinate conjunction (apodosis after the temporal frame)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here the apodotic καί introducing the main clause after the Hebraizing temporal frame (a Septuagintal 'then').
ἐπάταξενstruck down / smoteAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (the dynastic purge)→ constative aorist (the completed massacre)πατάσσω: 'strike / smite / kill'; renders הִכָּה; here of the wholesale slaughter of Baasha's house — the fulfilment of the oracle of vv. 3–4 and 7.
ὅλονwhole / entireAccusativeattributive adjective (with οἶκον: 'the whole house')→ object specificationὅλος: 'whole / entire'; renders כָּל; ὅλον τὸν οἶκον stresses the completeness of the extermination — no survivor of Baasha's line, as the oracle decreed.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativedirect object of ἐπάταξεν (Baasha's dynasty)→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / dynasty'; the house of Baasha, annihilated exactly as Baasha had annihilated the house of Jeroboam (cf. v. 7).
Βαασαof Baashagenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΒαασα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun).
12

κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα ὃ ἐλάλησεν κύριος ἐπὶ τὸν οἶκον Βαασα πρὸς Ιου τὸν προφήτην

according to the word that the LORD spoke against the house of Baasha through Jehu the prophet,

Prophecy-fulfilment formulaκατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα
The fulfilment-formula κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα … ὃ ἐλάλησεν κύριος ('according to the word that the LORD spoke') explicitly ties Zimri's purge to the oracle of vv. 1–4, naming Jehu as ὁ προφήτης; the prophetic word, not Zimri's ambition, is the true cause of the dynasty's fall.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (conformity: 'according to the word')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + accusative: 'according to / in conformity with'; renders כְּ / כִּדְבַר; introduces the prophecy-fulfilment formula.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαword / utteranceAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (the fulfilled prophetic word)→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word / saying / matter'; renders דָּבָר; κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου ('according to the word of the LORD') is the fixed fulfilment-formula (cf. v. 34).
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐλάλησεν)→ participant referenceὅς, ἥ, ὅ: relative pronoun; neuter accusative ὅ agreeing with ῥῆμα.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωverb of relative clause ('the word that the LORD spoke')→ constative aorist (the prophetic pronouncement)λαλέω: 'speak'; renders דִּבֶּר; the LORD is subject, the speaking being the doom-oracle now fulfilled.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ἐλάλησεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the divine author of the fulfilled word.
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile: 'against the house')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'against'; renders עַל; the word was spoken against Baasha's house.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (Baasha's dynasty)→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / dynasty'; the target of the oracle, now purged.
Βαασαof Baashagenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΒαασα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun).
πρὸςthrough / bypreposition + accusative (mediation: 'through Jehu')→ spatial or relational framingπρός + accusative: here marking the prophet as the one through/to whom the word was given (cf. בְּיַד); Jehu is the channel of the oracle.
ΙουJehuaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙου: Hebrew יֵהוּא; indeclinable; the prophet through whom the doom-oracle came (cf. vv. 1, 7).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with προφήτην)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφήτηνprophetAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Ιου ('Jehu the prophet')→ object specificationπροφήτης: 'prophet'; renders נָבִיא; the explicit title confirms Jehu son of Hanani's prophetic office and the divine authority of his word against Baasha.
13

περὶ πασῶν τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν Βαασα καὶ Ηλα τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ ὡς ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ισραηλ τοῦ παροργίσαι κύριον τὸν θεὸν Ισραηλ ἐν τοῖς ματαίοις αὐτῶν

concerning all the sins of Baasha and of Elah his son, in that he made Israel to sin, provoking the LORD the God of Israel with their vanities.

Theological ground of the judgment (sin-summary)περὶ πασῶν τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν
v. 13 supplies the moral rationale of the purge: it was 'concerning all the sins of Baasha and Elah'; the relative clause ὡς ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ισραηλ and the purpose infinitive τοῦ παροργίσαι echo verbatim the indictment of v. 2, closing the literary frame around the doomed dynasty.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
περὶconcerning / because ofpreposition + genitive (cause/reference: 'concerning the sins')→ spatial or relational framingπερί + genitive: 'concerning / on account of'; renders עַל; introduces the catalogue of sins that justify the dynastic doom.
πασῶνallGenitiveattributive adjective (with ἁμαρτιῶν: 'all the sins')→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the feminine genitive plural πασῶν agrees with ἁμαρτιῶν, stressing the totality of the guilt.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτιῶνsinsGenitivegenitive object of περί (the cause of judgment)→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin / transgression'; renders חַטֹּאת; the accumulated sins of the dynasty (especially cultic apostasy) are the ground of its annihilation.
Βαασαof Baashagenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΒαασα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
Ηλαof Elahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΗλα: Hebrew אֵלָה; indeclinable; here named alongside his father as co-guilty in the dynastic sin.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with υἱοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ηλα ('his son')→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; identifying Elah as Baasha's son, sharing his guilt and his fate.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ὡςin that / as / howconjunction (epexegetical: 'in that he made Israel sin')→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: here explicative/causal ('in that / inasmuch as'); renders אֲשֶׁר; introduces the specification of the sin — making Israel sin.
ἐξήμαρτενhe made to sinAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαμαρτάνωverb of explicative clause (causative: 'made Israel sin')→ constative aorist (the corporate corruption)ἐξαμαρτάνω: 'cause to sin'; causative with τὸν Ισραηλ, rendering the Hiphil הֶחֱטִיא; the dynastic crime of leading the nation into apostasy (cf. v. 2, v. 19, v. 26).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative object of ἐξήμαρτεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of ἐξήμαρτεν (indeclinable proper noun).
τοῦso as toarticular infinitive marker (genitive of result)→ clausal contributionτοῦ + infinitive: genitive articular infinitive of result/purpose ('so as to provoke').
παροργίσαιto provokeAor Act Inf · παροργίζωarticular infinitive of result ('provoking the LORD')→ telic/consecutive aorist infinitive (the upshot of the apostasy)παροργίζω: 'provoke to anger'; renders הִכְעִיס; the cultic-provocation verb, here with the divine title as object (cf. v. 2, v. 7, v. 26, v. 33).
κύριονthe LORDAccusativedirect object of παροργίσαι→ object specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the one provoked by the dynasty's idolatry.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with θεόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸνGodAccusativeaccusative in apposition to κύριον ('the God of Israel')→ object specificationθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; κύριον τὸν θεὸν Ισραηλ ('the LORD the God of Israel') is the full covenant-title, sharpening the irony that the people's own God is the one they provoke.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun).
ἐνwith / bypreposition + dative (instrumental: 'with their vanities')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrumental: 'with their vanities').
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ματαίοιςvanities / idolsDativedative of instrument (substantival adjective: 'vanities')→ sphere or referenceμάταιος: 'vain / worthless'; substantivized τὰ μάταια ('vanities') = idols, rendering הֲבָלִים; verbatim echo of v. 2, closing the indictment-frame.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with ματαίοις)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with ματαίοις).
14

καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Ηλα καὶ πάντα ἃ ἐποίησεν οὐκ ἰδοὺ ταῦτα γεγραμμένα ἐν βιβλίῳ λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν τῶν βασιλέων Ισραηλ

And the rest of the acts of Elah, and all that he did — are these not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel?

Regnal-summary (annalistic citation) formulaκαὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Ηλα
The standard citation-formula closes Elah's brief reign, identical in form to v. 5; its bare formulaic application even to so short and ignominious a reign underscores the annalistic regularity of the Deuteronomistic framework.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with substantival adjective λοιπά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιπὰrest / remainderNominativesubstantival adjective (subject: 'the rest of the acts')→ participant prominenceλοιπός: 'remaining'; τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων renders יֶתֶר דִּבְרֵי, the regnal-summary opening (cf. v. 5).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνacts / mattersGenitivepartitive genitive (with λοιπά)→ relational specificationλόγος: annalistic 'acts / deeds' (rendering דִּבְרֵי); the recorded affairs of Elah's reign.
Ηλαof Elahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΗλα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallNominativesubstantival adjective (subject: 'all that he did')→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; neuter plural πάντα with relative ἅ summing up Elah's deeds.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὅς, ἥ, ὅ: relative pronoun; neuter plural ἅ ('the things which').
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause ('all that he did')→ constative aorist (summary of deeds)ποιέω: 'do / make'; renders עָשָׂה; fixed component of the citation-formula.
οὐκnotnegative particle (rhetorical question marker)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ): negative; οὐκ ἰδού introduces the rhetorical 'are they not written?' expecting an affirmative answer.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle (with οὐκ: 'lo, are they not...')→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; in οὐκ ἰδού reinforces the appeal to the written record (Hebraism for הֲלֹא הֵם).
ταῦταthese thingsNominativesubject (demonstrative: 'these things')→ participant prominenceοὗτος: demonstrative; ταῦτα resuming the deeds as subject of the periphrastic γεγραμμένα.
γεγραμμέναwrittenPerf Pass Part Nom Pl Neut · γράφωpredicate participle (periphrastic perfect passive: 'are written')→ resultative perfect (standing record)γράφω (perf. pass. part. γεγραμμένος): 'write'; perfect passive denoting the abiding recorded state; renders the Hebrew passive participle כְּתוּבִים.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in the book')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in the book').
βιβλίῳbook / scrollDativedative of place (the record-source)→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book / scroll'; βιβλίον λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν renders סֵפֶר דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים ('the book of the chronicles').
λόγωνof the chroniclesGenitivegenitive of content (with βιβλίῳ)→ relational specificationλόγος: annalistic 'records'; λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν = 'records of the days' = chronicles.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitivegenitive (with λόγων: 'records of the days' = annals)→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν calques דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים, the chronicle-title.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωνkingsGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ἡμερῶν: 'of the kings')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the chronicle of the kings of Israel (northern kingdom).
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun).
15

καὶ Ζαμβρι ἐβασίλευσεν ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας ἐν Θερσα καὶ ἡ παρεμβολὴ Ισραηλ ἐπὶ Γαβαθων τὴν τῶν ἀλλοφύλων

And Zimri reigned seven days in Tirzah, while the army of Israel was encamped against Gibbethon of the Philistines.

Accession-summary with ironic brevity + scene-settingκαὶ Ζαμβρι ἐβασίλευσεν ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας
The accession-formula is here pointedly truncated to 'seven days', the shortest reign in Kings; the circumstantial nominal clause (ἡ παρεμβολὴ Ισραηλ ἐπὶ Γαβαθων) sets the military backdrop — the army is besieging Gibbethon, far from Tirzah, which both explains Zimri's window of opportunity and prepares for the army's counter-acclamation of Omri (v. 16).
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΖαμβριZimrisubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΖαμβρι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
ἐβασίλευσενreignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (accession-summary)→ constative aorist (the whole — minimal — reign)βασιλεύω: 'reign / be king'; renders מָלַךְ; the aorist sums up Zimri's entire reign of seven days.
ἑπτὰsevennumeral (with ἡμέρας: 'seven days')→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; indeclinable numeral; the proverbially complete number here marks the shortest of all the reigns — kingship gained and lost within a single week.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('for seven days')→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; accusative of duration measuring the brevity of the reign.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in Tirzah')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in Tirzah').
ΘερσαTirzahdative-equivalent object of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΘερσα: Hebrew תִּרְצָה; indeclinable; the capital Zimri briefly holds.
καὶand / whilecoordinate conjunction (introducing circumstantial nominal clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle (with παρεμβολή)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολὴarmy / campNominativesubject of nominal clause ('the army of Israel')→ participant prominenceπαρεμβολή: 'camp / encampment / army in the field'; renders מַחֲנֶה; here the Israelite military host besieging Gibbethon, soon to make Omri king.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun).
ἐπὶagainst / atpreposition + accusative (military position: 'against Gibbethon')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: here 'against / encamped at' (a siege-position); renders עַל; the army is besieging the Philistine town.
ΓαβαθωνGibbethonaccusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΓαβαθων: transliteration of Hebrew גִּבְּתוֹן (Gibbethon); indeclinable; a Philistine town in the Danite/Philistine border region, under Israelite siege (cf. 3 Kgdms 15:27).
τὴνthe (one)Accusativearticle (substantival, with genitive: 'the town of the Philistines')→ noun-phrase markingἡ (article): the feminine article τήν, agreeing with the implied city/town, governs the partitive-possessive genitive τῶν ἀλλοφύλων ('the one of the Philistines').
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλοφύλωνPhilistines / foreignersGenitivegenitive of possession ('the town of the Philistines')→ relational specificationἀλλόφυλος: 'of another tribe / foreigner'; the LXX's standard rendering of פְּלִשְׁתִּים ('Philistines'), lit. 'people of another stock'; Gibbethon belonged to them.
16

καὶ ἤκουσεν ὁ λαὸς ἐν τῇ παρεμβολῇ λεγόντων συνεστράφη Ζαμβρι καὶ ἔπαισεν τὸν βασιλέα καὶ ἐβασίλευσαν ἐν Ισραηλ τὸν Αμβρι τὸν ἡγούμενον τῆς στρατιᾶς ἐπὶ Ισραηλ ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ ἐν τῇ παρεμβολῇ

And the people in the camp heard it said, 'Zimri has conspired and struck down the king'; and they made Omri, the commander of the army, king over Israel on that day in the camp.

Counter-acclamation (the army's response)καὶ ἤκουσεν ὁ λαὸς
On hearing the report of Zimri's coup (introduced by λεγόντων + direct speech), the army in the field at once proclaims its own commander Omri king — a rival acclamation 'on that day, in the camp' that sets the stage for the march on Tirzah (v. 17) and the civil war (vv. 21–22).
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤκουσενheardAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (the army receives the report)→ constative aorist (the moment of hearing)ἀκούω (aor. ἤκουσεν): 'hear'; renders שָׁמַע; the singular verb with the collective ὁ λαός; the army's hearing of the coup triggers the counter-acclamation.
theNominativearticle (with λαός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeople / armyNominativesubject (collective: 'the people in the camp')→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; here specifically the military host (העם as army), the soldiers encamped against Gibbethon who become kingmakers.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in the camp')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in the camp').
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολῇcamp / armyDativedative of place (locative: where the people heard)→ sphere or referenceπαρεμβολή: 'camp / encampment'; renders מַחֲנֶה; the siege-camp at Gibbethon where the report arrives.
λεγόντωνsayingPres Act Part Gen Pl Masc · λέγωparticiple of indirect report (genitive absolute / loosely construed: 'as they said')→ present participle (quotative, introducing the report)λέγω (pres. part. λεγόντων): 'say'; the genitive plural participle introduces the reported speech; the loose construction (a Hebraizing לֵאמֹר) reports the rumor circulating through the camp.
συνεστράφηhas conspiredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · συστρέφωmain verb of reported speech ('Zimri has conspired')→ constative aorist (the reported coup)συστρέφω (aor. pass. συνεστράφη): 'conspire / band together'; renders קָשַׁר; the same verb as v. 9 (συνέστρεψεν), now in the soldiers' report of the regicide.
ΖαμβριZimrisubject of reported speech (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΖαμβρι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject of reported speech (indeclinable proper noun).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (within reported speech)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔπαισενstruck / smoteAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παίωmain verb of reported speech ('struck the king')→ constative aorist (the reported killing)παίω (aor. ἔπαισεν): 'strike / smite'; here synonymous with πατάσσω; the soldiers' report that Zimri 'struck the king' (= killed Elah).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativedirect object of ἔπαισεν (Elah)→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; here Elah, the king Zimri struck down.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (resuming main narrative)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσανthey made kingAor Act Indic 3 Pl · βασιλεύωmain verb (the army's acclamation; transitive/causative)→ constative aorist (the act of king-making)βασιλεύω (aor. 3 pl. ἐβασίλευσαν): normally intransitive 'reign', here used transitively/causatively ('they made Omri king'), rendering the Hiphil הִמְלִיכוּ; the object τὸν Αμβρι makes the causative sense plain.
ἐνin / overpreposition + dative (idiom: 'made king in/over Israel')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: here in the kingship-idiom 'reign in/over Israel' (rendering Hebrew בְּ / עַל with מָלַךְ).
ΙσραηλIsraeldative-equivalent object of ἐν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative-equivalent object of ἐν (indeclinable proper noun).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Αμβρι, marking the object)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑμβριOmriaccusative object of ἐβασίλευσαν (indeclinable proper noun, here articular)→ participant identificationΑμβρι: the LXX form of Hebrew עָמְרִי (Omri); indeclinable, though here marked as object by the article τόν; commander of the army, made king and founder of the Omride dynasty (cf. vv. 17, 21–30).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἡγούμενον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡγούμενονcommander / leaderPres Mid Part Acc Sg Masc · ἡγέομαιsubstantival participle in apposition to Αμβρι ('the commander')→ substantival participle (title of office)ἡγέομαι (pres. mid. part. ἡγούμενος): 'lead / command'; substantival 'commander / leader'; here of Omri as commander of the army (στρατιά), the basis of his acclamation.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with στρατιᾶς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στρατιᾶςarmy / hostGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ἡγούμενον: 'commander of the army')→ relational specificationστρατιά: 'army / host'; renders צָבָא; Omri commanded the whole army, which makes his elevation a military coup against the usurper Zimri.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (authority: 'over Israel')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'over'; here marking Omri's commission as commander over Israel's army (and now its king).
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable proper noun).
ἐνon / inpreposition + dative (temporal: 'on that day')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal: 'on that day').
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time ('on that day')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ ('on that day') stresses the immediacy of the army's response to the news.
ἐκείνῃthatDativedemonstrative adjective (with ἡμέρᾳ: 'that day')→ sphere or referenceἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the demonstrative pointing to the very day of the coup-report, when the rival acclamation occurred.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in the camp')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in the camp').
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολῇcampDativedative of place (locative: the site of the acclamation)→ sphere or referenceπαρεμβολή: 'camp'; the acclamation 'in the camp' (not the capital) marks Omri's kingship as army-made, the rival of Zimri's palace-coup.
17

καὶ ἀνέβη Αμβρι καὶ πᾶς Ισραηλ μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ ἐκ Γαβαθων καὶ περιεκάθισαν ἐπὶ Θερσα

And Omri went up, and all Israel with him, from Gibbethon, and they besieged Tirzah.

Military advance (the siege of Tirzah)καὶ ἀνέβη Αμβρι
The army abandons the Gibbethon siege and 'goes up' (ἀνέβη — the standard verb for a military expedition) against the capital; the rapid shift from external warfare to internal siege concentrates the whole nation's force against the week-old usurper Zimri.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέβηwent upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (military advance)→ constative aorist (the campaign-move)ἀναβαίνω (aor. ἀνέβη): 'go up / advance'; renders עָלָה; the standard verb for marching on a city to besiege it; here Omri leads the army up from Gibbethon to Tirzah.
ΑμβριOmrisubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑμβρι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjective (with Ισραηλ: 'all Israel')→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; πᾶς Ισραηλ ('all Israel') denotes the whole army/nation rallying behind Omri.
ΙσραηλIsraelsubject in apposition (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject in apposition (indeclinable proper noun).
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided μετά)→ spatial or relational framingμετά (elided μετ᾿): 'with'; renders עִם; the army accompanies Omri in the march.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μετά.
ἐκfrom / out ofpreposition + genitive (source: 'from Gibbethon')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ + genitive: 'from / out of'; renders מִן; the army's departure-point, the abandoned siege of Gibbethon.
ΓαβαθωνGibbethongenitive object of ἐκ (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΓαβαθων: Hebrew גִּבְּתוֹן; indeclinable; the Philistine town whose siege is lifted to march on Tirzah.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιεκάθισανbesieged / sat down aroundAor Act Indic 3 Pl · περικαθίζωmain verb (the siege)→ constative/ingressive aorist (the laying of siege)περικαθίζω (aor. περιεκάθισαν): 'sit down around / besiege / blockade'; the compound περι- ('around') marks encirclement; renders the siege-idiom (חָנָה עַל / צוּר); the army encircles Tirzah.
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + accusative (siege-position: 'against Tirzah')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'against / upon'; with περικαθίζω marks the besieged city.
ΘερσαTirzahaccusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΘερσα: Hebrew תִּרְצָה; indeclinable; the capital where Zimri has barricaded himself.
18

καὶ ἐγενήθη ὡς εἶδεν Ζαμβρι ὅτι προκατείλημπται αὐτοῦ ἡ πόλις καὶ εἰσπορεύεται εἰς ἄντρον τοῦ οἴκου τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ ἐνεπύρισεν ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸν τὸν οἶκον τοῦ βασιλέως ἐν πυρὶ καὶ ἀπέθανεν

And it happened, when Zimri saw that his city was already taken, that he went into the inner chamber of the king's house and burned the king's house down over himself with fire, and died,

Temporal frame + climactic suicideκαὶ ἐγενήθη ὡς εἶδεν Ζαμβρι
The 'and it came to pass when …' frame (καὶ ἐγενήθη ὡς + aorist) leads to Zimri's desperate self-immolation: rather than be captured he retreats to the citadel-chamber and burns the palace over himself — a grimly ironic end for a reign of seven days, dying in the very seat of power he had usurped.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγενήθηit happenedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (impersonal temporal frame)→ constative aorist (event-introducing formula)γίνομαι (aor. pass. ἐγενήθη): the impersonal καὶ ἐγενήθη renders וַיְהִי, the Hebraizing 'and it came to pass' before a temporal clause.
ὡςwhen / astemporal conjunction ('when Zimri saw')→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'when / as'; temporal; renders כַּאֲשֶׁר / כִּ; introduces the perception-clause.
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωverb of temporal clause ('when he saw')→ constative aorist (the moment of realization)ὁράω (aor. εἶδεν): 'see / perceive'; renders רָאָה; Zimri's perception of the city's fall triggers his suicide.
ΖαμβριZimrisubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΖαμβρι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
ὅτιthatconjunction (introducing object clause of εἶδεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that'; renders כִּי; introduces the content of what Zimri saw — the capture of the city.
προκατείλημπταιhas been taken beforehand / already seizedPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · προκαταλαμβάνωverb of object clause (perfect: 'the city was already taken')→ resultative perfect (accomplished, irreversible capture)προκαταλαμβάνω (perf. pass. προκατείλημπται): 'seize beforehand / capture in advance'; the double compound (προ- + κατα-) stresses that the city was taken before Zimri could act; the perfect marks the settled, hopeless state — the capture is a fait accompli.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with ἡ πόλις: 'his city')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with ἡ πόλις: 'his city').
theNominativearticle (with πόλις)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλιςcityNominativesubject of προκατείλημπται ('his city')→ participant prominenceπόλις: 'city'; renders עִיר; Tirzah, now captured by Omri's forces.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (apodosis after the temporal frame)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσπορεύεταιhe goes in / entersPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰσπορεύομαιmain verb (historic present: retreat into the citadel)→ historic present (vivid narration of the final act)εἰσπορεύομαι (pres. εἰσπορεύεται): 'go in / enter'; renders בָּא; the historic present dramatizes Zimri's retreat into the inner stronghold of the palace.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction: 'into the chamber')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction: 'into the chamber').
ἄντρονinner chamber / citadelAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the innermost stronghold)→ object specificationἄντρον: lit. 'cave / cavern', here 'inner chamber / keep / citadel'; renders אַרְמוֹן ('citadel / palace-keep'); the fortified innermost part of the royal house, Zimri's last refuge.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with οἴκου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουhouseGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ἄντρον: 'chamber of the house')→ relational specificationοἶκος: 'house'; here the royal palace, whose inner keep Zimri enters.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of relationship (with οἴκου: 'the king's house')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the 'king's house' = the royal palace at Tirzah.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνεπύρισενburned / set on fireAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐμπυρίζωmain verb (the self-immolation)→ constative aorist (the act of arson-suicide)ἐμπυρίζω (aor. ἐνεπύρισεν): 'set on fire / burn up'; renders שָׂרַף בָּאֵשׁ; Zimri burns the palace 'over himself' (ἐπ᾿ αὐτόν), making the citadel his pyre.
ἐπ᾿over / uponpreposition + accusative (over himself, elided ἐπί)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί (elided ἐπ᾿): 'over / upon'; ἐπ᾿ αὐτόν ('over himself') marks the suicidal burning of the house upon its occupant.
αὐτὸνhimselfAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (reflexive: 'over himself')→ participant referenceαὐτός: here reflexive in sense ('over himself'); Zimri perishes in the conflagration he sets.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with οἶκον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativedirect object of ἐνεπύρισεν (the palace burned)→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house'; the royal palace, the object burned.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of relationship (with οἶκον: 'the king's house')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the king's house, now Zimri's funeral pyre.
ἐνwith / bypreposition + dative (instrumental: 'with fire')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrumental: 'with fire').
πυρὶfireDativedative of instrument ('with fire')→ sphere or referenceπῦρ: 'fire'; ἐν πυρί ('with fire') renders בָּאֵשׁ; the instrument of the self-destruction.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέθανενhe diedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (the death)→ constative aorist (Zimri's death)ἀποθνῄσκω (aor. ἀπέθανεν): 'die'; renders מֵת; the blunt verb sealing the seven-day reign in self-inflicted death.
19

ὑπὲρ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτοῦ ὧν ἐποίησεν τοῦ ποιῆσαι τὸ πονηρὸν ἐνώπιον κυρίου πορευθῆναι ἐν ὁδῷ Ιεροβοαμ υἱοῦ Ναβατ καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις αὐτοῦ ὡς ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ισραηλ

because of his sins which he committed, doing what was evil before the LORD, walking in the way of Jeroboam son of Nabat, and in his sins, in that he made Israel to sin.

Theological evaluation (cause of Zimri's death)ὑπὲρ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτοῦ
Even Zimri's seven-day reign receives the full Deuteronomistic evaluation: he too 'did evil before the LORD' and 'walked in the way of Jeroboam'; the causal ὑπέρ ('because of his sins') interprets his fiery death not as mere political defeat but as divine retribution, conforming his fate to the chapter's recurring theology.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ὑπὲρbecause ofpreposition + genitive (causal: 'because of his sins')→ spatial or relational framingὑπέρ + genitive: here causal, 'on account of / because of'; introduces the theological reason for Zimri's death.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτιῶνsinsGenitivegenitive object of ὑπέρ (the cause of judgment)→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; renders חַטֹּאת; Zimri's sins, like those of his predecessors, the ground of his fall.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ὧνwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive by attraction, object of ἐποίησεν)→ relational specificationὅς, ἥ, ὅ: relative pronoun; the genitive ὧν is attracted to its antecedent ἁμαρτιῶν ('the sins which').
ἐποίησενhe committedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause ('the sins which he did')→ constative aorist (completed sins)ποιέω: 'do / commit'; renders עָשָׂה; of committing the sins enumerated.
τοῦso as to / inarticular infinitive marker (genitive, epexegetical)→ clausal contributionτοῦ + infinitive: epexegetical articular infinitive ('namely, to do evil').
ποιῆσαιto doAor Act Inf · ποιέωarticular infinitive (epexegetical: 'doing what is evil')→ constative aorist infinitiveποιέω (aor. inf. ποιῆσαι): 'do'; τοῦ ποιῆσαι τὸ πονηρόν ('to do the evil') specifies the content of his sin in the Deuteronomistic idiom.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with πονηρόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνevilAccusativesubstantival adjective (object of ποιῆσαι: 'the evil')→ object specificationπονηρός: 'evil / wicked'; substantivized τὸ πονηρόν ('the evil thing'); τὸ πονηρὸν ἐνώπιον κυρίου renders הָרַע בְּעֵינֵי יהוה ('the evil in the eyes of the LORD'), the fixed judgment-formula (cf. v. 25, v. 30).
ἐνώπιονbefore / in the sight ofpreposition + genitive (evaluative: 'before the LORD')→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the sight of'; Hebraism for בְּעֵינֵי; the evil is reckoned as YHWH sees it.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the evaluating presence.
πορευθῆναιto walkAor Pass Inf · πορεύομαιepexegetical infinitive ('walking in the way of Jeroboam')→ telic aorist infinitiveπορεύομαι (aor. pass. inf. πορευθῆναι): 'go / walk / conduct oneself'; the infinitive specifies the manner of the evil — walking in Jeroboam's apostate way (cf. v. 2, v. 26).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (idiom: 'in the way')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (idiom: 'in the way').
ὁδῷwayDativedative of manner (idiom: 'in the way of Jeroboam')→ sphere or referenceὁδός: 'way / manner of life'; ἐν ὁδῷ renders בְּדֶרֶךְ; the 'way of Jeroboam' = the northern cultic apostasy.
Ιεροβοαμof Jeroboamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun).
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition (patronymic: 'son of Nabat')→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; patronymic identifying Jeroboam by his father Nabat.
ΝαβατNabatgenitive patronymic (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΝαβατ: Hebrew נְבָט; indeclinable; father of Jeroboam I.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative-causal: 'in his sins')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative-causal: 'in his sins').
ταῖςtheDativearticle (with ἁμαρτίαις)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαιςsinsDativedative (the sphere of his walking: 'in his sins')→ sphere or referenceἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the repeated noun resumes the catalogue, framing Zimri's brief reign within the same apostasy.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ὡςin that / howconjunction (epexegetical: 'in that he made Israel sin')→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: explicative/causal ('in that'); renders אֲשֶׁר; specifying the corporate effect of the sin.
ἐξήμαρτενhe made to sinAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαμαρτάνωverb of explicative clause (causative: 'made Israel sin')→ constative aorist (the corporate corruption)ἐξαμαρτάνω: 'cause to sin'; causative with τὸν Ισραηλ, rendering the Hiphil הֶחֱטִיא; the recurring dynastic indictment (cf. v. 2, v. 13, v. 26).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative object of ἐξήμαρτεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of ἐξήμαρτεν (indeclinable proper noun).
20

καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Ζαμβρι καὶ τὰς συνάψεις αὐτοῦ ἃς συνῆψεν οὐκ ἰδοὺ ταῦτα γεγραμμένα ἐν βιβλίῳ λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν τῶν βασιλέων Ισραηλ

And the rest of the acts of Zimri, and his conspiracies which he made — are these not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel?

Regnal-summary (annalistic citation) formulaκαὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Ζαμβρι
The citation-formula closes Zimri's reign; in place of the usual 'all that he did' it names τὰς συνάψεις … ἃς συνῆψεν ('the conspiracies he made'), a pointed substitution that reduces his entire 'reign' to the act of treason that defined it.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with substantival adjective λοιπά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιπὰrest / remainderNominativesubstantival adjective (subject: 'the rest of the acts')→ participant prominenceλοιπός: 'remaining'; τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων = the regnal-summary opening (cf. v. 5, v. 14).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνacts / mattersGenitivepartitive genitive (with λοιπά)→ relational specificationλόγος: annalistic 'acts / deeds' (rendering דִּבְרֵי).
Ζαμβριof Zimrigenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΖαμβρι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with συνάψεις)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συνάψειςconspiracies / plotsAccusativedirect object (the conspiracies, governed by the formula)→ object specificationσύναψις: 'a joining together / league / conspiracy'; from συνάπτω; here in the sense of the seditious 'plots / leagues' Zimri formed, the verbal substitute for the usual 'all that he did'.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἃςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of συνῆψεν)→ participant referenceὅς, ἥ, ὅ: relative pronoun; feminine accusative plural ἅς agreeing with συνάψεις.
συνῆψενhe made / contrivedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συνάπτωverb of relative clause (cognate with συνάψεις: 'the plots he plotted')→ constative aorist (the contriving of the plots)συνάπτω (aor. συνῆψεν): 'join together / contrive / form a league'; the cognate verb of συνάψεις forms a figura etymologica ('the conspiracies he conspired'), emphasizing the treasonous character of his career.
οὐκnotnegative particle (rhetorical question marker)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ): negative; οὐκ ἰδού introduces the rhetorical appeal to the written record.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle (with οὐκ: 'lo, are they not...')→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; in οὐκ ἰδού, Hebraism for הֲלֹא הֵם.
ταῦταthese thingsNominativesubject (demonstrative)→ participant prominenceοὗτος: demonstrative; subject of the periphrastic γεγραμμένα.
γεγραμμέναwrittenPerf Pass Part Nom Pl Neut · γράφωpredicate participle (periphrastic perfect passive: 'are written')→ resultative perfect (standing record)γράφω (perf. pass. part.): the abiding recorded state; renders כְּתוּבִים.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
βιβλίῳbook / scrollDativedative of place (the record-source)→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book / scroll'; βιβλίον λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν = the royal chronicle.
λόγωνof the chroniclesGenitivegenitive of content (with βιβλίῳ)→ relational specificationλόγος: annalistic 'records'.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitivegenitive (with λόγων: 'records of the days')→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν calques דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωνkingsGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ἡμερῶν)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the chronicle of the kings of Israel.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun).
21

τότε μερίζεται ὁ λαὸς Ισραηλ ἥμισυ τοῦ λαοῦ γίνεται ὀπίσω Θαμνι υἱοῦ Γωναθ τοῦ βασιλεῦσαι αὐτόν καὶ τὸ ἥμισυ τοῦ λαοῦ γίνεται ὀπίσω Αμβρι

Then the people of Israel were divided: half the people went after Tibni son of Ginath to make him king, and half the people went after Omri.

Civil-war division (the schism of the people)τότε μερίζεται ὁ λαὸς
τότε ('then') and the historic present μερίζεται open the account of the dynastic civil war: the people split into two factions, the partisans of Tibni and those of Omri; the balanced ἥμισυ … καὶ τὸ ἥμισυ ('half … and half') depicts a nation evenly torn between rival claimants.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
τότεthentemporal adverb (sequential: 'then')→ adverbial qualificationτότε: 'then / at that time'; renders אָז; marks the new phase — the schism following Zimri's death.
μερίζεταιis dividedPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · μερίζωmain verb (historic present: the division)→ historic present (vivid narration of the schism)μερίζω (pres. pass. μερίζεται): 'divide / split into parts'; renders חָלַק; the historic present dramatizes the splitting of the people into two royal factions.
theNominativearticle (with λαός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject ('the people of Israel')→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; the nation as a political body, here divided between two would-be kings.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun).
ἥμισυhalfNominativesubstantival adjective (subject: 'half of the people')→ participant prominenceἥμισυς: 'half'; substantivized neuter τὸ ἥμισυ ('the half'); renders מַחֲצִית; the first faction, that of Tibni.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with λαοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivepartitive genitive (with ἥμισυ: 'half of the people')→ relational specificationλαός: partitive genitive specifying the half-portion of the populace.
γίνεταιbecomes / sidesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (historic present: 'sides with / goes after')→ historic present (vivid narration of partisanship)γίνομαι (pres. γίνεται): 'become / come to be'; with ὀπίσω ('after') = 'sides with / follows' — the half-people become Tibni's partisans (Hebraism הָיָה אַחֲרֵי).
ὀπίσωafter / behindpreposition + genitive (allegiance: 'after Tibni')→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'after / behind'; renders אַחֲרֵי; the idiom 'be after (someone)' = to follow as partisan/supporter.
ΘαμνιTibnigenitive object of ὀπίσω (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΘαμνι: transliteration of Hebrew תִּבְנִי (Tibni); indeclinable; the rival claimant to the throne against Omri.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition (patronymic: 'son of Ginath')→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; patronymic identifying Tibni.
ΓωναθGinathgenitive patronymic (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΓωναθ: transliteration of Hebrew גִּינַת (Ginath); indeclinable; father of Tibni.
τοῦto / in order toarticular infinitive marker (genitive of purpose)→ clausal contributionτοῦ + infinitive: genitive articular infinitive of purpose ('to make him king').
βασιλεῦσαιto make kingAor Act Inf · βασιλεύωarticular infinitive of purpose (causative: 'to make him king')→ ingressive aorist infinitive (entry into kingship)βασιλεύω (aor. inf. βασιλεῦσαι): here causative/transitive with object αὐτόν = 'to make him king' (rendering the Hiphil לְהַמְלִיכוֹ); the faction's purpose in following Tibni.
αὐτόνhimAccusativeaccusative object of the causative infinitive (Tibni)→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of the causative infinitive (Tibni).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the other half)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with ἥμισυ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἥμισυhalfNominativesubstantival adjective (subject: 'the other half')→ participant prominenceἥμισυς: 'half'; the second faction, that of Omri.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with λαοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivepartitive genitive (with ἥμισυ)→ relational specificationλαοῦ: meaning 'people'; it serves as partitive genitive (with ἥμισυ).
γίνεταιbecomes / sidesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (historic present: 'sides with Omri')→ historic present (vivid narration)γίνομαι (pres. γίνεται): with ὀπίσω = 'sides with / follows'; the other half become Omri's partisans.
ὀπίσωafter / behindpreposition + genitive (allegiance: 'after Omri')→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'after'; the partisanship-idiom, now for Omri.
ΑμβριOmrigenitive object of ὀπίσω (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑμβρι: Hebrew עָמְרִי; indeclinable; the army's candidate, who will prevail in the civil war.
22

ὁ λαὸς ὁ ὢν ὀπίσω Αμβρι ὑπερεκράτησεν τὸν λαὸν τὸν ὀπίσω Θαμνι υἱοῦ Γωναθ καὶ ἀπέθανεν Θαμνι καὶ Ιωραμ ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Αμβρι μετὰ Θαμνι

The people who were after Omri prevailed over the people who were after Tibni son of Ginath; and Tibni died, and Joram his brother, at that time, and Omri reigned after Tibni.

Resolution of the civil war (Omri prevails)ὁ λαὸς ὁ ὢν ὀπίσω Αμβρι ὑπερεκράτησεν
The civil war is resolved: Omri's faction 'prevailed over' (ὑπερεκράτησεν) Tibni's; the deaths of Tibni and his brother Joram remove the rival claim, and Omri's reign 'after Tibni' is now uncontested — setting up the full regnal account of vv. 23–28.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
theNominativearticle (with λαός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject ('the people who were after Omri')→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; here Omri's faction.
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantizing the participle ὤν)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὢνbeing / who werePres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · εἰμίattributive participle ('the people who were after Omri')→ verbal action or stateεἰμί (pres. part. ὤν): 'be'; the articular participle ὁ ὢν ὀπίσω = 'the one who is/were after', identifying the faction by its allegiance.
ὀπίσωafterpreposition + genitive (allegiance: 'after Omri')→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'after'; partisanship-idiom (cf. v. 21).
ΑμβριOmrigenitive object of ὀπίσω (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑμβρι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive object of ὀπίσω (indeclinable proper noun).
ὑπερεκράτησενprevailed over / overpoweredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὑπερκρατέωmain verb (the victory of Omri's faction)→ constative aorist (the decisive triumph)ὑπερκρατέω (aor. ὑπερεκράτησεν): 'prevail over / be stronger than / overpower'; the compound ὑπερ- ('over') stresses superiority; renders the Hebrew חָזַק ('was stronger than'); Omri's faction overcomes Tibni's.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with λαόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸνpeopleAccusativedirect object of ὑπερεκράτησεν (Tibni's faction)→ object specificationλαός: 'people'; here the defeated faction of Tibni.
τὸνthe (one)Accusativearticle (substantival, with ὀπίσω: 'the one after Tibni')→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀπίσωafterpreposition + genitive (allegiance: 'after Tibni')→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'after'; partisanship-idiom for Tibni's supporters.
ΘαμνιTibnigenitive object of ὀπίσω (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΘαμνι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive object of ὀπίσω (indeclinable proper noun).
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition (patronymic: 'son of Ginath')→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; patronymic identifying Tibni.
ΓωναθGinathgenitive patronymic (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΓωναθ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive patronymic (indeclinable proper noun).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέθανενdiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (the death of the rival)→ constative aorist (Tibni's death)ἀποθνῄσκω (aor. ἀπέθανεν): 'die'; renders מֵת; the death of Tibni (and his brother) ends the contest for the throne.
ΘαμνιTibnisubject of ἀπέθανεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΘαμνι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject of ἀπέθανεν (indeclinable proper noun).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (second subject)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙωραμJoramsubject of ἀπέθανεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωραμ: transliteration of Hebrew יוֹרָם (Joram); indeclinable; here Tibni's brother, who dies with him (an Old Greek plus over against the MT).
theNominativearticle (with ἀδελφός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφὸςbrotherNominativenominative in apposition to Ιωραμ ('his brother')→ participant prominenceἀδελφός: 'brother'; renders אָח; identifying Joram as Tibni's brother and fellow-casualty.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with ἀδελφός)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with ἀδελφός).
ἐνat / inpreposition + dative (temporal: 'at that time')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal: 'at that time').
τῷtheDativearticle (with καιρῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καιρῷtime / seasonDativedative of time ('at that time')→ sphere or referenceκαιρός: 'time / occasion / decisive moment'; ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ ('at that time') renders בָּעֵת הַהִיא, locating the deaths at the climax of the civil war.
ἐκείνῳthatDativedemonstrative adjective (with καιρῷ: 'that time')→ sphere or referenceἐκεῖνος: 'that'; pointing to the moment of Omri's triumph.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσενreigned / became kingAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (Omri's uncontested accession)→ ingressive aorist (the now-undisputed reign)βασιλεύω (aor. ἐβασίλευσεν): 'become king / reign'; renders מָלַךְ; Omri reigns 'after Tibni' — i.e., with the rival removed, his kingship is secure.
ΑμβριOmrisubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑμβρι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
μετὰafterpreposition + genitive (temporal: 'after Tibni')→ spatial or relational framingμετά + genitive: here temporal, 'after'; ('after Tibni') = once Tibni was dead and out of the way.
ΘαμνιTibnigenitive object of μετά (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΘαμνι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive object of μετά (indeclinable proper noun).
23

ἐν τῷ ἔτει τῷ τριακοστῷ καὶ πρώτῳ τοῦ βασιλέως Ασα βασιλεύει Αμβρι ἐπὶ Ισραηλ δώδεκα ἔτη ἐν Θερσα βασιλεύει ἓξ ἔτη

In the thirty-first year of King Asa, Omri reigns over Israel twelve years; in Tirzah he reigns six years.

Synchronistic accession-formula (full regnal notice)ἐν τῷ ἔτει τῷ τριακοστῷ καὶ πρώτῳ
The full accession-formula now opens Omri's secure reign: synchronism with Asa's thirty-first year, total length (twelve years), and the note that six of these were in Tirzah — the rest, by implication, in the new capital Samaria (v. 24); the historic present βασιλεύει gives the regnal notice immediacy.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal: 'in the year')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal: 'in the year').
τῷtheDativearticle (with ἔτει)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔτειyearDativedative of time (synchronistic dating)→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; ἐν τῷ ἔτει renders בִּשְׁנַת, the synchronism-formula.
τῷtheDativearticle (with ordinal)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τριακοστῷthirtiethDativeordinal adjective (with πρώτῳ: 'thirty-first')→ sphere or referenceτριακοστός: 'thirtieth'; with καὶ πρώτῳ forms the compound ordinal 'thirty-first' (year of Asa).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining compound ordinal)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρώτῳfirstDativeordinal adjective (with τριακοστῷ: 'thirty-first')→ sphere or referenceπρῶτος: 'first'; the second element of the compound ordinal 'thirty-first'.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ἔτει: 'year of King Asa')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the dating is by the regnal year of Asa of Judah.
ΑσαAsagenitive in apposition to βασιλέως (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑσα: Hebrew אָסָא; indeclinable; king of Judah, the synchronistic reference.
βασιλεύειreignsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (historic present: accession)→ historic present (vivid regnal notice)βασιλεύω (pres. βασιλεύει): 'reign / be king'; renders מָלַךְ; the historic present opens Omri's full regnal notice.
ΑμβριOmrisubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑμβρι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (authority: 'over Israel')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'over'; the realm of Omri's rule.
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable proper noun).
δώδεκαtwelvenumeral (with ἔτη: 'twelve years')→ clausal contributionδώδεκα: 'twelve'; indeclinable numeral; the total length of Omri's reign.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('twelve years')→ object specificationἔτος: 'year'; accusative of duration; the reign-length component of the formula.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in Tirzah')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in Tirzah').
ΘερσαTirzahdative-equivalent object of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΘερσα: Hebrew תִּרְצָה; indeclinable; the old capital where Omri reigned his first six years before founding Samaria.
βασιλεύειreignsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (historic present, repeated: 'he reigns six years')→ historic present (vivid notice of the Tirzah-period)βασιλεύω (pres. βασιλεύει): the repeated verb specifies the portion of the reign spent in Tirzah.
ἓξsixnumeral (with ἔτη: 'six years')→ clausal contributionἕξ: 'six'; indeclinable numeral; the six years in Tirzah, half of the total twelve.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('six years')→ object specificationἔτος: 'year'; accusative of duration for the Tirzah-period.
24

καὶ ἐκτήσατο Αμβρι τὸ ὄρος τὸ Σεμερων παρὰ Σεμηρ τοῦ κυρίου τοῦ ὄρους δύο ταλάντων ἀργυρίου καὶ ᾠκοδόμησεν τὸ ὄρος καὶ ἐπεκάλεσεν τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ ὄρους οὗ ᾠκοδόμεσεν ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματι Σεμηρ τοῦ κυρίου τοῦ ὄρους Σαεμηρων

And Omri bought the hill of Shemeron from Shemer the owner of the hill for two talents of silver, and he built on the hill and called the name of the hill that he built, after the name of Shemer the owner of the hill, Saemeron.

Founding of Samaria (the capital purchase)καὶ ἐκτήσατο Αμβρι τὸ ὄρος
The foundation-notice for Samaria: Omri purchases the hill from its private owner Shemer, builds the new capital on it, and names it for the former owner. The repeated κύριος here means 'owner / master' (of the hill) — a secular usage, not the divine name; the chapter's only non-Tetragrammaton occurrences of the word.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκτήσατοbought / acquiredAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · κτάομαιmain verb (the purchase)→ constative aorist (the acquisition)κτάομαι (aor. mid. ἐκτήσατο): 'acquire / buy / get for oneself'; renders קָנָה; the legal acquisition of the hill that becomes Samaria — a rare note of a king buying, not seizing, land.
ΑμβριOmrisubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑμβρι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὄρος)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄροςhill / mountainAccusativedirect object of ἐκτήσατο (the hill purchased)→ object specificationὄρος: 'mountain / hill'; renders הַר; the hill of Shemeron, future site of the capital Samaria.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with the name Σεμερων, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣεμερωνShemeron / Samariaaccusative in attributive apposition to ὄρος (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΣεμερων: the LXX form of Hebrew שֹׁמְרוֹן (Shomron / Samaria); indeclinable; here the name of the hill (τὸ ὄρος τὸ Σεμερων = 'the hill, the Shemeron'), derived from the owner Shemer.
παρὰfrompreposition + genitive (source of purchase: 'from Shemer')→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + genitive: 'from (the side of)'; renders מֵאֵת; the seller from whom Omri bought the hill.
ΣεμηρShemergenitive object of παρά (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣεμηρ: the LXX form of Hebrew שֶׁמֶר (Shemer); indeclinable; the private owner of the hill, after whom Samaria is named.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with κυρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουowner / masterGenitivegenitive in apposition to Σεμηρ ('the owner of the hill')→ relational specificationκύριος: here in its secular sense 'owner / master / proprietor' (rendering בַּעַל / אֲדוֹן of property), NOT the divine name; Shemer is the legal proprietor of the hill — the chapter's only non-Tetragrammaton use of κύριος.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ὄρους)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρουςhillGenitivegenitive of relationship (with κυρίου: 'owner of the hill')→ relational specificationὄρος: 'hill'; the property of which Shemer was κύριος ('owner').
δύοtwonumeral (with ταλάντων: 'two talents')→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; indeclinable numeral; the price of the hill.
ταλάντωνtalentsGenitivegenitive of price (with ἀργυρίου: 'two talents of silver')→ relational specificationτάλαντον: 'talent' (a large unit of weight/value); renders כִּכָּר; genitive of price — the cost of the purchase.
ἀργυρίουof silverGenitivegenitive of material (with ταλάντων: 'talents of silver')→ relational specificationἀργύριον: 'silver / money'; renders כֶּסֶף; the medium of payment for the hill.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾠκοδόμησενbuiltAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb (the building of the city on the hill)→ constative aorist (the founding act)οἰκοδομέω (aor. ᾠκοδόμησεν): 'build / construct'; renders בָּנָה; Omri builds the new capital on the purchased hill (cf. v. 32 of Ahab's Baal-temple).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὄρος)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄροςhillAccusativedirect object of ᾠκοδόμησεν (the hill built upon)→ object specificationὄρος: 'hill'; here the object of building — Omri built (a city on) the hill.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπεκάλεσενcalled / namedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπικαλέωmain verb (the naming of the city)→ constative aorist (the act of naming)ἐπικαλέω (aor. ἐπεκάλεσεν): 'call / name / give a name to'; ἐπεκάλεσεν τὸ ὄνομα ('he called the name') renders קָרָא אֶת שֵׁם, the naming-formula.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὄνομα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομαnameAccusativedirect object of ἐπεκάλεσεν ('called the name')→ object specificationὄνομα: 'name'; renders שֵׁם; the name given to the new city.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ὄρους)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρουςhillGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ὄνομα: 'the name of the hill')→ relational specificationὄρος: 'hill'; the hill whose name is given.
οὗwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive, modifying ὄρους: 'the hill which he built')→ relational specificationὅς, ἥ, ὅ: relative pronoun; genitive οὗ agreeing with ὄρους ('the hill which').
ᾠκοδόμεσενhe builtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωverb of relative clause ('the hill which he built')→ constative aorist (the building act)οἰκοδομέω (aor.): 'build'; the form ᾠκοδόμεσεν is the spelling found in the source text (a Hellenistic itacistic variant of ᾠκοδόμησεν), retained here verbatim; refers again to Omri's building of the city.
ἐπὶafter / according topreposition + dative (basis: 'after the name')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + dative: here 'after / on the basis of'; ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματι ('after the name of') = naming the city in reference to its former owner.
τῷtheDativearticle (with ὀνόματι)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀνόματιnameDativedative object of ἐπί ('after the name of Shemer')→ sphere or referenceὄνομα: 'name'; ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματι Σεμηρ ('after the name of Shemer') gives the etymology of Samaria's name.
ΣεμηρShemergenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣεμηρ: Hebrew שֶׁמֶר; indeclinable; the owner after whom Samaria (Σαεμηρων) is named.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with κυρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουowner / masterGenitivegenitive in apposition to Σεμηρ ('the owner of the hill')→ relational specificationκύριος: again secular 'owner / proprietor' (not the divine name); the repeated identification of Shemer as κύριος τοῦ ὄρους ('owner of the hill').
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ὄρους)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρουςhillGenitivegenitive of relationship (with κυρίου: 'owner of the hill')→ relational specificationὄρος: 'hill'; the property of which Shemer was owner.
ΣαεμηρωνSaemeron / Samariaaccusative of naming (predicate of ἐπεκάλεσεν; indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΣαεμηρων: a LXX form of Hebrew שֹׁמְרוֹן (Samaria); indeclinable; the name finally given to the new capital, formed from the owner's name Shemer — the city that becomes the seat of the Omride/Ahab dynasty (cf. v. 28, v. 29, v. 32).
25

καὶ ἐποίησεν Αμβρι τὸ πονηρὸν ἐνώπιον κυρίου καὶ ἐπονηρεύσατο ὑπὲρ πάντας τοὺς γενομένους ἔμπροσθεν αὐτοῦ

And Omri did what was evil before the LORD, and did worse than all who were before him.

Deuteronomistic evaluation (escalation formula)καὶ ἐποίησεν Αμβρι τὸ πονηρὸν
Omri receives the evil-evaluation in escalated form: not merely 'did evil' but ἐπονηρεύσατο ὑπὲρ πάντας ('did worse than all before him') — the comparative-superlative formula that will be applied again, even more strongly, to his son Ahab (v. 30, v. 33), tracing a downward dynastic spiral.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (the evil deed)→ constative aorist (the reign's character)ποιέω: 'do'; ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρόν renders עָשָׂה הָרַע, the Deuteronomistic verdict-formula.
ΑμβριOmrisubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑμβρι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with πονηρόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνevilAccusativesubstantival adjective (object of ἐποίησεν: 'the evil')→ object specificationπονηρός: 'evil'; τὸ πονηρὸν ἐνώπιον κυρίου renders הָרַע בְּעֵינֵי יהוה, the fixed judgment-formula (cf. v. 19, v. 30).
ἐνώπιονbefore / in the sight ofpreposition + genitive (evaluative)→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before'; Hebraism for בְּעֵינֵי; the evil reckoned as YHWH sees it.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the evaluating presence.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπονηρεύσατοdid wickedly / did worseAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · πονηρεύομαιmain verb (escalation: 'acted more wickedly')→ constative aorist (the surpassing wickedness)πονηρεύομαι (aor. mid. ἐπονηρεύσατο): 'act wickedly / do evil'; with ὑπὲρ πάντας ('beyond all') it renders הֵרַע מִכֹּל ('did worse than all'), the comparative escalation-formula marking Omri as more wicked than all his predecessors.
ὑπὲρbeyond / more thanpreposition + accusative (comparison: 'more than all')→ spatial or relational framingὑπέρ + accusative: 'beyond / more than'; the comparative use rendering מִן ('more than'); ὑπὲρ πάντας = 'worse than all (his predecessors)'.
πάνταςallAccusativesubstantival adjective (object of ὑπέρ: 'all who were before')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of previous kings, all surpassed in wickedness by Omri.
τοὺςthe (ones)Accusativearticle (substantizing the participle γενομένους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενομένουςwho came to be / who wereAor Mid Part Acc Pl Masc · γίνομαιsubstantival participle ('those who were before him')→ verbal action or stateγίνομαι (aor. mid. part. γενόμενος): 'become / come to be'; the substantival participle τοὺς γενομένους ἔμπροσθεν αὐτοῦ = 'those who came before him', i.e., the earlier kings.
ἔμπροσθενbefore / prior topreposition + genitive (temporal/sequential: 'before him')→ spatial or relational framingἔμπροσθεν: 'before / in front of'; here temporal ('prior to'), rendering לְפָנָיו; the predecessors against whom Omri's wickedness is measured.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἔμπροσθεν→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἔμπροσθεν.
26

καὶ ἐπορεύθη ἐν πάσῃ ὁδῷ Ιεροβοαμ υἱοῦ Ναβατ καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις αὐτοῦ αἷς ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ισραηλ τοῦ παροργίσαι τὸν κύριον θεὸν Ισραηλ ἐν τοῖς ματαίοις αὐτῶν

And he walked in all the way of Jeroboam son of Nabat and in his sins, by which he made Israel to sin, provoking the LORD God of Israel with their vanities.

Specification of the evil (Jeroboam-formula)καὶ ἐπορεύθη ἐν πάσῃ ὁδῷ Ιεροβοαμ
v. 26 specifies Omri's evil with the full Jeroboam-formula (walking 'in all the way of Jeroboam', leading Israel into sin, provoking YHWH with vanities), echoing almost verbatim the indictment against Baasha (v. 2, v. 13) and tying the whole chain of doomed dynasties to the one original northern apostasy.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηhe walkedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (charge of apostasy)→ constative aorist (settled course of conduct)πορεύομαι (aor. pass. dep. ἐπορεύθη): 'go / walk / conduct oneself'; 'walked in the way of Jeroboam' renders הָלַךְ בְּדֶרֶךְ, the apostasy-formula (cf. v. 2, v. 19).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (idiom: 'in the way')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (idiom: 'in the way').
πάσῃall / everyDativeattributive adjective (with ὁδῷ: 'all the way')→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all / whole'; πάσῃ ὁδῷ ('all the way') intensifies — Omri followed Jeroboam's apostasy completely.
ὁδῷwayDativedative of manner (idiom: 'in the way of Jeroboam')→ sphere or referenceὁδός: 'way / manner of life'; ἐν ὁδῷ renders בְּדֶרֶךְ; the 'way of Jeroboam' = northern cultic apostasy.
Ιεροβοαμof Jeroboamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun).
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition (patronymic)→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; patronymic identifying Jeroboam.
ΝαβατNabatgenitive patronymic (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΝαβατ: Hebrew נְבָט; indeclinable; father of Jeroboam I.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere: 'in his sins')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere: 'in his sins').
ταῖςtheDativearticle (with ἁμαρτίαις)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαιςsinsDativedative (sphere of his walking: 'in his sins')→ sphere or referenceἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the sins of Jeroboam, in which Omri persisted.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
αἷςby whichDativerelative pronoun (dative of instrument: 'by which he made Israel sin')→ participant reference or interestὅς, ἥ, ὅ: relative pronoun; dative plural αἷς ('by/with which') agreeing with ἁμαρτίαις, instrumental.
ἐξήμαρτενhe made to sinAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαμαρτάνωverb of relative clause (causative: 'made Israel sin')→ constative aorist (the corporate corruption)ἐξαμαρτάνω: 'cause to sin'; causative with τὸν Ισραηλ, rendering the Hiphil הֶחֱטִיא (cf. v. 2, v. 13, v. 19).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative object of ἐξήμαρτεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of ἐξήμαρτεν (indeclinable proper noun).
τοῦso as toarticular infinitive marker (genitive of result)→ clausal contributionτοῦ + infinitive: genitive articular infinitive of result/purpose.
παροργίσαιto provokeAor Act Inf · παροργίζωarticular infinitive of result ('provoking the LORD')→ telic/consecutive aorist infinitive (the upshot of the apostasy)παροργίζω: 'provoke to anger'; renders הִכְעִיס (cf. v. 2, v. 13, v. 33).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with κύριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριονthe LORDAccusativedirect object of παροργίσαι→ object specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the one provoked by the apostasy.
θεὸνGodAccusativeaccusative in apposition to κύριον ('God of Israel')→ object specificationθεός: 'God'; κύριον θεὸν Ισραηλ ('the LORD God of Israel') is the covenant-title, underscoring that the people's own God is the one provoked (cf. v. 13).
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun).
ἐνwith / bypreposition + dative (instrumental: 'with their vanities')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrumental: 'with their vanities').
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with ματαίοις)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ματαίοιςvanities / idolsDativedative of instrument (substantival adjective: 'vanities')→ sphere or referenceμάταιος: 'vain / worthless'; substantivized τὰ μάταια ('vanities') = idols, rendering הֲבָלִים; verbatim echo of v. 2 and v. 13.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with ματαίοις)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with ματαίοις).
27

καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Αμβρι καὶ πάντα ἃ ἐποίησεν καὶ ἡ δυναστεία αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἰδοὺ ταῦτα γεγραμμένα ἐν βιβλίῳ λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν τῶν βασιλέων Ισραηλ

And the rest of the acts of Omri, and all that he did, and his might — are these not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel?

Regnal-summary (annalistic citation) formulaκαὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Αμβρι
The standard citation-formula closes Omri's reign, here with ἡ δυναστεία αὐτοῦ ('his might') in the singular — a fitting note for a king whose dynasty proved the most powerful of the northern lines, even as the narrative condemns its religion.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with λοιπά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιπὰrest / remainderNominativesubstantival adjective (subject: 'the rest of the acts')→ participant prominenceλοιπός: 'remaining'; τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων = the regnal-summary opening (cf. v. 5, v. 14, v. 20).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνacts / mattersGenitivepartitive genitive (with λοιπά)→ relational specificationλόγος: annalistic 'acts / deeds' (rendering דִּבְרֵי).
Αμβριof Omrigenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑμβρι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallNominativesubstantival adjective (subject: 'all that he did')→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; neuter plural πάντα with relative ἅ summing up Omri's deeds.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὅς, ἥ, ὅ: relative pronoun; neuter plural ἅ ('the things which').
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause ('all that he did')→ constative aorist (summary of deeds)ποιέω: 'do / make'; renders עָשָׂה; fixed component of the citation-formula.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle (with δυναστεία)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυναστείαmight / powerNominativesubject ('his might')→ participant prominenceδυναστεία: 'power / might / mighty deed'; renders גְּבוּרָה; the singular ἡ δυναστεία αὐτοῦ ('his might') notes Omri's exploits of power (cf. the plural at v. 5).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
οὐκnotnegative particle (rhetorical question marker)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ): negative; οὐκ ἰδού introduces the rhetorical appeal to the record.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle (with οὐκ)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; in οὐκ ἰδού, Hebraism for הֲלֹא הֵם.
ταῦταthese thingsNominativesubject (demonstrative)→ participant prominenceοὗτος: demonstrative; subject of the periphrastic γεγραμμένα.
γεγραμμέναwrittenPerf Pass Part Nom Pl Neut · γράφωpredicate participle (periphrastic perfect passive)→ resultative perfect (standing record)γράφω (perf. pass. part.): the abiding recorded state; renders כְּתוּבִים.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
βιβλίῳbook / scrollDativedative of place (the record-source)→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book / scroll'; the royal chronicle.
λόγωνof the chroniclesGenitivegenitive of content (with βιβλίῳ)→ relational specificationλόγος: annalistic 'records'.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitivegenitive (with λόγων: 'records of the days')→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν calques דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωνkingsGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ἡμερῶν)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the chronicle of the kings of Israel.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun).
28

καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Αμβρι μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ καὶ θάπτεται ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ καὶ βασιλεύει Αχααβ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐν τῷ ἐνιαυτῷ τῷ ἑνδεκάτῳ τοῦ Αμβρι βασιλεύει Ιωσαφατ υἱὸς Ασα ἐτῶν τριάκοντα καὶ πέντε ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ αὐτοῦ καὶ εἴκοσι πέντε ἔτη ἐβασίλευσεν ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ὄνομα τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ Γαζουβα θυγάτηρ Σελεϊ καὶ ἐπορεύθη ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ Ασα τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ καὶ οὐκ ἐξέκλινεν ἀπ᾿ αὐτῆς τοῦ ποιεῖν τὸ εὐθὲς ἐνώπιον κυρίου πλὴν τῶν ὑψηλῶν οὐκ ἐξῆραν ἔθυον ἐν τοῖς ὑψηλοῖς καὶ ἐθυμίων καὶ ἃ συνέθετο Ιωσαφατ καὶ πᾶσα ἡ δυναστεία ἣν ἐποίησεν καὶ οὓς ἐπολέμησεν οὐκ ἰδοὺ ταῦτα γεγραμμένα ἐν βιβλίῳ λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν τῶν βασιλέων Ιουδα καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν συμπλοκῶν ἃς ἐπέθεντο ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις Ασα τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ ἐξῆρεν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς καὶ βασιλεὺς οὐκ ἦν ἐν Συρίᾳ νασιβ καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς Ιωσαφατ ἐποίησεν ναῦν εἰς Θαρσις πορεύεσθαι εἰς Σωφιρ ἐπὶ τὸ χρυσίον καὶ οὐκ ἐπορεύθη ὅτι συνετρίβη ἡ ναῦς ἐν Γασιωνγαβερ τότε εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ πρὸς Ιωσαφατ ἐξαποστελῶ τοὺς παῖδάς σου καὶ τὰ παιδάριά μου ἐν τῇ νηί καὶ οὐκ ἐβούλετο Ιωσαφατ καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Ιωσαφατ μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ καὶ θάπτεται μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ ἐν πόλει Δαυιδ καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Ιωραμ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ

And Omri slept with his fathers and is buried in Samaria, and Ahab his son reigns in his place. And in the eleventh year of Omri, Jehoshaphat son of Asa reigns, thirty-five years old at his accession, and he reigned twenty-five years in Jerusalem; and the name of his mother was Gazouba, daughter of Selei. And he walked in the way of Asa his father and did not turn aside from it, doing what was right before the LORD; only the high places they did not remove — they were sacrificing on the high places and burning incense. And the things that Jehoshaphat agreed, and all his might that he exercised, and those whom he warred against — are these not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah? And the rest of the leagues which they laid in the days of Asa his father, he removed from the land. And there was no king in Syria, [but] a deputy. And King Jehoshaphat built a ship to go to Tarshish, to Sophir for the gold, but it did not go, because the ship was wrecked at Gasiongaber. Then the king of Israel said to Jehoshaphat, 'I will send your servants and my young men in the ship'; but Jehoshaphat would not. And Jehoshaphat slept with his fathers and is buried with his fathers in the city of David, and Joram his son reigned in his place.

Omri death-and-succession formula + Old-Greek Jehoshaphat synchronism (long plus)καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Αμβρι
The verse opens with the standard death-and-succession formula for Omri (buried in his new capital Samaria; Ahab succeeds), and then carries the Old Greek's long synchronistic plus — a self-contained summary of the reign of Jehoshaphat of Judah (accession-synchronism, regnal data, mother's name, Deuteronomistic evaluation, citation-formula, foreign-policy and Tarshish-ship notices, and his own death-notice). In printed editions these inserted units are flagged with the sigla [a]–[h]; all such markers have been stripped here so that only the continuous verbatim Greek is annotated, with no word-object created for them.
Word-by-word analysis· 202 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκοιμήθηslept / fell asleepAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κοιμάομαιmain verb (death-formula)→ constative aorist (Omri's death)κοιμάομαι (aor. pass. ἐκοιμήθη): 'sleep'; ἐκοιμήθη μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ renders שָׁכַב עִם אֲבֹתָיו, the death-notice for a king (cf. v. 6).
ΑμβριOmrisubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑμβρι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father / ancestor'; μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ renders עִם אֲבֹתָיו.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θάπτεταιis buriedPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · θάπτωmain verb (historic present: burial)→ historic present (vivid narration)θάπτω (pres. pass. θάπτεται): 'bury'; renders קָבַר; Omri is buried in Samaria, the city he founded.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΣαμαρείᾳSamariaDativedative of place (locative: 'in Samaria')→ sphere or referenceΣαμάρεια (dat. Σαμαρείᾳ): the declinable Greek form of Hebrew שֹׁמְרוֹן (Samaria); first-declension feminine; the new Omride capital, place of Omri's burial (cf. v. 24, v. 29, v. 32).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (succession)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βασιλεύειreignsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (historic present: accession)→ historic present (vivid succession-notice)βασιλεύω (pres. βασιλεύει): 'reign'; Ahab's accession in the succession-formula.
ΑχααβAhabsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: transliteration of Hebrew אַחְאָב (Ahab); indeclinable; son of Omri, the most notorious of the northern kings (cf. vv. 29–33).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition ('his son')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; Ahab as Omri's heir.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution, elided ἀντί)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί (elided ἀντ᾿): 'in place of'; ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ renders תַּחְתָּיו.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἀντί.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (opening the Jehoshaphat plus)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal: 'in the year')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal: 'in the year').
τῷtheDativearticle (with ἐνιαυτῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνιαυτῷyearDativedative of time (synchronistic dating)→ sphere or referenceἐνιαυτός: 'year'; here in the synchronism-formula dating Jehoshaphat's accession to Omri's eleventh year.
τῷtheDativearticle (with ordinal)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑνδεκάτῳeleventhDativeordinal adjective (with ἐνιαυτῷ: 'eleventh year')→ sphere or referenceἑνδέκατος: 'eleventh'; the year of Omri's reign synchronized with Jehoshaphat's accession.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with Αμβρι)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Αμβριof Omrigenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑμβρι: here genitive ('of Omri'), the northern king by whose reign the Judahite accession is dated.
βασιλεύειreigns / becomes kingPres Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (historic present: Jehoshaphat's accession)→ historic present (vivid regnal notice)βασιλεύω (pres. βασιλεύει): 'reign'; Jehoshaphat of Judah begins to reign.
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphatsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: transliteration of Hebrew יְהוֹשָׁפָט (Jehoshaphat); indeclinable; king of Judah, son of Asa, subject of this Old-Greek synchronistic plus.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition (patronymic: 'son of Asa')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; Jehoshaphat as Asa's heir.
Ασαof Asagenitive patronymic (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑσα: Hebrew אָסָא; indeclinable; Asa, king of Judah, Jehoshaphat's father.
ἐτῶνyears (old)Genitivegenitive of measure (age: 'of thirty-five years')→ relational specificationἔτος: 'year'; the genitive of measure ἐτῶν τριάκοντα καὶ πέντε ('thirty-five years old') states Jehoshaphat's age at accession.
τριάκονταthirtynumeral (with πέντε: 'thirty-five')→ measure or countτριάκοντα: 'thirty'; indeclinable numeral; with καὶ πέντε = 'thirty-five', Jehoshaphat's accession-age.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining compound numeral)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πέντεfivenumeral (with τριάκοντα: 'thirty-five')→ measure or countπέντε: 'five'; indeclinable numeral; completes 'thirty-five'.
ἐνat / inpreposition + dative (temporal: 'at his accession')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal: 'at his accession').
τῇtheDativearticle (with βασιλείᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλείᾳreign / accessionDativedative of time ('at the beginning of his reign')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεία: 'kingdom / reign / kingship'; ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ αὐτοῦ here = 'when he became king / at his accession', the point at which his age is given.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἴκοσιtwentynumeral (with πέντε: 'twenty-five')→ measure or countεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; indeclinable numeral; with πέντε = 'twenty-five', the length of Jehoshaphat's reign.
πέντεfivenumeral (with εἴκοσι: 'twenty-five')→ measure or countπέντε: 'five'; completes 'twenty-five years'.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('twenty-five years')→ object specificationἔτος: 'year'; accusative of duration; the length of the reign.
ἐβασίλευσενhe reignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (the reign as a whole)→ constative aorist (the entire reign)βασιλεύω (aor. ἐβασίλευσεν): 'reign'; sums up Jehoshaphat's twenty-five-year reign in Jerusalem.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemdative-equivalent object of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliteration of Hebrew יְרוּשָׁלַ͏ִם (Jerusalem); indeclinable in the LXX; the Judahite capital and seat of Jehoshaphat's reign.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing nominal clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄνομαnameNominativesubject of nominal clause ('the name of his mother was...')→ participant prominenceὄνομα: 'name'; the mother's-name notice (ὄνομα τῆς μητρός) is a fixed element of the Judahite regnal formula.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with μητρός)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μητρὸςmotherGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ὄνομα: 'name of his mother')→ relational specificationμήτηρ: 'mother'; the queen-mother, named in the regnal formula.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ΓαζουβαGazouba (Azubah)predicate nominative (indeclinable proper noun: the mother's name)→ participant identificationΓαζουβα: the LXX form of Hebrew עֲזוּבָה (Azubah); indeclinable; Jehoshaphat's mother.
θυγάτηρdaughterNominativenominative in apposition ('daughter of Selei')→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; identifying Gazouba by her father.
ΣελεϊSelei (Shilhi)genitive patronymic (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣελεϊ: the LXX form of Hebrew שִׁלְחִי (Shilhi); indeclinable; father of Azubah/Gazouba.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (beginning the evaluation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηhe walkedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (positive evaluation: walked in Asa's way)→ constative aorist (settled righteous conduct)πορεύομαι (aor. pass. ἐπορεύθη): 'walk / conduct oneself'; here positively — Jehoshaphat walked in the godly way of his father Asa (contrast the northern kings' walking in Jeroboam's way).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (idiom: 'in the way')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (idiom: 'in the way').
τῇtheDativearticle (with ὁδῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδῷwayDativedative of manner (idiom: 'in the way of Asa')→ sphere or referenceὁδός: 'way'; ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ renders בְּדֶרֶךְ; the righteous 'way of Asa', the positive counterpart of the 'way of Jeroboam'.
Ασαof Asagenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑσα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with πατρός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ασα ('his father')→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father'; Asa as Jehoshaphat's father and righteous model.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἐξέκλινεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ): negative; 'did not turn aside'.
ἐξέκλινενturned asideAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκκλίνωmain verb (negated: 'did not deviate')→ constative aorist (consistent fidelity)ἐκκλίνω (aor. ἐξέκλινεν): 'turn aside / deviate'; renders סוּר / נָטָה; 'he did not turn aside from it' = he kept consistently to Asa's righteous way.
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (separation, elided ἀπό)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό (elided ἀπ᾿): 'from'; 'turn aside from it' (the way).
αὐτῆςit (the way)Genitivegenitive object of ἀπό (referring to ὁδῷ)→ relational specificationαὐτός: pronoun referring back to the feminine ὁδός ('the way'), from which he did not turn.
τοῦso as toarticular infinitive marker (genitive, epexegetical)→ clausal contributionτοῦ + infinitive: epexegetical/result articular infinitive ('doing what is right').
ποιεῖνto doPres Act Inf · ποιέωarticular infinitive (epexegetical: 'doing what is right')→ present infinitive (ongoing performance)ποιέω (pres. inf. ποιεῖν): 'do'; τοῦ ποιεῖν τὸ εὐθές ('to do what is right') is the positive Deuteronomistic verdict-formula.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with εὐθές)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐθὲςright / upright thingAccusativesubstantival adjective (object of ποιεῖν: 'the right')→ object specificationεὐθής: 'straight / right / upright'; substantivized τὸ εὐθές ('the right thing'); τὸ εὐθὲς ἐνώπιον κυρίου renders הַיָּשָׁר בְּעֵינֵי יהוה, the positive verdict-formula (opposite of τὸ πονηρόν).
ἐνώπιονbeforepreposition + genitive (evaluative)→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before'; Hebraism for בְּעֵינֵי.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the one before whom Jehoshaphat did right.
πλὴνonly / exceptadversative particle (qualification: 'only the high places...')→ discourse linkage or contrastπλήν: 'except / only / nevertheless'; renders רַק; introduces the standard qualification on a good Judahite king — the high places were not removed.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ὑψηλῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑψηλῶνhigh placesGenitivepartitive/object genitive (with ἐξῆραν: 'the high places they did not remove')→ relational specificationὑψηλός: 'high / lofty'; substantivized τὰ ὑψηλά ('the high places') = the local cult-shrines (rendering הַבָּמוֹת); their non-removal is the recurring qualification on the godly kings of Judah.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἐξῆραν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ): negative; 'they did not remove'.
ἐξῆρανthey removedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξαίρωmain verb (negated: 'they did not remove')→ constative aorist (the unremoved shrines)ἐξαίρω (aor. ἐξῆραν): 'take away / remove / abolish'; renders הֵסִיר; the high places were not abolished — the blemish on an otherwise good reign.
ἔθυονthey were sacrificingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · θύωmain verb (descriptive imperfect: 'they kept sacrificing')→ iterative/customary imperfect (ongoing practice)θύω (impf. ἔθυον): 'sacrifice / slay'; renders זָבַח; the imperfect denotes the continuing practice of the people sacrificing at the high places.
ἐνin / onpreposition + dative (locative: 'on the high places')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'on the high places').
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with ὑψηλοῖς)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑψηλοῖςhigh placesDativedative of place (locative: 'on the high places')→ sphere or referenceὑψηλός: substantivized τὰ ὑψηλά ('the high places'); the locale of the unauthorized sacrifices.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθυμίωνthey were burning incenseImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · θυμιάωmain verb (descriptive imperfect: 'kept burning incense')→ iterative/customary imperfect (ongoing practice)θυμιάω (impf. ἐθυμίων): 'burn incense / offer incense'; renders קִטֵּר; paired with ἔθυον to describe the continuing high-place cult.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (beginning the citation-formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
which (things)Accusativerelative pronoun (object of συνέθετο; substantival)→ participant referenceὅς, ἥ, ὅ: relative pronoun; neuter plural ἅ ('the things which') opening the regnal-summary content for Jehoshaphat.
συνέθετοagreed / arranged / made covenantAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · συντίθημιverb of relative clause ('the things he agreed')→ constative aorist (the arrangements/treaties)συντίθημι (aor. mid. συνέθετο): 'agree / arrange / make a compact'; here of the treaties/agreements Jehoshaphat concluded — part of the summary of his deeds.
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphatsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶσαallNominativeattributive adjective (with δυναστεία: 'all his might')→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all / whole'; feminine nominative πᾶσα agreeing with δυναστεία.
theNominativearticle (with δυναστεία)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυναστείαmight / powerNominativesubject ('all his might')→ participant prominenceδυναστεία: 'might / power / mighty deed'; renders גְּבוּרָה; Jehoshaphat's exploits of power.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὅς, ἥ, ὅ: relative pronoun; feminine accusative ἥν agreeing with δυναστεία.
ἐποίησενhe did / exercisedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause ('the might which he exercised')→ constative aorist (his deeds of power)ποιέω: 'do / perform'; of exercising his might.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὓςwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐπολέμησεν)→ participant referenceὅς, ἥ, ὅ: relative pronoun; masculine accusative plural οὕς ('those whom').
ἐπολέμησενhe warred against / foughtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πολεμέωverb of relative clause ('those whom he fought')→ constative aorist (his wars)πολεμέω (aor. ἐπολέμησεν): 'wage war / fight'; renders נִלְחַם; Jehoshaphat's military campaigns, a further item of the summary.
οὐκnotnegative particle (rhetorical question marker)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ): negative; οὐκ ἰδού introduces the rhetorical appeal to the record.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle (with οὐκ)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; in οὐκ ἰδού, Hebraism for הֲלֹא הֵם.
ταῦταthese thingsNominativesubject (demonstrative)→ participant prominenceοὗτος: demonstrative; subject of periphrastic γεγραμμένα.
γεγραμμέναwrittenPerf Pass Part Nom Pl Neut · γράφωpredicate participle (periphrastic perfect passive)→ resultative perfect (standing record)γράφω (perf. pass. part.): the abiding recorded state; renders כְּתוּבִים.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
βιβλίῳbook / scrollDativedative of place (the record-source)→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book / scroll'; the royal chronicle.
λόγωνof the chroniclesGenitivegenitive of content (with βιβλίῳ)→ relational specificationλόγος: annalistic 'records'.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitivegenitive (with λόγων: 'records of the days')→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν calques דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωνkingsGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ἡμερῶν)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; here the chronicle of the kings of JUDAH (not Israel), since this plus concerns the Judahite Jehoshaphat.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliteration of Hebrew יְהוּדָה (Judah); indeclinable; the southern kingdom whose royal annal is here cited — marking this unit as a Judahite plus.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with λοιπά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιπὰrest / remainderNominativesubstantival adjective (subject: 'the rest of the leagues')→ participant prominenceλοιπός: 'remaining'; τὰ λοιπά here governs τῶν συμπλοκῶν ('the rest of the leagues/entanglements').
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with συμπλοκῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συμπλοκῶνleagues / entanglements / alliancesGenitivepartitive genitive (with λοιπά: 'the rest of the leagues')→ relational specificationσυμπλοκή: 'a twining together / entanglement / league'; here of the political entanglements or cultic-alliances (perhaps the remaining male cult-prostitutes/idolatrous leagues) which Jehoshaphat purged from the land.
ἃςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐπέθεντο)→ participant referenceὅς, ἥ, ὅ: relative pronoun; feminine accusative plural ἅς agreeing with συμπλοκῶν.
ἐπέθεντοthey laid / set up / establishedAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἐπιτίθημιverb of relative clause ('which they had established')→ constative aorist (the prior establishment)ἐπιτίθημι (aor. mid. ἐπέθεντο): 'lay upon / set up / impose'; here of the leagues/entanglements that had been set up in Asa's days and that Jehoshaphat removed.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal: 'in the days')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal: 'in the days').
ταῖςtheDativearticle (with ἡμέραις)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιςdaysDativedative of time ('in the days of Asa')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ('in the days of') = during the reign of Asa.
Ασαof Asagenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑσα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with πατρός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ασα ('his father')→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father'; Asa as Jehoshaphat's father.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐξῆρενhe removedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαίρωmain verb (Jehoshaphat removed the leagues)→ constative aorist (the purge)ἐξαίρω (aor. ἐξῆρεν): 'remove / take away'; Jehoshaphat removed from the land the remaining cultic-entanglements left from Asa's reign.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation: 'from the land')→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation: 'from the land').
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with γῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive of separation (with ἀπό: 'from the land')→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; renders אֶרֶץ; the territory of Judah, cleansed of the leagues.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (foreign-policy note)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject ('there was no king')→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the note that there was no (independent) king in Edom/Syria but only a deputy.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἦν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ): negative; 'there was no king'.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential: 'there was no king')→ descriptive imperfect (state of affairs)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'be'; existential 'there was'; the absence of a native king reflects vassal-status.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΣυρίᾳSyria / EdomDativedative of place (locative: 'in Syria')→ sphere or referenceΣυρία (dat. Συρίᾳ): declinable Greek place-name; in the LXX often rendering אֲרָם (Aram/Syria), though here corresponding to MT אֱדוֹם (Edom); the region without an independent king in Jehoshaphat's day.
νασιβa deputy / garrison-officer (nasib)predicate noun (untranslated Hebrew loanword)→ clausal contributionνασιβ: an untranslated transliteration of Hebrew נְצִיב ('deputy / prefect / garrison-officer'); indeclinable; the LXX leaves the term untranslated — instead of a king there was only a Judah-appointed 'deputy' governing the region.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (Tarshish-ship notice)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject ('King Jehoshaphat')→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; here ὁ βασιλεὺς Ιωσαφατ = 'King Jehoshaphat', subject of the ship-building venture.
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphatnominative in apposition to βασιλεύς (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative in apposition to βασιλεύς (indeclinable proper noun).
ἐποίησενmade / builtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (built a ship)→ constative aorist (the ship-building)ποιέω: 'make / build'; here of building a Tarshish-ship for the gold trade (cf. 3 Kgdms 22:48–49).
ναῦνshipAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationναῦς: 'ship'; renders אֳנִי / אֳנִיָּה; a large sea-going vessel of the 'Tarshish' type, built for the gold-trade.
εἰςto / forpreposition + accusative (destination/purpose: 'to Tarshish')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination/purpose: 'to Tarshish').
ΘαρσιςTarshishaccusative object of εἰς (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΘαρσις: transliteration of Hebrew תַּרְשִׁישׁ (Tarshish); indeclinable; a distant trading destination, here naming the ship-type/route for the gold-voyage.
πορεύεσθαιto go / sailPres Mid Inf · πορεύομαιinfinitive of purpose ('to go to Sophir')→ verbal action or stateπορεύομαι (pres. inf. πορεύεσθαι): 'go / travel'; the infinitive of purpose — the ship was made to sail to Sophir.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination: 'to Sophir')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination: 'to Sophir').
ΣωφιρSophir / Ophiraccusative object of εἰς (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΣωφιρ: the LXX form of Hebrew אוֹפִיר (Ophir); indeclinable; the famed source of gold to which the ship was bound.
ἐπὶforpreposition + accusative (purpose: 'for the gold')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: here purposive, 'for / after'; the voyage's objective was the gold.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with χρυσίον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρυσίονgoldAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the goal of the voyage)→ object specificationχρυσίον: 'gold / gold coin'; renders זָהָב; the cargo the ship was to fetch from Ophir.
καὶbut / andcoordinate conjunction (adversative in sense)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἐπορεύθη)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ): negative; 'it did not go / sail'.
ἐπορεύθηit went / sailedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (negated: 'the ship did not go')→ constative aorist (the failed voyage)πορεύομαι (aor. pass. ἐπορεύθη): 'go'; the voyage never happened because the ship was wrecked.
ὅτιbecauseconjunction (causal: 'because the ship was wrecked')→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; renders כִּי; introduces the reason for the voyage's failure.
συνετρίβηwas wrecked / brokenAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · συντρίβωverb of causal clause ('the ship was wrecked')→ constative aorist (the wreck)συντρίβω (aor. pass. συνετρίβη): 'shatter / break in pieces / wreck'; renders נִשְׁבַּר; the ship was wrecked at Ezion-geber before it could sail.
theNominativearticle (with ναῦς)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ναῦςshipNominativesubject of συνετρίβη→ participant prominenceναῦς: 'ship'; the wrecked vessel.
ἐνat / inpreposition + dative (locative: 'at Gasiongaber')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'at Gasiongaber').
ΓασιωνγαβερGasiongaber (Ezion-geber)dative-equivalent object of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΓασιωνγαβερ: the LXX form of Hebrew עֶצְיוֹן גֶּבֶר (Ezion-geber); indeclinable; the Red Sea port where Jehoshaphat's fleet was wrecked.
τότεthentemporal adverb (sequential)→ adverbial qualificationτότε: 'then'; renders אָז; marks the king of Israel's subsequent overture to Jehoshaphat.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aorist (the proposal)λέγω (aor. εἶπεν): 'say'; introduces the proposal of the king of Israel (Ahaziah) to share the maritime venture.
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject ('the king of Israel')→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; here the king of Israel (the northern king, Ahaziah son of Ahab), making the proposal.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + accusative: 'to'; marking Jehoshaphat as addressee.
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphataccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun).
ἐξαποστελῶI will sendFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωmain verb of direct speech (the proposal)→ voluntative future (offer/intention)ἐξαποστέλλω (fut. ἐξαποστελῶ): 'send off / dispatch'; the king of Israel offers to send his men to sail with Jehoshaphat's servants.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with παῖδας)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παῖδάςservantsAccusativedirect object of ἐξαποστελῶ ('your servants')→ object specificationπαῖς: 'servant / attendant / boy'; renders עֶבֶד / נַעַר; here Jehoshaphat's servants, whom the northern king proposes to add his own men to.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with παῖδας)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with παῖδας).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with παιδάρια)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδάριάyoung men / servantsAccusativedirect object of ἐξαποστελῶ ('my young men')→ object specificationπαιδάριον: 'young man / lad / servant' (diminutive of παῖς); renders נַעַר; the northern king's own crew, offered for the joint venture.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (with παιδάρια)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with παιδάρια).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in the ship')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in the ship').
τῇtheDativearticle (with νηί)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νηίshipDativedative of place (locative: 'in the ship')→ sphere or referenceναῦς (dat. νηί): 'ship'; the dative of the same noun ναῦς; the vessel in which the joint crews would sail.
καὶbut / andcoordinate conjunction (adversative in sense)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἐβούλετο)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ): negative; 'Jehoshaphat was not willing'.
ἐβούλετοwas willing / wishedImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · βούλομαιmain verb (negated: 'he would not')→ descriptive imperfect (the settled refusal)βούλομαι (impf. ἐβούλετο): 'wish / be willing'; renders אָבָה; Jehoshaphat declines the northern king's offer of partnership.
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphatsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (Jehoshaphat death-formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκοιμήθηslept / fell asleepAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κοιμάομαιmain verb (death-formula)→ constative aorist (Jehoshaphat's death)κοιμάομαι (aor. pass. ἐκοιμήθη): 'sleep'; the death-notice for Jehoshaphat, closing the synchronistic plus.
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphatsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father'; μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ, the death-formula.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θάπτεταιis buriedPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · θάπτωmain verb (historic present: burial)→ historic present (vivid narration)θάπτω (pres. pass. θάπτεται): 'bury'; Jehoshaphat is buried with his fathers in the city of David.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father'; buried 'with his fathers', in the royal tombs.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in the city')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in the city').
πόλειcityDativedative of place (locative: 'in the city of David')→ sphere or referenceπόλις: 'city'; ἐν πόλει Δαυιδ ('in the city of David') = Jerusalem, the burial-place of the Davidic kings.
Δαυιδof Davidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliteration of Hebrew דָּוִד (David); indeclinable; 'the city of David' is the royal necropolis in Jerusalem.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (succession)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσενreigned / became kingAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (succession)→ ingressive aorist (Joram's accession)βασιλεύω (aor. ἐβασίλευσεν): 'reign'; Joram son of Jehoshaphat succeeds him on the throne of Judah, closing the plus.
ΙωραμJoramsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωραμ: Hebrew יְהוֹרָם (Jehoram/Joram); indeclinable; here the son of Jehoshaphat and his successor as king of Judah (distinct from the Tibni's brother of v. 22).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition ('his son')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; Joram as Jehoshaphat's heir.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution, elided ἀντί)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί (elided ἀντ᾿): 'in place of'; ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ renders תַּחְתָּיו, the succession-phrase closing the Jehoshaphat plus.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἀντί.
29

ἐν ἔτει δευτέρῳ τῷ Ιωσαφατ βασιλεύει Αχααβ υἱὸς Αμβρι ἐβασίλευσεν ἐπὶ Ισραηλ ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ εἴκοσι καὶ δύο ἔτη

In the second year of Jehoshaphat, Ahab son of Omri reigns; he reigned over Israel in Samaria twenty-two years.

Synchronistic accession-formula (Ahab's reign opened)ἐν ἔτει δευτέρῳ τῷ Ιωσαφατ βασιλεύει Αχααβ
The accession-formula now opens the long and notorious reign of Ahab: synchronism with Jehoshaphat's second year, capital Samaria, and a substantial twenty-two-year reign — the longest in the chapter, framing the climactic account of Baal-worship that follows (vv. 30–33).
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
ἔτειyearDativedative of time (synchronistic dating)→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; ἐν ἔτει renders בִּשְׁנַת, the synchronism-formula.
δευτέρῳsecondDativeordinal adjective (with ἔτει: 'second year')→ sphere or referenceδεύτερος: 'second'; the year of Jehoshaphat synchronized with Ahab's accession.
τῷofDativearticle (with Ιωσαφατ, marking the genitival relation)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ιωσαφατof Jehoshaphatgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun, articular)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: Hebrew יְהוֹשָׁפָט; indeclinable; the Judahite king by whose second year Ahab's accession is dated.
βασιλεύειreignsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (historic present: accession)→ historic present (vivid regnal notice)βασιλεύω (pres. βασιλεύει): 'reign'; opens Ahab's accession-notice.
ΑχααβAhabsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: Hebrew אַחְאָב; indeclinable; son of Omri, the chapter's climactic apostate king.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition (patronymic: 'son of Omri')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; Ahab as Omri's heir.
Αμβριof Omrigenitive patronymic (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑμβρι: Hebrew עָמְרִי; indeclinable; founder of the dynasty Ahab continues.
ἐβασίλευσενreignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (the reign as a whole)→ constative aorist (the entire reign)βασιλεύω (aor. ἐβασίλευσεν): 'reign'; sums up Ahab's full twenty-two-year reign.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (authority: 'over Israel')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'over'; the realm of Ahab's rule.
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable proper noun).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΣαμαρείᾳSamariaDativedative of place (locative: 'in Samaria')→ sphere or referenceΣαμάρεια (dat. Σαμαρείᾳ): declinable Greek form of שֹׁמְרוֹן; the Omride capital, seat of Ahab's reign (cf. v. 24, v. 28, v. 32).
εἴκοσιtwentynumeral (with δύο: 'twenty-two')→ measure or countεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; indeclinable numeral; with καὶ δύο = 'twenty-two', the length of Ahab's reign.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining compound numeral)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δύοtwonumeral (with εἴκοσι: 'twenty-two')→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; completes 'twenty-two years'.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('twenty-two years')→ object specificationἔτος: 'year'; accusative of duration; the reign-length.
30

καὶ ἐποίησεν Αχααβ τὸ πονηρὸν ἐνώπιον κυρίου ἐπονηρεύσατο ὑπὲρ πάντας τοὺς ἔμπροσθεν αὐτοῦ

And Ahab did what was evil before the LORD; he did worse than all who were before him.

Deuteronomistic evaluation (escalation formula, climactic)καὶ ἐποίησεν Αχααβ τὸ πονηρὸν
Ahab receives the same escalation-formula applied to his father Omri (v. 25), now as the culmination of the downward spiral: 'he did worse than all before him' — a verdict v. 33 will sharpen still further, making Ahab the worst of all the kings of Israel.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (the evil deed)→ constative aorist (the reign's character)ποιέω: 'do'; ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρόν renders עָשָׂה הָרַע, the verdict-formula (cf. v. 19, v. 25).
ΑχααβAhabsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with πονηρόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνevilAccusativesubstantival adjective (object of ἐποίησεν: 'the evil')→ object specificationπονηρός: 'evil'; τὸ πονηρὸν ἐνώπιον κυρίου renders הָרַע בְּעֵינֵי יהוה.
ἐνώπιονbeforepreposition + genitive (evaluative)→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before'; Hebraism for בְּעֵינֵי.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.
ἐπονηρεύσατοdid worse / acted wickedlyAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · πονηρεύομαιmain verb (escalation: 'acted more wickedly')→ constative aorist (surpassing wickedness)πονηρεύομαι (aor. mid. ἐπονηρεύσατο): 'act wickedly'; with ὑπὲρ πάντας renders הֵרַע מִכֹּל ('did worse than all'); the comparative escalation, applied to Ahab as to Omri (v. 25).
ὑπὲρmore than / beyondpreposition + accusative (comparison)→ spatial or relational framingὑπέρ + accusative: comparative 'more than'; ὑπὲρ πάντας = 'worse than all'.
πάνταςallAccusativesubstantival adjective (object of ὑπέρ)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of previous kings surpassed in wickedness.
τοὺςthe (ones)Accusativearticle (substantival, with ἔμπροσθεν: 'those before him')→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔμπροσθενbefore / prior topreposition + genitive (temporal: 'before him')→ spatial or relational framingἔμπροσθεν: 'before'; here temporal ('prior to'); the predecessors against whom Ahab's wickedness is measured.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἔμπροσθεν→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἔμπροσθεν.
31

καὶ οὐκ ἦν αὐτῷ ἱκανὸν τοῦ πορεύεσθαι ἐν ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις Ιεροβοαμ υἱοῦ Ναβατ καὶ ἔλαβεν γυναῖκα τὴν Ιεζαβελ θυγατέρα Ιεθεβααλ βασιλέως Σιδωνίων καὶ ἐπορεύθη καὶ ἐδούλευσεν τῷ Βααλ καὶ προσεκύνησεν αὐτῷ

And it was not enough for him to walk in the sins of Jeroboam son of Nabat; he also took as wife Jezebel, daughter of Ethbaal king of the Sidonians, and went and served Baal and worshiped him.

Aggravation of the apostasy (beyond Jeroboam to Baal)καὶ οὐκ ἦν αὐτῷ ἱκανὸν
The litotes 'it was not enough for him' (οὐκ ἦν αὐτῷ ἱκανόν) marks the decisive escalation: Ahab surpasses even the Jeroboam-apostasy by importing the Sidonian Baal-cult through his marriage to Jezebel; the chain ἔλαβεν … ἐπορεύθη … ἐδούλευσεν … προσεκύνησεν traces the steps from political alliance to full apostate worship.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἦν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ): negative; in the litotes 'it was not enough'.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (impersonal: 'it was not enough')→ descriptive imperfect (the insufficiency)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'be'; impersonal οὐκ ἦν αὐτῷ ἱκανόν ('it was not enough for him') is a litotes intensifying the magnitude of Ahab's sin.
αὐτῷfor himDativedative of reference ('for him')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative of reference; 'enough for him'.
ἱκανὸνenough / sufficientNominativepredicate adjective (impersonal: 'it was not enough')→ participant prominenceἱκανός: 'sufficient / enough'; the neuter ἱκανόν as impersonal predicate ('a sufficient thing'); the idiom conveys that Ahab's wickedness exceeded all bounds.
τοῦtoarticular infinitive marker (genitive, epexegetical)→ clausal contributionτοῦ + infinitive: epexegetical articular infinitive ('to walk').
πορεύεσθαιto walkPres Mid Inf · πορεύομαιarticular infinitive (subject of ἦν ἱκανόν: 'to walk... was not enough')→ verbal action or stateπορεύομαι (pres. inf. πορεύεσθαι): 'walk / conduct oneself'; 'walking in the sins of Jeroboam' was not enough for Ahab — he went further into Baalism.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere: 'in the sins')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere: 'in the sins').
ταῖςtheDativearticle (with ἁμαρτίαις)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαιςsinsDativedative (sphere of the walking: 'in the sins of Jeroboam')→ sphere or referenceἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the sins of Jeroboam, the baseline apostasy Ahab exceeds.
Ιεροβοαμof Jeroboamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun).
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition (patronymic)→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; patronymic identifying Jeroboam.
ΝαβατNabatgenitive patronymic (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΝαβατ: Hebrew נְבָט; indeclinable; father of Jeroboam I.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (the further step)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (took a wife)→ constative aorist (the marriage)λαμβάνω (aor. ἔλαβεν): 'take'; ἔλαβεν γυναῖκα ('took a wife') renders לָקַח אִשָּׁה, the marriage-idiom; the foreign marriage is the conduit of the Baal-cult.
γυναῖκαwife / womanAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν (predicate: 'as wife')→ object specificationγυνή: 'woman / wife'; renders אִשָּׁה; the object of Ahab's marriage.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Ιεζαβελ, marking the object)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙεζαβελJezebelaccusative in apposition to γυναῖκα (indeclinable proper noun, articular)→ participant identificationΙεζαβελ: transliteration of Hebrew אִיזֶבֶל (Jezebel); indeclinable, here marked as object by the article τήν; the Sidonian princess whose patronage of Baal makes her the archvillainess of the Elijah cycle.
θυγατέραdaughterAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Ιεζαβελ ('daughter of Ethbaal')→ object specificationθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; identifying Jezebel by her royal Sidonian father.
ΙεθεβααλEthbaalgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙεθεβααλ: transliteration of Hebrew אֶתְבַּעַל (Ethbaal, 'with Baal'); indeclinable; king of the Sidonians and Jezebel's father — his very name advertises the Baal-cult.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ιεθεβααλ ('king of the Sidonians')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; Ethbaal as king of the Sidonians, making the marriage a foreign royal alliance.
ΣιδωνίωνSidoniansGenitivegenitive of relationship (with βασιλέως: 'king of the Sidonians')→ relational specificationΣιδώνιος: 'Sidonian'; gentilic adjective used substantively; renders צִידֹנִים; the Phoenician people whose Baal-Melqart cult Jezebel imports into Israel.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηhe wentAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (went after Baal)→ constative aorist (the apostate turning)πορεύομαι (aor. pass. ἐπορεύθη): 'go / proceed'; here of going over to / following the Baal-cult; the verb of apostate conduct.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐδούλευσενservedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δουλεύωmain verb (served Baal)→ constative aorist (the cultic service)δουλεύω (aor. ἐδούλευσεν): 'serve / be a slave to'; renders עָבַד; cultic service of a deity; Ahab 'served Baal', the gravest breach of covenant exclusivity.
τῷtheDativearticle (with Βααλ, marking the dative object)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒααλBaaldative object of ἐδούλευσεν (indeclinable divine name, articular)→ participant identificationΒααλ: transliteration of Hebrew בַּעַל ('Baal', lit. 'lord / master'); indeclinable in the LXX, here governed by the dative article τῷ; the Canaanite/Phoenician storm-god whose worship Ahab institutes (cf. v. 32).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσεκύνησενworshiped / bowed down toAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσκυνέωmain verb (worshiped Baal)→ constative aorist (the act of worship)προσκυνέω (aor. προσεκύνησεν): 'bow down / do obeisance / worship'; renders הִשְׁתַּחֲוָה; the prostrate worship reserved for God, here given to Baal — the culmination of Ahab's apostasy.
αὐτῷhim / itDativedative object of προσεκύνησεν (Baal)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative pronoun referring to Baal, the object of Ahab's worship.
32

καὶ ἔστησεν θυσιαστήριον τῷ Βααλ ἐν οἴκῳ τῶν προσοχθισμάτων αὐτοῦ ὃν ᾠκοδόμησεν ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ

And he set up an altar to Baal in the house of his abominations, which he built in Samaria.

Institutionalizing of the Baal-cult (the temple and altar)καὶ ἔστησεν θυσιαστήριον τῷ Βααλ
Ahab's apostasy is now institutionalized: he erects an altar to Baal within a purpose-built Baal-temple in the capital. The narrator's dysphemism οἶκος τῶν προσοχθισμάτων ('house of abominations') replaces the neutral 'temple of Baal', branding the sanctuary itself as an object of divine loathing.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστησενset up / erectedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (erected an altar)→ constative aorist (the act of erection)ἵστημι (aor. ἔστησεν): 'set / set up / erect'; renders הֵקִים; Ahab erects an altar to Baal, the cultic apparatus of the imported worship.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativedirect object of ἔστησεν→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar (of sacrifice)'; renders מִזְבֵּחַ; the LXX uses this term for legitimate altars too, but here it serves the Baal-cult — a desecration.
τῷthe / toDativearticle (with Βααλ, marking the dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒααλBaaldative of advantage ('to/for Baal'; indeclinable divine name, articular)→ participant identificationΒααλ: Hebrew בַּעַל; indeclinable, governed by the dative article τῷ; the altar is 'for Baal', dedicated to the foreign god (cf. v. 31).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in the house')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in the house').
οἴκῳhouse / templeDativedative of place (the Baal-temple)→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: 'house'; here 'temple' (οἶκος = בֵּית, as in 'house of the LORD'); the Baal-sanctuary in Samaria.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with προσοχθισμάτων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσοχθισμάτωνabominations / things loathedGenitivegenitive of content (with οἴκῳ: 'house of abominations')→ relational specificationπροσόχθισμα: 'an object of loathing / abomination'; from προσοχθίζω ('be vexed/disgusted at'); a LXX dysphemism for idols (rendering שִׁקּוּצִים / גִּלּוּלִים); οἶκος τῶν προσοχθισμάτων brands the Baal-temple as a house of detestable things.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ᾠκοδόμησεν, referring to οἶκος)→ participant referenceὅς, ἥ, ὅ: relative pronoun; masculine accusative ὅν agreeing with οἶκος ('the house which he built').
ᾠκοδόμησενhe builtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωverb of relative clause ('which he built')→ constative aorist (the building of the temple)οἰκοδομέω (aor. ᾠκοδόμησεν): 'build'; renders בָּנָה; Ahab built the Baal-temple in Samaria (cf. Omri's building at v. 24).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΣαμαρείᾳSamariaDativedative of place (locative: 'in Samaria')→ sphere or referenceΣαμάρεια (dat. Σαμαρείᾳ): declinable Greek form of שֹׁמְרוֹן; the capital where Ahab built the Baal-temple (cf. v. 24, v. 28, v. 29).
33

καὶ ἐποίησεν Αχααβ ἄλσος καὶ προσέθηκεν Αχααβ τοῦ ποιῆσαι παροργίσματα τοῦ παροργίσαι τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἐξολεθρευθῆναι ἐκακοποίησεν ὑπὲρ πάντας τοὺς βασιλεῖς Ισραηλ τοὺς γενομένους ἔμπροσθεν αὐτοῦ

And Ahab made a grove, and Ahab continued to make provocations, provoking his own soul to its destruction; he did evil beyond all the kings of Israel who were before him.

Climactic verdict (the worst of all the kings)καὶ ἐποίησεν Αχααβ ἄλσος
The chapter's theological climax: Ahab adds an ἄλσος ('grove / Asherah') and 'continued to make provocations', so that the escalation-formula reaches its superlative — ἐκακοποίησεν ὑπὲρ πάντας τοὺς βασιλεῖς Ισραηλ ('he did evil beyond all the kings of Israel before him'). The striking phrase τοῦ παροργίσαι τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἐξολεθρευθῆναι ('provoking his own soul to destruction') turns the provocation back upon Ahab himself, sealing the doom that the Elijah narrative will unfold.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενmadeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (made a grove)→ constative aorist (the cultic fabrication)ποιέω: 'make'; renders עָשָׂה; Ahab makes an ἄλσος, the wooden cult-symbol of the goddess Asherah.
ΑχααβAhabsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
ἄλσοςgrove / sacred pole (Asherah)Accusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationἄλσος: 'grove / sacred wood'; the LXX's standard rendering of אֲשֵׁרָה (Asherah), the wooden cult-object/sacred pole of the Canaanite mother-goddess; its making compounds the Baal-cult of v. 32.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσέθηκενcontinued / addedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προστίθημιmain verb (auxiliary: 'continued to make')→ constative aorist (the persistence in provocation)προστίθημι (aor. προσέθηκεν): 'add / put to'; with the articular infinitive (προσέθηκεν τοῦ ποιῆσαι) it is a Hebraism (יָסַף לַעֲשׂוֹת) meaning 'he continued / did yet more to make', stressing the relentless escalation of his apostasy.
ΑχααβAhabsubject (indeclinable proper noun, repeated)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun, repeated).
τοῦtoarticular infinitive marker (genitive, complementary to προσέθηκεν)→ clausal contributionτοῦ + infinitive: complementary articular infinitive after προστίθημι ('continued to make').
ποιῆσαιto make / doAor Act Inf · ποιέωcomplementary infinitive (with προσέθηκεν: 'continued to make')→ constative aorist infinitiveποιέω (aor. inf. ποιῆσαι): 'make / do'; the infinitive completing 'continued to make provocations'.
παροργίσματαprovocations / things that provokeAccusativedirect object of ποιῆσαι ('provocations')→ object specificationπαρόργισμα: 'a provocation / cause of anger'; a noun from παροργίζω; the idolatrous objects/acts by which Ahab provoked YHWH to anger.
τοῦso as toarticular infinitive marker (genitive of result)→ clausal contributionτοῦ + infinitive: genitive articular infinitive of result ('so as to provoke').
παροργίσαιto provokeAor Act Inf · παροργίζωarticular infinitive of result ('provoking his own soul')→ telic/consecutive aorist infinitive (the upshot of the apostasy)παροργίζω: 'provoke to anger'; renders הִכְעִיס (cf. v. 2, v. 7, v. 13, v. 26); here, strikingly, the object of provocation is Ahab's own soul.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ψυχήν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχὴνsoul / lifeAccusativedirect object of παροργίσαι ('his own soul')→ object specificationψυχή: 'soul / life / self'; renders נֶפֶשׁ; the provocation rebounds upon Ahab's own life — his sin is self-destructive.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with ψυχήν)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with ψυχήν).
τοῦso as toarticular infinitive marker (genitive of result)→ clausal contributionτοῦ + infinitive: genitive articular infinitive of result ('to be destroyed').
ἐξολεθρευθῆναιto be utterly destroyedAor Pass Inf · ἐξολεθρεύωarticular infinitive of result ('to its destruction')→ aorist passive infinitive (the completed destruction)ἐξολεθρεύω (aor. pass. inf. ἐξολεθρευθῆναι): 'destroy utterly / exterminate'; renders הִכְרִית / הִשְׁמִיד; the compound ἐξ- intensifies; the result of Ahab's self-provocation is his (and his house's) utter destruction — fulfilled in the Elijah/Jehu narratives.
ἐκακοποίησενdid evilAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κακοποιέωmain verb (the climactic verdict)→ constative aorist (the surpassing wickedness)κακοποιέω (aor. ἐκακοποίησεν): 'do evil / do harm'; with ὑπὲρ πάντας it renders the superlative verdict 'he did evil beyond all', marking Ahab as the worst of all the northern kings.
ὑπὲρbeyond / more thanpreposition + accusative (comparison: 'beyond all the kings')→ spatial or relational framingὑπέρ + accusative: comparative 'beyond / more than'; the superlative measure of Ahab's wickedness.
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (with βασιλεῖς: 'all the kings')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of the kings of Israel, all surpassed by Ahab in evil.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλεῖς)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖςkingsAccusativeaccusative object of ὑπέρ ('all the kings of Israel')→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the kings of Israel, the comparative baseline.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun).
τοὺςthe (ones)Accusativearticle (substantizing the participle γενομένους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενομένουςwho were / came beforeAor Mid Part Acc Pl Masc · γίνομαιsubstantival participle ('those who were before him')→ verbal action or stateγίνομαι (aor. mid. part. γενόμενος): 'become / come to be'; τοὺς γενομένους ἔμπροσθεν αὐτοῦ = 'those who were before him' (cf. v. 25); the predecessors Ahab surpassed in evil.
ἔμπροσθενbefore / prior topreposition + genitive (temporal: 'before him')→ spatial or relational framingἔμπροσθεν: 'before'; temporal ('prior to'); the kings who reigned before Ahab.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἔμπροσθεν→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἔμπροσθεν.
34

ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις αὐτοῦ ᾠκοδόμησεν Αχιηλ ὁ Βαιθηλίτης τὴν Ιεριχω ἐν τῷ Αβιρων τῷ πρωτοτόκῳ αὐτοῦ ἐθεμελίωσεν αὐτὴν καὶ τῷ Σεγουβ τῷ νεωτέρῳ αὐτοῦ ἐπέστησεν θύρας αὐτῆς κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου ὃ ἐλάλησεν ἐν χειρὶ Ιησου υἱοῦ Ναυη

In his days Hiel the Bethelite built Jericho: at the cost of Abiram his firstborn he laid its foundation, and at the cost of Segub his youngest he set up its gates, according to the word of the LORD that he spoke by the hand of Joshua son of Nun.

Closing fulfilment-notice (Joshua's curse on Jericho)ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις αὐτοῦ ᾠκοδόμησεν Αχιηλ
The chapter closes with a fulfilment-notice framing the whole apostate age: in Ahab's days Hiel rebuilds the anciently cursed Jericho, losing his firstborn at the foundation and his youngest at the gates — κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου ('according to the word of the LORD') spoken through Joshua (Josh 6:26). The note that the curse falls in 'his days' subtly ties Ahab's reign to the climax of covenant-defiance and certain divine retribution.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal: 'in his days')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal: 'in his days').
ταῖςtheDativearticle (with ἡμέραις)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιςdaysDativedative of time ('in his days')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις αὐτοῦ ('in his days') renders בְּיָמָיו, dating the Jericho-rebuilding to Ahab's reign.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with ἡμέραις: 'his days')→ relational specificationαὐτός: pronoun referring to Ahab; the event falls within his reign.
ᾠκοδόμησενbuilt / rebuiltAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb (the rebuilding of Jericho)→ constative aorist (the act of rebuilding)οἰκοδομέω (aor. ᾠκοδόμησεν): 'build / rebuild'; renders בָּנָה; Hiel rebuilds the long-ruined and cursed city of Jericho.
ΑχιηλHielsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑχιηλ: transliteration of Hebrew חִיאֵל (Hiel); indeclinable; the man of Bethel who rebuilds Jericho and thereby incurs Joshua's curse.
theNominativearticle (with Βαιθηλίτης)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Βαιθηλίτηςthe BetheliteNominativenominative in apposition to Αχιηλ ('the Bethelite')→ participant prominenceΒαιθηλίτης: 'Bethelite, man of Bethel'; a gentilic noun (declinable) formed from the place-name Βαιθηλ (Bethel); identifies Hiel's origin.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Ιεριχω, marking the object)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙεριχωJerichoaccusative object of ᾠκοδόμησεν (indeclinable place-name, articular)→ participant identificationΙεριχω: transliteration of Hebrew יְרִיחוֹ (Jericho); indeclinable, here marked as object by the article τήν; the city destroyed and cursed under Joshua, now rebuilt.
ἐνat the cost of / withpreposition + dative (price/cost: 'at the cost of Abiram')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: here of price/cost ('at the cost of'), rendering the Hebrew בְּ of price; the foundation cost Hiel his firstborn son's life.
τῷtheDativearticle (with Αβιρων)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑβιρωνAbiramdative of price (indeclinable proper noun, articular: 'at the cost of Abiram')→ participant identificationΑβιρων: transliteration of Hebrew אֲבִירָם (Abiram); indeclinable, here governed by the dative article τῷ; Hiel's firstborn, who died when the foundation was laid.
τῷtheDativearticle (with πρωτοτόκῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρωτοτόκῳfirstbornDativeadjective in apposition to Αβιρων ('his firstborn')→ sphere or referenceπρωτότοκος: 'firstborn'; renders בְּכוֹר; Abiram as Hiel's firstborn, lost at the founding of Jericho.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with πρωτοτόκῳ)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with πρωτοτόκῳ).
ἐθεμελίωσενlaid the foundation ofAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θεμελιόωmain verb (laid the foundation)→ constative aorist (the foundation-laying)θεμελιόω (aor. ἐθεμελίωσεν): 'lay a foundation / found'; renders יִסַּד; Hiel laid Jericho's foundation — the first half of Joshua's curse (Josh 6:26).
αὐτὴνit (Jericho)Accusativedirect object of ἐθεμελίωσεν (Jericho)→ participant referenceαὐτός: pronoun referring to the feminine Ιεριχω; the city whose foundation was laid.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷtheDativearticle (with Σεγουβ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣεγουβSegubdative of price (indeclinable proper noun, articular: 'at the cost of Segub')→ participant identificationΣεγουβ: transliteration of Hebrew שְׂגוּב (Segub); indeclinable, here governed by the dative article τῷ; Hiel's youngest son, who died when the gates were set up.
τῷtheDativearticle (with νεωτέρῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεωτέρῳyounger / youngestDativecomparative adjective in apposition to Σεγουβ ('his youngest')→ sphere or referenceνέος (compar. νεώτερος): 'young / younger / youngest'; renders צָעִיר; Segub as Hiel's youngest son, lost at the completion of the gates.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with νεωτέρῳ)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with νεωτέρῳ).
ἐπέστησενset up / installedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐφίστημιmain verb (set up the gates)→ constative aorist (the gate-installation)ἐφίστημι (aor. ἐπέστησεν): 'set up / set in place / install'; renders הִצִּיב; Hiel set up the city-gates — the second half of Joshua's curse (Josh 6:26).
θύραςdoors / gatesAccusativedirect object of ἐπέστησεν ('its gates')→ object specificationθύρα: 'door / gate'; renders דְּלָתַיִם / שְׁעָרִים; the city-gates of Jericho, whose installation cost Hiel his youngest son.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (with θύρας: 'its gates')→ relational specificationαὐτός: pronoun referring to Jericho; 'its gates'.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (conformity: 'according to the word')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + accusative: 'according to'; introduces the prophecy-fulfilment formula (cf. v. 12).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ῥῆμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαwordAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (the fulfilled prophetic word)→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word / saying'; renders דָּבָר; κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου ('according to the word of the LORD') is the fulfilment-formula (cf. v. 12).
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source (with ῥῆμα)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the divine author of the curse-word fulfilled in Hiel's losses.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐλάλησεν)→ participant referenceὅς, ἥ, ὅ: relative pronoun; neuter accusative ὅ agreeing with ῥῆμα.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωverb of relative clause ('the word which he spoke')→ constative aorist (the ancient pronouncement)λαλέω (aor. ἐλάλησεν): 'speak'; renders דִּבֶּר; the LORD spoke the curse on Jericho long before, through Joshua.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (instrumental: 'by the hand of')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: instrumental, 'by the hand of'; the prophetic-mediation idiom (cf. v. 1, v. 7).
χειρὶhandDativedative of instrument (idiom: 'by the hand of Joshua')→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand'; ἐν χειρὶ renders בְּיַד; Joshua is the mediator of the original curse on the rebuilder of Jericho.
ΙησουJoshuagenitive of agent (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙησου: the LXX form (gen.) of Hebrew יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (Joshua); indeclinable; Joshua son of Nun, who pronounced the curse on whoever would rebuild Jericho (Josh 6:26).
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition (patronymic: 'son of Nun')→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; patronymic identifying Joshua by his father Nun.
ΝαυηNungenitive patronymic (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΝαυη: the LXX form of Hebrew נוּן (Nun); indeclinable; father of Joshua — the chapter's final word, anchoring Ahab's age to the fulfilment of Joshua's ancient curse.