Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Third Book of Kingdoms, Chapter 5ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ Γ′ Ε′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Solomon's wisdom, abundance, and alliance with Hiram gather the resources and labor for the temple.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of 3 Kingdoms 5 follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. 3 Kingdoms (Βασιλειῶν Γ′) is the LXX designation for the book known in the Hebrew/Masoretic tradition as 1 Kings, and the Greek versification of this chapter diverges markedly from the MT (≈ 1 Kgs 5 + 4:29–34). In the LXX arrangement of this chapter the wisdom-material precedes the Hiram negotiations, and several verses present in other arrangements are absent here: the chapter contains exactly 27 verses, numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32 — so that vv. 5–8 and v. 31 are not present and the numbering jumps 4→9 and 30→32. Verse 14 is unusually long because it absorbs two transposed narrative pluses — Solomon's marriage to Pharaoh's daughter and the burning/rebuilding of Gezer — which in the source were flagged editorially with the sigla [a] and [b]; those inline markers have been removed from the running Greek text and no word-objects are generated for them. The chapter unfolds in four movements: the daily provision for Solomon's table and his dominion over the land beyond the River (vv. 1–4); the gift of surpassing φρόνησις and σοφία — greater than all the men of the east and all Egypt, 3,000 παραβολαί and 1,005 songs, discourse on trees from the cedar of Lebanon to the hyssop, on beasts, birds, reptiles and fish, with all peoples coming to hear (vv. 9–14); the diplomatic exchange with Χιραμ (Hiram) of Tyre for cedar and cypress timber, sealed with a covenant of peace (vv. 15–26); and the labor levy raised out of all Israel — 30,000 conscripts in rotation, 70,000 burden-bearers, 80,000 quarrymen and 3,600 overseers — who prepared the stones and timber over three years (vv. 27–32). Throughout, the indeclinable proper names Σαλωμων, Χιραμ, Δαυιδ and Φαραω are construed by their accompanying articles; κύριος renders the Tetragrammaton at every occurrence in the chapter.

1

καὶ ἐχορήγουν οἱ καθεσταμένοι οὕτως τῷ βασιλεῖ Σαλωμων καὶ πάντα τὰ διαγγέλματα ἐπὶ τὴν τράπεζαν τοῦ βασιλέως ἕκαστος μῆνα αὐτοῦ οὐ παραλλάσσουσιν λόγον καὶ τὰς κριθὰς καὶ τὸ ἄχυρον τοῖς ἵπποις καὶ τοῖς ἅρμασιν ᾖρον εἰς τὸν τόπον οὗ ἂν ᾖ ὁ βασιλεύς ἕκαστος κατὰ τὴν σύνταξιν αὐτοῦ

And the appointed officers provided thus for King Solomon, and all the provisions for the king's table, each in his month; they did not fall short in any matter. And the barley and the straw for the horses and the chariots they would bring to the place wherever the king might be, each according to his appointed charge.

Narrative continuation (administrative summary)καὶ ἐχορήγουν
The chapter opens with imperfect verbs (ἐχορήγουν … ᾖρον) describing the customary, repeated functioning of Solomon's provisioning system; καί is Hebraizing parataxis. The clause οὐ παραλλάσσουσιν λόγον ('they did not vary a matter') uses the present tense within a past-customary frame to underline the reliability of the administration.
Word-by-word analysis· 48 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐχορήγουνthey provided / suppliedImperf Act Indic 3 Pl · χορηγέωmain verb (customary imperfect)→ customary imperfect (habitual provisioning)χορηγέω: 'supply / furnish / provide (the cost of)'; originally 'to defray the expenses of a chorus', the verb came to mean lavish provisioning; the imperfect frames the supply as a standing, repeated institution of Solomon's court.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with participle καθεσταμένοι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθεσταμένοιthose appointedPerf Mid/Pass Part Nom Pl Masc · καθίστημιsubstantival participle (subject: the appointed officers)→ resultative perfect participle (settled in office)καθίστημι: 'set / appoint / establish'; the perfect passive participle οἱ καθεσταμένοι ('the ones who have been appointed') denotes the standing corps of district officers responsible for the king's provision; the same participle recurs at v. 30 of the overseers over the works.
οὕτωςthusadverb of manner→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / in this way'; points back to the preceding administrative arrangement, summarizing the regular manner in which provision was made.
τῷtheDativearticle (with βασιλεῖ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingDativeindirect object (dative of advantage: 'for the king')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; renders מֶלֶךְ; in apposition with the indeclinable Σαλωμων the dative marks the beneficiary of the provisioning.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonappositive to βασιλεῖ (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliteration of Hebrew שְׁלֹמֹה; indeclinable in 3 Kingdoms LXX, its case is signalled by the accompanying article or governing noun (here the dative τῷ βασιλεῖ); recurs throughout the chapter.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying διαγγέλματα)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / every'; the neuter plural πάντα agrees with τὰ διαγγέλματα, stressing the completeness of the provision brought to the royal table.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with διαγγέλματα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαγγέλματαprovisions / things assignedAccusativedirect object (the things supplied to the table)→ object specificationδιάγγελμα: a rare noun, lit. 'thing announced / decreed assignment'; here it denotes the apportioned provisions or commissary supplies brought for the king's table — the items the officers were charged to deliver.
ἐπὶto / uponpreposition + accusative (goal: 'to the table')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal: 'to the table').
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with τράπεζαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τράπεζανtableAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (destination of the provisions)→ object specificationτράπεζα: 'table'; renders שֻׁלְחָן; the king's table is a metonym for the royal household's daily sustenance, the object of the whole provisioning apparatus.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςking'sGenitivegenitive of possession ('the king's table')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): the possessive genitive identifies the table as belonging to the king Solomon.
ἕκαστοςeach oneNominativedistributive subject (each officer in his turn)→ participant prominenceἕκαστος: 'each / every one'; distributive, indicating that the officers served in monthly rotation, each responsible for his appointed month.
μῆναmonthAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('for his month')→ object specificationμήν: 'month'; the accusative of time denotes the span of each officer's rotation; cf. v. 28 for the monthly shift-system of the levy.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying μῆνα: 'his month')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying μῆνα: 'his month').
οὐnotnegative particle (with παραλλάσσουσιν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παραλλάσσουσινthey fall short / varyPres Act Indic 3 Pl · παραλλάσσωmain verb (gnomic/customary present within past frame)→ customary present (the supply never failed)παραλλάσσω: 'alter / change / vary / pass over'; with οὐ … λόγον the sense is 'they let nothing fall short / they omit no item'; the present tense within the imperfect narrative underscores the unbroken reliability of the system.
λόγονa matter / anythingAccusativeaccusative object of παραλλάσσουσιν ('they did not vary a thing')→ object specificationλόγος: here in the Hebraizing sense 'thing / matter' (rendering דָּבָר); οὐ παραλλάσσουσιν λόγον = 'they fell short in no matter', a Semitic idiom for total dependability.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the fodder clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with κριθὰς)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κριθὰςbarleyAccusativedirect object of ᾖρον (fodder grain)→ object specificationκριθή (pl. κριθαί): 'barley'; renders שְׂעֹרִים; barley is the staple fodder grain for the royal horses and chariot-teams.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ἄχυρον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄχυρονstraw / chaffAccusativedirect object of ᾖρον (coordinate with κριθὰς)→ object specificationἄχυρον: 'straw / chaff'; renders תֶּבֶן; the dry fodder for the animals, paired with barley as the standard horse-feed.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with ἵπποις)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἵπποιςhorsesDativedative of advantage ('for the horses')→ sphere or referenceἵππος: 'horse'; renders סוּס; Solomon's celebrated cavalry and chariotry (cf. 3 Kgdms 10:26) required vast fodder, here provisioned alongside the table-food.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with ἅρμασιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅρμασινchariotsDativedative of advantage ('for the chariots')→ sphere or referenceἅρμα (dat. pl. ἅρμασιν): 'chariot'; renders רֶכֶב / מֶרְכָּבָה; the chariot-teams, like the horses, are objects of the royal commissariat.
ᾖρονthey would bring / carryImperf Act Indic 3 Pl · αἴρωmain verb (customary imperfect)→ customary imperfect (repeated transport)αἴρω: 'lift / take up / carry'; the imperfect ᾖρον describes the regular conveyance of fodder to wherever the king's court was stationed; the iterative aspect matches ἐχορήγουν above.
εἰςto / intopreposition + accusative (goal of motion)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal of motion).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with τόπον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπονplaceAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (destination)→ object specificationτόπος: 'place / location'; renders מָקוֹם; the antecedent of the relative clause οὗ ἂν ᾖ ('wherever he might be').
οὗwhererelative adverb of place (introducing indefinite clause)→ participant referenceοὗ: relative adverb 'where'; with ἄν + subjunctive (ᾖ) it forms the indefinite locative 'wherever he may be'.
ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive: indefiniteness)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: modal particle marking the indefinite/contingent clause 'wherever (the king) might be'.
he might bePres Act Subj 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of indefinite relative clause (with ἄν)→ indefinite present subjunctive (contingent location)εἰμί (pres. subj. ᾖ): 'be'; the subjunctive with οὗ ἄν marks the king's location as indefinite — the provision followed the itinerant court wherever it lodged.
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύςkingNominativesubject of ᾖ→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the subject of the indefinite clause, Solomon, whose movements determined where the supplies were delivered.
ἕκαστοςeach oneNominativedistributive subject (resumptive: each officer)→ participant prominenceἕκαστος: the distributive is repeated to close the verse, reasserting that every officer performed κατὰ τὴν σύνταξιν αὐτοῦ ('according to his appointed charge').
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm/standard)→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (norm/standard).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with σύνταξιν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σύνταξινcharge / appointed orderAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (the standard followed)→ object specificationσύνταξις: 'arrangement / appointed order / allotted charge'; each officer acted κατὰ τὴν σύνταξιν αὐτοῦ — 'according to his assigned quota', the administrative norm fixing each man's responsibility.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying σύνταξιν)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying σύνταξιν).
2

καὶ ταῦτα τὰ δέοντα τῷ Σαλωμων ἐν ἡμέρᾳ μιᾷ τριάκοντα κόροι σεμιδάλεως καὶ ἑξήκοντα κόροι ἀλεύρου κεκοπανισμένου

And these were the daily requirements for Solomon in one day: thirty kors of fine flour and sixty kors of pounded meal.

Itemizing apposition (the table's daily ration specified)καὶ ταῦτα τὰ δέοντα
A verbless nominal clause typical of inventory lists: ταῦτα τὰ δέοντα ('these are the things needed') heads an itemized daily ration. The figures (thirty / sixty kors) convey the staggering scale of the royal household's consumption.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταῦταtheseNominativedemonstrative subject (heading the inventory)→ participant prominenceοὗτος: the neuter plural ταῦτα introduces the enumerated provisions as the subject of a verbless clause ('these were the requirements').
τὰtheNominativearticle (with participle δέοντα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέονταthings needed / requirementsPres Act Part Nom Pl Neut · δεῖ (δέω)substantival participle (predicate nominal: 'the necessities')→ verbal action or stateδέω / δεῖ: the neuter participle τὰ δέοντα is an idiom for 'the necessities / the required provisions'; here it names the standing daily quota for the royal table.
τῷthe / forDativearticle (with Σαλωμων, dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαλωμωνSolomondative of advantage ('for Solomon', case from article τῷ)→ noun-phrase markingΣαλωμων: indeclinable; the dative article τῷ marks Solomon as the beneficiary of the daily provision.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal: 'in one day')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal: 'in one day').
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time ('in a day')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; ἐν ἡμέρᾳ μιᾷ ('in one day') specifies the ration as a single day's consumption, magnifying the scale of the household.
μιᾷoneDativeattributive numeral (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ measure or countεἷς, μία, ἕν: 'one'; the feminine dative μιᾷ agrees with ἡμέρᾳ, emphasizing that the figures that follow are for a single day.
τριάκονταthirtyindeclinable numeral (modifying κόροι)→ measure or countτριάκοντα: 'thirty'; indeclinable cardinal; thirty kors of fine flour heads the daily inventory.
κόροιkors (measures)Nominativepredicate nominal (the quantity of flour)→ participant prominenceκόρος: a transliterated dry measure (Hebrew כֹּר, 'kor'), the largest standard capacity unit, roughly 220–400 liters; the great number of kors signals royal-scale consumption.
σεμιδάλεωςof fine flourGenitivegenitive of content (what the kors contained)→ relational specificationσεμίδαλις: 'fine wheat flour'; renders סֹלֶת; the highest grade of milled wheat, used for the finest bread and for cereal offerings (cf. Lev 2:1).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑξήκονταsixtyindeclinable numeral (modifying κόροι)→ measure or countἑξήκοντα: 'sixty'; indeclinable cardinal; the second measure-figure of the daily ration.
κόροιkors (measures)Nominativepredicate nominal (the quantity of meal)→ participant prominenceκόρος: the kor measure repeated for the coarser meal; sixty kors of meal alongside thirty of fine flour.
ἀλεύρουof meal / flourGenitivegenitive of content→ relational specificationἄλευρον: 'meal / ground grain'; renders קֶמַח; a coarser flour than σεμίδαλις, here doubled in quantity (sixty vs. thirty kors).
κεκοπανισμένουpounded / crushedPerf Mid/Pass Part Gen Sg Neut · κοπανίζωattributive participle (modifying ἀλεύρου)→ resultative perfect participle (state of having been pounded)κοπανίζω: 'pound / crush (in a mortar)'; the perfect passive participle describes the meal as 'pounded', i.e. processed by mortar rather than millstone — a quality specification for the grain.
3

καὶ δέκα μόσχοι ἐκλεκτοὶ καὶ εἴκοσι βόες νομάδες καὶ ἑκατὸν πρόβατα ἐκτὸς ἐλάφων καὶ δορκάδων καὶ ὀρνίθων ἐκλεκτῶν σιτευτά

and ten choice calves and twenty pasture-fed oxen and a hundred sheep, besides deer and gazelles and choice fatted fowl.

Continuation of the daily inventory (meat provision)καὶ δέκα μόσχοι
The list continues from v. 2 with the meat ration: a verbless enumeration of livestock and game. ἐκτός ('besides') marks the wild game (deer, gazelles, fowl) as supplementary to the domestic herd-animals, conveying superabundance.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing the inventory)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δέκαtenindeclinable numeral (modifying μόσχοι)→ measure or countδέκα: 'ten'; indeclinable cardinal.
μόσχοιcalves / young oxenNominativepredicate nominal (first meat item)→ participant prominenceμόσχος: 'calf / young bullock'; renders בָּקָר / עֵגֶל; choice fattened cattle for the table.
ἐκλεκτοὶchoice / selectNominativeattributive adjective (modifying μόσχοι)→ participant prominenceἐκλεκτός: 'chosen / select / of the best quality'; renders בָּרִיא / מֵיטָב; marks the calves as prime stock.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἴκοσιtwentyindeclinable numeral (modifying βόες)→ measure or countεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; indeclinable cardinal.
βόεςoxen / cattleNominativepredicate nominal (second meat item)→ participant prominenceβοῦς (pl. βόες): 'ox / head of cattle'; renders בָּקָר; here the pasture-fed range cattle, distinguished from the stall-fattened μόσχοι.
νομάδεςpasture-fed / grazingNominativeattributive adjective (modifying βόες)→ participant prominenceνομάς (pl. νομάδες): 'grazing / roaming at pasture'; renders רְעִי; describes free-ranging cattle fed on pasture rather than stall-fattened.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑκατὸνa hundredindeclinable numeral (modifying πρόβατα)→ measure or countἑκατόν: 'one hundred'; indeclinable cardinal.
πρόβαταsheepNominativepredicate nominal (third meat item)→ participant prominenceπρόβατον (pl. πρόβατα): 'sheep / flock-animal'; renders צֹאן; the staple flock-meat of the daily ration.
ἐκτὸςbesides / apart fromimproper preposition + genitive (exception: 'apart from')→ spatial or relational framingἐκτός: 'outside / besides / apart from'; takes the genitive; marks the wild game that follows as additional to the domestic livestock already counted.
ἐλάφωνdeer / stagsGenitivegenitive object of ἐκτός→ relational specificationἔλαφος: 'deer / stag / hind'; renders אַיָּל; game animals supplementing the herd-meat, marking the table's luxury.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δορκάδωνgazellesGenitivegenitive object of ἐκτός (coordinate)→ relational specificationδορκάς: 'gazelle / roe'; renders צְבִי; a swift game animal, here among the delicacies of the royal table.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀρνίθωνfowl / birdsGenitivegenitive object of ἐκτός (coordinate)→ relational specificationὄρνις (gen. pl. ὀρνίθων): 'bird / fowl'; renders בַּרְבֻּרִים (fatted fowl); the third class of game/poultry on the table.
ἐκλεκτῶνchoiceGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying ὀρνίθων)→ relational specificationἐκλεκτός: 'choice / select'; here qualifying the fowl as prime birds (cf. its use of the calves in this verse).
σιτευτάfattened / grain-fedGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying ὀρνίθων: 'fattened fowl')→ relational specificationσιτευτός: 'fattened / grain-fed'; from σιτεύω ('to feed with grain'); describes the fowl as deliberately fattened for the table; cf. the 'fatted calf' (μόσχος σιτευτός) of Luke 15:23.
4

ὅτι ἦν ἄρχων πέραν τοῦ ποταμοῦ καὶ ἦν αὐτῷ εἰρήνη ἐκ πάντων τῶν μερῶν κυκλόθεν

For he was ruler over all the region beyond the River, and he had peace from all sides round about.

Causal explanation (grounds for the abundance of vv. 1–3)ὅτι ἦν ἄρχων
ὅτι introduces the explanatory ground: such daily abundance was possible because Solomon's dominion stretched 'beyond the River' (the Euphrates) and was secured by peace on every side. The two ἦν clauses pair dominion (ἄρχων) and security (εἰρήνη) as the twin foundations of the kingdom's prosperity.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; introduces the causal grounds for the preceding abundance — Solomon's wide dominion and peace made the lavish provision sustainable.
ἦνhe wasImperf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (periphrastic with ἄρχων: 'was ruling')→ descriptive imperfect (continuing state of rule)εἰμί (imperf. ἦν): 'be'; with the participle ἄρχων it forms a periphrastic description of Solomon's standing dominion.
ἄρχωνruler / rulingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · ἄρχωpredicate participle (periphrastic with ἦν)→ verbal action or stateἄρχω: 'rule / govern'; the present participle ἄρχων with ἦν means 'was ruling / was ruler'; renders מֹשֵׁל; describes Solomon's hegemony over the trans-Euphrates territories.
πέρανbeyond / acrossimproper preposition + genitive (region: 'beyond the River')→ spatial or relational framingπέραν: 'beyond / on the far side of'; takes the genitive; πέραν τοῦ ποταμοῦ ('Beyond the River') renders עֵבֶר הַנָּהָר, the standard designation of the trans-Euphrates region.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ποταμοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποταμοῦriverGenitivegenitive object of πέραν→ relational specificationποταμός: 'river'; here 'the River' par excellence = the Euphrates (הַנָּהָר), the conventional northeastern boundary of the ideal Israelite domain (cf. Gen 15:18).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνthere wasImperf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential: 'there was peace to him')→ descriptive imperfect (abiding peace)εἰμί (imperf. ἦν): existential 'there was'; ἦν αὐτῷ εἰρήνη is the Hebraizing dative-of-possession idiom 'he had peace'.
αὐτῷto him / he hadDativedative of possession (with ἦν: 'he had')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. αὐτῷ): the dative of possession with εἰμί ('there was to him' = 'he had'), a common LXX construction rendering Hebrew לוֹ.
εἰρήνηpeaceNominativesubject of ἦν (the thing possessed)→ participant prominenceεἰρήνη: 'peace'; renders שָׁלוֹם; the Solomonic peace (his very name evokes שָׁלוֹם) is the precondition of the temple-building enterprise that follows (cf. v. 18).
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source/direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source/direction).
πάντωνallGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying μερῶν)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; ἐκ πάντων τῶν μερῶν ('from all the sides') stresses the total, circumferential security of the realm.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with μερῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μερῶνsides / partsGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ→ relational specificationμέρος (gen. pl. μερῶν): 'part / side / quarter'; ἐκ πάντων τῶν μερῶν = 'on every side', describing peace from all directions.
κυκλόθενround aboutadverb of place (reinforcing 'on every side')→ clausal contributionκυκλόθεν: 'round about / on all sides'; renders מִסָּבִיב; reinforces πάντων τῶν μερῶν, emphasizing the complete encirclement of the realm by peace.
9

καὶ ἔδωκεν κύριος φρόνησιν τῷ Σαλωμων καὶ σοφίαν πολλὴν σφόδρα καὶ χύμα καρδίας ὡς ἡ ἄμμος ἡ παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν

And the LORD gave Solomon understanding and very great wisdom and breadth of heart like the sand that is by the sea.

New movement: the divine gift of wisdom (theological foundation)καὶ ἔδωκεν κύριος
The wisdom-section opens with κύριος as the explicit subject of ἔδωκεν, grounding Solomon's wisdom in divine gift rather than native genius. The triad φρόνησις / σοφία / χύμα καρδίας ('understanding / wisdom / breadth of heart'), capped by the sand-simile, conveys immeasurable comprehensiveness.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (opening the wisdom section)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (divine bestowal)→ constative aorist (completed act of gift)δίδωμι: 'give'; renders נָתַן; the aorist marks the decisive divine grant of wisdom (cf. the dream at 3 Kgdms 3:12); the same verb frames the inclusio at v. 26 (κύριος ἔδωκεν σοφίαν τῷ Σαλωμων).
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject (divine giver)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the nominative subject roots Solomon's wisdom in YHWH's gift, the theological keynote of the chapter.
φρόνησινunderstanding / prudenceAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν→ object specificationφρόνησις: 'practical wisdom / prudence / discernment'; renders חָכְמָה / תְּבוּנָה; the practical, governing intelligence by which Solomon judged and ruled (cf. 3 Kgdms 3:28).
τῷthe / toDativearticle (with Σαλωμων, dative of recipient)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonindirect object (recipient; case from article τῷ)→ noun-phrase markingΣαλωμων: indeclinable; the dative τῷ marks Solomon as the recipient of the gift of wisdom.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σοφίανwisdomAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν (coordinate with φρόνησιν)→ object specificationσοφία: 'wisdom'; renders חָכְמָה; the comprehensive intellectual and moral wisdom paired with φρόνησις to denote the full scope of Solomon's endowment.
πολλὴνmuch / greatAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying σοφίαν)→ object specificationπολύς: 'much / great in quantity'; with σφόδρα it intensifies the measure of wisdom granted.
σφόδραexceedinglyadverb of degree (intensifying πολλὴν)→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'very / exceedingly'; standard LXX rendering of מְאֹד; σοφίαν πολλὴν σφόδρα = 'very great wisdom indeed'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χύμαbreadth / abundanceAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν (third term of the triad)→ object specificationχύμα: 'that which is poured out / abundance / breadth'; from χέω ('pour'); χύμα καρδίας ('breadth of heart') renders רֹחַב לֵב — vast capacity of mind, the expansiveness of intellect compared to the sand.
καρδίαςof heartGenitivegenitive (defining χύμα: 'breadth of heart')→ relational specificationκαρδία: 'heart'; in Hebrew anthropology (לֵב) the seat of intellect and will; χύμα καρδίας denotes a vast, capacious mind.
ὡςas / likecomparative particle (introducing the simile)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like'; introduces the sand-simile, a conventional OT image of immeasurable quantity (cf. Gen 22:17; 41:49).
theNominativearticle (with ἄμμος)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄμμοςsandNominativesubject of the comparative clause→ participant prominenceἄμμος: 'sand'; renders חוֹל; the proverbial figure for the uncountable; here measuring the boundlessness of Solomon's wisdom.
the / which isNominativearticle (attributive, with the prepositional phrase: 'the [sand] by the sea')→ noun-phrase markingἡ: the repeated article turns the following prepositional phrase into an attributive ('the sand which is by the sea').
παρὰby / besidepreposition + accusative (location: 'beside the sea')→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location: 'beside the sea').
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with θάλασσαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θάλασσανseaAccusativeaccusative object of παρά (location of the sand)→ object specificationθάλασσα: 'sea'; renders יָם; the seashore as the locus of innumerable sand, completing the simile of immeasurable wisdom.
10

καὶ ἐπληθύνθη Σαλωμων σφόδρα ὑπὲρ τὴν φρόνησιν πάντων ἀρχαίων ἀνθρώπων καὶ ὑπὲρ πάντας φρονίμους Αἰγύπτου

And Solomon was increased exceedingly beyond the understanding of all the ancients and beyond all the wise of Egypt.

Comparative escalation (Solomon's wisdom surpasses all rivals)καὶ ἐπληθύνθη Σαλωμων
The twofold ὑπέρ ('beyond … and beyond …') sets Solomon's wisdom against the two great repositories of ancient wisdom — the sages of the East ('the ancients') and the wise men of Egypt — establishing his unrivalled supremacy.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπληθύνθηwas increased / aboundedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πληθύνωmain verb (intransitive passive: 'increased')→ constative aorist (achieved supremacy)πληθύνω: 'multiply / increase'; the passive ἐπληθύνθη here is intransitive ('grew great / abounded'); with ὑπέρ it expresses surpassing: Solomon's wisdom increased beyond all others'.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; nominative subject here (no article), recognized from the verb's agreement.
σφόδραexceedinglyadverb of degree (with ἐπληθύνθη)→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'exceedingly'; intensifies the degree to which Solomon's wisdom surpassed all others.
ὑπὲρbeyond / abovepreposition + accusative (comparison: 'beyond')→ spatial or relational framingὑπέρ + acc.: 'beyond / more than'; the comparative use renders Hebrew מִן of comparison; here marking Solomon's surpassing of all rivals.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with φρόνησιν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φρόνησινunderstandingAccusativeaccusative object of ὑπέρ (the standard surpassed)→ object specificationφρόνησις: 'understanding / prudence'; the wisdom of the ancients that Solomon surpassed.
πάντωνof allGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying ἀνθρώπων)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; underscores the totality — no ancient sage excepted.
ἀρχαίωνancient / of oldGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying ἀνθρώπων)→ relational specificationἀρχαῖος: 'ancient / of old / former'; renders בְּנֵי קֶדֶם ('men of the East / of old'), the legendary sages of the East renowned for wisdom.
ἀνθρώπωνmenGenitivegenitive (defining φρόνησιν: 'understanding of the ancient men')→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: 'man / human'; ἀρχαίων ἀνθρώπων = 'men of old', the proverbially wise ancients of the East.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (linking the two ὑπέρ phrases)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑπὲρbeyond / abovepreposition + accusative (second comparison)→ spatial or relational framingὑπέρ + acc.: the second comparative phrase, setting Solomon above the wise men of Egypt.
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying φρονίμους)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totalizing 'all the wise of Egypt' — none excepted.
φρονίμουςwise / prudent onesAccusativesubstantival adjective (accusative object of ὑπέρ)→ object specificationφρόνιμος: 'prudent / sensible / wise'; substantivized 'the wise ones'; Egypt was the proverbial home of esoteric and scribal wisdom (cf. Acts 7:22), here surpassed by Solomon.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive (defining φρονίμους: 'the wise of Egypt')→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος (gen. Αἰγύπτου): 'Egypt'; renders מִצְרַיִם; declinable, here genitive; the wisdom-traditions of Egypt are the second standard surpassed.
11

καὶ ἐσοφίσατο ὑπὲρ πάντας τοὺς ἀνθρώπους καὶ ἐσοφίσατο ὑπὲρ Γαιθαν τὸν Εζραΐτην καὶ τὸν Αιμαν καὶ τὸν Χαλκαλ καὶ Δαρδα υἱοὺς Μαλ

And he was wiser than all men, and he was wiser than Gaithan the Ezrahite, and than Aiman and Chalkal and Darda, the sons of Mal.

Climactic specification (named sages surpassed)καὶ ἐσοφίσατο
The repeated ἐσοφίσατο ('he grew wise / was wiser') moves from the general ('than all men') to the specific — four named sages of legendary reputation. Naming particular wise men makes the comparison concrete and superlative.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐσοφίσατοhe was wise / grew wiserAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · σοφίζωmain verb (middle: 'he showed himself wise')→ constative aorist (achieved superior wisdom)σοφίζω (mid. σοφίζομαι): 'make wise / become wise / be skilled'; the middle ἐσοφίσατο with ὑπέρ means 'he was wiser than'; renders וַיֶּחְכַּם.
ὑπὲρbeyond / thanpreposition + accusative (comparison)→ spatial or relational framingὑπέρ + acc.: comparative 'more than / beyond'.
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἀνθρώπους)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the universal comparison preceding the named exemplars.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with ἀνθρώπους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνθρώπουςmenAccusativeaccusative object of ὑπέρ→ object specificationἄνθρωπος: 'man / human'; 'wiser than all men' — the comprehensive claim now specified by names.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐσοφίσατοhe was wiserAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · σοφίζωmain verb (repeated for the named comparison)→ constative aoristσοφίζω (mid.): the verb is repeated to introduce the specific named sages, intensifying the rhetorical force.
ὑπὲρthanpreposition + accusative (comparison with named men)→ spatial or relational framingὑπὲρ: meaning 'than'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (comparison with named men).
ΓαιθανGaithan (Ethan)accusative object of ὑπέρ (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΓαιθαν: transliteration of Hebrew אֵיתָן (Ethan the Ezrahite), a famed sage and traditional author of Psalm 89; indeclinable in the LXX.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Εζραΐτην)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΕζραΐτηνEzrahiteAccusativeappositive gentilic (modifying Γαιθαν)→ object specificationΕζραΐτης (acc. Εζραΐτην): 'the Ezrahite'; a declinable gentilic rendering הָאֶזְרָחִי, identifying Gaithan/Ethan's clan.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with the indeclinable Αιμαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑιμανAiman (Heman)object of ὑπέρ (indeclinable; case from article τὸν)→ noun-phrase markingΑιμαν: transliteration of Hebrew הֵימָן (Heman the Ezrahite), another celebrated sage and traditional psalmist (Ps 88); indeclinable, construed by the article.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with the indeclinable Χαλκαλ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧαλκαλChalkal (Calcol)object of ὑπέρ (indeclinable; case from article τὸν)→ noun-phrase markingΧαλκαλ: transliteration of Hebrew כַּלְכֹּל (Calcol), a named sage of the Mahol family; indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΔαρδαDardaobject of ὑπέρ (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαρδα: transliteration of Hebrew דַּרְדַּע (Darda), the fourth named sage; indeclinable, here without article.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativeappositive (the four named men as 'sons of Mal')→ object specificationυἱός (acc. pl. υἱούς): 'son'; υἱοὺς Μαλ ('sons of Mahol') is a collective appositive grouping the named sages as one family/guild; renders בְּנֵי מָחוֹל.
ΜαλMal (Mahol)genitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'sons of Mal')→ participant identificationΜαλ: shortened transliteration of Hebrew מָחוֹל (Mahol); indeclinable; the patronym of the four sages.
12

καὶ ἐλάλησεν Σαλωμων τρισχιλίας παραβολάς καὶ ἦσαν ᾠδαὶ αὐτοῦ πεντακισχίλιαι

And Solomon spoke three thousand proverbs, and his songs were five thousand.

Illustration of wisdom (literary output)καὶ ἐλάλησεν Σαλωμων
Solomon's wisdom is quantified by his literary productivity: 3,000 proverbs and 5,000 songs. The figures function hyperbolically to convey inexhaustible creative wisdom; cf. the traditional ascription of Proverbs, Song of Songs, and Ecclesiastes to Solomon.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησενspoke / utteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (productive utterance)→ constative aorist (summing his output)λαλέω: 'speak / utter'; renders דִּבֶּר; here of composing/uttering proverbs; the same verb recurs at v. 13 of his discourse on nature.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; nominative subject.
τρισχιλίαςthree thousandAccusativeattributive numeral (modifying παραβολάς)→ object specificationτρισχίλιοι: 'three thousand'; the feminine accusative τρισχιλίας agrees with παραβολάς; renders שְׁלֹשֶׁת אֲלָפִים.
παραβολάςproverbs / parablesAccusativedirect object of ἐλάλησεν→ object specificationπαραβολή: 'comparison / proverb / parable'; renders מָשָׁל; the LXX's standard term for the wisdom-saying; the genre embodied in the book of Proverbs.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦσανwereImperf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (predicating the number of songs)→ descriptive imperfect (stating the total)εἰμί (imperf. ἦσαν): 'were'; the copula linking ᾠδαὶ αὐτοῦ to the predicate numeral πεντακισχίλιαι.
ᾠδαὶsongsNominativesubject of ἦσαν→ participant prominenceᾠδή: 'song / ode'; renders שִׁיר; the lyric counterpart to the proverbs, evoking the Song of Songs tradition.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying ᾠδαὶ)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying ᾠδαὶ).
πεντακισχίλιαιfive thousandNominativepredicate numeral (the number of songs)→ participant prominenceπεντακισχίλιοι: 'five thousand'; the feminine nominative πεντακισχίλιαι agrees with ᾠδαὶ; in this LXX arrangement the songs number five thousand.
13

καὶ ἐλάλησεν περὶ τῶν ξύλων ἀπὸ τῆς κέδρου τῆς ἐν τῷ Λιβάνῳ καὶ ἕως τῆς ὑσσώπου τῆς ἐκπορευομένης διὰ τοῦ τοίχου καὶ ἐλάλησεν περὶ τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ περὶ τῶν πετεινῶν καὶ περὶ τῶν ἑρπετῶν καὶ περὶ τῶν ἰχθύων

And he spoke about the trees, from the cedar that is in Lebanon even to the hyssop that grows out of the wall; and he spoke about the beasts and about the birds and about the reptiles and about the fish.

Illustration of wisdom (encyclopedic natural knowledge)καὶ ἐλάλησεν περὶ τῶν ξύλων
Solomon's wisdom embraces the whole created order. The flora-merism 'from the cedar … to the hyssop' (greatest to least plant) and the fourfold fauna-list (beasts, birds, reptiles, fish) present an encyclopedic taxonomy echoing the categories of Genesis 1, portraying the king as a master of natural science.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (discourse about creation)→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak / discourse'; here of expert discourse 'about (περί)' the natural world — botanical and zoological wisdom.
περὶabout / concerningpreposition + genitive (topic of discourse)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'about / concerning'; marks the subject-matter of Solomon's learned speech.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ξύλων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ξύλωνtrees / woodGenitivegenitive object of περί (topic: plants)→ relational specificationξύλον (gen. pl. ξύλων): 'wood / tree'; renders עֵץ; here the whole plant kingdom, framed by the cedar-to-hyssop merism.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (start of merism)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; the ἀπό … ἕως merism ('from the cedar to the hyssop') spans the whole range of plants from greatest to least.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with κέδρου)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κέδρουcedarGenitivegenitive of source (first pole of merism)→ relational specificationκέδρος: 'cedar'; renders אֶרֶז; the cedar of Lebanon is the noblest and tallest tree, the upper pole of the botanical merism; cf. its central role as temple-timber in vv. 20–24.
τῆςthe / which isGenitivearticle (attributive, with prepositional phrase ἐν τῷ Λιβάνῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: the article makes ἐν τῷ Λιβάνῳ attributive to κέδρου ('the cedar that is in Lebanon').
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
τῷtheDativearticle (with Λιβάνῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛιβάνῳLebanonDativedative of place (location of the cedar)→ sphere or referenceΛίβανος (dat. Λιβάνῳ): 'Lebanon'; renders לְבָנוֹן; the mountain range famed for its cedar forests, source of the temple timber; declinable in the LXX.
καὶand / evenconjunction (with ἕως: 'even to')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἕωςto / as far asimproper preposition + genitive (end of merism)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until / as far as'; the lower pole of the merism, reaching down to the lowliest plant.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with ὑσσώπου)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑσσώπουhyssopGenitivegenitive of end-point (second pole of merism)→ relational specificationὕσσωπος: 'hyssop'; renders אֵזוֹב; a small aromatic plant growing from walls, the lower pole of the merism (greatest tree to least herb), used in purification rites (cf. Exod 12:22; Ps 50:9 LXX).
τῆςthe / whichGenitivearticle (attributive, with participle ἐκπορευομένης)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκπορευομένηςgrowing out / coming forthPres Mid Part Gen Sg Fem · ἐκπορεύομαιattributive participle (modifying ὑσσώπου)→ descriptive present participle (ongoing growth)ἐκπορεύομαι: 'come/go out, issue forth'; here of the hyssop 'growing out through the wall', vividly picturing the humblest plant springing from masonry — the antithesis of the towering cedar.
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (path: 'through the wall')→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (path: 'through the wall').
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with τοίχου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοίχουwallGenitivegenitive object of διά→ relational specificationτοῖχος: 'wall (of a house)'; renders קִיר; the hyssop sprouting from the wall marks the lowliest end of the plant scale.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (turning to the fauna-list)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (repeated for the animal-discourse)→ constative aoristλαλέω: the verb is repeated to introduce the zoological half of Solomon's natural wisdom.
περὶaboutpreposition + genitive (topic)→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'about'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (topic).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with κτηνῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτηνῶνbeasts / cattleGenitivegenitive object of περί (first fauna class)→ relational specificationκτῆνος (gen. pl. κτηνῶν): 'beast / domestic animal / quadruped'; renders בְּהֵמָה; the land-animals, first of the four faunal categories.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περὶaboutpreposition + genitive (topic)→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'about'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (topic).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with πετεινῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πετεινῶνbirdsGenitivegenitive object of περί (second fauna class)→ relational specificationπετεινόν (gen. pl. πετεινῶν): 'bird / winged creature'; renders עוֹף; the birds of the air, second faunal category, echoing Gen 1:20.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περὶaboutpreposition + genitive (topic)→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'about'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (topic).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἑρπετῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑρπετῶνreptiles / creeping thingsGenitivegenitive object of περί (third fauna class)→ relational specificationἑρπετόν (gen. pl. ἑρπετῶν): 'creeping thing / reptile'; renders רֶמֶשׂ; the third faunal category, the things that creep on the ground (cf. Gen 1:24–26).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περὶaboutpreposition + genitive (topic)→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'about'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (topic).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἰχθύων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰχθύωνfishGenitivegenitive object of περί (fourth fauna class)→ relational specificationἰχθύς (gen. pl. ἰχθύων): 'fish'; renders דָּג; the fish of the sea, fourth and final faunal category, completing the Genesis-like taxonomy of Solomon's natural wisdom.
14

καὶ παρεγίνοντο πάντες οἱ λαοὶ ἀκοῦσαι τῆς σοφίας Σαλωμων καὶ ἐλάμβανεν δῶρα παρὰ πάντων τῶν βασιλέων τῆς γῆς ὅσοι ἤκουον τῆς σοφίας αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔλαβεν Σαλωμων τὴν θυγατέρα Φαραω ἑαυτῷ εἰς γυναῖκα καὶ εἰσήγαγεν αὐτὴν εἰς τὴν πόλιν Δαυιδ ἕως συντελέσαι αὐτὸν τὸν οἶκον κυρίου καὶ τὸν οἶκον ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὸ τεῖχος Ιερουσαλημ τότε ἀνέβη Φαραω βασιλεὺς Αἰγύπτου καὶ προκατελάβετο τὴν Γαζερ καὶ ἐνεπύρισεν αὐτὴν καὶ τὸν Χανανίτην τὸν κατοικοῦντα ἐν Μεργαβ καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτὰς Φαραω ἀποστολὰς θυγατρὶ αὐτοῦ γυναικὶ Σαλωμων καὶ Σαλωμων ᾠκοδόμησεν τὴν Γαζερ

And all the peoples kept coming to hear the wisdom of Solomon, and he received gifts from all the kings of the earth, as many as heard of his wisdom. And Solomon took the daughter of Pharaoh for himself as a wife, and brought her into the city of David, until he should finish the house of the LORD and his own house and the wall of Jerusalem. Then Pharaoh king of Egypt went up and seized Gazer and burned it, and the Canaanite who dwelt in Mergab; and Pharaoh gave them as a parting-gift to his daughter, the wife of Solomon; and Solomon rebuilt Gazer.

Universal acclaim + transposed pluses (marriage and Gezer)καὶ παρεγίνοντο πάντες οἱ λαοὶ
The verse opens by universalizing Solomon's renown — all peoples and kings come to hear his wisdom and bring tribute — then absorbs two transposed narrative notices (flagged in the source with the editorial sigla [a] and [b], here removed): Solomon's marriage to Pharaoh's daughter and her installation in the city of David pending the building program, and the account of Pharaoh's capture and burning of Gezer, given as her dowry, which Solomon then rebuilt. The composite character of the verse reflects the LXX's distinctive arrangement of the Solomon material.
Word-by-word analysis· 86 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρεγίνοντοthey kept coming / arrivingImperf Mid Indic 3 Pl · παραγίνομαιmain verb (customary imperfect: repeated arrival)→ customary imperfect (a continual stream of visitors)παραγίνομαι: 'arrive / come / be present'; the imperfect παρεγίνοντο depicts an ongoing stream of pilgrims continually arriving to hear Solomon's wisdom.
πάντεςallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying λαοὶ)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; the universal scope — peoples from everywhere come to hear Solomon.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with λαοὶ)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοὶpeoplesNominativesubject of παρεγίνοντο→ participant prominenceλαός (pl. λαοί): 'people / nation'; the plural 'all the peoples' (renders עַמִּים) extends Solomon's fame to the Gentile nations.
ἀκοῦσαιto hearAor Act Inf · ἀκούωinfinitive of purpose (why they came)→ purpose infinitive (in order to hear)ἀκούω: 'hear / listen to'; the aorist infinitive expresses the purpose of the peoples' coming — to hear (and learn) Solomon's wisdom.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with σοφίας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σοφίαςwisdomGenitivegenitive object of ἀκοῦσαι (the thing heard)→ relational specificationσοφία: 'wisdom'; the genitive object of ἀκούω; the wisdom of Solomon is the magnet drawing the nations.
Σαλωμωνof Solomongenitive of possession (indeclinable: 'Solomon's wisdom')→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; here possessive genitive ('the wisdom of Solomon').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάμβανενhe received / kept receivingImperf Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (customary imperfect)→ customary imperfect (recurrent tribute)λαμβάνω: 'take / receive'; the imperfect ἐλάμβανεν marks the regular, recurring receipt of gifts/tribute from visiting monarchs.
δῶραgiftsAccusativedirect object of ἐλάμβανεν→ object specificationδῶρον (pl. δῶρα): 'gift / present / tribute'; renders מִנְחָה; the diplomatic gifts brought by kings acknowledging Solomon's pre-eminence.
παρὰfrompreposition + genitive (source of the gifts)→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source of the gifts).
πάντωνallGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying βασιλέων)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totalizing 'all the kings of the earth' magnifies Solomon's international prestige.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωνkingsGenitivegenitive object of παρά (source of tribute)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. pl. βασιλέων): 'king'; the foreign monarchs who paid Solomon honor and tribute.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with γῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive (defining βασιλέων: 'kings of the earth')→ relational specificationγῆ: 'earth / land'; 'the kings of the earth' (renders מַלְכֵי הָאָרֶץ) universalizes the scope of Solomon's fame.
ὅσοιas many asNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἤκουον)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as many as / whoever'; introduces the relative clause limiting the kings to all those who heard of Solomon's wisdom.
ἤκουονheard / kept hearingImperf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀκούωverb of relative clause→ customary imperfect (recurrent report)ἀκούω: 'hear'; the imperfect ἤκουον describes the continual spread of Solomon's reputation, drawing the kings to bring gifts.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with σοφίας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σοφίαςwisdomGenitivegenitive object of ἤκουον (the thing heard of)→ relational specificationσοφία: 'wisdom'; the genitive with ἀκούω ('hear of'); his wisdom is the content of the report that spread among the nations.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying σοφίας)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying σοφίας).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (beginning the marriage notice)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (the marriage act)→ constative aorist (the marriage)λαμβάνω: 'take'; λαμβάνω … εἰς γυναῖκα ('take as a wife') is the standard idiom for marrying (renders לָקַח לְאִשָּׁה); introduces the transposed notice of the Egyptian alliance-marriage.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; nominative subject.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with θυγατέρα)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατέραdaughterAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationθυγάτηρ (acc. θυγατέρα): 'daughter'; renders בַּת; Pharaoh's daughter, the diplomatic bride sealing the Egyptian alliance (cf. 3 Kgdms 3:1).
Φαραωof Pharaohgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'daughter of Pharaoh')→ participant identificationΦαραω: indeclinable transliteration of פַּרְעֹה (Egyptian pr-ꜥȝ, 'great house'); here in genitive relation ('Pharaoh's daughter').
ἑαυτῷfor himselfDativereflexive dative of advantage→ sphere or referenceἑαυτοῦ (dat. ἑαυτῷ): reflexive pronoun 'himself'; the dative of advantage ('for himself') marks Solomon as the one taking the bride.
εἰςas / forpreposition + accusative (predicative: 'as a wife')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: predicative 'as / for', a Hebraizing use (לְ) in εἰς γυναῖκα ('as a wife').
γυναῖκαwifeAccusativepredicative accusative (with εἰς: 'as a wife')→ object specificationγυνή (acc. γυναῖκα): 'woman / wife'; renders אִשָּׁה; the predicative εἰς γυναῖκα completes the marriage idiom.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσήγαγενbrought inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσάγωmain verb (installation of the bride)→ constative aoristεἰσάγω: 'lead/bring in'; renders הֵבִיא; Solomon brings his Egyptian wife into the city of David pending completion of his building works.
αὐτὴνherAccusativedirect object of εἰσήγαγεν→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of εἰσήγαγεν.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal of motion)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal of motion).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with πόλιν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλινcityAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (destination)→ object specificationπόλις (acc. πόλιν): 'city'; ἡ πόλις Δαυιδ ('the city of David') = the original Jebusite stronghold of Zion, the royal quarter of Jerusalem.
Δαυιδof Davidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'city of David')→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable transliteration of דָּוִד; here in genitive relation defining the city; David is Solomon's father throughout the chapter.
ἕωςuntilconjunction (temporal, with articular infinitive construction)→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: 'until'; with the infinitive συντελέσαι and accusative subject αὐτόν it forms the temporal clause 'until he should finish'.
συντελέσαιto finish / completeAor Act Inf · συντελέωinfinitive in temporal clause (with ἕως, subject αὐτόν)→ telic aorist infinitive (completion point)συντελέω: 'complete / accomplish / finish'; renders כָּלָה; ἕως συντελέσαι αὐτὸν = 'until he completed' the threefold building project (temple, palace, city wall).
αὐτὸνhe (subject of infinitive)Accusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive συντελέσαι→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. αὐτόν): the accusative subject of the infinitive (= Solomon), normal Greek construction with ἕως + infinitive.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with οἶκον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativedirect object of συντελέσαι (first building)→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / temple'; ὁ οἶκος κυρίου ('the house of the LORD') = the Jerusalem temple, the chief object of the building program.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying οἶκον: 'house of the LORD')→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; ὁ οἶκος κυρίου is the temple, dwelling of YHWH's name (cf. vv. 17, 19).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with οἶκον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativedirect object of συντελέσαι (second building)→ object specificationοἶκος: here 'his own house' = the royal palace, the second of the three structures.
ἑαυτοῦhis ownGenitivereflexive genitive of possession (modifying οἶκον)→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: reflexive 'his own'; distinguishes Solomon's palace from the LORD's house.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with τεῖχος)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεῖχοςwallAccusativedirect object of συντελέσαι (third building)→ object specificationτεῖχος: 'city wall / rampart'; renders חוֹמָה; the fortification of Jerusalem, third of the three works completed.
Ιερουσαλημof Jerusalemgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'wall of Jerusalem')→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: indeclinable transliteration of יְרוּשָׁלַ͏ִם; here in genitive relation ('the wall of Jerusalem').
τότεthentemporal adverb (beginning the Gezer notice)→ adverbial qualificationτότε: 'then / at that time'; introduces the transposed account of Pharaoh's Gezer campaign that became the dowry.
ἀνέβηwent upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (military campaign)→ constative aoristἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; renders עָלָה; the standard idiom for marching out on campaign; Pharaoh 'went up' against Gezer.
ΦαραωPharaohsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΦαραω: indeclinable; nominative subject, in apposition with βασιλεὺς Αἰγύπτου.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativeappositive to Φαραω→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the appositive title 'king of Egypt' identifying Pharaoh.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive (defining βασιλεὺς: 'king of Egypt')→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος (gen. Αἰγύπτου): 'Egypt'; declinable, genitive of relationship with βασιλεύς.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προκατελάβετοseized / captured beforehandAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · προκαταλαμβάνωmain verb (capture of the city)→ constative aoristπροκαταλαμβάνω: 'seize first / capture beforehand / preoccupy'; the compound stresses a preemptive seizure; here of Pharaoh's capture of Gezer.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Γαζερ)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓαζερGazer (Gezer)object of προκατελάβετο (indeclinable place-name; case from article τὴν)→ noun-phrase markingΓαζερ: indeclinable transliteration of גֶּזֶר (Gezer), a Canaanite fortress-city on the coastal plain; construed by the feminine article τὴν.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνεπύρισενburnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐμπυρίζωmain verb (destruction by fire)→ constative aoristἐμπυρίζω: 'set on fire / burn up'; renders שָׂרַף בָּאֵשׁ; Pharaoh burned the captured city.
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object of ἐνεπύρισεν (the city)→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐνεπύρισεν (the city).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (extending the object)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Χανανίτην)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧανανίτηνCanaaniteAccusativedirect object (coordinate with αὐτὴν: the inhabitants destroyed)→ object specificationΧανανίτης (acc. Χανανίτην): 'Canaanite'; declinable gentilic rendering הַכְּנַעֲנִי; the indigenous population of Gezer destroyed along with the city.
τὸνthe / whoAccusativearticle (attributive, with participle κατοικοῦντα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦνταdwellingPres Act Part Acc Sg Masc · κατοικέωattributive participle (modifying Χανανίτην)→ descriptive present participleκατοικέω: 'dwell / inhabit'; the articular participle τὸν κατοικοῦντα ('the one dwelling') specifies the Canaanite resident in Mergab.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
ΜεργαβMergabobject of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΜεργαβ: indeclinable transliterated place-name (LXX form; the locale of the Canaanite population near Gezer).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (the dowry-gift)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; Pharaoh gives the conquered city as a dowry/parting-gift to his daughter, Solomon's wife.
αὐτὰςthemAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν (the city/spoils)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. fem. pl. αὐτάς): 'them'; the feminine plural refers to the city and its possessions/territories given as the gift.
ΦαραωPharaohsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΦαραω: indeclinable; nominative subject of ἔδωκεν.
ἀποστολὰςas a parting-gift / dowryAccusativepredicative accusative (the gift as a 'sending-away present')→ object specificationἀποστολή (acc. pl. ἀποστολάς): 'a sending-away / dismissal-gift / dowry'; renders שִׁלֻּחִים (the bride's send-off present); the captured Gezer became the daughter's marriage-portion.
θυγατρὶto (his) daughterDativeindirect object of ἔδωκεν (recipient)→ sphere or referenceθυγάτηρ (dat. θυγατρί): 'daughter'; the dative recipient of the dowry — Pharaoh's daughter, now Solomon's wife.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying θυγατρὶ)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying θυγατρὶ).
γυναικὶwifeDativeappositive to θυγατρὶ (the daughter = Solomon's wife)→ sphere or referenceγυνή (dat. γυναικί): 'wife'; in apposition with θυγατρὶ, identifying Pharaoh's daughter as the wife of Solomon.
Σαλωμωνof Solomongenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'wife of Solomon')→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; genitive of relationship ('the wife of Solomon').
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; nominative subject of ᾠκοδόμησεν.
ᾠκοδόμησενbuilt / rebuiltAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb (reconstruction of Gezer)→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: 'build / rebuild'; renders בָּנָה; Solomon rebuilt the burned city of Gezer, incorporating it into his realm (cf. the fortification list of 3 Kgdms 9:15–17).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Γαζερ)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓαζερGazer (Gezer)object of ᾠκοδόμησεν (indeclinable; case from article τὴν)→ noun-phrase markingΓαζερ: indeclinable; the rebuilt city closes the verse, framing the Gezer notice (capture → burning → dowry → rebuilding).
15

καὶ ἀπέστειλεν Χιραμ βασιλεὺς Τύρου τοὺς παῖδας αὐτοῦ χρῖσαι τὸν Σαλωμων ἀντὶ Δαυιδ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἀγαπῶν ἦν Χιραμ τὸν Δαυιδ πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας

And Hiram king of Tyre sent his servants to anoint Solomon in place of David his father, because Hiram had always been a lover of David all the days.

New movement: the Hiram embassy (diplomatic initiative)καὶ ἀπέστειλεν Χιραμ
The Hiram-section opens with the Tyrian king taking the initiative, sending envoys to honor the newly enthroned Solomon. The causal ὅτι grounds the friendship in Hiram's long-standing love for David (ἀγαπῶν ἦν … πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας), establishing continuity of alliance across the dynastic succession.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (opening the Hiram section)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (dispatch of envoys)→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send (with a commission)'; renders שָׁלַח; the verb recurs throughout the Hiram correspondence (vv. 16, 22), structuring the diplomatic exchange.
ΧιραμHiramsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΧιραμ: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew חִירָם, king of Tyre, David's and Solomon's Phoenician ally and timber-supplier.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativeappositive to Χιραμ→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the appositive title 'king of Tyre' identifying Hiram.
Τύρουof TyreGenitivegenitive (defining βασιλεὺς: 'king of Tyre')→ relational specificationΤύρος (gen. Τύρου): 'Tyre'; renders צֹר; the great Phoenician port-city, declinable; genitive of relationship with βασιλεύς.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with παῖδας)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παῖδαςservantsAccusativedirect object of ἀπέστειλεν→ object specificationπαῖς (acc. pl. παῖδας): 'servant / attendant'; renders עֲבָדִים; here Hiram's court envoys sent to Solomon.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying παῖδας)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying παῖδας).
χρῖσαιto anointAor Act Inf · χρίωinfinitive of purpose (the envoys' mission)→ purpose infinitiveχρίω: 'anoint'; renders מָשַׁח; the purpose infinitive expresses the envoys' commission — to congratulate/acknowledge (lit. 'anoint') Solomon as king in succession to David.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Σαλωμων)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonobject of χρῖσαι (indeclinable; case from article τὸν)→ noun-phrase markingΣαλωμων: indeclinable; accusative object of the infinitive, marked by the article τὸν.
ἀντὶin place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution: 'instead of')→ spatial or relational framingἀντί + gen.: 'instead of / in place of'; marks the dynastic succession — Solomon reigns in David's stead; the same preposition recurs at v. 19 (ἀντὶ σοῦ).
ΔαυιδDavidobject of ἀντί (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; David, Solomon's father and Hiram's old ally.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with πατρὸς)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitiveappositive to Δαυιδ ('David his father')→ relational specificationπατήρ (gen. πατρός): 'father'; in apposition with Δαυιδ, marking the father-son succession.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying πατρὸς)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying πατρὸς).
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; grounds Hiram's friendly embassy in his long-standing affection for David.
ἀγαπῶνloving / a loverPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · ἀγαπάωpredicate participle (periphrastic with ἦν: 'was a lover')→ descriptive present participle (abiding affection)ἀγαπάω: 'love'; the participle with ἦν forms a periphrastic imperfect ('was loving / was a friend'), denoting Hiram's continuous, settled affection for David; ἀγαπῶν here approaches the political sense 'ally / friend' (cf. אֹהֵב in treaty contexts).
ἦνwasImperf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (periphrastic with ἀγαπῶν)→ descriptive imperfectεἰμί (imperf. ἦν): the copula of the periphrastic construction ἀγαπῶν ἦν ('was loving').
ΧιραμHiramsubject of ἦν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΧιραμ: indeclinable; the subject of the causal clause, reasserting Hiram's name.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Δαυιδ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΔαυιδDavidobject of ἀγαπῶν (indeclinable; case from article τὸν)→ noun-phrase markingΔαυιδ: indeclinable; accusative object of the participle ἀγαπῶν, marked by τὸν — the object of Hiram's affection.
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἡμέρας)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας ('all the days') is the accusative-of-extent idiom for 'always / continually'.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἡμέρας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('all the days')→ object specificationἡμέρα (acc. pl. ἡμέρας): 'day'; πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας = 'all his days / always', rendering כָּל הַיָּמִים, stressing the lifelong constancy of the David-Hiram alliance.
16

καὶ ἀπέστειλεν Σαλωμων πρὸς Χιραμ λέγων

And Solomon sent to Hiram, saying:

Reciprocal embassy (Solomon's reply, introducing direct speech)καὶ ἀπέστειλεν Σαλωμων
Solomon answers Hiram's initiative with his own embassy; the participle λέγων introduces the direct-speech message that follows in vv. 17–20, a Hebraizing speech-marker (לֵאמֹר).
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (reciprocal embassy)→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send'; Solomon reciprocates Hiram's embassy, opening the negotiation for timber.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; nominative subject.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (recipient of the message)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (recipient of the message).
ΧιραμHiramobject of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΧιραμ: indeclinable; the recipient of Solomon's message.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing direct discourse)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: the participle λέγων is the Hebraizing speech-marker (rendering לֵאמֹר), introducing the verbatim content of Solomon's message in the verses following.
17

σὺ οἶδας Δαυιδ τὸν πατέρα μου ὅτι οὐκ ἐδύνατο οἰκοδομῆσαι οἶκον τῷ ὀνόματι κυρίου θεοῦ μου ἀπὸ προσώπου τῶν πολέμων τῶν κυκλωσάντων αὐτὸν ἕως τοῦ δοῦναι κύριον αὐτοὺς ὑπὸ τὰ ἴχνη τῶν ποδῶν αὐτοῦ

You know David my father, that he could not build a house for the name of the LORD my God because of the wars that surrounded him, until the LORD put them under the soles of his feet.

Direct speech: Solomon's apologia (the unfinished temple explained)σὺ οἶδας
Solomon's message opens with the emphatic σύ ('you yourself know'), an appeal to Hiram's own knowledge of David. The clause explains why David could not build the temple — the surrounding wars — until YHWH subdued his enemies, setting up the present opportunity (v. 18) for Solomon to build.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
σὺyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun→ participant referenceσύ: the emphatic personal pronoun ('you yourself') opens the message with a direct appeal to Hiram's personal acquaintance with David.
οἶδαςyou knowPerf Act Indic 2 Sg · οἶδαmain verb (appeal to shared knowledge)→ stative perfect (present-meaning: 'you know')οἶδα: 'know'; perfect with present sense; σὺ οἶδας ('you know') invokes Hiram's firsthand knowledge of David's situation; cf. the same idiom at v. 20.
ΔαυιδDavidobject of οἶδας (indeclinable; proleptic, resumed by ὅτι-clause)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; the object of οἶδας, fronted before the explanatory ὅτι-clause (a prolepsis: 'you know David … that he could not…').
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with πατέρα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέραfatherAccusativeappositive to Δαυιδ ('David my father')→ object specificationπατήρ (acc. πατέρα): 'father'; in apposition with Δαυιδ.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying πατέρα)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying πατέρα).
ὅτιthatconjunction (object clause, resuming Δαυιδ)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that'; introduces the content-clause of οἶδας, specifying what is known about David.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἐδύνατο)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐδύνατοhe was ableImperf Mid Indic 3 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb of object clause (with negation: 'could not')→ descriptive imperfect (ongoing incapacity)δύναμαι: 'be able'; the imperfect οὐκ ἐδύνατο ('he was not able') describes David's sustained incapacity to build the temple while at war.
οἰκοδομῆσαιto buildAor Act Inf · οἰκοδομέωcomplementary infinitive (with ἐδύνατο)→ aorist infinitive (the action David could not accomplish)οἰκοδομέω: 'build'; renders בָּנָה; the complementary infinitive of what David could not do — build the temple (cf. 2 Sam 7; 1 Chr 22:8).
οἶκονa houseAccusativedirect object of οἰκοδομῆσαι→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / temple'; here the temple to be built for the LORD's name.
τῷthe / forDativearticle (with ὀνόματι, dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀνόματιnameDativedative of advantage ('for the name of the LORD')→ sphere or referenceὄνομα (dat. ὀνόματι): 'name'; the temple is built 'for the name of the LORD' (לְשֵׁם יהוה), the Deuteronomic name-theology — the temple as the dwelling of YHWH's name (cf. Deut 12:11).
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying ὀνόματι)→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; 'the name of the LORD' is the focus of the temple's dedication.
θεοῦGodGenitiveappositive to κυρίου ('the LORD my God')→ relational specificationθεός (gen. θεοῦ): 'God'; in apposition with κυρίου; κυρίου θεοῦ μου = 'the LORD my God', the covenant designation.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying θεοῦ)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying θεοῦ).
ἀπὸfrom / because ofpreposition + genitive (cause: 'because of')→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ προσώπου: a Hebraizing idiom (מִפְּנֵי) meaning 'because of / on account of'; here the cause of David's inability — the wars.
προσώπουface / presenceGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (in the idiom ἀπὸ προσώπου)→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; in ἀπὸ προσώπου ('from before / because of') it forms the causal Hebraism rendering מִפְּנֵי.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with πολέμων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολέμωνwarsGenitivegenitive (defining προσώπου: 'because of the wars')→ relational specificationπόλεμος (gen. pl. πολέμων): 'war / battle'; renders מִלְחָמָה; David's many wars that prevented him from building the temple (cf. 1 Chr 22:8).
τῶνthe / whichGenitivearticle (attributive, with participle κυκλωσάντων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυκλωσάντωνthat surroundedAor Act Part Gen Pl Masc · κυκλόωattributive participle (modifying πολέμων)→ constative aorist participleκυκλόω: 'encircle / surround'; the participle τῶν κυκλωσάντων αὐτόν ('that surrounded him') depicts David beset by wars on every side — the antithesis of the peace Solomon now enjoys (v. 18; cf. v. 4).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of κυκλωσάντων (David surrounded)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of κυκλωσάντων (David surrounded).
ἕωςuntilconjunction (temporal, with articular infinitive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: 'until'; with τοῦ δοῦναι forms the temporal clause marking the turning point — YHWH's subjugation of David's enemies.
τοῦthe (of)Genitivearticle (genitive articular infinitive: τοῦ δοῦναι)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δοῦναιto put / giveAor Act Inf · δίδωμιarticular infinitive (with ἕως: 'until the LORD put')→ telic aorist infinitive (the subduing of enemies)δίδωμι: 'give / put / place'; the articular infinitive τοῦ δοῦναι with subject κύριον = 'until the LORD set (them) under his feet', the idiom of total subjugation.
κύριονthe LORDAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive δοῦναι→ object specificationκύριος (acc. κύριον): rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the accusative subject of the articular infinitive — it is YHWH who subdues David's enemies, making the temple possible.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of δοῦναι (the enemies)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. pl. αὐτούς): 'them'; the enemies/wars that YHWH placed beneath David's feet.
ὑπὸunderpreposition + accusative (subjection: 'under')→ spatial or relational framingὑπό + acc.: 'under'; the idiom ὑπὸ τὰ ἴχνη τῶν ποδῶν ('under the soles of the feet') expresses total subjugation (cf. Ps 8:7; 109:1 LXX).
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ἴχνη)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἴχνηsoles / footprintsAccusativeaccusative object of ὑπό (the place of subjection)→ object specificationἴχνος (pl. ἴχνη): 'track / footprint / sole of the foot'; ὑπὸ τὰ ἴχνη τῶν ποδῶν = 'under the soles of his feet', the conventional image of conquered enemies.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ποδῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποδῶνfeetGenitivegenitive (defining ἴχνη: 'soles of the feet')→ relational specificationπούς (gen. pl. ποδῶν): 'foot'; τῶν ποδῶν αὐτοῦ completes the subjugation idiom — David's enemies beneath his feet.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying ποδῶν: David's feet)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying ποδῶν: David's feet).
18

καὶ νῦν ἀνέπαυσε κύριος ὁ θεός μου ἐμοὶ κυκλόθεν οὐκ ἔστιν ἐπίβουλος καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν ἀπάντημα πονηρόν

And now the LORD my God has given me rest round about; there is no plotter and there is no evil mischance.

Temporal pivot (the present peace contrasted with David's wars)καὶ νῦν
καὶ νῦν ('and now') pivots from David's past wars (v. 17) to Solomon's present peace, the precondition for building. The double οὐκ ἔστιν ('there is no … no …') itemizes the completeness of the rest — neither human adversary (ἐπίβουλος) nor adverse circumstance (ἀπάντημα πονηρόν).
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (with νῦν: temporal pivot)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (marking the present situation)→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; καὶ νῦν is the classic Hebrew rhetorical pivot (וְעַתָּה) moving from background to the consequent proposal — the present peace enables the building.
ἀνέπαυσεgave restAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναπαύωmain verb (the gift of rest)→ constative aorist (achieved rest)ἀναπαύω: 'give rest / cause to rest'; renders הֵנִיחַ; the LORD has given Solomon 'rest' (מְנוּחָה) on every side — the theological precondition for the temple (cf. Deut 12:10; 2 Sam 7:1).
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the giver of rest, named here as 'the LORD my God'.
theNominativearticle (with θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςGodNominativeappositive to κύριος ('the LORD my God')→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; in apposition with κύριος, the covenant designation 'the LORD my God'.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying θεός)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying θεός).
ἐμοὶto me / for meDativedative (recipient of the rest)→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. ἐμοί): the emphatic first-person dative — Solomon is the beneficiary of the divine rest.
κυκλόθενround aboutadverb of place ('on every side')→ clausal contributionκυκλόθεν: 'round about / on all sides'; renders מִסָּבִיב; the rest is complete and circumferential, echoing the peace of v. 4.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἔστιν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential, negated)→ gnomic present (present state of security)εἰμί (ἔστιν): existential 'there is'; οὐκ ἔστιν ('there is no') asserts the present absence of any adversary.
ἐπίβουλοςplotter / adversaryNominativesubject of ἔστιν (the thing denied)→ participant prominenceἐπίβουλος: 'plotter / conspirator / one who lies in wait'; renders שָׂטָן (adversary); there is no human enemy scheming against Solomon's realm.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (linking the two οὐκ ἔστιν clauses)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἔστιν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential, negated, second clause)→ gnomic presentεἰμί (ἔστιν): the existential repeated for the parallel denial of any adverse circumstance.
ἀπάντημαmischance / adverse occurrenceNominativesubject of ἔστιν (the thing denied)→ participant prominenceἀπάντημα: 'that which meets one / occurrence / mishap'; renders פֶּגַע (chance happening); paired with πονηρόν it denotes any 'evil befalling' — no calamity threatens the realm.
πονηρόνevilNominativeattributive adjective (modifying ἀπάντημα)→ participant prominenceπονηρός: 'evil / bad / harmful'; renders רָע; qualifies ἀπάντημα ('evil mischance'), completing the picture of total security.
19

καὶ ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ λέγω οἰκοδομῆσαι οἶκον τῷ ὀνόματι κυρίου θεοῦ μου καθὼς ἐλάλησεν κύριος ὁ θεὸς πρὸς Δαυιδ τὸν πατέρα μου λέγων ὁ υἱός σου ὃν δώσω ἀντὶ σοῦ ἐπὶ τὸν θρόνον σου οὗτος οἰκοδομήσει τὸν οἶκον τῷ ὀνόματί μου

And behold, I purpose to build a house for the name of the LORD my God, just as the LORD God spoke to David my father, saying, 'Your son whom I will set in your place upon your throne, he shall build the house for my name.'

Resolution: Solomon's building intention grounded in the Davidic oracleκαὶ ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ λέγω
ἰδού ('behold') with the emphatic ἐγώ presents Solomon's resolve; λέγω here = 'I propose / I intend'. The καθώς-clause grounds the intention in the dynastic promise to David (2 Sam 7:12–13), and the embedded direct oracle (ὁ υἱός σου … οὗτος οἰκοδομήσει) identifies Solomon as its appointed fulfiller.
Word-by-word analysis· 40 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: 'behold / look'; renders הִנֵּה; the presentative particle introducing Solomon's resolve with emphasis.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronoun→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic first-person pronoun stresses Solomon's personal resolve to undertake what David could not.
λέγωI say / purposePres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb (declaration of intent)→ present of intention ('I propose')λέγω: 'say'; here in the sense 'I declare / purpose / intend' (cf. אֹמֵר for resolve), governing the infinitive οἰκοδομῆσαι.
οἰκοδομῆσαιto buildAor Act Inf · οἰκοδομέωcomplementary infinitive (with λέγω: 'purpose to build')→ aorist infinitive (the intended act)οἰκοδομέω: 'build'; the infinitive of Solomon's intention — to build the temple David could not.
οἶκονa houseAccusativedirect object of οἰκοδομῆσαι→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / temple'; the temple for the LORD's name.
τῷthe / forDativearticle (with ὀνόματι)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀνόματιnameDativedative of advantage ('for the name')→ sphere or referenceὄνομα (dat. ὀνόματι): 'name'; the temple is built 'for the name of the LORD', repeating the name-theology of v. 17.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying ὀνόματι)→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.
θεοῦGodGenitiveappositive to κυρίου ('the LORD my God')→ relational specificationθεός (gen. θεοῦ): 'God'; in apposition with κυρίου.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying θεοῦ)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying θεοῦ).
καθὼςjust ascomparative conjunction (introducing the grounding clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'just as / according as'; grounds Solomon's intent in the prior word of the LORD to David.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωverb of the comparative clause→ constative aorist (the divine promise)λαλέω: 'speak'; here of YHWH's dynastic promise to David (the Nathan oracle, 2 Sam 7).
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἐλάλησεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the speaker of the promise to David.
theNominativearticle (with θεὸς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativeappositive to κύριος ('the LORD God')→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; in apposition with κύριος, here 'the LORD God'.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (recipient of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (recipient of speech).
ΔαυιδDavidobject of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; the recipient of the promise.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with πατέρα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέραfatherAccusativeappositive to Δαυιδ ('David my father')→ object specificationπατήρ (acc. πατέρα): 'father'; in apposition with Δαυιδ.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying πατέρα)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying πατέρα).
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing the embedded oracle)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: the Hebraizing speech-marker (לֵאמֹר) introducing the verbatim Davidic oracle.
theNominativearticle (with υἱός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱόςsonNominativesubject of the oracle (proleptic, resumed by οὗτος)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; ὁ υἱός σου ('your son') is the promised dynastic heir, identified in the oracle as the temple-builder — Solomon himself.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying υἱός)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying υἱός).
ὃνwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (object of δώσω)→ participant referenceὅς (acc. ὅν): relative pronoun 'whom'; introduces the relative clause defining the promised son.
δώσωI will set / giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιverb of relative clause (divine first-person)→ predictive future (the divine appointment)δίδωμι: 'give / place / set'; here 'whom I will set upon your throne', the LORD's appointment of the successor; cf. ἀντὶ σοῦ ('in your place').
ἀντὶin place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί + gen.: 'in place of'; ἀντὶ σοῦ ('in your stead') marks the dynastic succession from David to Solomon (cf. v. 15).
σοῦyouGenitiveobject of ἀντί (David)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. σοῦ): 'you'; David, in whose place the son will reign.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (position on the throne)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position on the throne).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with θρόνον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θρόνονthroneAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the seat of succession)→ object specificationθρόνος: 'throne'; renders כִּסֵּא; the Davidic throne to which the son succeeds, the locus of the dynastic promise.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying θρόνον)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying θρόνον).
οὗτοςthis one / heNominativeresumptive demonstrative subject (= ὁ υἱός σου)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this one / he'; the resumptive demonstrative emphatically restates the subject — 'he, this very one, shall build'.
οἰκοδομήσειshall buildFut Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb of the oracle (the son's appointed task)→ predictive future (the divinely assigned building)οἰκοδομέω: 'build'; the future οἰκοδομήσει designates the son's God-given commission to build the temple — the very task Solomon now undertakes.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with οἶκον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativedirect object of οἰκοδομήσει→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / temple'; the temple the son is appointed to build.
τῷthe / forDativearticle (with ὀνόματί)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀνόματίnameDativedative of advantage ('for my name')→ sphere or referenceὄνομα (dat. ὀνόματι): 'name'; τῷ ὀνόματί μου ('for my name') — the divine first person closes the oracle, sealing the temple as the dwelling of YHWH's name.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (divine first person, modifying ὀνόματί)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (divine first person, modifying ὀνόματί).
20

καὶ νῦν ἔντειλαι καὶ κοψάτωσάν μοι ξύλα ἐκ τοῦ Λιβάνου καὶ ἰδοὺ οἱ δοῦλοί μου μετὰ τῶν δούλων σου καὶ τὸν μισθὸν δουλείας σου δώσω σοι κατὰ πάντα ὅσα ἐὰν εἴπῃς ὅτι σὺ οἶδας ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν ἡμῖν εἰδὼς ξύλα κόπτειν καθὼς οἱ Σιδώνιοι

And now command that they cut timber for me from Lebanon, and behold, my servants will be with your servants, and the wage of your service I will give you according to all that you say; for you know that there is none among us who knows how to cut timber like the Sidonians.

Petition: the timber request (the practical aim of the embassy)καὶ νῦν ἔντειλαι
καὶ νῦν ('and now') turns from rationale to request. The imperatives ἔντειλαι / κοψάτωσάν frame the petition; Solomon offers labor-cooperation and wages, and grounds the request in Phoenician expertise — the Sidonians' unrivalled skill in felling timber, which Israel lacks.
Word-by-word analysis· 44 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (with νῦν)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (pivot to the request)→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; καὶ νῦν (וְעַתָּה) moves from the grounding to the concrete petition.
ἔντειλαιcommand / give ordersAor Mid Impv 2 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιmain verb (imperative: the request)→ aorist imperative (a single decisive command requested)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command / order / charge'; renders צִוָּה; the polite imperative asks Hiram to issue orders for the felling of timber.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (result of the command)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κοψάτωσάνlet them cut / fellAor Act Impv 3 Pl · κόπτωthird-person imperative (the felling itself)→ aorist imperative (the felling work)κόπτω: 'cut / strike / fell (trees)'; the third-person imperative κοψάτωσαν ('let them cut') requests the actual felling of Lebanon timber by Hiram's workers.
μοιfor meDativedative of advantage (the beneficiary)→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. μοι): 'for me'; Solomon as the beneficiary of the timber.
ξύλαtimber / treesAccusativedirect object of κοψάτωσάν→ object specificationξύλον (pl. ξύλα): 'wood / timber'; the building material to be cut from Lebanon.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with Λιβάνου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛιβάνουLebanonGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (source of the timber)→ relational specificationΛίβανος (gen. Λιβάνου): 'Lebanon'; the cedar-forested range under Tyrian control, source of the temple timber.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (with ἰδοὺ)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: 'behold'; introduces the offer of cooperative labor.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with δοῦλοί)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δοῦλοίservantsNominativesubject (Solomon's workers, in a verbless clause)→ participant prominenceδοῦλος (pl. δοῦλοι): 'servant / slave'; Solomon's laborers will join Hiram's in the work.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying δοῦλοί)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying δοῦλοί).
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with δούλων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δούλωνservantsGenitivegenitive object of μετά (Hiram's workers)→ relational specificationδοῦλος (gen. pl. δούλων): 'servant'; Hiram's workers, with whom Solomon's will labor jointly.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying δούλων)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying δούλων).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with μισθὸν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μισθὸνwage / paymentAccusativedirect object of δώσω (fronted for emphasis)→ object specificationμισθός: 'wage / pay / hire'; renders שָׂכָר; the payment Solomon pledges for Hiram's labor (specified at v. 25).
δουλείαςof service / laborGenitivegenitive (defining μισθὸν: 'wage of service')→ relational specificationδουλεία: 'service / bondage / labor'; the wage 'of your service' — payment for the work of Hiram's men.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying δουλείας)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying δουλείας).
δώσωI will giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (Solomon's pledge of payment)→ predictive/promissory futureδίδωμι: 'give'; the future δώσω is Solomon's binding promise to pay the agreed wage.
σοιto youDativeindirect object of δώσω (Hiram)→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. σοι): 'to you'; Hiram, the recipient of the payment.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm/standard)→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (norm/standard).
πάνταallAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (the standard)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; κατὰ πάντα ὅσα = 'according to all that', a generous open offer to meet Hiram's terms.
ὅσαwhateverAccusativerelative pronoun (object of εἴπῃς)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much as / whatever'; introduces the indefinite relative clause 'whatever you say'.
ἐὰνif / everconditional particle (with subjunctive: indefiniteness)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if (ever)'; with the subjunctive εἴπῃς it makes the relative clause indefinite ('whatever you may say').
εἴπῃςyou sayAor Act Subj 2 Sg · λέγω (εἶπον)verb of indefinite relative clause (with ἐάν)→ aorist subjunctive (indefinite condition)λέγω / εἶπον: 'say'; the aorist subjunctive in the ὅσα ἐάν clause leaves the terms open to Hiram's stipulation.
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'for / because'; grounds the generous offer in Israel's lack of timber-skill.
σὺyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you (yourself)'; appealing again to Hiram's knowledge (cf. v. 17).
οἶδαςyou knowPerf Act Indic 2 Sg · οἶδαmain verb (appeal to knowledge)→ stative perfect (present meaning)οἶδα: 'know'; σὺ οἶδας again invokes Hiram's awareness — here of Israel's lack of skilled woodcutters.
ὅτιthatconjunction (object clause of οἶδας)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that'; introduces the content of what Hiram knows.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἔστιν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb of object clause (existential, negated)→ gnomic presentεἰμί (ἔστιν): existential 'there is'; οὐκ ἔστιν ἡμῖν εἰδώς = 'there is not among us one who knows'.
ἡμῖνamong us / to usDativedative of possession/sphere ('among us')→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. pl. ἡμῖν): 'to/among us'; the Israelites, who lack the requisite timber-skill.
εἰδὼςone who knowsPerf Act Part Nom Sg Masc · οἶδαsubstantival participle (subject of ἔστιν: 'one knowing')→ stative perfect participle (one possessing the skill)οἶδα (part. εἰδώς): 'knowing / skilled'; here 'one who knows (how) to cut timber' — Israel has no such expert, unlike the Sidonians.
ξύλαtimberAccusativedirect object of κόπτειν→ object specificationξύλον (pl. ξύλα): 'timber'; the object of the felling skill Israel lacks.
κόπτεινto cut / fellPres Act Inf · κόπτωcomplementary infinitive (with εἰδὼς: 'know how to cut')→ present infinitive (the skill of felling)κόπτω: 'cut / fell'; the infinitive complementing εἰδώς — the specialized craft of felling timber.
καθὼςas / likecomparative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'as / like'; introduces the comparison with the master woodcutters of Sidon.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with Σιδώνιοι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣιδώνιοιSidoniansNominativesubject of the comparative clause (the skilled standard)→ participant prominenceΣιδώνιος (pl. Σιδώνιοι): 'Sidonian'; the Phoenicians of Sidon (here standing for Tyrians/Phoenicians generally), proverbial for their skill in timber-work and seafaring; renders צִידֹנִים.
21

καὶ ἐγενήθη καθὼς ἤκουσεν Χιραμ τῶν λόγων Σαλωμων ἐχάρη σφόδρα καὶ εἶπεν εὐλογητὸς ὁ θεὸς σήμερον ὃς ἔδωκεν τῷ Δαυιδ υἱὸν φρόνιμον ἐπὶ τὸν λαὸν τὸν πολὺν τοῦτον

And it came to pass, when Hiram heard the words of Solomon, that he rejoiced greatly and said, 'Blessed be God this day, who has given to David a wise son over this numerous people.'

Hiram's joyful response (acceptance and blessing)καὶ ἐγενήθη
The narrative formula καὶ ἐγενήθη καθὼς ἤκουσεν ('and it came to pass when he heard') frames Hiram's reaction. His benediction — εὐλογητὸς ὁ θεός — voices Gentile recognition of YHWH's gift of wisdom to David's heir, echoing the chapter's wisdom-theme (vv. 9–14).
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγενήθηit came to passAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (narrative framing formula)→ constative aorist (transition formula)γίνομαι (aor. pass. ἐγενήθη): 'become / happen'; καὶ ἐγενήθη renders the Hebrew narrative formula וַיְהִי ('and it came to pass'), introducing the response-clause.
καθὼςwhen / astemporal conjunction (with ἤκουσεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'as / when'; here temporal, marking the moment of Hiram's hearing.
ἤκουσενheardAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωverb of temporal clause→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear'; with the genitive τῶν λόγων ('heard the words'); the moment that triggers Hiram's joy.
ΧιραμHiramsubject of ἤκουσεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΧιραμ: indeclinable; the king of Tyre, here the one who hears and rejoices.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with λόγων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνwordsGenitivegenitive object of ἤκουσεν→ relational specificationλόγος (gen. pl. λόγων): 'word / message'; the content of Solomon's embassy (vv. 17–20), the object of ἀκούω in the genitive.
Σαλωμωνof Solomongenitive of possession (indeclinable: 'the words of Solomon')→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; possessive genitive.
ἐχάρηhe rejoicedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · χαίρωmain verb (Hiram's reaction)→ ingressive aorist (he became glad)χαίρω (aor. pass. ἐχάρη): 'rejoice / be glad'; renders שָׂמַח; Hiram's delight at the prospect of the alliance and trade.
σφόδραgreatlyadverb of degree (intensifying ἐχάρη)→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'greatly / exceedingly'; the intensity of Hiram's joy.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπεν): 'say'; introduces Hiram's blessing.
εὐλογητὸςblessedNominativepredicate adjective (benediction: 'blessed be')→ participant prominenceεὐλογητός: 'blessed / praised'; renders בָּרוּךְ; the standard benediction-formula εὐλογητὸς ὁ θεός ('blessed be God'); a Gentile king praises Israel's God.
theNominativearticle (with θεὸς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativesubject of the benediction→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; the object of Hiram's blessing; the Tyrian king acknowledges the God of Israel who gave David a wise son.
σήμερονtoday / this daytemporal adverb→ clausal contributionσήμερον: 'today'; renders הַיּוֹם; locates the blessing in the present moment of the alliance.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἔδωκεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative 'who'; introduces the ground of the blessing — God's gift of a wise heir.
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιverb of relative clause→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; God's gift of a wise son to David — the basis of Hiram's praise; echoes ἔδωκεν of v. 9.
τῷthe / toDativearticle (with Δαυιδ, dative of recipient)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΔαυιδDavidindirect object (recipient; case from article τῷ)→ noun-phrase markingΔαυιδ: indeclinable; the recipient of the wise son, marked by the dative article τῷ.
υἱὸνa sonAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν→ object specificationυἱός (acc. υἱόν): 'son'; the gift — Solomon, the wise heir.
φρόνιμονwise / prudentAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying υἱὸν)→ object specificationφρόνιμος: 'prudent / wise / sensible'; renders חָכָם; Hiram singles out Solomon's wisdom — the chapter's keynote — as the divine gift worthy of blessing.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (authority: 'over')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'over'; marks Solomon's rule over the people.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with λαὸν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸνpeopleAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (those ruled)→ object specificationλαός: 'people'; Israel, the people over whom the wise son reigns.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (attributive, with πολὺν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολὺνnumerous / greatAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying λαὸν: 'this numerous people')→ object specificationπολύς: 'much / many / numerous'; renders רַב; the greatness of the people magnifies the wisdom needed to govern it.
τοῦτονthisAccusativedemonstrative (modifying λαὸν: 'this people')→ participant referenceοὗτος (acc. τοῦτον): 'this'; deictic, pointing to Israel as the specific people under Solomon's wise rule.
22

καὶ ἀπέστειλεν πρὸς Σαλωμων λέγων ἀκήκοα περὶ πάντων ὧν ἀπέσταλκας πρός με ἐγὼ ποιήσω πᾶν θέλημά σου ξύλα κέδρινα καὶ πεύκινα

And he sent to Solomon, saying, 'I have heard concerning all that you sent to me; I will do all your desire, with cedar timber and cypress timber.'

Hiram's formal reply (acceptance of terms)καὶ ἀπέστειλεν πρὸς Σαλωμων
Hiram answers with his own embassy (ἀπέστειλεν … λέγων). The perfects ἀκήκοα / ἀπέσταλκας mark completed, standing facts ('I have heard … all you have sent'). His pledge ποιήσω πᾶν θέλημά σου, specified by the timber types (cedar and cypress), seals the agreement.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (Hiram's reply-embassy)→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send'; Hiram dispatches his formal answer, completing the diplomatic exchange.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (recipient)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (recipient).
ΣαλωμωνSolomonobject of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; the recipient of Hiram's reply.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing direct discourse)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: the Hebraizing speech-marker (לֵאמֹר) introducing Hiram's verbatim reply.
ἀκήκοαI have heardPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (acknowledgment of the message)→ resultative perfect (the message stands received)ἀκούω (perf. ἀκήκοα): 'have heard'; the perfect stresses that Solomon's message has been fully received and registered.
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive (topic heard)→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (topic heard).
πάντωνallGenitivesubstantival adjective (object of περί: 'all that')→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; περὶ πάντων ὧν = 'concerning all that' Solomon sent — comprehensive acknowledgment.
ὧνwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (attracted to genitive πάντων; object of ἀπέσταλκας)→ relational specificationὅς (gen. pl. ὧν): relative 'which'; case-attracted to its antecedent πάντων; logically the object of ἀπέσταλκας ('the things you sent').
ἀπέσταλκαςyou have sentPerf Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀποστέλλωverb of relative clause→ resultative perfect (the request stands made)ἀποστέλλω (perf. ἀπέσταλκας): 'have sent'; the perfect marks Solomon's request as a completed, standing communication.
πρόςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
μεmeAccusativeobject of πρός (Hiram)→ participant referenceἐγώ (acc. με): 'me'; Hiram as the recipient of Solomon's message.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronoun→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic 'I (for my part)'; Hiram personally pledges compliance.
ποιήσωI will doFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (Hiram's pledge)→ promissory future (binding commitment)ποιέω: 'do / make'; the future ποιήσω is Hiram's pledge to fulfill all of Solomon's wishes.
πᾶνall / everyAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying θέλημά)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; πᾶν θέλημά σου = 'all your desire' — total accommodation.
θέλημάdesire / willAccusativedirect object of ποιήσω→ object specificationθέλημα: 'will / wish / desire'; renders חֵפֶץ; Hiram will satisfy Solomon's every wish regarding the timber (cf. v. 24).
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying θέλημά)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying θέλημά).
ξύλαtimberAccusativeaccusative in apposition (specifying θέλημά: the timber supplied)→ object specificationξύλον (pl. ξύλα): 'timber'; specifies the content of Hiram's compliance — the building wood.
κέδριναcedar (wood)Accusativeattributive adjective (modifying ξύλα: 'cedar timber')→ object specificationκέδρινος: 'of cedar'; renders אֲרָזִים; the prized cedar of Lebanon, chief temple-timber.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πεύκιναcypress / fir (wood)Accusativeattributive adjective (modifying ξύλα: 'cypress timber')→ object specificationπεύκινος: 'of pine / fir / cypress'; renders בְּרוֹשִׁים; the second timber type, used for flooring, doors, and panelling in the temple (cf. 3 Kgdms 6:15, 34).
23

οἱ δοῦλοί μου κατάξουσιν αὐτὰ ἐκ τοῦ Λιβάνου εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν ἐγὼ θήσομαι αὐτὰ σχεδίας ἕως τοῦ τόπου οὗ ἐὰν ἀποστείλῃς πρός με καὶ ἐκτινάξω αὐτὰ ἐκεῖ καὶ σὺ ἀρεῖς καὶ ποιήσεις τὸ θέλημά μου τοῦ δοῦναι ἄρτους τῷ οἴκῳ μου

My servants shall bring them down from Lebanon to the sea, and I will make them into rafts as far as the place to which you send to me, and I will discharge them there; and you shall take them up and do my desire, to give bread for my household.

Logistical proposal (Hiram's transport plan and counter-request)οἱ δοῦλοί μου κατάξουσιν
Hiram details the maritime logistics: his servants will fell and bring the timber down to the sea, raft it along the coast to an appointed point, and discharge it; Solomon will then take it up. The reciprocal arrangement closes with Hiram's own request — provisions (ἄρτους) for his household — articulated by the articular infinitive τοῦ δοῦναι.
Word-by-word analysis· 41 words
οἱtheNominativearticle (with δοῦλοί)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δοῦλοίservantsNominativesubject of κατάξουσιν→ participant prominenceδοῦλος (pl. δοῦλοι): 'servant'; Hiram's workers who will fell and transport the timber.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying δοῦλοί)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying δοῦλοί).
κατάξουσινshall bring downFut Act Indic 3 Pl · κατάγωmain verb (the transport down from Lebanon)→ predictive future (the planned operation)κατάγω: 'lead/bring down'; the compound κατα- fits the topography — bringing the felled timber down from the Lebanon heights to the coast.
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object of κατάξουσιν (the timber)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. neut. pl. αὐτά): 'them'; the cut logs (ξύλα of v. 22).
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with Λιβάνου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛιβάνουLebanonGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (source of the timber)→ relational specificationΛίβανος (gen. Λιβάνου): 'Lebanon'; the cedar range, point of origin for the timber.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with θάλασσαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θάλασσανseaAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the coast)→ object specificationθάλασσα: 'sea'; the Mediterranean; the timber is brought to the coast for sea-transport by raft.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronoun→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic 'I (myself)'; Hiram personally guarantees the next stage of transport.
θήσομαιI will make / setFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · τίθημιmain verb (the rafting operation)→ predictive future (planned action)τίθημι (mid. θήσομαι): 'put / set / make'; with the predicative accusative σχεδίας = 'I will make them (into) rafts', i.e. lash the logs into floats for sea-transport.
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object of θήσομαι→ participant referenceαὐτὰ: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of θήσομαι.
σχεδίαςrafts / floatsAccusativepredicative accusative (with θήσομαι: 'make them into rafts')→ object specificationσχεδία (acc. pl. σχεδίας): 'raft / float'; renders דֹּבְרוֹת; the logs lashed together and floated along the coast — the standard Phoenician timber-transport method.
ἕωςas far asimproper preposition + genitive (extent)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'as far as / until'; marks the destination of the rafting — the place Solomon designates.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with τόπου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπουplaceGenitivegenitive object of ἕως (the appointed destination)→ relational specificationτόπος: 'place'; the delivery-point to be designated by Solomon.
οὗwhere / to whichrelative adverb of place (introducing indefinite clause)→ participant referenceοὗ: relative adverb 'where'; with ἐάν + subjunctive forms the indefinite 'wherever / to whatever place you send'.
ἐὰνif / everconditional particle (with subjunctive: indefiniteness)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if (ever)'; makes the locative clause indefinite, leaving the delivery-point to Solomon's choosing.
ἀποστείλῃςyou send / give wordAor Act Subj 2 Sg · ἀποστέλλωverb of indefinite relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (indefinite condition)ἀποστέλλω: 'send'; here 'send word / send (men) to', i.e. designate; the subjunctive marks the place as the one Solomon will indicate.
πρόςtopreposition + accusative (direction of the message)→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of the message).
μεmeAccusativeobject of πρός (Hiram)→ participant referenceἐγώ (acc. με): 'me'; Hiram, to whom Solomon will send the designation.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκτινάξωI will discharge / shake outFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐκτινάσσωmain verb (unloading the timber)→ predictive future (planned delivery)ἐκτινάσσω: 'shake out / cast off'; here of breaking up the rafts and discharging the timber at the delivery-point; the compound ἐκ- stresses the offloading.
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object of ἐκτινάξω (the timber)→ participant referenceαὐτὰ: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐκτινάξω (the timber).
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place (at the delivery-point)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; the designated place where the timber is discharged.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun (Solomon's part)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you (for your part)'; shifts the action to Solomon — he is to take up the delivered timber.
ἀρεῖςyou shall take upFut Act Indic 2 Sg · αἴρωmain verb (Solomon receives the timber)→ predictive futureαἴρω (fut. ἀρεῖς): 'lift / take up / carry off'; Solomon collects the timber from the delivery-point.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειςyou shall do / fulfillFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (Solomon meets Hiram's wish)→ predictive future (the reciprocal obligation)ποιέω: 'do / fulfill'; Solomon is to do Hiram's 'desire' in return — supplying provisions; balances Hiram's ποιήσω of v. 22.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with θέλημά)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θέλημάdesire / willAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationθέλημα: 'will / wish / desire'; Hiram's reciprocal request — provisions for his household.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying θέλημά)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying θέλημά).
τοῦthe (of)Genitivearticle (genitive articular infinitive: τοῦ δοῦναι)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δοῦναιto giveAor Act Inf · δίδωμιepexegetic articular infinitive (defining θέλημά: 'desire, namely to give')→ epexegetic aorist infinitiveδίδωμι: 'give'; the articular infinitive τοῦ δοῦναι explains Hiram's 'desire' — the provision of food for his court (cf. v. 25's wheat and oil).
ἄρτουςbread / foodAccusativedirect object of δοῦναι→ object specificationἄρτος (acc. pl. ἄρτους): 'bread / loaf / food'; renders לֶחֶם; the foodstuffs Hiram requests for his household, supplied as wheat and oil in v. 25.
τῷthe / forDativearticle (with οἴκῳ, dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκῳhouseholdDativedative of advantage ('for my household')→ sphere or referenceοἶκος (dat. οἴκῳ): 'house / household'; Hiram's court, the beneficiary of the provisions.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying οἴκῳ)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying οἴκῳ).
24

καὶ ἦν Χιραμ διδοὺς τῷ Σαλωμων κέδρους καὶ πᾶν θέλημα αὐτοῦ

And Hiram was giving Solomon cedars and all his desire.

Narrative fulfillment (the agreement enacted)καὶ ἦν Χιραμ διδοὺς
The periphrastic ἦν … διδοὺς ('was giving') reports the ongoing fulfillment of Hiram's pledge (v. 22): a continuous supply of cedar and everything Solomon wished, summarizing the working partnership.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasImperf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (periphrastic with διδοὺς)→ descriptive imperfect (ongoing supply)εἰμί (imperf. ἦν): the copula of the periphrastic ἦν διδοὺς ('was giving / kept giving').
ΧιραμHiramsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΧιραμ: indeclinable; nominative subject.
διδοὺςgivingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · δίδωμιpredicate participle (periphrastic with ἦν)→ descriptive present participle (continuous action)δίδωμι (part. διδούς): 'giving'; the present participle in the periphrasis stresses the ongoing, repeated delivery of timber to Solomon.
τῷthe / toDativearticle (with Σαλωμων, dative of recipient)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonindirect object (recipient; case from article τῷ)→ noun-phrase markingΣαλωμων: indeclinable; the recipient of the cedars.
κέδρουςcedarsAccusativedirect object of διδοὺς→ object specificationκέδρος (acc. pl. κέδρους): 'cedar'; the prized Lebanon timber supplied for the temple.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶνall / everyAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying θέλημα)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; πᾶν θέλημα αὐτοῦ = 'all his desire', summarizing total accommodation (cf. v. 22).
θέλημαdesire / wishAccusativedirect object of διδοὺς (coordinate with κέδρους)→ object specificationθέλημα: 'will / wish'; Hiram supplied everything Solomon wished, fulfilling the pledge of v. 22.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying θέλημα: Solomon's wish)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying θέλημα: Solomon's wish).
25

καὶ Σαλωμων ἔδωκεν τῷ Χιραμ εἴκοσι χιλιάδας κόρους πυροῦ καὶ μαχιρ τῷ οἴκῳ αὐτοῦ καὶ εἴκοσι χιλιάδας βεθ ἐλαίου κεκομμένου κατὰ τοῦτο ἐδίδου Σαλωμων τῷ Χιραμ κατ᾿ ἐνιαυτόν

And Solomon gave Hiram twenty thousand kors of wheat and provision for his household, and twenty thousand baths of pressed oil; according to this Solomon kept giving to Hiram year by year.

Reciprocal payment (Solomon's annual provision to Hiram)καὶ Σαλωμων ἔδωκεν
The reciprocal half of the treaty: Solomon supplies Hiram with vast annual quantities of wheat and pressed oil. The closing imperfect ἐδίδου … κατ᾿ ἐνιαυτόν ('he kept giving year by year') marks the arrangement as a standing annual tribute, the economic counterpart to the timber supply.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; nominative subject.
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (the reciprocal payment)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; Solomon's payment in kind to Hiram, balancing the timber supply.
τῷthe / toDativearticle (with Χιραμ, dative of recipient)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧιραμHiramindirect object (recipient; case from article τῷ)→ noun-phrase markingΧιραμ: indeclinable; the recipient of the wheat and oil.
εἴκοσιtwentyindeclinable numeral (modifying χιλιάδας)→ measure or countεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; indeclinable cardinal.
χιλιάδαςthousandAccusativeaccusative of quantity (with κόρους)→ object specificationχιλιάς (acc. pl. χιλιάδας): 'thousand / a group of a thousand'; εἴκοσι χιλιάδας = 'twenty thousand'; renders אֶלֶף.
κόρουςkors (measures)Accusativeaccusative in apposition (the measure of wheat)→ object specificationκόρος (acc. pl. κόρους): the kor dry-measure (Hebrew כֹּר); twenty thousand kors of wheat — a vast annual payment.
πυροῦof wheatGenitivegenitive of content (what the kors contained)→ relational specificationπυρός: 'wheat'; renders חִטִּים; the grain payment to Hiram's household.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μαχιρmachir (provision)indeclinable transliterated noun (provision/sustenance)→ clausal contributionμαχιρ: an indeclinable transliteration (Hebrew מַכֹּלֶת, 'food/provision/sustenance'); the LXX retains the Semitic term for the household provender supplied to Hiram.
τῷthe / forDativearticle (with οἴκῳ, dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκῳhouseholdDativedative of advantage ('for his household')→ sphere or referenceοἶκος (dat. οἴκῳ): 'house / household'; Hiram's court, the beneficiary of the provision (cf. v. 23).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying οἴκῳ)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying οἴκῳ).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἴκοσιtwentyindeclinable numeral (modifying χιλιάδας)→ measure or countεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; indeclinable cardinal; the measure of oil.
χιλιάδαςthousandAccusativeaccusative of quantity (with βεθ)→ object specificationχιλιάς (acc. pl. χιλιάδας): 'thousand'; εἴκοσι χιλιάδας = 'twenty thousand', the count of oil-measures.
βεθbaths (measures)indeclinable transliterated measure (liquid measure)→ clausal contributionβεθ: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew בַּת ('bath'), the standard liquid measure (≈ a kor's liquid equivalent); twenty thousand baths of oil.
ἐλαίουof oilGenitivegenitive of content (what the baths contained)→ relational specificationἔλαιον: 'olive oil'; renders שֶׁמֶן; the oil payment, here specified as 'pressed'.
κεκομμένουpressed / beatenPerf Mid/Pass Part Gen Sg Neut · κόπτωattributive participle (modifying ἐλαίου)→ resultative perfect participle (state of being pressed)κόπτω (perf. pass. part.): 'beat / pound / press'; ἔλαιον κεκομμένον is 'beaten/pressed oil' (שֶׁמֶן כָּתִית), the finest grade of olive oil, extracted by pounding rather than the press.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm)→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ τοῦτο: 'according to this / in this manner'; refers back to the stated quantities as the fixed annual standard.
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrative object of κατά (the established measure)→ participant referenceοὗτος (acc. τοῦτο): 'this'; refers to the foregoing quantities, set as the recurring yearly payment.
ἐδίδουkept givingImperf Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (customary imperfect: annual payment)→ customary imperfect (recurring yearly)δίδωμι (imperf. ἐδίδου): 'give'; the imperfect marks the payment as an ongoing annual obligation, repeated κατ᾿ ἐνιαυτόν.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; nominative subject of ἐδίδου.
τῷthe / toDativearticle (with Χιραμ, dative of recipient)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧιραμHiramindirect object (recipient; case from article τῷ)→ noun-phrase markingΧιραμ: indeclinable; the annual recipient of the wheat and oil.
κατ᾿by / eachpreposition + accusative (distributive, elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingκατά (elided κατ᾿): with the accusative in distributive sense; κατ᾿ ἐνιαυτόν = 'year by year / annually'.
ἐνιαυτόνyearAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (distributive: 'each year')→ object specificationἐνιαυτός: 'year'; renders שָׁנָה; κατ᾿ ἐνιαυτόν fixes the payment as a recurring annual provision.
26

καὶ κύριος ἔδωκεν σοφίαν τῷ Σαλωμων καθὼς ἐλάλησεν αὐτῷ καὶ ἦν εἰρήνη ἀνὰ μέσον Χιραμ καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον Σαλωμων καὶ διέθεντο διαθήκην ἀνὰ μέσον ἑαυτῶν

And the LORD gave wisdom to Solomon, just as he had spoken to him; and there was peace between Hiram and Solomon, and they made a covenant between themselves.

Theological inclusio + covenant summaryκαὶ κύριος ἔδωκεν σοφίαν
The clause κύριος ἔδωκεν σοφίαν τῷ Σαλωμων forms an inclusio with v. 9, framing the whole Hiram episode as an outworking of the divinely given wisdom. The peace (εἰρήνη) and covenant (διαθήκη) between the two kings — expressed with the threefold Hebraism ἀνὰ μέσον ('between') — formalize the alliance.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the giver of wisdom, named here to close the wisdom-inclusio opened at v. 9.
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (divine bestowal, echoing v. 9)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; the verb deliberately echoes ἔδωκεν of v. 9, framing the Hiram episode as the realization of Solomon's God-given wisdom.
σοφίανwisdomAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν→ object specificationσοφία: 'wisdom'; the divine gift confirmed as promised (cf. 3 Kgdms 3:12).
τῷthe / toDativearticle (with Σαλωμων, dative of recipient)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonindirect object (recipient; case from article τῷ)→ noun-phrase markingΣαλωμων: indeclinable; the recipient of wisdom.
καθὼςjust ascomparative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'just as'; the gift accords with the LORD's prior promise.
ἐλάλησενhe spoke / promisedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωverb of the comparative clause→ constative aorist (the prior promise)λαλέω: 'speak'; refers to YHWH's earlier promise of wisdom to Solomon (the Gibeon dream, 3 Kgdms 3:11–14).
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object of ἐλάλησεν (Solomon)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. αὐτῷ): 'to him'; Solomon, recipient of the promise.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνthere wasImperf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential: 'there was peace')→ descriptive imperfect (abiding peace)εἰμί (imperf. ἦν): existential 'there was'; the standing peace between the two kingdoms.
εἰρήνηpeaceNominativesubject of ἦν→ participant prominenceεἰρήνη: 'peace'; renders שָׁלוֹם; the amicable relationship between Hiram and Solomon, the basis of the covenant.
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (in the idiom ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between')→ spatial or relational framingἀνά: in ἀνὰ μέσον ('in the midst of / between'), the standard LXX rendering of the Hebrew בֵּין … וּבֵין construction.
μέσονmidstAccusativeaccusative in the prepositional idiom ἀνὰ μέσον→ spatial or relational framingμέσος: 'middle / midst'; ἀνὰ μέσον = 'between', here between Hiram and Solomon.
ΧιραμHiramobject of ἀνὰ μέσον (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΧιραμ: indeclinable; one party of the peace.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (repeated in the ἀνὰ μέσον … ἀνὰ μέσον idiom)→ spatial or relational framingἀνά: the repeated ἀνὰ μέσον reflects the Hebrew בֵּין … וּבֵין ('between … and between'), naming the second party.
μέσονmidstAccusativeaccusative in the prepositional idiom ἀνὰ μέσον→ spatial or relational framingμέσος: 'midst'; the second member of the 'between … and between' idiom.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonobject of ἀνὰ μέσον (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; the other party of the peace.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διέθεντοthey made / concludedAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · διατίθημιmain verb (covenant-making)→ constative aorist (the formal act)διατίθημι (mid. διέθεντο): 'arrange / make a covenant'; the idiom διατίθεμαι διαθήκην ('make a covenant') renders כָּרַת בְּרִית ('cut a covenant'); the two kings formalize their alliance by treaty.
διαθήκηνcovenantAccusativedirect object (cognate accusative with διέθεντο)→ object specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant / treaty / compact'; renders בְּרִית; here a political treaty of alliance between Tyre and Israel (cf. Amos 1:9, 'the covenant of brothers').
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (in the idiom ἀνὰ μέσον)→ spatial or relational framingἀνά: ἀνὰ μέσον ('between'), here 'between themselves'.
μέσονmidstAccusativeaccusative in the prepositional idiom ἀνὰ μέσον→ spatial or relational framingμέσος: 'midst'; completing the 'between' idiom.
ἑαυτῶνthemselvesGenitivereflexive genitive (object of ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between themselves')→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ (gen. pl. ἑαυτῶν): reflexive 'themselves'; ἀνὰ μέσον ἑαυτῶν = 'between themselves', the two kings as covenant partners.
27

καὶ ἀνήνεγκεν ὁ βασιλεὺς φόρον ἐκ παντὸς Ισραηλ καὶ ἦν ὁ φόρος τριάκοντα χιλιάδες ἀνδρῶν

And the king raised a levy out of all Israel, and the levy was thirty thousand men.

New movement: the labor levy (mobilization of the workforce)καὶ ἀνήνεγκεν ὁ βασιλεὺς φόρον
The final section turns to the human resources for the building project. The king raises a forced-labor levy (φόρος here = corvée) from all Israel, numbering thirty thousand — the first of several workforce-figures (vv. 28–30) that quantify the scale of the temple enterprise.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (opening the levy section)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνήνεγκενraised / leviedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναφέρωmain verb (imposition of the levy)→ constative aoristἀναφέρω: 'bring up / offer / levy'; here of raising/imposing a forced-labor levy; renders הֶעֱלָה (Hiphil of עָלָה, 'bring up'), the technical idiom for conscripting a corvée.
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεὺς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (Solomon)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon, the one who imposes the levy.
φόρονlevy / forced laborAccusativedirect object of ἀνήνεγκεν→ object specificationφόρος: 'tribute / tax / forced labor'; renders מַס; in this context the corvée — a conscripted labor-levy, not a money tax; the term frames vv. 27–30.
ἐκfrom / out ofpreposition + genitive (source of the conscripts)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source of the conscripts).
παντὸςallGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying Ισραηλ)→ relational specificationπᾶς (gen. παντός): 'all'; the levy is drawn from all Israel — a nationwide conscription.
ΙσραηλIsraelobject of ἐκ (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; the covenant people, source of the conscripted workforce.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasImperf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula stating the number)→ descriptive imperfectεἰμί (imperf. ἦν): 'was'; the copula linking ὁ φόρος to its numerical predicate.
theNominativearticle (with φόρος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φόροςlevyNominativesubject of ἦν→ participant prominenceφόρος: 'levy / corvée'; here the conscripted body itself, numbered at thirty thousand.
τριάκονταthirtyindeclinable numeral (with χιλιάδες)→ measure or countτριάκοντα: 'thirty'; indeclinable cardinal; τριάκοντα χιλιάδες = thirty thousand.
χιλιάδεςthousandNominativepredicate nominal (the size of the levy)→ participant prominenceχιλιάς (pl. χιλιάδες): 'thousand'; τριάκοντα χιλιάδες ἀνδρῶν = 'thirty thousand men', the size of the corvée.
ἀνδρῶνof menGenitivepartitive/defining genitive (with χιλιάδες)→ relational specificationἀνήρ (gen. pl. ἀνδρῶν): 'man'; renders אִישׁ; defines the thousands as men — thirty thousand conscripted laborers.
28

καὶ ἀπέστειλεν αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸν Λίβανον δέκα χιλιάδες ἐν τῷ μηνί ἀλλασσόμενοι μῆνα ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Λιβάνῳ καὶ δύο μῆνας ἐν οἴκῳ αὐτῶν καὶ Αδωνιραμ ἐπὶ τοῦ φόρου

And he sent them to Lebanon, ten thousand a month in shifts: a month they were in Lebanon, and two months in their own home; and Adoniram was over the levy.

Administration of the levy (rotation system and overseer)καὶ ἀπέστειλεν αὐτοὺς
The rotation system is specified: ten thousand at a time served a month in Lebanon, then spent two months at home (ἀλλασσόμενοι, 'in shifts'). The naming of Adoniram (ἐπὶ τοῦ φόρου, 'over the levy') records the official responsible for the corvée — the same office that would later spark rebellion (cf. 3 Kgdms 12:18).
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (deployment of the levy)→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send'; Solomon dispatches the conscripts to the Lebanon timber-works in rotating shifts.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ἀπέστειλεν (the levy)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. pl. αὐτούς): 'them'; the thirty thousand conscripts.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Λίβανον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛίβανονLebanonAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the work-site)→ object specificationΛίβανος (acc. Λίβανον): 'Lebanon'; the cedar range where the conscripts felled and prepared timber.
δέκαtenindeclinable numeral (with χιλιάδες)→ measure or countδέκα: 'ten'; indeclinable cardinal; δέκα χιλιάδες = ten thousand, the size of each monthly shift.
χιλιάδεςthousandNominativeappositional/distributive (ten thousand per shift)→ participant prominenceχιλιάς (pl. χιλιάδες): 'thousand'; the rotation deployed ten thousand of the thirty thousand at any one time.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (distributive temporal: 'per month')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (distributive temporal: 'per month').
τῷtheDativearticle (with μηνί)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηνίmonthDativedative of time (distributive: 'in/per month')→ sphere or referenceμήν (dat. μηνί): 'month'; ἐν τῷ μηνί = 'in the month / monthly', the rhythm of the rotation.
ἀλλασσόμενοιalternating / in shiftsPres Mid Part Nom Pl Masc · ἀλλάσσωcircumstantial participle (modifying the conscripts: 'taking turns')→ descriptive present participle (recurring alternation)ἀλλάσσω (mid. part. ἀλλασσόμενοι): 'change / alternate / take turns'; describes the shift-system — the laborers rotated in and out of Lebanon.
μῆναa monthAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('for a month')→ object specificationμήν (acc. μῆνα): 'month'; the accusative of duration — one month of service in Lebanon.
ἦσανthey wereImperf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (describing the shift-pattern)→ customary imperfect (the recurring pattern)εἰμί (imperf. ἦσαν): 'were'; describes the regular alternation — one month present in Lebanon, two at home.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
τῷtheDativearticle (with Λιβάνῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛιβάνῳLebanonDativedative of place (where they served their month)→ sphere or referenceΛίβανος (dat. Λιβάνῳ): 'Lebanon'; the location of the one-month work shift.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δύοtwonumeral (modifying μῆνας)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; cardinal numeral; two months of rest at home for each one month of labor.
μῆναςmonthsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('for two months')→ object specificationμήν (acc. pl. μῆνας): 'month'; the accusative of duration — two months at home in the rotation.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
οἴκῳhome / houseDativedative of place ('in their home')→ sphere or referenceοἶκος (dat. οἴκῳ): 'house / home'; the conscripts' own households, where they rested two months out of three.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying οἴκῳ)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying οἴκῳ).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑδωνιραμAdoniramsubject of an implied copula (verbless clause: 'Adoniram was over')→ participant identificationΑδωνιραμ: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew אֲדֹנִירָם; Solomon's official set over the forced labor (cf. Adoram, 2 Sam 20:24; stoned to death during the levy-revolt, 3 Kgdms 12:18).
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive (authority: 'over')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'over / in charge of'; marks Adoniram's administrative authority over the corvée.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with φόρου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φόρουlevyGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (the levy supervised)→ relational specificationφόρος (gen. φόρου): 'levy / corvée'; the forced-labor body Adoniram administered.
29

καὶ ἦν τῷ Σαλωμων ἑβδομήκοντα χιλιάδες αἴροντες ἄρσιν καὶ ὀγδοήκοντα χιλιάδες λατόμων ἐν τῷ ὄρει

And Solomon had seventy thousand bearers of burdens and eighty thousand stonecutters in the mountain.

Further workforce figures (burden-bearers and quarrymen)καὶ ἦν τῷ Σαλωμων
Beyond the rotating timber-levy, two further classes are enumerated: seventy thousand burden-bearers (αἴροντες ἄρσιν) and eighty thousand quarrymen (λατόμοι) working the mountain stone. The dative-of-possession ἦν τῷ Σαλωμων ('Solomon had') frames the total mobilization.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνthere was / he hadImperf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential with dative of possession)→ descriptive imperfectεἰμί (imperf. ἦν): existential 'there was'; with the dative τῷ Σαλωμων = 'Solomon had', the Hebraizing possession-idiom.
τῷthe / toDativearticle (with Σαλωμων, dative of possession)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαλωμωνSolomondative of possession ('Solomon had'; case from article τῷ)→ noun-phrase markingΣαλωμων: indeclinable; the dative of possession marks Solomon as the one commanding the workforce.
ἑβδομήκονταseventyindeclinable numeral (with χιλιάδες)→ measure or countἑβδομήκοντα: 'seventy'; indeclinable cardinal; seventy thousand burden-bearers.
χιλιάδεςthousandNominativesubject of ἦν (the burden-bearers)→ participant prominenceχιλιάς (pl. χιλιάδες): 'thousand'; ἑβδομήκοντα χιλιάδες = seventy thousand.
αἴροντεςbearing / carryingPres Act Part Nom Pl Masc · αἴρωattributive participle (defining the class: 'bearers')→ descriptive present participleαἴρω (part. αἴροντες): 'lift / carry'; αἴροντες ἄρσιν ('bearing a burden') is the cognate construction designating the porter-class — those who hauled the materials; renders נֹשֵׂא סַבָּל.
ἄρσινburden / loadAccusativecognate accusative (with αἴροντες: 'bearing a load')→ object specificationἄρσις: 'a lifting / burden / load'; cognate with αἴρω; ἄρσιν αἴροντες = 'carrying loads', defining the burden-bearer class (סַבָּל).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀγδοήκονταeightyindeclinable numeral (with χιλιάδες)→ measure or countὀγδοήκοντα: 'eighty'; indeclinable cardinal; eighty thousand stonecutters.
χιλιάδεςthousandNominativesubject (the stonecutters, coordinate with the bearers)→ participant prominenceχιλιάς (pl. χιλιάδες): 'thousand'; ὀγδοήκοντα χιλιάδες = eighty thousand.
λατόμωνof stonecutters / quarrymenGenitivepartitive/defining genitive (with χιλιάδες)→ relational specificationλατόμος (gen. pl. λατόμων): 'stonecutter / quarryman'; renders חֹצֵב; those who hewed the building stone in the mountain quarries (cf. 3 Kgdms 6:7).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
τῷtheDativearticle (with ὄρει)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρειmountainDativedative of place (the quarry-site)→ sphere or referenceὄρος (dat. ὄρει): 'mountain / hill-country'; renders הָר; the highland quarries where the stonecutters worked.
30

χωρὶς ἀρχόντων τῶν καθεσταμένων ἐπὶ τῶν ἔργων τῶν Σαλωμων τρεῖς χιλιάδες καὶ ἑξακόσιοι ἐπιστάται οἱ ποιοῦντες τὰ ἔργα

besides the officers appointed over Solomon's works, three thousand six hundred overseers who carried out the works.

Supervisory tier (the overseers, additional to the laborers)χωρὶς ἀρχόντων
χωρίς ('apart from / besides') adds the supervisory tier to the laborer-counts of vv. 27–29: 3,600 overseers (ἐπιστάται), the appointed officers (καθεσταμένων) who directed the work. The participle οἱ ποιοῦντες τὰ ἔργα defines their function as the executors/managers of the building operations.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
χωρὶςbesides / apart fromimproper preposition + genitive (exception: 'besides')→ spatial or relational framingχωρίς: 'apart from / besides / without'; takes the genitive; marks the overseers as a separate category beyond the laborers already counted.
ἀρχόντωνofficers / rulersGenitivegenitive object of χωρὶς→ relational specificationἄρχων (gen. pl. ἀρχόντων): 'ruler / officer / official'; renders שָׂרִים; the supervisory officials over the building works.
τῶνthe / whoGenitivearticle (attributive, with participle καθεσταμένων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθεσταμένωνappointed / setPerf Mid/Pass Part Gen Pl Masc · καθίστημιattributive participle (modifying ἀρχόντων)→ resultative perfect participle (standing in appointment)καθίστημι (perf. pass. part.): 'appoint / set in charge'; τῶν καθεσταμένων ('those appointed') echoes οἱ καθεσταμένοι of v. 1 — the standing corps of officials, here set over the works.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive (authority: 'over')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'over / in charge of'; marks the officers' authority over the building works.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἔργων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργωνworksGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (the works supervised)→ relational specificationἔργον (gen. pl. ἔργων): 'work / labor / project'; renders מְלָאכָה; the building operations of the temple and related structures.
τῶνthe / ofGenitivearticle (with Σαλωμων, genitive of possession)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Σαλωμωνof Solomongenitive of possession ('Solomon's works'; case from article τῶν)→ noun-phrase markingΣαλωμων: indeclinable; possessive genitive — the works belong to Solomon's building program.
τρεῖςthreeNominativenumeral (with χιλιάδες)→ measure or countτρεῖς: 'three'; τρεῖς χιλιάδες = three thousand; with ἑξακόσιοι gives the total 3,600 overseers.
χιλιάδεςthousandNominativein apposition (the count of overseers)→ participant prominenceχιλιάς (pl. χιλιάδες): 'thousand'; three thousand, the larger component of the overseer-total.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the two numeral components)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑξακόσιοιsix hundredNominativenumeral (added to three thousand: total 3,600)→ measure or countἑξακόσιοι: 'six hundred'; τρεῖς χιλιάδες καὶ ἑξακόσιοι = three thousand six hundred overseers.
ἐπιστάταιoverseers / foremenNominativepredicate nominal (the 3,600 in apposition)→ participant prominenceἐπιστάτης (pl. ἐπιστάται): 'overseer / superintendent / foreman'; renders נִצָּבִים / רֹדִים; the on-site supervisors directing the laborers.
οἱthe / whoNominativearticle (attributive, with participle ποιοῦντες)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιοῦντεςdoing / carrying outPres Act Part Nom Pl Masc · ποιέωattributive participle (defining the overseers' function)→ descriptive present participle (their ongoing task)ποιέω (part. ποιοῦντες): 'do / make / carry out'; οἱ ποιοῦντες τὰ ἔργα ('those who do/manage the works') defines the overseers as the executors and directors of the building operations.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ἔργα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργαworksAccusativedirect object of ποιοῦντες→ object specificationἔργον (pl. ἔργα): 'work / project'; the building operations carried out under the overseers' direction.
32

καὶ ἡτοίμασαν τοὺς λίθους καὶ τὰ ξύλα τρία ἔτη

And they prepared the stones and the timber for three years.

Summary conclusion (the materials made ready)καὶ ἡτοίμασαν
The chapter closes with a terse summary: over three years the assembled workforce prepared the stones and timber for the temple. The accusative of duration τρία ἔτη ('for three years') measures the preparatory phase, setting the stage for the temple construction narrated in chapter 6.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡτοίμασανthey preparedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἑτοιμάζωmain verb (the preparation of materials)→ constative aorist (summing the three-year work)ἑτοιμάζω: 'prepare / make ready'; renders הֵכִין; the workforce dressed and readied the stone and timber for the temple construction (cf. 3 Kgdms 6:7, where the stones arrive pre-finished).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with λίθους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λίθουςstonesAccusativedirect object of ἡτοίμασαν→ object specificationλίθος (acc. pl. λίθους): 'stone'; renders אֲבָנִים; the dressed building stone quarried by the λατόμοι of v. 29.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ξύλα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ξύλαtimberAccusativedirect object of ἡτοίμασαν (coordinate with λίθους)→ object specificationξύλον (pl. ξύλα): 'timber / wood'; the cedar and cypress supplied by Hiram (vv. 22–24), now prepared for construction.
τρίαthreeAccusativenumeral (modifying ἔτη)→ measure or countτρεῖς, τρία: 'three'; the neuter τρία agrees with ἔτη; the preparation spanned three years.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('for three years')→ object specificationἔτος (pl. ἔτη): 'year'; τρία ἔτη is the accusative of duration — the three-year span of material preparation, closing the chapter and preparing for the temple-building of ch. 6.