1
ἃ καὶ μεταλαμβάνων ὁ δυσσεβὴς ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον ἐξεχόλησεν ὥστε οὐ μόνον τοῖς κατὰ Ἀλεξάνδρειαν διοργίζεσθαι ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ βαρυτέρως ἐναντιωθῆναι καὶ προστάξαι σπεύσαντας συναγαγεῖν πάντας ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ καὶ χειρίστῳ μόρῳ τοῦ ζῆν μεταστῆσαι
Taking these things to heart, the impious king was so enraged that he was not only angry with those in Alexandria but opposed even more harshly those in the countryside, and ordered that they be quickly gathered all together and deprived of life by the cruelest form of death.
The king's private resentment becomes a generalized policy against the Jewish population throughout Egypt. The verse marks the shift from personal anger to administrative extermination.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
ἃwhichRR APN · ὅςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentὅς: which; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
μεταλαμβάνωνtake to heartV1 · παπνσμ λαμβάνω + μεταmain verbal form advancing the clauseλαμβάνω + μετα: take to heart; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
δυσσεβὴςimpiousA3H NSM · δυσσεβήςnominative element functioning within the clauseδυσσεβής: impious; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its object within the phraseἐπί: upon; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τοσοῦτονso muchA1 ASM · τοσοῦτοaccusative element functioning within the clauseτοσοῦτο: so much; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐξεχόλησενbe enragedVAI AAI3S · χολάω + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the clauseχολάω + ἐκ: be enraged; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὥστεso thatC · ὥστεconnector linking clauses or phrasesὥστε: so that; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clauseοὐ: not; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
μόνονonlyD · μόνονadverbial modifier of the clauseμόνον: only; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing its object within the phraseκατά: according to; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ἈλεξάνδρειανAlexandriaN1 ASF · Ἀλεξάνδρειαaccusative element functioning within the clauseἈλεξάνδρεια: Alexandria; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
διοργίζεσθαιbe angry withV1 PMN · ὀργίζω + διαinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaὀργίζω + δια: be angry with; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάconnector linking clauses or phrasesἀλλά: but; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its object within the phraseἐν: in; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
χώρᾳcountryN1A DSF · χώραdative element functioning within the clauseχώρα: country; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
βαρυτέρωςmore harshlyD · βαρυτέρωςadverbial modifier of the clauseβαρυτέρως: more harshly; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ἐναντιωθῆναιantioonVC APN · ἀντιόω + ἐνinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaἀντιόω + ἐν: antioon; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
προστάξαιorderVA AAN · τάσσω + προinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaτάσσω + προ: order; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
σπεύσανταςhurryVA · ααπαπμ σπεύδωmain verbal form advancing the clauseσπεύδω: hurry; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
συναγαγεῖνgather togetherVB AAN · ἄγω + συνparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or descriptionἄγω + συν: gather together; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
πάνταςallA3 APM · πᾶςaccusative element functioning within the clauseπᾶς: all; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its object within the phraseἐπί: upon; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
αὐτὸheRD ASN · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentαὐτός: he; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
χειρίστῳcheironA1 DSM · χείρωνdative element functioning within the clauseχείρων: cheiron; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
μόρῳfateN2 DSM · μόροςdative element functioning within the clauseμόρος: fate; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ζῆνliveV3 PAN · ζάωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaζάω: live; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
μεταστῆσαιremoveVA AAN · ἵστημι + μεταinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaἵστημι + μετα: remove; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
2
τούτων δὲ οἰκονομουμένων φήμη δυσμενὴς ἐξηχεῖτο κατὰ τοῦ γένους ἀνθρώποις συμφρονοῦσιν εἰς κακοποίησιν ἀφορμῆς διδομένης εἰς διάθεσιν ὡς ἂν ἀπὸ τῶν νομίμων αὐτοὺς κωλυόντων
While these measures were being arranged, a hostile rumor spread against the nation, as an opportunity was given to people well disposed toward harming them, on the pretext that their laws kept them from sharing the common order.
Rumor weaponizes Jewish legal distinctiveness. The narrator shows how preexisting hostility seizes on royal policy as a chance to legitimize violence.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
τούτωνthisRD GPN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentοὗτος: this; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
δὲbutX · δέparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseδέ: but, and, now; connective marking development or contrast.
οἰκονομουμένωνarrangeV2 · πμπγπν οἰκονομέωmain verbal form advancing the clauseοἰκονομέω: arrange; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
φήμηrumorN1 NSF · φήμηnominative element functioning within the clauseφήμη: rumor; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
δυσμενὴςill-disposedA3H NSF · δυσμενήςnominative element functioning within the clauseδυσμενής: ill-disposed; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐξηχεῖτοsound abroadV2I IAI3S · ἠχέω + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the clauseἠχέω + ἐκ: sound abroad; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing its object within the phraseκατά: according to; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
γένουςnationN3E GSN · γένοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termγένος: nation; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀνθρώποιςpeopleN2 DPM · ἄνθρωποςdative element functioning within the clauseἄνθρωπος: people; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
συμφρονοῦσινphroneosunV2 · παπδπμ φρονέω + συνmain verbal form advancing the clauseφρονέω + συν: phroneosun; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its object within the phraseεἰς: into; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
κακοποίησινmistreatmentN3I ASF · κακοποίησιςaccusative element functioning within the clauseκακοποίησις: mistreatment; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀφορμῆςpretextN1 GSF · ἀφορμήgenitive element qualifying a related head termἀφορμή: pretext; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
διδομένηςgiveV8 · πμπγσφ δίδωμιmain verbal form advancing the clauseδίδωμι: give; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its object within the phraseεἰς: into; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
διάθεσινdispositionN3I ASF · διάθεσιςaccusative element functioning within the clauseδιάθεσις: disposition; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ὡςasC · ὡςconnector linking clauses or phrasesὡς: as; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ἂνwouldX · ἄνparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseἄν: would; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its object within the phraseἀπό: from; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
νομίμωνcustomary lawA1 GPN · νόμιμοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termνόμιμος: customary law; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
αὐτοὺςheRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentαὐτός: he; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
κωλυόντωνhinderV1 · παπγπν κωλύωmain verbal form advancing the clauseκωλύω: hinder; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
3
οἱ δὲ Ιουδαῖοι τὴν μὲν πρὸς τοὺς βασιλεῖς εὔνοιαν καὶ πίστιν ἀδιάστροφον ἦσαν φυλάσσοντες
But the Jews continued to preserve unwavering goodwill and loyalty toward the kings.
The narrator counters the slander directly. Jewish political posture is defined not by sedition but by stable fidelity to royal authority.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
δὲbutX · δέparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseδέ: but, and, now; connective marking development or contrast.
ΙουδαῖοιJewN2 NPM · Ἰουδαῖοςnominative element functioning within the clauseἸουδαῖος: Jew; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
μὲνindeedX · μένparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseμέν: indeed; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςpreposition governing its object within the phraseπρός: toward; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
βασιλεῖςkingsN3V NPM · βασιλεύςnominative element functioning within the clauseβασιλεύς: king; in this chapter the title is bound up with both benefaction rhetoric and persecuting authority.
εὔνοιανgoodwillN1A ASF · εὔνοιαaccusative element functioning within the clauseεὔνοια: goodwill; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
πίστινpledgeN3I ASF · πίστιςaccusative element functioning within the clauseπίστις: pledge; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀδιάστροφονunwaveringA1B ASF · ἀδιάστροφοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseἀδιάστροφος: unwavering; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἦσανbeV9 IAI3P · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clauseεἰμί: be; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
φυλάσσοντεςpreserveV1 · παπνπμ φυλάσσωmain verbal form advancing the clauseφυλάσσω: preserve; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
4
σεβόμενοι δὲ τὸν θεὸν καὶ τῷ τούτου νόμῳ πολιτευόμενοι χωρισμὸν ἐποίουν ἐπὶ τῷ κατὰ τὰς τροφάς δι' ἣν αἰτίαν ἐνίοις ἀπεχθεῖς ἐφαίνοντο
Yet, because they worshiped God and ordered their life by his law, they maintained separation in matters of food; for that reason they appeared objectionable to some.
Their distinctiveness is religious rather than political. Dietary difference creates social distance that outsiders misread as hostility.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
σεβόμενοιworshipV1 · πμπνπμ σέβομαιmain verbal form advancing the clauseσέβομαι: worship; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
δὲbutX · δέparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseδέ: but, and, now; connective marking development or contrast.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
θεὸνGodN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative element functioning within the clauseθεός: God; the narrator measures royal policy against divine sovereignty and justice.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
τούτουthisRD GSM · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentοὗτος: this; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
νόμῳlawN2 DSM · νόμοςdative element functioning within the clauseνόμος: law; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
πολιτευόμενοιpoliteuoV1 · πμπνπμ πολιτεύωmain verbal form advancing the clauseπολιτεύω: politeuo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
χωρισμὸνchorismosN2 ASM · χωρίσμοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseχωρίσμος: chorismos; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐποίουνdoV2I IAI3P · ποιέωmain verbal form advancing the clauseποιέω: do; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its object within the phraseἐπί: upon; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing its object within the phraseκατά: according to; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
τροφάςfoodN1 APF · τροφήaccusative element functioning within the clauseτροφή: food; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
δι'throughP · διάpreposition governing its object within the phraseδιά: through; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ἣνwhichRR ASF · ὅςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentὅς: which; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
αἰτίανreasonN1A ASF · αἰτίαaccusative element functioning within the clauseαἰτία: reason; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐνίοιςto someA1A DPM · ἔνιοιdative element functioning within the clauseἔνιοι: to some; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀπεχθεῖςhatefulA3H NPM · ἀπεχθήςnominative element functioning within the clauseἀπεχθής: hateful; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐφαίνοντοappearV1I IMI3P · φαίνωmain verbal form advancing the clauseφαίνω: appear; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
5
τῇ δὲ τῶν δικαίων εὐπραξίᾳ κοσμοῦντες τὴν συναναστροφὴν ἅπασιν ἀνθρώποις εὐδόκιμοι καθειστήκεισαν
Still, by adorning their common life with the good conduct of the righteous, they had become well regarded by all people.
The verse balances separation with public virtue. Jewish communal practice is represented as ethically attractive in ordinary social life.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
δὲbutX · δέparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseδέ: but, and, now; connective marking development or contrast.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
δικαίωνrighteousA1A GPM · δίκαιοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termδίκαιος: righteous; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
εὐπραξίᾳgood conductN1A DSF · εὐπραξίαdative element functioning within the clauseεὐπραξία: good conduct; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
κοσμοῦντεςadornV2 · παπνπμ κοσμέωmain verbal form advancing the clauseκοσμέω: adorn; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
συναναστροφὴνsocial lifeN1 ASF · συναναστροφήaccusative element functioning within the clauseσυναναστροφή: social life; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἅπασινallA3P DPM · ἅπαςdative element functioning within the clauseἅπας: all; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀνθρώποιςpeopleN2 DPM · ἄνθρωποςdative element functioning within the clauseἄνθρωπος: people; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
εὐδόκιμοιwell regardedA1 NPM · εὐδόκιμοςnominative element functioning within the clauseεὐδόκιμος: well regarded; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
καθειστήκεισανistemikataVXI YAI3P · ἵστημι + καταmain verbal form advancing the clauseἵστημι + κατα: istemikata; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
6
τὴν μὲν οὖν περὶ τοῦ γένους ἐν πᾶσιν θρυλουμένην εὐπραξίαν οἱ ἀλλόφυλοι οὐδαμῶς διηριθμήσαντο
But the foreigners paid no attention at all to the widely celebrated prosperity of the nation in every respect.
External observers ignore the actual evidence of Jewish usefulness and flourishing. Hostility proves resistant to reality.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
μὲνindeedX · μένparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseμέν: indeed; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
οὖνounX · οὖνparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseοὖν: oun; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
περὶconcerningP · περίpreposition governing its object within the phraseπερί: concerning; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
γένουςnationN3E GSN · γένοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termγένος: nation; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its object within the phraseἐν: in; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
πᾶσινallA3 DPM · πᾶςdative element functioning within the clauseπᾶς: all; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
θρυλουμένηνspread abroadV2 · πμπασφ θρυλέωmain verbal form advancing the clauseθρυλέω: spread abroad; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
εὐπραξίανgood conductN1A ASF · εὐπραξίαaccusative element functioning within the clauseεὐπραξία: good conduct; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἀλλόφυλοιforeignerA1B NPM · ἀλλόφυλοςnominative element functioning within the clauseἀλλόφυλος: foreigner; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
οὐδαμῶςnot at allD · οὐδαμῶςadverbial modifier of the clauseοὐδαμῶς: not at all; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
διηριθμήσαντοarithmeodiaVAI AMI3P · ἀριθμέω + διαmain verbal form advancing the clauseἀριθμέω + δια: arithmeodia; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
7
τὴν δὲ περὶ τῶν προσκυνήσεων καὶ τροφῶν διάστασιν ἐθρύλουν φάσκοντες μήτε τῷ βασιλεῖ μήτε ταῖς δυνάμεσιν ὁμοσπόνδους τοὺς ἀνθρώπους γίνεσθαι δυσμενεῖς δὲ εἶναι καὶ μέγα τι τοῖς πράγμασιν ἐναντιουμένους καὶ οὐ τῷ τυχόντι περιῆψαν ψόγῳ
Instead, they kept talking about the difference in matters of worship and food, saying that these people were in harmony neither with the king nor with his forces, but were ill-disposed and strongly opposed to affairs, and so they attached no slight reproach to them.
The accusation turns ritual difference into political disloyalty. The slander deliberately conflates nonconformity with treason.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
δὲbutX · δέparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseδέ: but, and, now; connective marking development or contrast.
περὶconcerningP · περίpreposition governing its object within the phraseπερί: concerning; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
προσκυνήσεωνworship practiceN3I GSF · προσκύνησιςgenitive element qualifying a related head termπροσκύνησις: worship practice; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
τροφῶνtrophosN2 GPF · τροφόςgenitive element qualifying a related head termτροφός: trophos; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
διάστασινdifferenceN3I ASF · διάστασιςaccusative element functioning within the clauseδιάστασις: difference; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐθρύλουνspread abroadV2I IAI3P · θρυλέωmain verbal form advancing the clauseθρυλέω: spread abroad; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
φάσκοντεςphaskoV1 · παπνπμ φάσκωmain verbal form advancing the clauseφάσκω: phasko; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
μήτεneitherC · μήτεconnector linking clauses or phrasesμήτε: neither; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
βασιλεῖkingsN3V DSM · βασιλεύςdative element functioning within the clauseβασιλεύς: king; in this chapter the title is bound up with both benefaction rhetoric and persecuting authority.
μήτεneitherC · μήτεconnector linking clauses or phrasesμήτε: neither; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
δυνάμεσινforcesN3I DPF · δύναμιςdative element functioning within the clauseδύναμις: forces; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ὁμοσπόνδουςin allianceA1B APM · ὁμόσπονδοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseὁμόσπονδος: in alliance; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἀνθρώπουςpeopleN2 APM · ἄνθρωποςaccusative element functioning within the clauseἄνθρωπος: people; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
γίνεσθαιbecomeV1 PMN · γίγνομαιinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaγίγνομαι: become; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
δυσμενεῖςill-disposedA3H NPM · δυσμενήςnominative element functioning within the clauseδυσμενής: ill-disposed; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
δὲbutX · δέparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseδέ: but, and, now; connective marking development or contrast.
εἶναιbeV9 PAN · εἰμίinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaεἰμί: be; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
μέγαgreatA1P ASN · μέγαςaccusative element functioning within the clauseμέγας: great; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
τιsomeRI ASN · τιςaccusative element functioning within the clauseτις: some; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
πράγμασινaffairN3M DPN · πρᾶγμαdative element functioning within the clauseπρᾶγμα: affair; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐναντιουμένουςantioonV4 · πμπαπμ ἀντιόω + ἐνmain verbal form advancing the clauseἀντιόω + ἐν: antioon; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clauseοὐ: not; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
τυχόντιchanceVB · ααπδσμ τυγχάνωparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or descriptionτυγχάνω: chance; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
περιῆψανaptoperiVAI AAI3P · ἅπτω + περιmain verbal form advancing the clauseἅπτω + περι: aptoperi; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ψόγῳreproachN2 DSM · ψόγοςdative element functioning within the clauseψόγος: reproach; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
8
οἱ δὲ κατὰ τὴν πόλιν Ἕλληνες οὐδὲν ἠδικημένοι ταραχὴν ἀπροσδόκητον περὶ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους θεωροῦντες καὶ συνδρομὰς ἀπροσκόπους γινομένας βοηθεῖν μὲν οὐκ ἔσθενον τυραννικὴ γὰρ ἦν ἡ διάθεσις παρεκάλουν δὲ καὶ δυσφόρως εἶχον καὶ μεταπεσεῖσθαι ταῦτα ὑπελάμβανον
Now the Greeks in the city, though they had suffered no wrong, saw an unexpected disturbance concerning these people and the unimpeded gatherings that were taking place; they were unable to help, for the policy was tyrannical, but they urged calm, were distressed, and assumed that these matters would change.
Urban Greeks are not presented monolithically as persecutors. Some recognize the injustice but are too constrained by tyranny to intervene effectively.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
δὲbutX · δέparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseδέ: but, and, now; connective marking development or contrast.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing its object within the phraseκατά: according to; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
πόλινcityN3I ASF · πόλιςaccusative element functioning within the clauseπόλις: city; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἝλληνεςGreekN3 NPM · Ἕλληνnominative element functioning within the clauseἝλλην: Greek; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
οὐδὲνoudeisA3 ASN · οὐδείςaccusative element functioning within the clauseοὐδείς: oudeis; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἠδικημένοιwrongVM · χμπνπμ ἀδικέωmain verbal form advancing the clauseἀδικέω: wrong; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ταραχὴνdisturbanceN1 ASF · ταραχήaccusative element functioning within the clauseταραχή: disturbance; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀπροσδόκητονunexpectedA1B ASF · ἀπροσδόκητοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseἀπροσδόκητος: unexpected; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
περὶconcerningP · περίpreposition governing its object within the phraseπερί: concerning; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἀνθρώπουςpeopleN2 APM · ἄνθρωποςaccusative element functioning within the clauseἄνθρωπος: people; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
θεωροῦντεςobserveV2 · παπνπμ θεωρέωmain verbal form advancing the clauseθεωρέω: observe; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
συνδρομὰςconcourseN1 APF · συνδρομήaccusative element functioning within the clauseσυνδρομή: concourse; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀπροσκόπουςuncheckedA1B APF · ἀπρόσκοποςaccusative element functioning within the clauseἀπρόσκοπος: unchecked; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
γινομέναςbecomeV1 · πμπαπφ γίγνομαιmain verbal form advancing the clauseγίγνομαι: become; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
βοηθεῖνhelpV2 PAN · βοηθέωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaβοηθέω: help; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
μὲνindeedX · μένparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseμέν: indeed; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clauseοὐ: not; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ἔσθενονsthenoV1I IAI3P · σθένωmain verbal form advancing the clauseσθένω: stheno; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τυραννικὴtyrannicalA1 NSF · τυραννικόςnominative element functioning within the clauseτυραννικός: tyrannical; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
γὰρforX · γάρparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseγάρ: for; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ἦνbeV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clauseεἰμί: be; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
διάθεσιςdispositionN3I NSF · διάθεσιςnominative element functioning within the clauseδιάθεσις: disposition; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
παρεκάλουνkaleoparaV2I IAI3P · καλέω + παραmain verbal form advancing the clauseκαλέω + παρα: kaleopara; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
δὲbutX · δέparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseδέ: but, and, now; connective marking development or contrast.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
δυσφόρωςwith distressD · δυσφόρωςadverbial modifier of the clauseδυσφόρως: with distress; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
εἶχονhaveV1I IAI3P · ἔχωmain verbal form advancing the clauseἔχω: have; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
μεταπεσεῖσθαιpiptometaVF FMN · πίπτω + μεταinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaπίπτω + μετα: piptometa; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ταῦταthisRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentοὗτος: this; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ὑπελάμβανονlambanoupoV1I IAI3P · λαμβάνω + ὑποmain verbal form advancing the clauseλαμβάνω + ὑπο: lambanoupo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
9
μὴ γὰρ οὕτω παροραθήσεσθαι τηλικοῦτο σύστεμα μηδὲν ἠγνοηκός
For, they said, so great an organized body, guilty of nothing, could not possibly be overlooked in this way.
Their reasoning rests on both the scale and the innocence of the Jewish community. The remark heightens the absurdity of the royal action.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
μὴmeD · μήadverbial modifier of the clauseμή: me; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseγάρ: for; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
οὕτωthusD · οὕτωςadverbial modifier of the clauseοὕτως: thus; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
παροραθήσεσθαιoraoparaVC FPN · ὁράω + παραinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaὁράω + παρα: oraopara; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τηλικοῦτοso greatA1 ASN · τηλικοῦτοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseτηλικοῦτος: so great; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
σύστεμαorganized bodyN3M ASN · σύστεμαaccusative element functioning within the clauseσύστεμα: organized body; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
μηδὲνmedeisA3P ASN · μηδείςaccusative element functioning within the clauseμηδείς: medeis; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἠγνοηκόςegnoekosVXI XAPGSMA)GNOE/Wparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or descriptionἠγνοηκός: egnoekos; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
10
ἤδη δὲ καί τινες γείτονές τε καὶ φίλοι καὶ συμπραγματευόμενοι μυστικῶς τινας ἐπισπώμενοι πίστεις ἐδίδουν συνασπιεῖν καὶ πᾶν ἐκτενὲς προσοίσεσθαι πρὸς ἀντίλημψιν
And already some neighbors and friends and business associates, secretly drawing certain Jews aside, were pledging their loyalty and promising to join in shielding them and to offer every possible assistance for their support.
Private networks of solidarity begin to form. Friendship, proximity, and commercial ties create pockets of resistance beneath the public terror.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ἤδηedeD · ἤδηadverbial modifier of the clauseἤδη: ede; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
δὲbutX · δέparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseδέ: but, and, now; connective marking development or contrast.
καίandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
τινεςsomeRI NPM · τιςnominative element functioning within the clauseτις: some; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
γείτονέςneighborN3N NPM · γείτωνnominative element functioning within the clauseγείτων: neighbor; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
τεandX TEparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseτε: and; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
φίλοιfriendA1 NPM · φίλοςnominative element functioning within the clauseφίλος: friend; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
συμπραγματευόμενοιpragmateuomaisunV1 · πμπνπμ πραγματεύομαι + συνmain verbal form advancing the clauseπραγματεύομαι + συν: pragmateuomaisun; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
μυστικῶςsecretlyD · μυστικῶςadverbial modifier of the clauseμυστικῶς: secretly; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τιναςsomeRI APM · τιςaccusative element functioning within the clauseτις: some; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐπισπώμενοιspaopiV3 · πμπνπμ σπάω + ἐπιmain verbal form advancing the clauseσπάω + ἐπι: spaopi; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
πίστειςpledgeN3I APF · πίστιςaccusative element functioning within the clauseπίστις: pledge; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐδίδουνgiveV8I IMI3P · δίδωμιmain verbal form advancing the clauseδίδωμι: give; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
συνασπιεῖνaspizosunVF2 FAN · ἀσπίζω + συνinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaἀσπίζω + συν: aspizosun; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
πᾶνallA3 ASN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning within the clauseπᾶς: all; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐκτενὲςevery possibleA3H ASN · ἐκτενήςaccusative element functioning within the clauseἐκτενής: every possible; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
προσοίσεσθαιpheroprosVF FMN · φέρω + προςinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaφέρω + προς: pheropros; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςpreposition governing its object within the phraseπρός: toward; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ἀντίλημψινantilepsisN3I ASF · ἀντίληψιςaccusative element functioning within the clauseἀντίληψις: antilepsis; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
11
ἐκεῖνος μὲν οὖν τῇ κατὰ τὸ παρὸν εὐημερίᾳ γεγαυρωμένος καὶ οὐ καθορῶν τὸ τοῦ μεγίστου θεοῦ κράτος ὑπολαμβάνων δὲ διηνεκῶς ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ διαμενεῖν βουλῇ ἔγραψεν κατ' αὐτῶν ἐπιστολὴν τήνδε
But he, puffed up by his present prosperity and not perceiving the might of the greatest God, supposing that he would remain forever in the same resolve, wrote this letter against them.
The narrator interprets Philopator's confidence as theological blindness. His letter emerges from success intoxication and ignorance of divine power.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
ἐκεῖνοςkeinosRD NSM · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentἐκεῖνος: keinos; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
μὲνindeedX · μένparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseμέν: indeed; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
οὖνounX · οὖνparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseοὖν: oun; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing its object within the phraseκατά: according to; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
παρὸνeimiparaV9 · παπασν εἰμί + παραmain verbal form advancing the clauseεἰμί + παρα: eimipara; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
εὐημερίᾳprosperityN1A DSF · εὐημερίαdative element functioning within the clauseεὐημερία: prosperity; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
γεγαυρωμένοςbe puffed upVM · χμπνσμ γαυρόωmain verbal form advancing the clauseγαυρόω: be puffed up; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clauseοὐ: not; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
καθορῶνoraokataV3 · παπνσμ ὁράω + καταmain verbal form advancing the clauseὁράω + κατα: oraokata; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
μεγίστουgreatA1 GSMS · μέγαςgenitive element qualifying a related head termμέγας: great; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive element qualifying a related head termθεός: God; the narrator measures royal policy against divine sovereignty and justice.
κράτοςmightN3E ASN · κράτοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseκράτος: might; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ὑπολαμβάνωνlambanoupoV1 · παπνσμ λαμβάνω + ὑποmain verbal form advancing the clauseλαμβάνω + ὑπο: lambanoupo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
δὲbutX · δέparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseδέ: but, and, now; connective marking development or contrast.
διηνεκῶςdienekosD · διηνεκῶςadverbial modifier of the clauseδιηνεκῶς: dienekos; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its object within the phraseἐν: in; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
αὐτῇheRD DSF · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentαὐτός: he; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
διαμενεῖνmenodiaVF2 FAN · μένω + διαinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaμένω + δια: menodia; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
βουλῇplanN1 DSF · βουλήdative element functioning within the clauseβουλή: plan; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἔγραψενwriteVAI AAI3S · γράφωmain verbal form advancing the clauseγράφω: write; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
κατ'according toP · κατάpreposition governing its object within the phraseκατά: according to; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
αὐτῶνheRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentαὐτός: he; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐπιστολὴνletterN1 ASF · ἐπιστολήaccusative element functioning within the clauseἐπιστολή: letter; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
τήνδεodeRD ASF · ὅδεpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentὅδε: ode; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
12
βασιλεὺς Πτολεμαῖος Φιλοπάτωρ τοῖς κατ' Αἴγυπτον καὶ κατὰ τόπον στρατηγοῖς καὶ στρατιώταις χαίρειν καὶ ἐρρῶσθαι
King Ptolemy Philopator to the generals and soldiers in Egypt and in every district: greetings and health.
The rescript begins in standard royal style. Its formal politeness frames the violence that follows with bureaucratic authority.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
βασιλεὺςkingsN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative element functioning within the clauseβασιλεύς: king; in this chapter the title is bound up with both benefaction rhetoric and persecuting authority.
ΠτολεμαῖοςPtolemyN2 NSM · Πτολεμαῖοςnominative element functioning within the clauseΠτολεμαῖος: Ptolemy; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ΦιλοπάτωρPhilopatorN3R NSM · Φιλοπάτωρnominative element functioning within the clauseΦιλοπάτωρ: Philopator; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
κατ'according toP · κατάpreposition governing its object within the phraseκατά: according to; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ΑἴγυπτονEgyptN2 ASF · Αἴγυπτοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseΑἴγυπτος: Egypt; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing its object within the phraseκατά: according to; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τόπονplaceN2 ASM · τόποςaccusative element functioning within the clauseτόπος: place; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
στρατηγοῖςgeneralN2 DPM · στρατηγόςdative element functioning within the clauseστρατηγός: general; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
στρατιώταιςsoldierN1M DPM · στρατιώτηςdative element functioning within the clauseστρατιώτης: soldier; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
χαίρεινgreetingsV1 PAN · χαίρωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaχαίρω: greetings; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
ἐρρῶσθαιbe strongVM XMN · ῥώννυμιinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaῥώννυμι: be strong; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
13
ἔρρωμαι δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς ἐγὼ καὶ τὰ πράγματα ἡμῶν
I myself also am well, and our affairs are well.
The king's self-report reflects conventional letter rhetoric. Stability at the center becomes the preface to coercion at the margins.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ἔρρωμαιbe strongVMI XMI1S · ῥώννυμιmain verbal form advancing the clauseῥώννυμι: be strong; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
δὲbutX · δέparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseδέ: but, and, now; connective marking development or contrast.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
αὐτὸςheRD NSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentαὐτός: he; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώnominative element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: I; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
πράγματαaffairN3M NPN · πρᾶγμαnominative element functioning within the clauseπρᾶγμα: affair; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἡμῶνIRP GP · ἐγώgenitive element qualifying a related head termἐγώ: I; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
14
τῆς εἰς τὴν Ἀσίαν γενομένης ἡμῖν ἐπιστρατείας ἧς ἴστε καὶ αὐτοί τῇ τῶν θεῶν ἀπροπτώτῳ συμμαχίᾳ κατὰ λόγον ἐπὶ τέλος ἀχθείσης
Our campaign into Asia, which you yourselves know, and which by the unfailing alliance of the gods was brought to its proper conclusion, has gone well.
Philopator invokes military success and divine favor to authorize his subsequent policy. The letter grounds royal confidence in victorious expansion.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its object within the phraseεἰς: into; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἈσίανAsiaN1A ASF · Ἀσίαaccusative element functioning within the clauseἈσία: Asia; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
γενομένηςbecomeVB · αμπγσφ γίγνομαιparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or descriptionγίγνομαι: become; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἡμῖνIRP DP · ἐγώdative element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: I; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐπιστρατείαςcampaignN1A GSF · ἐπιστρατείαgenitive element qualifying a related head termἐπιστρατεία: campaign; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἧςwhichRR GSF · ὅςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentὅς: which; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἴστεknowV1 PAD2P · οἶδαmain verbal form advancing the clauseοἶδα: know; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
αὐτοίheRD NPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentαὐτός: he; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
θεῶνGodN2 GPM · θεόςgenitive element qualifying a related head termθεός: God; the narrator measures royal policy against divine sovereignty and justice.
ἀπροπτώτῳaproptotosA1B DSF · ἀπρόπτωτοςdative element functioning within the clauseἀπρόπτωτος: aproptotos; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
συμμαχίᾳallianceN1A DSF · συμμαχίαdative element functioning within the clauseσυμμαχία: alliance; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing its object within the phraseκατά: according to; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
λόγονproper orderN2 ASM · λόγοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseλόγος: proper order; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its object within the phraseἐπί: upon; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τέλοςendN3E ASN · τέλοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseτέλος: end; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀχθείσηςleadVQ · αππγσφ ἄγωmain verbal form advancing the clauseἄγω: lead; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
15
ἡγησάμεθα μὴ βίᾳ δόρατος ἐπιεικείᾳ δὲ καὶ πολλῇ φιλανθρωπίᾳ τιθηνήσασθαι τὰ κατοικοῦντα Κοίλην Συρίαν καὶ Φοινίκην ἔθνη εὖ ποιῆσαί τε ἀσμένως
We resolved to tame, not by spear-force but by clemency and great humanity, the nations dwelling in Coele-Syria and Phoenicia, and gladly to benefit them.
The king casts himself as a humane ruler whose policy is civilizing benevolence rather than brute conquest. This self-portrait will contrast sharply with the decree's content.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ἡγησάμεθαconsiderVAI AMI1P · ἡγέομαιmain verbal form advancing the clauseἡγέομαι: consider; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
μὴmeD · μήadverbial modifier of the clauseμή: me; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
βίᾳforceN1A DSF · βίαdative element functioning within the clauseβία: force; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
δόρατοςspearN3 GSN · δόρυgenitive element qualifying a related head termδόρυ: spear; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐπιεικείᾳpieikeiaN1A DSF · ἐπιεικείαdative element functioning within the clauseἐπιεικεία: pieikeia; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
δὲbutX · δέparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseδέ: but, and, now; connective marking development or contrast.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
πολλῇmanyA1 DSF · πολύςdative element functioning within the clauseπολύς: many; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
φιλανθρωπίᾳkindnessN1A DSF · φιλανθρωπίαdative element functioning within the clauseφιλανθρωπία: kindness; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
τιθηνήσασθαιtitheneoVA AMN · τιθηνέωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaτιθηνέω: titheneo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
κατοικοῦνταoikeokataV2 · παπαπν οἰκέω + καταmain verbal form advancing the clauseοἰκέω + κατα: oikeokata; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ΚοίληνCoeleN1 ASF · Κοίληaccusative element functioning within the clauseΚοίλη: Coele; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ΣυρίανSyriaN1A ASF · Συρίαaccusative element functioning within the clauseΣυρία: Syria; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
ΦοινίκηνPhoeniciaN1 ASF · Φοινίκηaccusative element functioning within the clauseΦοινίκη: Phoenicia; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἔθνηnationN3E APN · ἔθνοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseἔθνος: nation; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
εὖwellD · εὖadverbial modifier of the clauseεὖ: well; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ποιῆσαίdoVA AAN · ποιέωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaποιέω: do; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τεandX TEparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseτε: and; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ἀσμένωςgladlyD · ἀσμένωςadverbial modifier of the clauseἀσμένως: gladly; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
16
καὶ τοῖς κατὰ πόλιν ἱεροῖς ἀπονείμαντες προσόδους πλείστας προήχθημεν καὶ εἰς τὰ Ιεροσόλυμα ἀναβάντες τιμῆσαι τὸ ἱερὸν τῶν ἀλιτηρίων καὶ μηδέποτε ληγόντων τῆς ἀνοίας
And after assigning very many revenues to the sanctuaries in the cities, we were moved also to go up to Jerusalem to honor the temple of those miscreants who never cease from folly.
Royal benefaction is extended even toward Jerusalem, yet the letter simultaneously insults the Jews. The mixed rhetoric prepares the claim that their conduct repaid generosity with insolence.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing its object within the phraseκατά: according to; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
πόλινcityN3I ASF · πόλιςaccusative element functioning within the clauseπόλις: city; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἱεροῖςsanctuaryA1A DPN · ἱερόςdative element functioning within the clauseἱερός: sanctuary; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀπονείμαντεςnemoapoVA · ααπνπμ νέμω + ἀποmain verbal form advancing the clauseνέμω + ἀπο: nemoapo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
προσόδουςrevenueN2 APF · πρόσοδοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseπρόσοδος: revenue; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
πλείσταςmanyA1 APFS · πολύςaccusative element functioning within the clauseπολύς: many; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
προήχθημενagoproVQI API1P · ἄγω + προmain verbal form advancing the clauseἄγω + προ: agopro; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its object within the phraseεἰς: into; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ΙεροσόλυμαerosolumaN APN · Ιεροσόλυμαnominal element functioning within the clauseΙεροσόλυμα: erosoluma; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ἀναβάντεςbainoanaVZ · ααπνπμ βαίνω + ἀναmain verbal form advancing the clauseβαίνω + ἀνα: bainoana; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τιμῆσαιhonorVA AAN · τιμάωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaτιμάω: honor; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἱερὸνsanctuaryA1A ASN · ἱερόςaccusative element functioning within the clauseἱερός: sanctuary; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἀλιτηρίωνmiscreantA1B GPM · ἀλιτήριοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termἀλιτήριος: miscreant; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
μηδέποτεmedepoteD · μηδέποτεadverbial modifier of the clauseμηδέποτε: medepote; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ληγόντωνceaseV1 · παπγπμ λήγωmain verbal form advancing the clauseλήγω: cease; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἀνοίαςfollyN1A GSF · ἄνοιαgenitive element qualifying a related head termἄνοια: folly; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
17
οἱ δὲ λόγῳ μὲν τὴν ἡμετέραν ἀποδεξάμενοι παρουσίαν τῷ δὲ πράγματι νόθως προθυμηθέντων ἡμῶν εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὸν ναὸν αὐτῶν καὶ τοῖς ἐκπρεπέσιν καὶ καλλίστοις ἀναθήμασιν τιμῆσαι
In words they welcomed our presence, but in fact they acted falsely, for when we were willing to enter their temple and honor it with splendid and beautiful offerings,
The king recasts the earlier temple incident as deceit by the Jews. Their refusal of his entry becomes the foundational grievance of the decree.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
δὲbutX · δέparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseδέ: but, and, now; connective marking development or contrast.
λόγῳproper orderN2 DSM · λόγοςdative element functioning within the clauseλόγος: proper order; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
μὲνindeedX · μένparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseμέν: indeed; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἡμετέρανemeterosA1A ASF · ἡμέτεροςaccusative element functioning within the clauseἡμέτερος: emeteros; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀποδεξάμενοιdechomaiapoVA · αμπνπμ δέχομαι + ἀποmain verbal form advancing the clauseδέχομαι + ἀπο: dechomaiapo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
παρουσίανpresenceN1A ASF · παρουσίαaccusative element functioning within the clauseπαρουσία: presence; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
δὲbutX · δέparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseδέ: but, and, now; connective marking development or contrast.
πράγματιaffairN3M DSN · πρᾶγμαdative element functioning within the clauseπρᾶγμα: affair; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
νόθωςnothosD · νόθωςadverbial modifier of the clauseνόθως: nothos; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
προθυμηθέντωνthumeomaiproVC · αππγπμ θυμέομαι + προmain verbal form advancing the clauseθυμέομαι + προ: thumeomaipro; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἡμῶνIRP GP · ἐγώgenitive element qualifying a related head termἐγώ: I; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
εἰσελθεῖνerchomaieisVB AAN · ἔρχομαι + εἰςparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or descriptionἔρχομαι + εἰς: erchomaieis; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its object within the phraseεἰς: into; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ναὸνtempleN2 ASM · ναόςaccusative element functioning within the clauseναός: temple; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
αὐτῶνheRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentαὐτός: he; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἐκπρεπέσινsplendidA3H DPN · ἐκπρεπήςdative element functioning within the clauseἐκπρεπής: splendid; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
καλλίστοιςnobleA1 DPNS · καλόςdative element functioning within the clauseκαλός: noble; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀναθήμασινofferingN3M DPN · ἀνάθημαdative element functioning within the clauseἀνάθημα: offering; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
τιμῆσαιhonorVA AAN · τιμάωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaτιμάω: honor; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
18
τύφοις φερόμενοι παλαιοτέροις εἶρξαν ἡμᾶς τῆς εἰσόδου λειπόμενοι τῆς ἡμετέρας ἀλκῆς δι' ἣν ἔχομεν πρὸς ἅπαντας ἀνθρώπους φιλανθρωπίαν
borne along by ancient arrogance, they barred us from entering, since they fall short of the strength through which we show philanthropy toward all people.
Philopator interprets cultic exclusion as arrogant insult rather than covenantal boundary. His beneficence is presented as a power they have insultingly failed to recognize.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
τύφοιςtuphosN2 DPM · τῦφοςdative element functioning within the clauseτῦφος: tuphos; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
φερόμενοιcarryV1 · πμπνπμ φέρωmain verbal form advancing the clauseφέρω: carry; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
παλαιοτέροιςpalaiosA1A DPMC · παλαιόςdative element functioning within the clauseπαλαιός: palaios; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
εἶρξανbarVAI AAI3P · εἴργωmain verbal form advancing the clauseεἴργω: bar; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἡμᾶςIRP AP · ἐγώaccusative element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: I; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
εἰσόδουentranceN2 GSF · εἴσοδοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termεἴσοδος: entrance; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
λειπόμενοιfall shortV1 · πμπνπμ λείπωmain verbal form advancing the clauseλείπω: fall short; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἡμετέραςemeterosA1A GSF · ἡμέτεροςgenitive element qualifying a related head termἡμέτερος: emeteros; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀλκῆςstrengthN1 GSF · ἀλκήgenitive element qualifying a related head termἀλκή: strength; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
δι'throughP · διάpreposition governing its object within the phraseδιά: through; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ἣνwhichRR ASF · ὅςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentὅς: which; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἔχομενhaveV1 PAI1P · ἔχωmain verbal form advancing the clauseἔχω: have; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςpreposition governing its object within the phraseπρός: toward; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ἅπανταςallA3 APM · ἅπαςaccusative element functioning within the clauseἅπας: all; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀνθρώπουςpeopleN2 APM · ἄνθρωποςaccusative element functioning within the clauseἄνθρωπος: people; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
φιλανθρωπίανkindnessN1A ASF · φιλανθρωπίαaccusative element functioning within the clauseφιλανθρωπία: kindness; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
19
τὴν δὲ αὐτῶν εἰς ἡμᾶς δυσμένειαν ἔκδηλον καθιστάντες ὡς μονώτατοι τῶν ἐθνῶν βασιλεῦσιν καὶ τοῖς ἑαυτῶν εὐεργέταις ὑψαυχενοῦντες οὐδὲν γνήσιον βούλονται φέρειν
Thus they made their hostility toward us plain, as they alone among the nations lift their neck against kings and their own benefactors, wishing to accept nothing sound.
The letter universalizes the charge, making Jews uniquely insubordinate among the nations. Their resistance is framed as pathological refusal of proper order.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
δὲbutX · δέparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseδέ: but, and, now; connective marking development or contrast.
αὐτῶνheRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentαὐτός: he; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its object within the phraseεἰς: into; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ἡμᾶςIRP AP · ἐγώaccusative element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: I; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
δυσμένειανdusmeneiaN1A ASF · δυσμένειαaccusative element functioning within the clauseδυσμένεια: dusmeneia; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἔκδηλονplainA1B ASF · ἔκδηλοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseἔκδηλος: plain; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
καθιστάντεςistemikataV6 · παπνπμ ἵστημι + καταmain verbal form advancing the clauseἵστημι + κατα: istemikata; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςconnector linking clauses or phrasesὡς: as; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
μονώτατοιmonosA1 NPMS · μόνοςnominative element functioning within the clauseμόνος: monos; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἐθνῶνnationN3E GPN · ἔθνοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termἔθνος: nation; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
βασιλεῦσινkingsN3V DPM · βασιλεύςdative element functioning within the clauseβασιλεύς: king; in this chapter the title is bound up with both benefaction rhetoric and persecuting authority.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἑαυτῶνautouRD GPM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentἑαυτοῦ: autou; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
εὐεργέταιςbenefactorN1M DPM · εὐεργέτηςdative element functioning within the clauseεὐεργέτης: benefactor; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ὑψαυχενοῦντεςlift the neckV2 · παπνπμ ὑψαυχενέωmain verbal form advancing the clauseὑψαυχενέω: lift the neck; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
οὐδὲνoudeisA3 ASN · οὐδείςaccusative element functioning within the clauseοὐδείς: oudeis; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
γνήσιονsoundA1A ASN · γνήσιοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseγνήσιος: sound; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
βούλονταιwishV1 PMI3P · βούλομαιmain verbal form advancing the clauseβούλομαι: wish; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
φέρεινcarryV1 PAN · φέρωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaφέρω: carry; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
20
ἡμεῖς δὲ τῇ τούτων ἀνοίᾳ συμπεριενεχθέντες καὶ μετὰ νίκης διακομισθέντες εἰς τὴν Αἴγυπτον τοῖς πᾶσιν ἔθνεσιν φιλανθρώπως ἀπαντήσαντες καθὼς ἔπρεπεν ἐποιήσαμεν
But we, bearing with their folly and returning to Egypt with victory, treated all the nations with humanity, as was fitting.
The king maintains the posture of moderation. His claimed forbearance is designed to make the coming severity appear reluctant and reasonable.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ἡμεῖςIRP NP · ἐγώnominative element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: I; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
δὲbutX · δέparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseδέ: but, and, now; connective marking development or contrast.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
τούτωνthisRD GPM · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentοὗτος: this; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀνοίᾳfollyN1A DSF · ἄνοιαdative element functioning within the clauseἄνοια: folly; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
συμπεριενεχθέντεςpherosunperiVQ · αππνπμ φέρω + συν + περιmain verbal form advancing the clauseφέρω + συν + περι: pherosunperi; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
μετὰafterP · μετάpreposition governing its object within the phraseμετά: after; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
νίκηςnikeN1 GSF · νίκηgenitive element qualifying a related head termνίκη: nike; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
διακομισθέντεςkomizodiaVS · αππνπμ κομίζω + διαmain verbal form advancing the clauseκομίζω + δια: komizodia; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its object within the phraseεἰς: into; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ΑἴγυπτονEgyptN2 ASF · Αἴγυπτοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseΑἴγυπτος: Egypt; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
πᾶσινallA3 DPN · πᾶςdative element functioning within the clauseπᾶς: all; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἔθνεσινnationN3E DPN · ἔθνοςdative element functioning within the clauseἔθνος: nation; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
φιλανθρώπωςphilanthroposD · φιλανθρώπωςadverbial modifier of the clauseφιλανθρώπως: philanthropos; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ἀπαντήσαντεςantaoapoVA · ααπνπμ ἀντάω + ἀποmain verbal form advancing the clauseἀντάω + ἀπο: antaoapo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
καθὼςkathosC · καθώςconnector linking clauses or phrasesκαθώς: kathos; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ἔπρεπενbefitV1I IAI3S · πρέπωmain verbal form advancing the clauseπρέπω: befit; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἐποιήσαμενdoVAI AAI1P · ποιέωmain verbal form advancing the clauseποιέω: do; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
21
ἐν δὲ τούτοις πρὸς τοὺς ὁμοφύλους αὐτῶν ἀμνησικακίαν ἅπασιν γνωρίζοντες διά τε τὴν συμμαχίαν καὶ τὰ πεπιστευμένα μετὰ ἁπλότητος αὐτοῖς ἀρχῆθεν μύρια πράγματα τολμήσαντες ἐξαλλοιῶσαι ἐβουλήθημεν καὶ πολιτείας αὐτοὺς Ἀλεξανδρέων καταξιῶσαι καὶ μετόχους τῶν ἀεὶ ἱερῶν καταστῆσαι
And in this spirit, making known to all an amnesty toward their compatriots, and because of our alliance and the many matters entrusted to them from the beginning in simplicity, we resolved to alter their status in countless ways, to deem them citizens of Alexandria, and to appoint them sharers in the sacred rites forever.
The letter claims extraordinary royal generosity toward the Jews, especially through civic promotion in Alexandria. This magnifies their later refusal into alleged ingratitude.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its object within the phraseἐν: in; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
δὲbutX · δέparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseδέ: but, and, now; connective marking development or contrast.
τούτοιςthisRD DPN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentοὗτος: this; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςpreposition governing its object within the phraseπρός: toward; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ὁμοφύλουςcompatriotA1B APM · ὁμόφυλοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseὁμόφυλος: compatriot; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
αὐτῶνheRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentαὐτός: he; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀμνησικακίανamnestyN1A ASF · ἀμνησικακίαaccusative element functioning within the clauseἀμνησικακία: amnesty; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἅπασινallA3P DPM · ἅπαςdative element functioning within the clauseἅπας: all; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
γνωρίζοντεςmake knownV1 · παπνπμ γνωρίζωmain verbal form advancing the clauseγνωρίζω: make known; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
διάthroughP · διάpreposition governing its object within the phraseδιά: through; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τεandX TEparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseτε: and; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
συμμαχίανallianceN1A ASF · συμμαχίαaccusative element functioning within the clauseσυμμαχία: alliance; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
πεπιστευμέναentrustVM · χμπαπν πιστεύωmain verbal form advancing the clauseπιστεύω: entrust; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
μετὰafterP · μετάpreposition governing its object within the phraseμετά: after; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ἁπλότητοςsimplicityN3T GSF · ἁπλότηςgenitive element qualifying a related head termἁπλότης: simplicity; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
αὐτοῖςheRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentαὐτός: he; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀρχῆθενfrom the beginningD · ἀρχῆθενadverbial modifier of the clauseἀρχῆθεν: from the beginning; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
μύριαmurioiA1A APN · μύριοιaccusative element functioning within the clauseμύριοι: murioi; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
πράγματαaffairN3M APN · πρᾶγμαaccusative element functioning within the clauseπρᾶγμα: affair; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
τολμήσαντεςventureVA · ααπνπμ τολμάωmain verbal form advancing the clauseτολμάω: venture; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἐξαλλοιῶσαιalloiookVA AAN · αλλοιόω + ἐκinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaαλλοιόω + ἐκ: alloiook; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἐβουλήθημενwishVCI API1P · βούλομαιmain verbal form advancing the clauseβούλομαι: wish; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
πολιτείαςcitizenshipN1A APF · πολιτείαaccusative element functioning within the clauseπολιτεία: citizenship; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
αὐτοὺςheRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentαὐτός: he; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἈλεξανδρέωνlexandreiosN2 GPM · Ἀλεξάνδρειοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termἈλεξάνδρειος: lexandreios; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
καταξιῶσαιaxiookataVA AAN · ἀξιόω + καταinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaἀξιόω + κατα: axiookata; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
μετόχουςsharerA1B APM · μέτοχοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseμέτοχος: sharer; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἀεὶforeverD · ἀείadverbial modifier of the clauseἀεί: forever; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ἱερῶνsanctuaryA1A GPN · ἱερόςgenitive element qualifying a related head termἱερός: sanctuary; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
καταστῆσαιistemikataVA AAN · ἵστημι + καταinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaἵστημι + κατα: istemikata; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
22
οἱ δὲ τοὐναντίον ἐκδεχόμενοι καὶ τῇ συμφύτῳ κακοηθείᾳ τὸ καλὸν ἀπωσάμενοι διηνεκῶς δὲ εἰς τὸ φαῦλον ἐκνεύοντες
But they received this in the opposite way, and by their innate malice rejected what was noble, continually inclining instead toward what is base.
Royal favor is rhetorically inverted into proof of Jewish perversity. The king describes refusal not as conscience but as congenital wickedness.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
δὲbutX · δέparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseδέ: but, and, now; connective marking development or contrast.
τοὐναντίονthe oppositeA1 ASM · ἐναντιοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseἐναντιος: the opposite; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐκδεχόμενοιdechomaikV1 · πμπνπμ δέχομαι + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the clauseδέχομαι + ἐκ: dechomaik; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
συμφύτῳsumphutosA1B DSF · σύμφυτοςdative element functioning within the clauseσύμφυτος: sumphutos; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
κακοηθείᾳmaliceN1A DSF · κακοήθειαdative element functioning within the clauseκακοήθεια: malice; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
καλὸνnobleA1 ASN · καλόςaccusative element functioning within the clauseκαλός: noble; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀπωσάμενοιotheoapoVA · αμπνπμ ὠθέω + ἀποmain verbal form advancing the clauseὠθέω + ἀπο: otheoapo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
διηνεκῶςdienekosD · διηνεκῶςadverbial modifier of the clauseδιηνεκῶς: dienekos; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
δὲbutX · δέparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseδέ: but, and, now; connective marking development or contrast.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its object within the phraseεἰς: into; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
φαῦλονbaseA1 ASN · φαῦλοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseφαῦλος: base; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐκνεύοντεςneuokV1 · παπνπμ νεύω + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the clauseνεύω + ἐκ: neuok; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
23
οὐ μόνον ἀπεστρέψαντο τὴν ἀτίμητον πολιτείαν ἀλλὰ καὶ βδελύσσονται λόγῳ τε καὶ σιγῇ τοὺς ἐν αὐτοῖς ὀλίγους πρὸς ἡμᾶς γνησίως διακειμένους παρ' ἕκαστα ὑφορώμενοι μετὰ τῆς δυσκλεεστάτης ἐμβιώσεως διὰ τάχους ἡμᾶς καταστρέψαι τὰ πράγματα
They not only rejected the priceless citizenship, but both in speech and in silence they loathe the few among them who are genuinely well disposed toward us, always supposing that through their most disgraceful way of life they will quickly overthrow our affairs.
The accusation now deepens into internal policing: even pro-royal Jews are allegedly despised. The letter portrays the whole group as covertly revolutionary.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clauseοὐ: not; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
μόνονonlyD · μόνονadverbial modifier of the clauseμόνον: only; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ἀπεστρέψαντοstrephoapoVAI AMI3P · στρέφω + ἀποmain verbal form advancing the clauseστρέφω + ἀπο: strephoapo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἀτίμητονpricelessA1B ASF · ἀτίμητοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseἀτίμητος: priceless; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
πολιτείανcitizenshipN1A ASF · πολιτείαaccusative element functioning within the clauseπολιτεία: citizenship; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάconnector linking clauses or phrasesἀλλά: but; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
καὶandD · καίadverbial modifier of the clauseκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
βδελύσσονταιbdelussoV1 PAI3P · βδελύσσωmain verbal form advancing the clauseβδελύσσω: bdelusso; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
λόγῳproper orderN2 DSM · λόγοςdative element functioning within the clauseλόγος: proper order; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
τεandX TEparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseτε: and; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
σιγῇsilenceN1 DSF · σιγήdative element functioning within the clauseσιγή: silence; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its object within the phraseἐν: in; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
αὐτοῖςheRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentαὐτός: he; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ὀλίγουςfewA1 APM · ὀλίγοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseὀλίγος: few; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςpreposition governing its object within the phraseπρός: toward; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ἡμᾶςIRP AP · ἐγώaccusative element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: I; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
γνησίωςgnesiosD · γνησίωςadverbial modifier of the clauseγνησίως: gnesios; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
διακειμένουςkeimaidiaV5 · πμπαπμ κεῖμαι + διαmain verbal form advancing the clauseκεῖμαι + δια: keimaidia; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
παρ'paraP · παράpreposition governing its object within the phraseπαρά: para; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ἕκασταekastosA1 APN · ἕκαστοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseἕκαστος: ekastos; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ὑφορώμενοιoraoupoV3 · πμπνπμ ὁράω + ὑποmain verbal form advancing the clauseὁράω + ὑπο: oraoupo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
μετὰafterP · μετάpreposition governing its object within the phraseμετά: after; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
δυσκλεεστάτηςdisgracefulA3H GSFS · δυσκλεήςgenitive element qualifying a related head termδυσκλεής: disgraceful; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐμβιώσεωςway of lifeN3I GSF · ἐμβίωσιςgenitive element qualifying a related head termἐμβίωσις: way of life; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing its object within the phraseδιά: through; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τάχουςspeedN3E GSN · τάχοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termτάχος: speed; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἡμᾶςIRP AP · ἐγώaccusative element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: I; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
καταστρέψαιstrephokataVA AAN · στρέφω + καταinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaστρέφω + κατα: strephokata; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
πράγματαaffairN3M APN · πρᾶγμαaccusative element functioning within the clauseπρᾶγμα: affair; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
24
διὸ καὶ τεκμηρίοις καλῶς πεπεισμένοι τούτους κατὰ πάντα δυσνοεῖν ἡμῖν τρόπον καὶ προνοούμενοι μήποτε αἰφνιδίου μετέπειτα ταραχῆς ἐνστάσης ἡμῖν τοὺς δυσσεβεῖς τούτους κατὰ νώτου προδότας καὶ βαρβάρους ἔχωμεν πολεμίους
Therefore, being well convinced by proofs that these people are in every respect ill-disposed toward us, and foreseeing lest some sudden disturbance later arise and we have these impious men behind our backs as traitorous and barbarous enemies,
The decree is justified in preventive-security terms. Difference is redefined as latent rebellion demanding preemptive suppression.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
διὸthereforeC · διόconnector linking clauses or phrasesδιό: therefore; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
καὶandD · καίadverbial modifier of the clauseκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
τεκμηρίοιςproofN2N DPN · τεκμήριονdative element functioning within the clauseτεκμήριον: proof; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
καλῶςkalosD · καλῶςadverbial modifier of the clauseκαλῶς: kalos; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
πεπεισμένοιpersuadeVT · χμπνπμ πείθωmain verbal form advancing the clauseπείθω: persuade; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τούτουςthisRD APM · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentοὗτος: this; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing its object within the phraseκατά: according to; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
πάνταallA3 ASM · πᾶςaccusative element functioning within the clauseπᾶς: all; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
δυσνοεῖνbe ill-disposedV2 PAN · δυσνοέωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaδυσνοέω: be ill-disposed; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἡμῖνIRP DP · ἐγώdative element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: I; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
τρόπονtroposN2 ASM · τρόποςaccusative element functioning within the clauseτρόπος: tropos; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
προνοούμενοιnoeoproV2 · πμπνπμ νοέω + προmain verbal form advancing the clauseνοέω + προ: noeopro; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
μήποτεlestD · μήποτεadverbial modifier of the clauseμήποτε: lest; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
αἰφνιδίουsuddenA1B GSF · αἰφνίδιοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termαἰφνίδιος: sudden; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
μετέπειταlaterD · μετέπειταadverbial modifier of the clauseμετέπειτα: later; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ταραχῆςdisturbanceN1 GSF · ταραχήgenitive element qualifying a related head termταραχή: disturbance; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐνστάσηςisteminVH · ααπγσφ ἵστημι + ἐνmain verbal form advancing the clauseἵστημι + ἐν: istemin; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἡμῖνIRP DP · ἐγώdative element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: I; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
δυσσεβεῖςimpiousA3H APM · δυσσεβήςaccusative element functioning within the clauseδυσσεβής: impious; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
τούτουςthisRD APM · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentοὗτος: this; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing its object within the phraseκατά: according to; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
νώτουnotonN2N GSN · νῶτονgenitive element qualifying a related head termνῶτον: noton; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
προδόταςtraitorN1M APM · προδότηςaccusative element functioning within the clauseπροδότης: traitor; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
βαρβάρουςbarbarousA1B APM · βάρβαροςaccusative element functioning within the clauseβάρβαρος: barbarous; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἔχωμενhaveV1 PAS1P · ἔχωmain verbal form advancing the clauseἔχω: have; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
πολεμίουςenemyA1A APM · πολέμιοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseπολέμιος: enemy; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
25
προστετάχαμεν ἅμα τῷ προσπεσεῖν τὴν ἐπιστολὴν τήνδε αὐθωρὶ τοὺς ἐννεμομένους σὺν γυναιξὶ καὶ τέκνοις μετὰ ὕβρεων καὶ σκυλμῶν ἀποστεῖλαι πρὸς ἡμᾶς ἐν δεσμοῖς σιδηροῖς πάντοθεν κατακεκλεισμένους εἰς ἀνήκεστον καὶ δυσκλεῆ πρέποντα δυσμενέσι φόνον
we have ordered that, as soon as this letter arrives, they be sent to us immediately, together with wives and children, in iron bonds, shut in on every side, with outrages and plundering, for an unhealable and disgraceful death befitting enemies.
The policy moves from rhetoric to concrete violence. Whole households are targeted, and humiliation is built into the mechanics of transport and death.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
προστετάχαμενtassoprosVX XAI1P · τάσσω + προςmain verbal form advancing the clauseτάσσω + προς: tassopros; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἅμαas soon asD · ἅμαadverbial modifier of the clauseἅμα: as soon as; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
προσπεσεῖνpiptoprosVB AAN · πίπτω + προςparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or descriptionπίπτω + προς: piptopros; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἐπιστολὴνletterN1A ASF · ἐπιστολήaccusative element functioning within the clauseἐπιστολή: letter; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
τήνδεodeRD ASF · ὅδεpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentὅδε: ode; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
αὐθωρὶat onceD · αὐθωρίadverbial modifier of the clauseαὐθωρί: at once; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἐννεμομένουςnemonV1 · πμπαπμ νέμω + ἐνmain verbal form advancing the clauseνέμω + ἐν: nemon; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
σὺνsunP · σύνpreposition governing its object within the phraseσύν: sun; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
γυναιξὶwifeN3K DPF · γυνήdative element functioning within the clauseγυνή: wife; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
τέκνοιςchildN2N DPN · τέκνονdative element functioning within the clauseτέκνον: child; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
μετὰafterP · μετάpreposition governing its object within the phraseμετά: after; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ὕβρεωνoutrageN3I GPF · ὕβριςgenitive element qualifying a related head termὕβρις: outrage; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
σκυλμῶνplunderingN2 GPM · σκυλμόςgenitive element qualifying a related head termσκυλμός: plundering; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀποστεῖλαιstelloapoVA AAN · στέλλω + ἀποinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaστέλλω + ἀπο: stelloapo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςpreposition governing its object within the phraseπρός: toward; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ἡμᾶςIRP AP · ἐγώaccusative element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: I; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its object within the phraseἐν: in; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
δεσμοῖςbondN2 DPM · δεσμόςdative element functioning within the clauseδεσμός: bond; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
σιδηροῖςironA1C DPM · σιδηροῦςdative element functioning within the clauseσιδηροῦς: iron; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
πάντοθενon every sideD · πάντοθενadverbial modifier of the clauseπάντοθεν: on every side; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
κατακεκλεισμένουςkleiokataVT · χμπαπμ κλείω + καταmain verbal form advancing the clauseκλείω + κατα: kleiokata; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its object within the phraseεἰς: into; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ἀνήκεστονunhealableA1B ASM · ἀνήκεστοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseἀνήκεστος: unhealable; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
δυσκλεῆdisgracefulA3H ASM · δυσκλεήςaccusative element functioning within the clauseδυσκλεής: disgraceful; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
πρέπονταbefitV1 · παπασμ πρέπωmain verbal form advancing the clauseπρέπω: befit; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
δυσμενέσιill-disposedA3H DPM · δυσμενήςdative element functioning within the clauseδυσμενής: ill-disposed; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
φόνονdeathN2 ASM · φόνοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseφόνος: death; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
26
τούτων γὰρ ὁμοῦ κολασθέντων διειλήφαμεν εἰς τὸν ἐπίλοιπον χρόνον τελείως ἡμῖν τὰ πράγματα ἐν εὐσταθείᾳ καὶ τῇ βελτίστῃ διαθέσει κατασταθήσεσθαι
For once these have been punished all together, we are convinced that for the future our affairs will be established in complete stability and in the best condition.
Extermination is presented as administrative medicine. The king imagines state stability as the result of removing the Jewish population.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
τούτωνthisRD GPM · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentοὗτος: this; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
γὰρforX · γάρparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseγάρ: for; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ὁμοῦall togetherD · ὁμοῦadverbial modifier of the clauseὁμοῦ: all together; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
κολασθέντωνpunishVS · αππγπμ κολάζωmain verbal form advancing the clauseκολάζω: punish; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
διειλήφαμενwe are convincedVX XAI1P · λαμβάνω + διαmain verbal form advancing the clauseλαμβάνω + δια: we are convinced; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its object within the phraseεἰς: into; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἐπίλοιπονremainingA1B ASM · ἐπίλοιποςaccusative element functioning within the clauseἐπίλοιπος: remaining; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
χρόνονtimeN2 ASM · χρόνοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseχρόνος: time; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
τελείωςcompletelyD · τελείωςadverbial modifier of the clauseτελείως: completely; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ἡμῖνIRP DP · ἐγώdative element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: I; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
πράγματαaffairN3M APN · πρᾶγμαaccusative element functioning within the clauseπρᾶγμα: affair; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its object within the phraseἐν: in; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
εὐσταθείᾳstabilityN1A DSF · εὐστάθειαdative element functioning within the clauseεὐστάθεια: stability; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
βελτίστῃbeltionA1 DSFS · βελτίωνdative element functioning within the clauseβελτίων: beltion; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
διαθέσειdispositionN3I DSF · διάθεσιςdative element functioning within the clauseδιάθεσις: disposition; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
κατασταθήσεσθαιbe establishedVC FPN · ἵστημι + καταinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaἵστημι + κατα: be established; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
27
ὃς δ' ἂν σκεπάσῃ τινὰ τῶν Ιουδαίων ἀπὸ γεραιοῦ μέχρι νηπίου καὶ μέχρι τῶν ὑπομαστιδίων αἰσχίσταις βασάνοις ἀποτυμπανισθήσεται πανοικίᾳ
And whoever shelters any Jew, from old man to infant and even the nursing children, shall with his whole household be executed by the most shameful tortures.
The rescript criminalizes compassion itself. By extending the threat to entire households, it seeks to isolate Jews from every possible refuge.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ὃςwhichRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentὅς: which; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
δ'butX · δέparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseδέ: but, and, now; connective marking development or contrast.
ἂνwouldX · ἄνparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseἄν: would; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
σκεπάσῃshelterVA AAS3S · σκεπάζωmain verbal form advancing the clauseσκεπάζω: shelter; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τινὰsomeRI ASM · τιςaccusative element functioning within the clauseτις: some; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ΙουδαίωνJewN2 GPM · Ἰουδαῖοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termἸουδαῖος: Jew; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its object within the phraseἀπό: from; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
γεραιοῦold manA1A GSM · γεραιόςgenitive element qualifying a related head termγεραιός: old man; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
μέχριas far asP · μέχριpreposition governing its object within the phraseμέχρι: as far as; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
νηπίουinfantA1A GSM · νήπιοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termνήπιος: infant; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
μέχριas far asP · μέχριpreposition governing its object within the phraseμέχρι: as far as; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ὑπομαστιδίωνupomasthiosA1B GPM · ὑπομάσθιοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termὑπομάσθιος: upomasthios; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
αἰσχίσταιςaischrosA1 DPFS · αἰσχρόςdative element functioning within the clauseαἰσχρός: aischros; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
βασάνοιςtortureN2 DPF · βάσανοςdative element functioning within the clauseβάσανος: torture; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀποτυμπανισθήσεταιtumpanizoapoVS FPI3S · τυμπανίζω + ἀποmain verbal form advancing the clauseτυμπανίζω + ἀπο: tumpanizoapo; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
πανοικίᾳwith the whole householdN1A DSF · πανοικίαdative element functioning within the clauseπανοικία: with the whole household; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
28
μηνύειν δὲ τὸν βουλόμενον ἐφ' ᾧ τὴν οὐσίαν τοῦ ἐμπίπτοντος ὑπὸ τὴν εὔθυναν λήμψεται καὶ ἐκ τοῦ βασιλικοῦ ἀργυρίου δραχμὰς δισχιλίας καὶ τῇ ἐλευθερίᾳ στεφανωθήσεται
Whoever wishes to inform against them shall receive the property of the person brought under inquiry, along with two thousand drachmas from the royal treasury, and shall be crowned with freedom.
The decree incentivizes betrayal with confiscated wealth, royal cash, and social elevation. Informing becomes both profitable and honorable within the logic of persecution.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
μηνύεινinform againstV1 PAN · μηνύωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaμηνύω: inform against; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
δὲbutX · δέparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseδέ: but, and, now; connective marking development or contrast.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
βουλόμενονwishV1 · πμπασμ βούλομαιmain verbal form advancing the clauseβούλομαι: wish; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἐφ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its object within the phraseἐπί: upon; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ᾧwhichRR DSM · ὅςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedentὅς: which; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
οὐσίανpropertyN1A ASF · οὐσίαaccusative element functioning within the clauseοὐσία: property; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἐμπίπτοντοςpiptonV1 · παπγσμ πίπτω + ἐνmain verbal form advancing the clauseπίπτω + ἐν: pipton; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὑπὸunderP · ὑπόpreposition governing its object within the phraseὑπό: under; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
εὔθυνανinvestigationN1A ASF · εὔθυναaccusative element functioning within the clauseεὔθυνα: investigation; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
λήμψεταιreceiveVF FMI3S · λαμβάνωmain verbal form advancing the clauseλαμβάνω: receive; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
ἐκkP · ἐκpreposition governing its object within the phraseἐκ: k; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
βασιλικοῦroyalA1 GSN · βασιλικόςgenitive element qualifying a related head termβασιλικός: royal; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀργυρίουsilverN2N GSN · ἀργύριονgenitive element qualifying a related head termἀργύριον: silver; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
δραχμὰςdrachmaN1 APF · δραχμήaccusative element functioning within the clauseδραχμή: drachma; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
δισχιλίαςtwo thousandA1A APF · δισχίλιοιaccusative element functioning within the clauseδισχίλιοι: two thousand; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἐλευθερίᾳfreedomN1A DSF · ἐλευθερίαdative element functioning within the clauseἐλευθερία: freedom; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
στεφανωθήσεταιcrownVC FPI3S · στεφανόωmain verbal form advancing the clauseστεφανόω: crown; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
29
πᾶς δὲ τόπος οὗ ἐὰν φωραθῇ τὸ σύνολον σκεπαζόμενος Ιουδαῖος ἄβατος καὶ πυριφλεγὴς γινέσθω καὶ πάσῃ θνητῇ φύσει καθ' ἅπαν ἄχρηστος φανήσεται εἰς τὸν ἀεὶ χρόνον
And every place where a Jew is discovered in hiding shall become impassable and be consumed by fire, and shall appear wholly useless to every mortal creature forever.
The punishment extends from persons to places. Space itself is to bear the mark of anti-Jewish violence as a perpetual warning.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
πᾶςallA3 NSM · πᾶςnominative element functioning within the clauseπᾶς: all; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
δὲbutX · δέparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseδέ: but, and, now; connective marking development or contrast.
τόποςplaceN2 NSM · τόποςnominative element functioning within the clauseτόπος: place; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
οὗouD · οὗadverbial modifier of the clauseοὗ: ou; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ἐὰνif everC · ἐάνconnector linking clauses or phrasesἐάν: if ever; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
φωραθῇphoraomaiVC APS3S · φωράομαιmain verbal form advancing the clauseφωράομαι: phoraomai; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
σύνολονentirelyA1B ASN · σύνολοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseσύνολος: entirely; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
σκεπαζόμενοςshelterV1 · παπνσμ σκεπάζωmain verbal form advancing the clauseσκεπάζω: shelter; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ΙουδαῖοςJewN2 NSM · Ἰουδαῖοςnominative element functioning within the clauseἸουδαῖος: Jew; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἄβατοςimpassableA1B NSM · ἄβατοςnominative element functioning within the clauseἄβατος: impassable; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
πυριφλεγὴςconsumed by fireA3H NSM · πυριφλεγήςnominative element functioning within the clauseπυριφλεγής: consumed by fire; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
γινέσθωbecomeV1 PMD3S · γίγνομαιmain verbal form advancing the clauseγίγνομαι: become; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
πάσῃallA1S DSF · πᾶςdative element functioning within the clauseπᾶς: all; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
θνητῇmortalA1 DSF · θνητόςdative element functioning within the clauseθνητός: mortal; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
φύσειcreaturely natureN3I DSF · φύσιςdative element functioning within the clauseφύσις: creaturely nature; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
καθ'according toP · κατάpreposition governing its object within the phraseκατά: according to; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ἅπανallA3P ASN · ἅπαςaccusative element functioning within the clauseἅπας: all; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἄχρηστοςuselessA1B NSM · ἄχρηστοςnominative element functioning within the clauseἄχρηστος: useless; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
φανήσεταιappearVD FPI3S · φαίνωmain verbal form advancing the clauseφαίνω: appear; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its object within the phraseεἰς: into; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἀεὶforeverD · ἀείadverbial modifier of the clauseἀεί: forever; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
χρόνονtimeN2 ASM · χρόνοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseχρόνος: time; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
30
καὶ ὁ μὲν τῆς ἐπιστολῆς τύπος οὕτως ἐγέγραπτο
Such, then, was the wording of the letter.
The narrator closes the inserted document tersely, letting its brutality stand in full view before the narrative proceeds.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking parallel elementsκαί: and; coordinating conjunction linking words, phrases, or clauses.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
μὲνindeedX · μένparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clauseμέν: indeed; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following substantive or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking the substantival phrase in its local case and number.
ἐπιστολῆςletterN1 GSF · ἐπιστολήgenitive element qualifying a related head termἐπιστολή: letter; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
τύποςtextN2 NSM · τύποςnominative element functioning within the clauseτύπος: text; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial modifier of the clauseοὕτως: thus; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
ἐγέγραπτοwriteVPI YMI3S · γράφωmain verbal form advancing the clauseγράφω: write; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.