καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκοιμήθηslept / fell asleepAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κοιμάομαιmain verb (death-formula)→ constative aorist (Omri's death)κοιμάομαι (aor. pass. ἐκοιμήθη): 'sleep'; ἐκοιμήθη μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ renders שָׁכַב עִם אֲבֹתָיו, the death-notice for a king (cf. v. 6).
ΑμβριOmrisubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑμβρι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father / ancestor'; μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ renders עִם אֲבֹתָיו.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θάπτεταιis buriedPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · θάπτωmain verb (historic present: burial)→ historic present (vivid narration)θάπτω (pres. pass. θάπτεται): 'bury'; renders קָבַר; Omri is buried in Samaria, the city he founded.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΣαμαρείᾳSamariaDativedative of place (locative: 'in Samaria')→ sphere or referenceΣαμάρεια (dat. Σαμαρείᾳ): the declinable Greek form of Hebrew שֹׁמְרוֹן (Samaria); first-declension feminine; the new Omride capital, place of Omri's burial (cf. v. 24, v. 29, v. 32).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (succession)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βασιλεύειreignsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (historic present: accession)→ historic present (vivid succession-notice)βασιλεύω (pres. βασιλεύει): 'reign'; Ahab's accession in the succession-formula.
ΑχααβAhabsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: transliteration of Hebrew אַחְאָב (Ahab); indeclinable; son of Omri, the most notorious of the northern kings (cf. vv. 29–33).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition ('his son')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; Ahab as Omri's heir.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution, elided ἀντί)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί (elided ἀντ᾿): 'in place of'; ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ renders תַּחְתָּיו.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἀντί.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (opening the Jehoshaphat plus)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal: 'in the year')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal: 'in the year').
τῷtheDativearticle (with ἐνιαυτῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνιαυτῷyearDativedative of time (synchronistic dating)→ sphere or referenceἐνιαυτός: 'year'; here in the synchronism-formula dating Jehoshaphat's accession to Omri's eleventh year.
τῷtheDativearticle (with ordinal)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑνδεκάτῳeleventhDativeordinal adjective (with ἐνιαυτῷ: 'eleventh year')→ sphere or referenceἑνδέκατος: 'eleventh'; the year of Omri's reign synchronized with Jehoshaphat's accession.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with Αμβρι)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Αμβριof Omrigenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑμβρι: here genitive ('of Omri'), the northern king by whose reign the Judahite accession is dated.
βασιλεύειreigns / becomes kingPres Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (historic present: Jehoshaphat's accession)→ historic present (vivid regnal notice)βασιλεύω (pres. βασιλεύει): 'reign'; Jehoshaphat of Judah begins to reign.
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphatsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: transliteration of Hebrew יְהוֹשָׁפָט (Jehoshaphat); indeclinable; king of Judah, son of Asa, subject of this Old-Greek synchronistic plus.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition (patronymic: 'son of Asa')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; Jehoshaphat as Asa's heir.
Ασαof Asagenitive patronymic (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑσα: Hebrew אָסָא; indeclinable; Asa, king of Judah, Jehoshaphat's father.
ἐτῶνyears (old)Genitivegenitive of measure (age: 'of thirty-five years')→ relational specificationἔτος: 'year'; the genitive of measure ἐτῶν τριάκοντα καὶ πέντε ('thirty-five years old') states Jehoshaphat's age at accession.
τριάκονταthirtynumeral (with πέντε: 'thirty-five')→ measure or countτριάκοντα: 'thirty'; indeclinable numeral; with καὶ πέντε = 'thirty-five', Jehoshaphat's accession-age.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining compound numeral)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πέντεfivenumeral (with τριάκοντα: 'thirty-five')→ measure or countπέντε: 'five'; indeclinable numeral; completes 'thirty-five'.
ἐνat / inpreposition + dative (temporal: 'at his accession')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal: 'at his accession').
τῇtheDativearticle (with βασιλείᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλείᾳreign / accessionDativedative of time ('at the beginning of his reign')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεία: 'kingdom / reign / kingship'; ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ αὐτοῦ here = 'when he became king / at his accession', the point at which his age is given.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἴκοσιtwentynumeral (with πέντε: 'twenty-five')→ measure or countεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; indeclinable numeral; with πέντε = 'twenty-five', the length of Jehoshaphat's reign.
πέντεfivenumeral (with εἴκοσι: 'twenty-five')→ measure or countπέντε: 'five'; completes 'twenty-five years'.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('twenty-five years')→ object specificationἔτος: 'year'; accusative of duration; the length of the reign.
ἐβασίλευσενhe reignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (the reign as a whole)→ constative aorist (the entire reign)βασιλεύω (aor. ἐβασίλευσεν): 'reign'; sums up Jehoshaphat's twenty-five-year reign in Jerusalem.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemdative-equivalent object of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliteration of Hebrew יְרוּשָׁלַ͏ִם (Jerusalem); indeclinable in the LXX; the Judahite capital and seat of Jehoshaphat's reign.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing nominal clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄνομαnameNominativesubject of nominal clause ('the name of his mother was...')→ participant prominenceὄνομα: 'name'; the mother's-name notice (ὄνομα τῆς μητρός) is a fixed element of the Judahite regnal formula.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with μητρός)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μητρὸςmotherGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ὄνομα: 'name of his mother')→ relational specificationμήτηρ: 'mother'; the queen-mother, named in the regnal formula.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ΓαζουβαGazouba (Azubah)predicate nominative (indeclinable proper noun: the mother's name)→ participant identificationΓαζουβα: the LXX form of Hebrew עֲזוּבָה (Azubah); indeclinable; Jehoshaphat's mother.
θυγάτηρdaughterNominativenominative in apposition ('daughter of Selei')→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; identifying Gazouba by her father.
ΣελεϊSelei (Shilhi)genitive patronymic (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣελεϊ: the LXX form of Hebrew שִׁלְחִי (Shilhi); indeclinable; father of Azubah/Gazouba.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (beginning the evaluation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηhe walkedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (positive evaluation: walked in Asa's way)→ constative aorist (settled righteous conduct)πορεύομαι (aor. pass. ἐπορεύθη): 'walk / conduct oneself'; here positively — Jehoshaphat walked in the godly way of his father Asa (contrast the northern kings' walking in Jeroboam's way).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (idiom: 'in the way')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (idiom: 'in the way').
τῇtheDativearticle (with ὁδῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδῷwayDativedative of manner (idiom: 'in the way of Asa')→ sphere or referenceὁδός: 'way'; ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ renders בְּדֶרֶךְ; the righteous 'way of Asa', the positive counterpart of the 'way of Jeroboam'.
Ασαof Asagenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑσα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with πατρός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ασα ('his father')→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father'; Asa as Jehoshaphat's father and righteous model.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἐξέκλινεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ): negative; 'did not turn aside'.
ἐξέκλινενturned asideAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκκλίνωmain verb (negated: 'did not deviate')→ constative aorist (consistent fidelity)ἐκκλίνω (aor. ἐξέκλινεν): 'turn aside / deviate'; renders סוּר / נָטָה; 'he did not turn aside from it' = he kept consistently to Asa's righteous way.
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (separation, elided ἀπό)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό (elided ἀπ᾿): 'from'; 'turn aside from it' (the way).
αὐτῆςit (the way)Genitivegenitive object of ἀπό (referring to ὁδῷ)→ relational specificationαὐτός: pronoun referring back to the feminine ὁδός ('the way'), from which he did not turn.
τοῦso as toarticular infinitive marker (genitive, epexegetical)→ clausal contributionτοῦ + infinitive: epexegetical/result articular infinitive ('doing what is right').
ποιεῖνto doPres Act Inf · ποιέωarticular infinitive (epexegetical: 'doing what is right')→ present infinitive (ongoing performance)ποιέω (pres. inf. ποιεῖν): 'do'; τοῦ ποιεῖν τὸ εὐθές ('to do what is right') is the positive Deuteronomistic verdict-formula.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with εὐθές)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐθὲςright / upright thingAccusativesubstantival adjective (object of ποιεῖν: 'the right')→ object specificationεὐθής: 'straight / right / upright'; substantivized τὸ εὐθές ('the right thing'); τὸ εὐθὲς ἐνώπιον κυρίου renders הַיָּשָׁר בְּעֵינֵי יהוה, the positive verdict-formula (opposite of τὸ πονηρόν).
ἐνώπιονbeforepreposition + genitive (evaluative)→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before'; Hebraism for בְּעֵינֵי.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the one before whom Jehoshaphat did right.
πλὴνonly / exceptadversative particle (qualification: 'only the high places...')→ discourse linkage or contrastπλήν: 'except / only / nevertheless'; renders רַק; introduces the standard qualification on a good Judahite king — the high places were not removed.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ὑψηλῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑψηλῶνhigh placesGenitivepartitive/object genitive (with ἐξῆραν: 'the high places they did not remove')→ relational specificationὑψηλός: 'high / lofty'; substantivized τὰ ὑψηλά ('the high places') = the local cult-shrines (rendering הַבָּמוֹת); their non-removal is the recurring qualification on the godly kings of Judah.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἐξῆραν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ): negative; 'they did not remove'.
ἐξῆρανthey removedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξαίρωmain verb (negated: 'they did not remove')→ constative aorist (the unremoved shrines)ἐξαίρω (aor. ἐξῆραν): 'take away / remove / abolish'; renders הֵסִיר; the high places were not abolished — the blemish on an otherwise good reign.
ἔθυονthey were sacrificingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · θύωmain verb (descriptive imperfect: 'they kept sacrificing')→ iterative/customary imperfect (ongoing practice)θύω (impf. ἔθυον): 'sacrifice / slay'; renders זָבַח; the imperfect denotes the continuing practice of the people sacrificing at the high places.
ἐνin / onpreposition + dative (locative: 'on the high places')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'on the high places').
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with ὑψηλοῖς)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑψηλοῖςhigh placesDativedative of place (locative: 'on the high places')→ sphere or referenceὑψηλός: substantivized τὰ ὑψηλά ('the high places'); the locale of the unauthorized sacrifices.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθυμίωνthey were burning incenseImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · θυμιάωmain verb (descriptive imperfect: 'kept burning incense')→ iterative/customary imperfect (ongoing practice)θυμιάω (impf. ἐθυμίων): 'burn incense / offer incense'; renders קִטֵּר; paired with ἔθυον to describe the continuing high-place cult.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (beginning the citation-formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἃwhich (things)Accusativerelative pronoun (object of συνέθετο; substantival)→ participant referenceὅς, ἥ, ὅ: relative pronoun; neuter plural ἅ ('the things which') opening the regnal-summary content for Jehoshaphat.
συνέθετοagreed / arranged / made covenantAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · συντίθημιverb of relative clause ('the things he agreed')→ constative aorist (the arrangements/treaties)συντίθημι (aor. mid. συνέθετο): 'agree / arrange / make a compact'; here of the treaties/agreements Jehoshaphat concluded — part of the summary of his deeds.
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphatsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶσαallNominativeattributive adjective (with δυναστεία: 'all his might')→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all / whole'; feminine nominative πᾶσα agreeing with δυναστεία.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with δυναστεία)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυναστείαmight / powerNominativesubject ('all his might')→ participant prominenceδυναστεία: 'might / power / mighty deed'; renders גְּבוּרָה; Jehoshaphat's exploits of power.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὅς, ἥ, ὅ: relative pronoun; feminine accusative ἥν agreeing with δυναστεία.
ἐποίησενhe did / exercisedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause ('the might which he exercised')→ constative aorist (his deeds of power)ποιέω: 'do / perform'; of exercising his might.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὓςwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐπολέμησεν)→ participant referenceὅς, ἥ, ὅ: relative pronoun; masculine accusative plural οὕς ('those whom').
ἐπολέμησενhe warred against / foughtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πολεμέωverb of relative clause ('those whom he fought')→ constative aorist (his wars)πολεμέω (aor. ἐπολέμησεν): 'wage war / fight'; renders נִלְחַם; Jehoshaphat's military campaigns, a further item of the summary.
οὐκnotnegative particle (rhetorical question marker)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ): negative; οὐκ ἰδού introduces the rhetorical appeal to the record.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle (with οὐκ)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; in οὐκ ἰδού, Hebraism for הֲלֹא הֵם.
ταῦταthese thingsNominativesubject (demonstrative)→ participant prominenceοὗτος: demonstrative; subject of periphrastic γεγραμμένα.
γεγραμμέναwrittenPerf Pass Part Nom Pl Neut · γράφωpredicate participle (periphrastic perfect passive)→ resultative perfect (standing record)γράφω (perf. pass. part.): the abiding recorded state; renders כְּתוּבִים.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
βιβλίῳbook / scrollDativedative of place (the record-source)→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book / scroll'; the royal chronicle.
λόγωνof the chroniclesGenitivegenitive of content (with βιβλίῳ)→ relational specificationλόγος: annalistic 'records'.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitivegenitive (with λόγων: 'records of the days')→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν calques דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωνkingsGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ἡμερῶν)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; here the chronicle of the kings of JUDAH (not Israel), since this plus concerns the Judahite Jehoshaphat.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliteration of Hebrew יְהוּדָה (Judah); indeclinable; the southern kingdom whose royal annal is here cited — marking this unit as a Judahite plus.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with λοιπά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιπὰrest / remainderNominativesubstantival adjective (subject: 'the rest of the leagues')→ participant prominenceλοιπός: 'remaining'; τὰ λοιπά here governs τῶν συμπλοκῶν ('the rest of the leagues/entanglements').
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with συμπλοκῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συμπλοκῶνleagues / entanglements / alliancesGenitivepartitive genitive (with λοιπά: 'the rest of the leagues')→ relational specificationσυμπλοκή: 'a twining together / entanglement / league'; here of the political entanglements or cultic-alliances (perhaps the remaining male cult-prostitutes/idolatrous leagues) which Jehoshaphat purged from the land.
ἃςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐπέθεντο)→ participant referenceὅς, ἥ, ὅ: relative pronoun; feminine accusative plural ἅς agreeing with συμπλοκῶν.
ἐπέθεντοthey laid / set up / establishedAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἐπιτίθημιverb of relative clause ('which they had established')→ constative aorist (the prior establishment)ἐπιτίθημι (aor. mid. ἐπέθεντο): 'lay upon / set up / impose'; here of the leagues/entanglements that had been set up in Asa's days and that Jehoshaphat removed.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal: 'in the days')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal: 'in the days').
ταῖςtheDativearticle (with ἡμέραις)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιςdaysDativedative of time ('in the days of Asa')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ('in the days of') = during the reign of Asa.
Ασαof Asagenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑσα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with πατρός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ασα ('his father')→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father'; Asa as Jehoshaphat's father.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐξῆρενhe removedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαίρωmain verb (Jehoshaphat removed the leagues)→ constative aorist (the purge)ἐξαίρω (aor. ἐξῆρεν): 'remove / take away'; Jehoshaphat removed from the land the remaining cultic-entanglements left from Asa's reign.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation: 'from the land')→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation: 'from the land').
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with γῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive of separation (with ἀπό: 'from the land')→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; renders אֶרֶץ; the territory of Judah, cleansed of the leagues.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (foreign-policy note)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject ('there was no king')→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the note that there was no (independent) king in Edom/Syria but only a deputy.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἦν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ): negative; 'there was no king'.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential: 'there was no king')→ descriptive imperfect (state of affairs)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'be'; existential 'there was'; the absence of a native king reflects vassal-status.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΣυρίᾳSyria / EdomDativedative of place (locative: 'in Syria')→ sphere or referenceΣυρία (dat. Συρίᾳ): declinable Greek place-name; in the LXX often rendering אֲרָם (Aram/Syria), though here corresponding to MT אֱדוֹם (Edom); the region without an independent king in Jehoshaphat's day.
νασιβa deputy / garrison-officer (nasib)predicate noun (untranslated Hebrew loanword)→ clausal contributionνασιβ: an untranslated transliteration of Hebrew נְצִיב ('deputy / prefect / garrison-officer'); indeclinable; the LXX leaves the term untranslated — instead of a king there was only a Judah-appointed 'deputy' governing the region.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (Tarshish-ship notice)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject ('King Jehoshaphat')→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; here ὁ βασιλεὺς Ιωσαφατ = 'King Jehoshaphat', subject of the ship-building venture.
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphatnominative in apposition to βασιλεύς (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative in apposition to βασιλεύς (indeclinable proper noun).
ἐποίησενmade / builtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (built a ship)→ constative aorist (the ship-building)ποιέω: 'make / build'; here of building a Tarshish-ship for the gold trade (cf. 3 Kgdms 22:48–49).
ναῦνshipAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationναῦς: 'ship'; renders אֳנִי / אֳנִיָּה; a large sea-going vessel of the 'Tarshish' type, built for the gold-trade.
εἰςto / forpreposition + accusative (destination/purpose: 'to Tarshish')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination/purpose: 'to Tarshish').
ΘαρσιςTarshishaccusative object of εἰς (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΘαρσις: transliteration of Hebrew תַּרְשִׁישׁ (Tarshish); indeclinable; a distant trading destination, here naming the ship-type/route for the gold-voyage.
πορεύεσθαιto go / sailPres Mid Inf · πορεύομαιinfinitive of purpose ('to go to Sophir')→ verbal action or stateπορεύομαι (pres. inf. πορεύεσθαι): 'go / travel'; the infinitive of purpose — the ship was made to sail to Sophir.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination: 'to Sophir')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination: 'to Sophir').
ΣωφιρSophir / Ophiraccusative object of εἰς (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΣωφιρ: the LXX form of Hebrew אוֹפִיר (Ophir); indeclinable; the famed source of gold to which the ship was bound.
ἐπὶforpreposition + accusative (purpose: 'for the gold')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: here purposive, 'for / after'; the voyage's objective was the gold.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with χρυσίον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρυσίονgoldAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the goal of the voyage)→ object specificationχρυσίον: 'gold / gold coin'; renders זָהָב; the cargo the ship was to fetch from Ophir.
καὶbut / andcoordinate conjunction (adversative in sense)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἐπορεύθη)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ): negative; 'it did not go / sail'.
ἐπορεύθηit went / sailedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (negated: 'the ship did not go')→ constative aorist (the failed voyage)πορεύομαι (aor. pass. ἐπορεύθη): 'go'; the voyage never happened because the ship was wrecked.
ὅτιbecauseconjunction (causal: 'because the ship was wrecked')→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; renders כִּי; introduces the reason for the voyage's failure.
συνετρίβηwas wrecked / brokenAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · συντρίβωverb of causal clause ('the ship was wrecked')→ constative aorist (the wreck)συντρίβω (aor. pass. συνετρίβη): 'shatter / break in pieces / wreck'; renders נִשְׁבַּר; the ship was wrecked at Ezion-geber before it could sail.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with ναῦς)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ναῦςshipNominativesubject of συνετρίβη→ participant prominenceναῦς: 'ship'; the wrecked vessel.
ἐνat / inpreposition + dative (locative: 'at Gasiongaber')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'at Gasiongaber').
ΓασιωνγαβερGasiongaber (Ezion-geber)dative-equivalent object of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΓασιωνγαβερ: the LXX form of Hebrew עֶצְיוֹן גֶּבֶר (Ezion-geber); indeclinable; the Red Sea port where Jehoshaphat's fleet was wrecked.
τότεthentemporal adverb (sequential)→ adverbial qualificationτότε: 'then'; renders אָז; marks the king of Israel's subsequent overture to Jehoshaphat.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aorist (the proposal)λέγω (aor. εἶπεν): 'say'; introduces the proposal of the king of Israel (Ahaziah) to share the maritime venture.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject ('the king of Israel')→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; here the king of Israel (the northern king, Ahaziah son of Ahab), making the proposal.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + accusative: 'to'; marking Jehoshaphat as addressee.
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphataccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun).
ἐξαποστελῶI will sendFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωmain verb of direct speech (the proposal)→ voluntative future (offer/intention)ἐξαποστέλλω (fut. ἐξαποστελῶ): 'send off / dispatch'; the king of Israel offers to send his men to sail with Jehoshaphat's servants.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with παῖδας)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παῖδάςservantsAccusativedirect object of ἐξαποστελῶ ('your servants')→ object specificationπαῖς: 'servant / attendant / boy'; renders עֶבֶד / נַעַר; here Jehoshaphat's servants, whom the northern king proposes to add his own men to.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with παῖδας)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with παῖδας).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with παιδάρια)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδάριάyoung men / servantsAccusativedirect object of ἐξαποστελῶ ('my young men')→ object specificationπαιδάριον: 'young man / lad / servant' (diminutive of παῖς); renders נַעַר; the northern king's own crew, offered for the joint venture.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (with παιδάρια)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with παιδάρια).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in the ship')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in the ship').
τῇtheDativearticle (with νηί)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νηίshipDativedative of place (locative: 'in the ship')→ sphere or referenceναῦς (dat. νηί): 'ship'; the dative of the same noun ναῦς; the vessel in which the joint crews would sail.
καὶbut / andcoordinate conjunction (adversative in sense)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἐβούλετο)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ): negative; 'Jehoshaphat was not willing'.
ἐβούλετοwas willing / wishedImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · βούλομαιmain verb (negated: 'he would not')→ descriptive imperfect (the settled refusal)βούλομαι (impf. ἐβούλετο): 'wish / be willing'; renders אָבָה; Jehoshaphat declines the northern king's offer of partnership.
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphatsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (Jehoshaphat death-formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκοιμήθηslept / fell asleepAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κοιμάομαιmain verb (death-formula)→ constative aorist (Jehoshaphat's death)κοιμάομαι (aor. pass. ἐκοιμήθη): 'sleep'; the death-notice for Jehoshaphat, closing the synchronistic plus.
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphatsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father'; μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ, the death-formula.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θάπτεταιis buriedPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · θάπτωmain verb (historic present: burial)→ historic present (vivid narration)θάπτω (pres. pass. θάπτεται): 'bury'; Jehoshaphat is buried with his fathers in the city of David.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father'; buried 'with his fathers', in the royal tombs.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in the city')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in the city').
πόλειcityDativedative of place (locative: 'in the city of David')→ sphere or referenceπόλις: 'city'; ἐν πόλει Δαυιδ ('in the city of David') = Jerusalem, the burial-place of the Davidic kings.
Δαυιδof Davidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliteration of Hebrew דָּוִד (David); indeclinable; 'the city of David' is the royal necropolis in Jerusalem.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (succession)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσενreigned / became kingAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (succession)→ ingressive aorist (Joram's accession)βασιλεύω (aor. ἐβασίλευσεν): 'reign'; Joram son of Jehoshaphat succeeds him on the throne of Judah, closing the plus.
ΙωραμJoramsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωραμ: Hebrew יְהוֹרָם (Jehoram/Joram); indeclinable; here the son of Jehoshaphat and his successor as king of Judah (distinct from the Tibni's brother of v. 22).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition ('his son')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; Joram as Jehoshaphat's heir.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution, elided ἀντί)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί (elided ἀντ᾿): 'in place of'; ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ renders תַּחְתָּיו, the succession-phrase closing the Jehoshaphat plus.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἀντί.