1
καὶ Γοθολια ἡ μήτηρ Οχοζιου εἶδεν ὅτι ἀπέθανον οἱ υἱοὶ αὐτῆς καὶ ἀπώλεσεν πᾶν τὸ σπέρμα τῆς βασιλείας
And Athaliah the mother of Ahaziah saw that her sons were dead, and she destroyed all the royal seed.
The chapter opens with paratactic καί and the queen-mother Athaliah as fronted subject, signalling a sharp dynastic turn after the death of Ahaziah (10:36). Her perception (εἶδεν ὅτι) of her son's death triggers the murderous purge of the Davidic line; ἀπώλεσεν πᾶν τὸ σπέρμα τῆς βασιλείας frames the crisis the rest of the chapter resolves — the near-extinction of the house of David.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΓοθολιαAthaliahNominativesubject (fronted)→ participant prominenceΓοθολια: LXX transliteration of Hebrew עֲתַלְיָה (Athaliah), daughter of Ahab/Jezebel and mother of Ahaziah of Judah; declined as a first-declension feminine in Rahlfs (gen. Γοθολιας, acc. Γοθολιαν), hence classed as a noun with case; the usurping queen is the antagonist of the whole chapter.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with appositional μήτηρ)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μήτηρmotherNominativenominative in apposition to Γοθολια→ participant prominenceμήτηρ: 'mother'; renders אֵם; the apposition 'the mother of Ahaziah' supplies the dynastic motive — with her royal son dead, Athaliah moves to secure power by eliminating all rival heirs.
Οχοζιουof AhaziahGenitivegenitive of relationship (with μήτηρ)→ relational specificationΟχοζιας (gen. Οχοζιου): transliteration of Hebrew אֲחַזְיָהוּ (Ahaziah), king of Judah whose death (10:36) precipitates the crisis; declined as a first-declension masculine, hence a noun with genitive case.
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (perception triggering action)→ constative aorist (single completed perception)ὁράω (aor. εἶδεν): 'see / perceive / realize'; renders רָאָה; here the 'seeing' is cognitive realization — Athaliah grasps that her son and his line are dead, and the realization becomes the springboard for her purge.
ὅτιthatcomplementizer (introducing object clause of εἶδεν)→ clausal contributionὅτι: 'that'; introduces the content of Athaliah's perception; declarative ὅτι-clause functioning as object of εἶδεν.
ἀπέθανονhad diedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀποθνῄσκωverb of object clause→ constative aorist (completed death, relative-past to εἶδεν)ἀποθνῄσκω (aor. ἀπέθανον): 'die'; renders מוּת; the plural 'her sons were dead' looks back to the slaughter of Ahaziah's relatives (cf. 10:13–14) — Athaliah is bereft of male royal kin and so seizes power herself.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with υἱοί)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject of ἀπέθανον→ participant prominenceυἱός (pl. υἱοί): 'son'; renders בֵּן; the 'sons' here are the royal kinsmen of Ahaziah whose deaths leave the throne contested.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession (with υἱοί)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with υἱοί).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (consequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπώλεσενshe destroyedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπόλλυμιmain verb (Athaliah's purge)→ constative aorist (decisive act of extermination)ἀπόλλυμι (aor. ἀπώλεσεν): 'destroy / kill off / annihilate'; renders אִבֵּד; the verb of total destruction underscores the genocidal scope of Athaliah's strike against the Davidic dynasty — the gravest threat to the messianic promise of 2 Sam 7 in the entire narrative.
πᾶνallAccusativeattributive adjective (with σπέρμα)→ object specificationπᾶς (neut. πᾶν): 'all / the whole'; the totality term makes the purge comprehensive — and so makes the survival of the one hidden child (v. 2) all the more pointed.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with σπέρμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σπέρμαseedAccusativedirect object of ἀπώλεσεν→ object specificationσπέρμα: 'seed / offspring / progeny'; renders זֶרַע; the dynastic 'seed' is precisely the term of the Davidic covenant (2 Sam 7:12); its near-destruction here sets the theological stakes — the promise hangs by the thread of the one infant heir.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλείας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλείαςof the kingdomGenitivegenitive of relationship (with σπέρμα: 'the seed of the kingdom')→ relational specificationβασιλεία: 'kingdom / royal house / kingship'; renders מַמְלָכָה; 'the seed of the kingdom' = the royal line of Judah, the bearers of dynastic legitimacy whom Athaliah aims to extinguish.
2
καὶ ἔλαβεν Ιωσαβεε θυγάτηρ τοῦ βασιλέως Ιωραμ ἀδελφὴ Οχοζιου τὸν Ιωας υἱὸν ἀδελφοῦ αὐτῆς καὶ ἔκλεψεν αὐτὸν ἐκ μέσου τῶν υἱῶν τοῦ βασιλέως τῶν θανατουμένων αὐτὸν καὶ τὴν τροφὸν αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ ταμιείῳ τῶν κλινῶν καὶ ἔκρυψεν αὐτὸν ἀπὸ προσώπου Γοθολιας καὶ οὐκ ἐθανατώθη
But Jehosheba, daughter of King Joram, sister of Ahaziah, took Joash the son of her brother and stole him from among the king's sons who were being put to death — him and his nurse — into the bedchamber; and she hid him from the face of Athaliah, and he was not put to death.
The same paratactic καί introduces the saving counter-move: while v. 1 narrates extermination, v. 2 narrates rescue. The piling of three appositions (θυγάτηρ … ἀδελφή) establishes Jehosheba's royal standing and thus her access; the chain of verbs ἔλαβεν … ἔκλεψεν … ἔκρυψεν culminates in the litotes καὶ οὐκ ἐθανατώθη ('and he was not put to death'), the hinge on which the Davidic line — and the chapter — turns.
Word-by-word analysis· 44 words
καὶbutnarrative conjunction (adversative force in context)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (Jehosheba's rescue act)→ constative aorist (decisive seizure of the child)λαμβάνω (aor. ἔλαβεν): 'take / seize / carry off'; renders לָקַח; the first in the rescue-chain (took … stole … hid); Jehosheba's bold action against the queen sets the salvation of the dynasty in motion.
ΙωσαβεεJehoshebasubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωσαβεε: transliteration of Hebrew יְהוֹשֶׁבַע (Jehosheba); indeclinable in the LXX (form unchanged though grammatically nominative); per the chronicler (2 Chr 22:11) she is wife of the priest Jehoiada, which explains the hiding-place in the temple.
θυγάτηρdaughterNominativenominative in apposition to Ιωσαβεε→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; renders בַּת; the first appositional title establishing Jehosheba's royal birth and thus her standing to act within the palace.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςof the kingGenitivegenitive of relationship (with θυγάτηρ)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; renders מֶלֶךְ; here King Joram (Jehoram) of Judah, Jehosheba's father.
ΙωραμJoramappositive to βασιλέως (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωραμ: transliteration of Hebrew יְהוֹרָם (Jehoram/Joram) of Judah; indeclinable; in apposition to 'the king', identifying Jehosheba's royal father.
ἀδελφὴsisterNominativenominative in apposition to Ιωσαβεε→ participant prominenceἀδελφή: 'sister'; renders אָחוֹת; the second appositional title — sister of the dead king Ahaziah and thus aunt of the infant Joash, whom she now rescues.
Οχοζιουof AhaziahGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ἀδελφή)→ relational specificationΟχοζιας (gen. Οχοζιου): Ahaziah; the kinship note makes Jehosheba aunt to the surviving heir.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with the indeclinable name Ιωας, marking accusative)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙωαςJoashdirect object of ἔλαβεν (indeclinable proper noun; case borne by the article)→ participant identificationΙωας: transliteration of Hebrew יוֹאָשׁ (Joash/Jehoash), the infant son of Ahaziah; indeclinable (form unchanged), the accusative role marked by the article τὸν; the sole survivor of the Davidic line and the hero around whom the coup is built.
υἱὸνsonAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Ιωας→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; in apposition to Joash, specifying him as 'the son of her brother' (i.e. Ahaziah's son, Jehosheba's nephew).
ἀδελφοῦof brotherGenitivegenitive of relationship (with υἱόν)→ relational specificationἀδελφός: 'brother'; renders אָח; 'the son of her brother' = Jehosheba's nephew, reinforcing the family bond that motivates the rescue.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession (with ἀδελφοῦ)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with ἀδελφοῦ).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔκλεψενstoleAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κλέπτωmain verb (clandestine removal)→ constative aorist (single furtive act)κλέπτω (aor. ἔκλεψεν): 'steal / carry off secretly'; renders גָּנַב; the verb stresses the secrecy and daring of spiriting the child away from amid the very victims of the purge.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἔκλεψεν→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἔκλεψεν.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
μέσουthe midstGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (ἐκ μέσου: 'from among')→ relational specificationμέσος (neut. μέσον): 'middle / midst'; ἐκ μέσου renders מִתּוֹךְ ('from among'); the child is extracted from the very group marked for death.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with υἱῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive (with ἐκ μέσου: 'from among the sons')→ relational specificationυἱός (gen. pl. υἱῶν): 'son'; here the king's sons (the royal heirs) who were being put to death in Athaliah's purge.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςof the kingGenitivegenitive of relationship (with υἱῶν)→ relational specificationβασιλέως: meaning 'of the king'; it serves as genitive of relationship (with υἱῶν).
τῶνthe (ones)Genitivearticle (substantizing the participle θανατουμένων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θανατουμένωνbeing put to deathPres Pass Part Gen Pl Masc · θανατόωattributive participle (modifying υἱῶν)→ progressive present participle (ongoing slaughter)θανατόω (pres. pass. part.): 'put to death / cause to die'; renders הֵמִית; the present passive participle pictures the purge as in progress — the sons 'who were being put to death' — heightening the danger from which Joash is snatched.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeresumptive accusative (anacoluthon: 'him and his nurse')→ participant referenceαὐτόν: the resumptive pronoun loosely re-states the object Joash before adding 'and his nurse'; a Hebraizing constructio ad sensum binding child and nurse together as objects of the hiding.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (adding the nurse)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with τροφόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τροφὸνnurseAccusativeaccusative coordinate object ('and his nurse')→ object specificationτροφός: 'nurse / one who feeds (a child)'; renders מֵינֶקֶת ('wet-nurse'); the nurse is hidden with the infant — a realistic detail ensuring the unweaned child can survive the six years of concealment.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with τροφόν)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with τροφόν).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle (with ταμιείῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ταμιείῳstoreroom / chamberDativedative of place (where the child was hidden)→ sphere or referenceταμιεῖον: 'inner chamber / store-room / private room'; renders חֶדֶר; here the phrase ταμιεῖον τῶν κλινῶν ('chamber of the beds/couches') = a bedchamber or bed-store, an out-of-the-way room of the temple precincts suitable for concealment.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with κλινῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κλινῶνbedsGenitivegenitive (defining ταμιεῖον: 'chamber of the beds')→ relational specificationκλίνη (gen. pl. κλινῶν): 'bed / couch'; renders מִטּוֹת; the 'chamber of the beds' is a bedding-store, a concealed room where the infant could be safely hidden.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔκρυψενhidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κρύπτωmain verb (concealment, climax of rescue-chain)→ constative aorist (decisive act of hiding)κρύπτω (aor. ἔκρυψεν): 'hide / conceal'; renders סָתַר / חָבָא; the third and climactic verb of the rescue (took … stole … hid); its cognate participle κρυβόμενος recurs in v. 3, marking the six-year concealment.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἔκρυψεν→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἔκρυψεν.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation: 'from the face of')→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation: 'from the face of').
προσώπουthe faceGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (ἀπὸ προσώπου: Hebraism 'from before')→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; ἀπὸ προσώπου renders מִפְּנֵי ('from before / out of the sight of'), a Hebraism for escaping someone's notice and reach; the child is hidden 'from the face of Athaliah.'
Γοθολιαςof AthaliahGenitivegenitive (with προσώπου: 'the face of Athaliah')→ relational specificationΓοθολια (gen. Γοθολιας): Athaliah; the genitive form confirms the name is declined, hence a noun with case.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἐθανατώθη)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθανατώθηhe was put to deathAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · θανατόωmain verb (litotes: 'he was not put to death')→ constative aorist passive (the decisive non-event)θανατόω (aor. pass. ἐθανατώθη): 'be put to death'; the negated passive καὶ οὐκ ἐθανατώθη is a litotes — the single survival that preserves the Davidic line; the same root recurs at the chapter's end (ἐθανάτωσαν, v. 20) where Athaliah herself is the one put to death, a pointed reversal.
3
καὶ ἦν μετ᾿ αὐτῆς ἐν οἴκῳ κυρίου κρυβόμενος ἓξ ἔτη καὶ Γοθολια βασιλεύουσα ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς
And he was with her, hidden in the house of the LORD, six years; and Athaliah was reigning over the land.
The periphrastic imperfects ἦν … κρυβόμενος and the participle βασιλεύουσα shift from event-chain to durative background, summarizing the six-year stalemate: the rightful heir hidden in the temple, the usurper reigning over the land. The juxtaposition of the two clauses (the boy κρυβόμενος / Γοθολια βασιλεύουσα) sets the dramatic tension the coup of vv. 4ff. will resolve.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνhe wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (with κρυβόμενος, periphrastic durative)→ durative imperfect (continuing state over six years)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'be'; with the participle κρυβόμενος it forms a periphrastic imperfect expressing the prolonged condition of hiddenness — 'he kept being hidden' throughout the six years.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment; elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment; elided before vowel).
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive object of μετά (with Jehosheba)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: 'her'; refers to Jehosheba — the child remains under her protection during the concealment (and, per 2 Chr 22:11, under the priest Jehoiada's roof).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
οἴκῳthe houseDativedative of place (ἐν οἴκῳ κυρίου: 'in the house of the LORD')→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: 'house / temple'; οἶκος κυρίου renders בֵּית יְהוָה, the Jerusalem temple; the temple as place of refuge is theologically charged — the LORD's house shelters the LORD's anointed line from the usurper.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (with οἴκῳ)→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): the LXX surrogate for the Tetragrammaton יהוה; here in the recurrent phrase οἶκος κυρίου ('the house of the LORD'); the temple is the LORD's, and within it the Davidic heir is preserved.
κρυβόμενοςbeing hiddenPres Pass Part Nom Sg Masc · κρύπτωpredicate participle (with ἦν, periphrastic)→ durative present participle (sustained concealment)κρύπτω (pres. pass. part. κρυβόμενος): 'be hidden'; the cognate of ἔκρυψεν (v. 2); the present participle stresses the ongoing state — the heir remained continuously concealed throughout the usurpation.
ἓξsixAccusativenumeral (with ἔτη: accusative of duration)→ object specificationἕξ: 'six' (indeclinable numeral, classed as noun); the six years of concealment correspond to the six years of Athaliah's reign — the heir comes out in the seventh year (v. 4).
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of duration of time→ object specificationἔτος (pl. ἔτη): 'year'; renders שָׁנִים; the accusative of extent measures the duration of the concealment.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (contrastive juxtaposition)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΓοθολιαAthaliahNominativesubject (of the contrasting clause)→ participant prominenceΓοθολια: Athaliah; set in pointed contrast with the hidden child — she reigns openly while the rightful king is concealed.
βασιλεύουσαreigningPres Act Part Nom Sg Fem · βασιλεύωpredicate participle (durative, with implied ἦν)→ durative present participle (ongoing usurped reign)βασιλεύω (pres. act. part. fem. βασιλεύουσα): 'be king / reign'; the feminine participle (the only woman to rule Judah) marks Athaliah's usurped six-year reign; its durative force matches κρυβόμενος, framing the two simultaneous states.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive (rule 'over')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (rule 'over').
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with γῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (domain of rule: 'over the land')→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land / earth / country'; renders אֶרֶץ; 'over the land' = over Judah; ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς defines the extent of Athaliah's usurped dominion.
4
καὶ ἐν τῷ ἔτει τῷ ἑβδόμῳ ἀπέστειλεν Ιωδαε ὁ ἱερεὺς καὶ ἔλαβεν τοὺς ἑκατοντάρχους τὸν Χορρι καὶ τὸν Ρασιμ καὶ ἀπήγαγεν αὐτοὺς πρὸς αὐτὸν εἰς οἶκον κυρίου καὶ διέθετο αὐτοῖς διαθήκην κυρίου καὶ ὥρκισεν αὐτοὺς ἐνώπιον κυρίου καὶ ἔδειξεν αὐτοῖς Ιωδαε τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ βασιλέως
And in the seventh year Jehoiada the priest sent and took the centurions of the Carites and of the runners, and brought them to him into the house of the LORD, and made a covenant of the LORD with them, and put them under oath before the LORD, and showed them the son of the king.
The fronted temporal phrase ἐν τῷ ἔτει τῷ ἑβδόμῳ marks the decisive turn from the six-year stalemate (v. 3) to action: 'in the seventh year.' The priest Jehoiada now takes initiative through a rapid aorist-chain (ἀπέστειλεν … ἔλαβεν … ἀπήγαγεν … διέθετο … ὥρκισεν … ἔδειξεν), binding the military captains by covenant and oath before unveiling the hidden heir — the legal-cultic groundwork of the coup.
Word-by-word analysis· 45 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῷtheDativearticle (with ἔτει)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔτειyearDativedative of time (when: 'in the year')→ sphere or referenceἔτος (dat. ἔτει): 'year'; the seventh year ends Athaliah's six-year reign and inaugurates the restoration of the Davidic line.
τῷtheDativearticle (with the attributive ordinal ἑβδόμῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑβδόμῳseventhDativeattributive ordinal adjective (with ἔτει)→ sphere or referenceἕβδομος: 'seventh'; the ordinal of decisive turn; 'the seventh year' breaks the six-year captivity of the dynasty (vv. 3–4).
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (first of the coup-initiating chain)→ constative aorist (decisive initiative)ἀποστέλλω (aor. ἀπέστειλεν): 'send / dispatch'; renders שָׁלַח; Jehoiada 'sends' (summons) the military commanders — the opening move of the carefully staged restoration.
ΙωδαεJehoiadasubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωδαε: transliteration of Hebrew יְהוֹיָדָע (Jehoiada); indeclinable; the high priest who orchestrates the coup, the human protagonist of vv. 4–18 and architect of the dynastic and cultic restoration.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with appositional ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativenominative in apposition to Ιωδαε→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; renders כֹּהֵן; the title marks Jehoiada's cultic authority, which legitimizes the coup as a sacral act of dynastic and covenantal restoration.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (took into his confidence)→ constative aoristλαμβάνω (aor. ἔλαβεν): 'take / take to oneself / enlist'; here Jehoiada 'takes' (brings over to his side) the captains of the guard, securing the military force needed for the coup.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with ἑκατοντάρχους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑκατοντάρχουςcenturionsAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationἑκατόνταρχος: 'centurion / commander of a hundred'; renders שַׂר־מֵאוֹת ('captains of hundreds'); the officers of the royal guard whose loyalty Jehoiada secures; the term recurs throughout the chapter (vv. 9, 10, 15, 19).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with the indeclinable Χορρι)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Χορριthe Caritesappositive (indeclinable; the guard-corps over which the centurions command)→ participant identificationΧορρι: transliteration of Hebrew כָּרִי (the Carites/Carians), a corps of royal bodyguards (cf. כְּרֵתִי, Cherethites); indeclinable, the case marked by the article τόν; here one of the two guard-units whose captains Jehoiada enlists.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with the indeclinable Ρασιμ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ρασιμthe runnersappositive (indeclinable; the second guard-corps)→ participant identificationΡασιμ: transliteration of Hebrew הָרָצִים ('the runners / couriers'), the royal escort-guard; indeclinable, case borne by the article τόν; rendered into Greek elsewhere in the chapter by the participle οἱ παρατρέχοντες (vv. 6, 11, 19).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπήγαγενbroughtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπάγωmain verb (conducting the captains to the temple)→ constative aoristἀπάγω (aor. ἀπήγαγεν): 'lead away / bring / conduct'; renders הֵבִיא; Jehoiada conducts the captains to himself in the temple, the secure venue for the conspiracy.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ἀπήγαγεν→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἀπήγαγεν.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (reflexive: to himself, Jehoiada)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (reflexive: to himself, Jehoiada).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (εἰς οἶκον κυρίου)→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / temple'; εἰς οἶκον κυρίου ('into the house of the LORD'); the temple is both the place of refuge for the heir and the secure stage for the covenant with the captains.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (with οἶκον)→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): surrogate for the Tetragrammaton; 'the house of the LORD' is the recurrent setting of the chapter's restoration.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διέθετοmadeAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · διατίθημιmain verb (covenant-making)→ constative aorist middle (formal covenant act)διατίθημι (aor. mid. διέθετο): 'arrange / make (a covenant)'; the idiom διατίθεμαι διαθήκην renders כָּרַת בְּרִית ('cut a covenant'); the middle voice marks the personal, formal commitment Jehoiada enacts with the captains; the same verb recurs in v. 17 for the great covenant LORD–king–people.
αὐτοῖςwith themDativedative of association (covenant-partners)→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'with them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of association (covenant-partners).
διαθήκηνa covenantAccusativedirect object of διέθετο (cognate object)→ object specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant / compact / disposition'; renders בְּרִית; the standard LXX covenant-term; here the binding pact between priest and military commanders that legitimizes and secures the coup.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive (qualifying διαθήκην: 'a covenant of the LORD')→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): surrogate for the Tetragrammaton; 'a covenant of the LORD' frames the conspiracy as a sacred undertaking sworn under divine sanction, not a mere political plot.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὥρκισενput under oathAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁρκίζωmain verb (administering the oath)→ constative aoristὁρκίζω (aor. ὥρκισεν): 'put under oath / adjure / make swear'; renders הִשְׁבִּיעַ; the oath sworn ἐνώπιον κυρίου ('before the LORD') binds the captains to secrecy and loyalty, reinforcing the covenant.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ὥρκισεν→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ὥρκισεν.
ἐνώπιονbeforepreposition + genitive (presence: 'in the presence of')→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the presence of'; Hebraism rendering לִפְנֵי; the oath taken 'before the LORD' invokes divine witness and sanction.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): surrogate for the Tetragrammaton; the oath sworn in the LORD's presence makes him guarantor of the captains' fidelity.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδειξενshowedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δείκνυμιmain verb (unveiling of the heir)→ constative aorist (climactic revelation)δείκνυμι (aor. ἔδειξεν): 'show / point out / reveal'; renders הֶרְאָה; the climax of v. 4 — only after binding the captains by covenant and oath does Jehoiada reveal the hidden king's son, the legitimate Davidic heir.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative indirect object of ἔδειξεν→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'to them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object of ἔδειξεν.
ΙωδαεJehoiadasubject (indeclinable; resumptive naming of the agent)→ participant identificationΙωδαε: Jehoiada; the name is restated as subject of ἔδειξεν, a Hebraizing redundancy emphasizing the priest as the agent of the climactic unveiling.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with υἱόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱὸνsonAccusativedirect object of ἔδειξεν→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; 'the king's son' = the hidden heir Joash, now revealed to the captains as the legitimate object of their loyalty.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςof the kingGenitivegenitive of relationship (with υἱόν)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): 'king'; 'the son of the king' designates Joash's royal legitimacy — the heir of the murdered Ahaziah and of the Davidic line.
5
καὶ ἐνετείλατο αὐτοῖς λέγων οὗτος ὁ λόγος ὃν ποιήσετε τὸ τρίτον ἐξ ὑμῶν εἰσελθέτω τὸ σάββατον καὶ φυλάξετε φυλακὴν οἴκου τοῦ βασιλέως ἐν τῷ πυλῶνι
And he commanded them, saying, 'This is the thing that you shall do: a third of you who come in on the Sabbath shall keep the watch of the king's house at the gateway,'
The speech-frame ἐνετείλατο αὐτοῖς λέγων introduces Jehoiada's tactical instructions (vv. 5–8). The opening οὗτος ὁ λόγος ὃν ποιήσετε ('this is the thing you shall do') is a command-formula; the verse begins the threefold division of the guard (τὸ τρίτον … τὸ τρίτον … τὸ τρίτον) keyed to the Sabbath change of watch, the cover under which the coup is staged.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνετείλατοhe commandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιmain verb (speech-introducing)→ constative aorist (authoritative command)ἐντέλλομαι (aor. mid. ἐνετείλατο): 'command / give orders / charge'; renders צִוָּה; the deponent middle is the standard LXX verb for authoritative instruction; here Jehoiada issues the operational orders for the coup (recurs at v. 9 of the captains' obedience and v. 15 of his second command).
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative indirect object (the captains addressed)→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (the captains addressed).
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech (Hebraizing λέγων introducing direct discourse)→ circumstantial present participle (manner of commanding)λέγω (pres. act. part. λέγων): 'saying'; the redundant participle λέγων after a verb of commanding renders the Hebrew לֵאמֹר, the standard LXX marker introducing direct speech.
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of nominal clause)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; the cataphoric demonstrative points forward to the instructions that follow; οὗτος ὁ λόγος ὃν ποιήσετε renders זֶה הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר תַּעֲשׂוּן, a command-introducing formula.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with λόγος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγοςthing / wordNominativepredicate nominative ('this is the word/matter')→ participant prominenceλόγος: 'word / thing / matter'; renders דָּבָר, which spans both 'word' and 'matter/thing'; here 'the thing you shall do' = the plan of action Jehoiada lays out.
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ποιήσετε)→ participant referenceὅς (acc. ὅν): relative pronoun 'which'; introduces the relative clause defining 'the matter you shall do.'
ποιήσετεyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ imperatival future (binding instruction)ποιέω (fut. ποιήσετε): 'do / make / perform'; renders עָשָׂה; the future has imperatival force ('you shall do'), framing the deployment that follows as a binding order.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with τρίτον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρίτονthird (part)Nominativesubject (substantized ordinal: 'the third part')→ participant prominenceτρίτος (neut. τρίτον): 'third'; substantized τὸ τρίτον = 'a third (detachment)'; renders הַשְּׁלִשִׁית; the first of three companies into which the guard is divided (vv. 5–6) for the operation.
ἐξofpreposition + genitive (partitive: 'of you')→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive: 'of you').
ὑμῶνyouGenitivepartitive genitive (with τὸ τρίτον)→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as partitive genitive (with τὸ τρίτον).
εἰσελθέτωlet (it) come inAor Act Impv 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (third-person imperative)→ aorist imperative (assigned action of the first detachment)εἰσέρχομαι (aor. impv. εἰσελθέτω): 'enter / come in / come on duty'; renders בָּא; the Sabbath-changing watch is in view — 'the third that comes in (on duty) on the Sabbath' takes up the palace-guard station.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with σάββατον; accusative of time)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σάββατονSabbathAccusativeaccusative of time (when the watch changes: 'on the Sabbath')→ object specificationσάββατον: 'Sabbath'; transliteration/loan of Hebrew שַׁבָּת; the weekly change of the temple guard on the Sabbath provides the routine cover under which Jehoiada masses his forces without arousing suspicion.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φυλάξετεyou shall keepFut Act Indic 2 Pl · φυλάσσωmain verb (imperatival future: guard duty)→ imperatival future (assigned watch)φυλάσσω (fut. φυλάξετε): 'guard / keep watch'; renders שָׁמַר; with its cognate object φυλακήν it forms the idiom 'keep the watch' (φυλάσσειν φυλακήν = שָׁמַר מִשְׁמֶרֶת); recurs in vv. 6, 7.
φυλακὴνwatch / guardAccusativecognate accusative (with φυλάξετε)→ object specificationφυλακή: 'watch / guard / guard-post'; renders מִשְׁמֶרֶת; the cognate object of φυλάσσω, 'keep the watch (of the king's house).'
οἴκουof the houseGenitiveobjective genitive (with φυλακήν: 'watch of the house')→ relational specificationοἶκος (gen. οἴκου): 'house / palace'; here the king's palace (οἴκου τοῦ βασιλέως), the object of the first detachment's guard duty.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςof the kingGenitivegenitive of possession (with οἴκου)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): 'king'; 'the house of the king' = the royal palace, which the first company secures.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle (with πυλῶνι)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πυλῶνιgatewayDativedative of place (station of the first detachment)→ sphere or referenceπυλών: 'gateway / large gate / portal'; renders שַׁעַר / סַף; the augmentative of πύλη, denoting the main gate-structure of the palace where the first company stands guard.
6
καὶ τὸ τρίτον ἐν τῇ πύλῃ τῶν ὁδῶν καὶ τὸ τρίτον τῆς πύλης ὀπίσω τῶν παρατρεχόντων καὶ φυλάξετε τὴν φυλακὴν τοῦ οἴκου
and a third at the gate of the roads, and a third at the gate behind the runners; and you shall keep the watch of the house.
The verse completes the three-part division begun in v. 5, assigning the second and third companies to the gate 'of the roads' and the gate 'behind the runners'; the closing φυλάξετε τὴν φυλακὴν τοῦ οἴκου ('keep the watch of the house') summarizes the collective charge — the temple is to be sealed and secured before the heir is unveiled.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with τρίτον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρίτονthird (part)Nominativesubject (second detachment, with verb gapped)→ participant prominenceτρίτος (neut. τρίτον): the second of the three companies; the verb of stationing is gapped, understood from v. 5 ('a third [shall be] at the gate of the roads').
ἐνatpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle (with πύλῃ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πύλῃgateDativedative of place (station of second detachment)→ sphere or referenceπύλη: 'gate'; renders שַׁעַר; the precise location 'the gate of the roads' (πύλη τῶν ὁδῶν) is obscure — perhaps the gate Sur (cf. MT שַׁעַר סוּר), a postern toward the highways.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ὁδῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδῶνroadsGenitivegenitive (defining πύλῃ: 'gate of the roads')→ relational specificationὁδός (gen. pl. ὁδῶν): 'road / way'; renders דֶּרֶךְ; 'the gate of the roads' names one of the temple/palace gates; the Greek reads the Hebrew סוּר ('Sur') as a form related to the highways.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with τρίτον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρίτονthird (part)Nominativesubject (third detachment)→ participant prominenceτρίτος (neut. τρίτον): the third company, posted at the gate behind the runners; completes the threefold cordon.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with πύλης)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πύληςgateGenitivegenitive of place (station: 'at the gate')→ relational specificationπύλη (gen. πύλης): 'gate'; the genitive marks the third company's post 'of/at the gate behind the runners.'
ὀπίσωbehindpreposition/adverb + genitive (position: 'behind')→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'behind / after'; renders אַחַר; locates the third detachment 'behind the runners' (the escort-guard), i.e. at the rear-guard position.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (substantizing the participle παρατρεχόντων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρατρεχόντωνrunnersPres Act Part Gen Pl Masc · παρατρέχωsubstantized participle (the guard-corps; object of ὀπίσω)→ imperfective participle (those who run alongside)παρατρέχω (pres. act. part. οἱ παρατρέχοντες): 'run alongside / escort'; the substantized participle 'the runners / escort-guard' is the Greek equivalent of the transliterated Ρασιμ (v. 4, Hebrew הָרָצִים); recurs in vv. 11, 19.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φυλάξετεyou shall keepFut Act Indic 2 Pl · φυλάσσωmain verb (imperatival future: collective charge)→ imperatival future (summary command)φυλάσσω (fut. φυλάξετε): 'guard / keep watch'; the summary order binding all three companies — 'keep the watch of the house' (the temple), sealing the precinct.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with φυλακήν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλακὴνwatchAccusativecognate accusative (with φυλάξετε)→ object specificationφυλακή: 'watch / guard-duty'; cognate object 'keep the watch of the house'; the threefold deployment converges on guarding the temple.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with οἴκου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουhouseGenitiveobjective genitive (with φυλακήν: 'watch of the house')→ relational specificationοἶκος (gen. οἴκου): 'house'; here the temple, whose security is the object of the combined guard.
7
καὶ δύο χεῖρες ἐν ὑμῖν πᾶς ὁ ἐκπορευόμενος τὸ σάββατον καὶ φυλάξουσιν τὴν φυλακὴν οἴκου κυρίου πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα
And two companies among you, all who go off duty on the Sabbath — they shall keep the watch of the house of the LORD beside the king.
Complementing the three on-duty thirds, the two 'hands' (companies) of the off-going Sabbath watch are concentrated around the king himself: φυλάξουσιν τὴν φυλακὴν οἴκου κυρίου πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα. The idiom δύο χεῖρες ('two hands') for two military divisions is a Hebraism (יָדַיִם); the whole guard, both coming and going, is mobilized so none is dismissed at the critical moment.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δύοtwoNominativenumeral (with χεῖρες)→ measure or countδύο: 'two' (indeclinable numeral, classed as noun); modifies χεῖρες — the two off-duty divisions.
χεῖρεςcompanies / handsNominativesubject (nominative absolute, resumed by φυλάξουσιν)→ participant prominenceχείρ (pl. χεῖρες): 'hand'; here a Hebraism for a military 'division / company' (יָד can denote a body of troops); 'two companies among you' = the two off-going watch-divisions assigned to the king's person.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (partitive: 'among you')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (partitive: 'among you').
ὑμῖνyouDativedative object of ἐν (partitive)→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative object of ἐν (partitive).
πᾶςall / everyoneNominativeappositional subject (epexegetic of δύο χεῖρες)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all / everyone'; epexegetic apposition specifying the two companies as 'all who go off duty on the Sabbath' — the entire outgoing watch.
ὁthe (one)Nominativearticle (substantizing the participle ἐκπορευόμενος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκπορευόμενοςgoing outPres Mid Part Nom Sg Masc · ἐκπορεύομαιsubstantized participle (with πᾶς: 'everyone who goes off duty')→ progressive present participle (the act of going off watch)ἐκπορεύομαι (pres. mid. part. ἐκπορευόμενος): 'go out / go off duty'; renders יָצָא; paired with εἰσπορεύομαι/εἰσέρχομαι (coming on duty), it denotes the outgoing Sabbath watch; the wordplay of going-out/coming-in structures the deployment (cf. v. 8).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with σάββατον; accusative of time)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σάββατονSabbathAccusativeaccusative of time (when: 'on the Sabbath')→ object specificationσάββατον: 'Sabbath'; the same Sabbath change-of-watch as v. 5, now viewed from the side of those going off duty, who are retained for the king's guard.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (resumptive)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φυλάξουσινthey shall keepFut Act Indic 3 Pl · φυλάσσωmain verb (resuming the nominative-absolute subject)→ predictive/imperatival future (assigned duty)φυλάσσω (fut. φυλάξουσιν): 'guard / keep watch'; the third-person plural resumes 'the two companies' (constructio ad sensum) — they are to guard the LORD's house around the king.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with φυλακήν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλακὴνwatchAccusativecognate accusative (with φυλάξουσιν)→ object specificationφυλακή: 'watch'; cognate object — 'keep the watch of the house of the LORD,' i.e. guard the temple around the king.
οἴκουof the houseGenitiveobjective genitive (with φυλακήν)→ relational specificationοἶκος (gen. οἴκου): 'house / temple'; οἴκου κυρίου = the temple, distinguished here from οἴκου τοῦ βασιλέως (the palace) of v. 5.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (with οἴκου)→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): surrogate for the Tetragrammaton; 'the house of the LORD' — the temple is the focal point of the operation that guards the rightful king.
πρὸςbeside / towardpreposition + accusative (proximity: 'around/beside the king')→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: 'toward / beside / in relation to'; here 'beside the king,' marking the king as the center of the protective cordon.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationβασιλεύς (acc. βασιλέα): 'king'; the boy-king Joash, around whom the off-duty companies form the inner guard.
8
καὶ κυκλώσατε ἐπὶ τὸν βασιλέα κύκλῳ ἀνὴρ καὶ τὸ σκεῦος αὐτοῦ ἐν χειρὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ ὁ εἰσπορευόμενος εἰς τὰ σαδηρωθ ἀποθανεῖται καὶ ἐγένετο μετὰ τοῦ βασιλέως ἐν τῷ ἐκπορεύεσθαι αὐτὸν καὶ ἐν τῷ εἰσπορεύεσθαι αὐτόν
And you shall surround the king on every side, each man with his weapon in his hand; and whoever enters the ranks shall be put to death; and stay with the king when he goes out and when he comes in.
The imperative κυκλώσατε ('encircle') with the reinforcing κύκλῳ ('all around') commands a complete protective ring around the king. The distributive ἀνὴρ … τὸ σκεῦος αὐτοῦ ἐν χειρὶ αὐτοῦ ('each man with his weapon in hand') and the lethal rule for any who breach the ranks (ὁ εἰσπορευόμενος … ἀποθανεῖται) recur verbatim in v. 11 (deployment carried out) and v. 15 (Athaliah's removal). The closing infinitives of going-out/coming-in seal the king's constant escort.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κυκλώσατεsurroundAor Act Impv 2 Pl · κυκλόωmain verb (imperative: form the cordon)→ aorist imperative (decisive encirclement)κυκλόω (aor. impv. κυκλώσατε): 'encircle / surround'; renders הִקִּיף / סָבַב; the order to ring the king with armed guards; reinforced by the adverb κύκλῳ for emphasis.
ἐπὶaroundpreposition + accusative (with κυκλόω: 'around the king')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'around'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (with κυκλόω: 'around the king').
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the one encircled)→ object specificationβασιλεύς (acc. βασιλέα): 'king'; Joash, the protected center of the armed cordon.
κύκλῳall aroundDativeadverbial dative (reinforcing κυκλώσατε)→ sphere or referenceκύκλος (dat. κύκλῳ): used adverbially 'round about / on every side'; renders סָבִיב; intensifies the command to encircle the king completely.
ἀνὴρeach manNominativedistributive subject ('each man with his weapon')→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; distributive use rendering אִישׁ ('each one'); 'each man with his weapon in his hand' pictures the whole guard fully armed; the phrase recurs verbatim in v. 11.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (epexegetic: 'and that with his weapon')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with σκεῦος)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκεῦοςweaponNominativesubject of verbless clause ('his weapon in his hand')→ participant prominenceσκεῦος: 'implement / vessel / weapon'; here in the military sense 'weapon / equipment' (כְּלִי can mean 'weapon'); 'each man and his weapon in his hand' describes the armed readiness of the guard.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with σκεῦος)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with σκεῦος).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
χειρὶhandDativedative of place ('in his hand')→ sphere or referenceχείρ (dat. χειρί): 'hand'; 'weapon in his hand' = at the ready; the literal 'hand' here contrasts with the figurative χεῖρες ('companies') of v. 7.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with χειρί)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with χειρί).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the lethal rule)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁthe (one)Nominativearticle (substantizing εἰσπορευόμενος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰσπορευόμενοςthe one who entersPres Mid Part Nom Sg Masc · εἰσπορεύομαιsubstantized participle (subject of ἀποθανεῖται)→ generic present participle (whoever enters)εἰσπορεύομαι (pres. mid. part. εἰσπορευόμενος): 'enter / go in'; here generic 'whoever enters (the ranks)'; the participle marks the conditional 'anyone who breaches the cordon'; the same lethal rule recurs at v. 15.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with the indeclinable σαδηρωθ)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σαδηρωθranks / precinctsaccusative object of εἰς (indeclinable transliteration; case borne by τά)→ clausal contributionσαδηρωθ: untranslated transliteration of Hebrew שְׂדֵרוֹת ('ranks / ranges / rows'), referring to the ranks of the guard or the architectural courses/precincts of the temple; indeclinable, the case marked by the article τά; recurs at v. 15; its retention untranslated is typical of the kaige stratum of 4 Kingdoms.
ἀποθανεῖταιshall be put to deathFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (lethal rule)→ predictive/legislative future (mandatory consequence)ἀποθνῄσκω (fut. mid. ἀποθανεῖται): 'die / be put to death'; renders יוּמָת / יָמוּת; the future has legislative force — anyone breaching the protective ranks is to be killed; safeguards the king and the secrecy of the coup.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (transition to escort note)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοbe / stayAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (here with imperatival/jussive sense in context)→ constative aorist (functioning as instruction: 'be with the king')γίνομαι (aor. mid. ἐγένετο): 'become / be / come to be'; the closing clause ('and he was/be with the king...') instructs the guard to remain constantly with the king in his comings and goings; the kaige translator renders the Hebrew rather woodenly, so the aorist here carries the force of the underlying instruction to attend the king at all times.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): 'king'; the guard is to remain 'with the king' continuously, escorting his every movement.
ἐνin / whenpreposition + dative (articular infinitive: temporal 'when')→ spatial or relational framingἐν τῷ + infinitive: temporal construction 'when / while'; a frequent LXX rendering of Hebrew בְּ + infinitive construct.
τῷtheDativearticle (with the infinitive ἐκπορεύεσθαι)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκπορεύεσθαιgoing outPres Mid Inf · ἐκπορεύομαιarticular infinitive (temporal: 'when he goes out')→ present infinitive (ongoing action framed temporally)ἐκπορεύομαι (pres. inf. ἐκπορεύεσθαι): 'go out'; in the construction ἐν τῷ ἐκπορεύεσθαι αὐτόν = 'when he goes out'; with its counterpart εἰσπορεύεσθαι it forms the 'going-out and coming-in' merism for all the king's movements.
αὐτὸνhe / himAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive ἐκπορεύεσθαι→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative subject of the infinitive ἐκπορεύεσθαι.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνin / whenpreposition + dative (articular infinitive: temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (articular infinitive: temporal).
τῷtheDativearticle (with the infinitive εἰσπορεύεσθαι)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰσπορεύεσθαιcoming inPres Mid Inf · εἰσπορεύομαιarticular infinitive (temporal: 'when he comes in')→ present infinitive (ongoing action framed temporally)εἰσπορεύομαι (pres. inf. εἰσπορεύεσθαι): 'come in / enter'; ἐν τῷ εἰσπορεύεσθαι αὐτόν = 'when he comes in'; the 'going-out / coming-in' pair is a Hebraic merism (צֵאת וָבוֹא) for the totality of the king's activity, the guard attending throughout.
αὐτόνhe / himAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive εἰσπορεύεσθαι→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative subject of the infinitive εἰσπορεύεσθαι.
9
καὶ ἐποίησαν οἱ ἑκατόνταρχοι πάντα ὅσα ἐνετείλατο Ιωδαε ὁ συνετός καὶ ἔλαβεν ἀνὴρ τοὺς ἄνδρας αὐτοῦ τοὺς εἰσπορευομένους τὸ σάββατον μετὰ τῶν ἐκπορευομένων τὸ σάββατον καὶ εἰσῆλθεν πρὸς Ιωδαε τὸν ἱερέα
And the centurions did all that Jehoiada the prudent commanded; and each took his men who came on duty on the Sabbath together with those who went off duty on the Sabbath, and came in to Jehoiada the priest.
The verse reports compliance: πάντα ὅσα ἐνετείλατο ('all that he commanded') signals exact obedience to the deployment plan. The on-duty (εἰσπορευομένους) and off-duty (ἐκπορευομένων) Sabbath divisions are combined, reversing the normal practice of dismissal so that the full guard is present. The epithet ὁ συνετός ('the prudent/understanding') for Jehoiada underscores the priest's strategic wisdom.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησανdidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (execution of orders)→ constative aorist (completed obedience)ποιέω (aor. ἐποίησαν): 'do / perform / carry out'; renders עָשָׂה; the execution-report verb answering Jehoiada's ποιήσετε (v. 5); the captains do 'all that he commanded.'
οἱtheNominativearticle (with ἑκατόνταρχοι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑκατόνταρχοιcenturionsNominativesubject of ἐποίησαν→ participant prominenceἑκατόνταρχος (pl. ἑκατόνταρχοι): 'centurion / captain of a hundred'; the officers enlisted in v. 4 now execute the plan; note the alternate plural inflection ἑκατοντάρχαις (dat.) at vv. 10, 15.
πάνταall thingsAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησαν→ object specificationπᾶς (neut. pl. πάντα): 'all (things)'; the totality term stresses exact and complete compliance with Jehoiada's orders.
ὅσαas much asAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐνετείλατο)→ participant referenceὅσος (neut. pl. ὅσα): 'as much/many as / whatever'; renders אֲשֶׁר / כֹּל אֲשֶׁר; 'all that Jehoiada commanded.'
ἐνετείλατοcommandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (the prior command)ἐντέλλομαι (aor. mid. ἐνετείλατο): 'command'; the same verb as v. 5, here pointing back to the issued orders that are now obeyed.
ΙωδαεJehoiadasubject of ἐνετείλατο (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωδαε: Jehoiada; the priest whose orders the captains obey.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with the epithet συνετός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συνετόςprudent / understandingNominativeappositional epithet (substantized adjective: 'the prudent one')→ participant prominenceσυνετός: 'intelligent / prudent / discerning'; substantized as a title 'the wise/prudent one'; the LXX here reads an epithet where MT has הַכֹּהֵן ('the priest') — perhaps a variant Vorlage or interpretive rendering crediting Jehoiada's shrewd planning of the coup.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (distributive: 'each took')→ constative aorist (distributive with ἀνήρ)λαμβάνω (aor. ἔλαβεν): 'take'; with the distributive subject ἀνήρ ('each man took his men'); each captain musters his own company for the operation.
ἀνὴρeach manNominativedistributive subject ('each man')→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; distributive 'each (captain),' rendering אִישׁ; each officer brings his own detachment.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with ἄνδρας)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνδραςmenAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationἀνήρ (acc. pl. ἄνδρας): 'man'; each captain's 'men' = the soldiers under his command, mustered for the coup.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with ἄνδρας)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with ἄνδρας).
τοὺςthe (ones)Accusativearticle (substantizing εἰσπορευομένους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰσπορευομένουςcoming on dutyPres Mid Part Acc Pl Masc · εἰσπορεύομαιattributive participle (modifying ἄνδρας)→ progressive present participle (the on-duty watch)εἰσπορεύομαι (pres. mid. part. acc. pl. εἰσπορευομένους): 'come in / come on duty'; 'those coming on the Sabbath' = the incoming watch; paired with the outgoing watch (ἐκπορευομένων) to combine all forces.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with σάββατον; accusative of time)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σάββατονSabbathAccusativeaccusative of time (when the watch changes)→ object specificationσάββατον: 'Sabbath'; the change-of-watch day, exploited so that both incoming and outgoing divisions are present at once.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τῶνthe (ones)Genitivearticle (substantizing ἐκπορευομένων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκπορευομένωνgoing off dutyPres Mid Part Gen Pl Masc · ἐκπορεύομαιsubstantized participle (object of μετά)→ progressive present participle (the off-duty watch)ἐκπορεύομαι (pres. mid. part. gen. pl. ἐκπορευομένων): 'go out / go off duty'; 'those going off on the Sabbath' = the outgoing watch, retained rather than dismissed so the whole guard is mustered.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with σάββατον; accusative of time)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σάββατονSabbathAccusativeaccusative of time (when the watch changes)→ object specificationσάββατον: meaning 'Sabbath'; it serves as accusative of time (when the watch changes).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσῆλθενcame inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (distributive: 'each came in')→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι (aor. εἰσῆλθεν): 'come in / enter'; the captains (distributively, with ἀνήρ) present themselves with their men before Jehoiada in the temple, ready for the operation.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΙωδαεJehoiadaobject of πρός (indeclinable; case borne by the following article-noun)→ participant identificationΙωδαε: Jehoiada; indeclinable, the accusative role supplied by πρός and the apposition τὸν ἱερέα.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἱερέα, in apposition to Ιωδαε)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέαpriestAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Ιωδαε→ object specificationἱερεύς (acc. ἱερέα): 'priest'; the title reasserts Jehoiada's cultic authority at the moment the assembled forces gather to him.
10
καὶ ἔδωκεν ὁ ἱερεὺς τοῖς ἑκατοντάρχαις τοὺς σειρομάστας καὶ τοὺς τρισσοὺς τοῦ βασιλέως Δαυιδ τοὺς ἐν οἴκῳ κυρίου
And the priest gave the centurions the spears and the shields of King David that were in the house of the LORD.
Jehoiada arms the captains with the spears and shields of David stored in the temple — weapons that carry dynastic legitimacy, linking the new king to the founder of the line. The temple thus functions as both sanctuary and armory of the Davidic restoration.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (distribution of weapons)→ constative aoristδίδωμι (aor. ἔδωκεν): 'give / hand over'; renders נָתַן; Jehoiada issues the temple-stored arms to the captains; the same verb recurs at v. 12 (placing the diadem on the king).
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject of ἔδωκεν→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; Jehoiada acting in his priestly capacity, dispensing the consecrated weapons from the sanctuary.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with ἑκατοντάρχαις)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑκατοντάρχαιςcenturionsDativedative indirect object (recipients of the arms)→ sphere or referenceἑκατόνταρχος (dat. pl. ἑκατοντάρχαις): 'centurion'; here in the first-declension dative plural (a variant of the form ἑκατόνταρχοι of v. 9); the captains receive the weapons.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with σειρομάστας)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σειρομάσταςspears / lancesAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν→ object specificationσειρομάστης: 'spear / lance / pike'; a rare LXX term (cf. Num 25:7) rendering Hebrew חֲנִית ('spear'); part of David's arms kept in the temple, now distributed to the guard.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with τρισσούς)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρισσοὺςshieldsAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν (coordinate with σειρομάστας)→ object specificationτρισσός: lit. 'threefold / triple'; here substantized as a military term, the LXX rendering of Hebrew שְׁלָטִים ('shields / quivers'), apparently associating the word with the root שלשׁ ('three'); David's shields stored in the temple.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςof KingGenitivegenitive of possession (with the weapons)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): 'king'; 'of King David' — the weapons belonged to the dynasty's founder, lending dynastic legitimacy to the coup.
ΔαυιδDavidappositive to βασιλέως (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliteration of Hebrew דָּוִד (David); indeclinable; the naming of David roots the restoration in the dynastic promise — Joash is David's heir, armed with David's own weapons.
τοὺςthe (ones)Accusativearticle (introducing the attributive phrase 'in the house of the LORD')→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative, within attributive article-phrase)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative, within attributive article-phrase).
οἴκῳthe houseDativedative of place (where the arms were stored)→ sphere or referenceοἶκος (dat. οἴκῳ): 'house / temple'; the weapons were kept ἐν οἴκῳ κυρίου — the temple served as the depository of David's arms.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (with οἴκῳ)→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): surrogate for the Tetragrammaton; 'the house of the LORD' is again the staging-ground of the restoration.
11
καὶ ἔστησαν οἱ παρατρέχοντες ἀνὴρ καὶ τὸ σκεῦος αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ χειρὶ αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς ὠμίας τοῦ οἴκου τῆς δεξιᾶς ἕως τῆς ὠμίας τοῦ οἴκου τῆς εὐωνύμου τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου καὶ τοῦ οἴκου ἐπὶ τὸν βασιλέα κύκλῳ
And the runners stood, each man with his weapon in his hand, from the right shoulder of the house to the left shoulder of the house, by the altar and the house, around the king.
The deployment commanded in v. 8 is now realized: the runners take their positions, the phrase ἀνὴρ καὶ τὸ σκεῦος αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ χειρὶ αὐτοῦ ('each man with his weapon in his hand') echoing the order verbatim. The spatial sweep ἀπὸ τῆς ὠμίας … τῆς δεξιᾶς ἕως τῆς ὠμίας … τῆς εὐωνύμου ('from the right shoulder to the left shoulder of the house') forms a continuous armed arc around the king.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστησανstoodAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἵστημιmain verb (taking up positions)→ constative aorist (took their stations)ἵστημι (aor. ἔστησαν, intransitive): 'stand / take a stand / take position'; renders עָמַד; the guards take up their deployed stations around the king, executing the order of v. 8.
οἱtheNominativearticle (substantizing παρατρέχοντες)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρατρέχοντεςrunnersPres Act Part Nom Pl Masc · παρατρέχωsubstantized participle (subject of ἔστησαν)→ imperfective participle (the royal couriers/guards)παρατρέχω (pres. act. part. οἱ παρατρέχοντες): 'run alongside / escort'; 'the runners' = the royal escort-guard (Hebrew הָרָצִים), the Greek equivalent of the transliterated Ρασιμ (v. 4); they form the armed ring around the king.
ἀνὴρeach manNominativedistributive apposition ('each man')→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; distributive 'each one,' rendering אִישׁ; repeats the order of v. 8 — every guard armed and in place.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (epexegetic)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with σκεῦος)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκεῦοςweaponNominativesubject of verbless clause ('his weapon in his hand')→ participant prominenceσκεῦος: 'weapon / implement'; the military sense; the verbatim repetition of v. 8 marks the precise fulfillment of the command.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with σκεῦος)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with σκεῦος).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle (with χειρί)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρὶhandDativedative of place ('in his hand')→ sphere or referenceχείρ (dat. χειρί): 'hand'; 'weapon in his hand' — the guards stand ready, weapons drawn.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with χειρί)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with χειρί).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (starting point of the arc)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: the construction ἀπὸ … ἕως ('from … to') maps the continuous span of the cordon from one side of the temple to the other.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with ὠμίας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὠμίαςshoulder / sideGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (starting flank)→ relational specificationὠμία: 'shoulder'; here architecturally 'side / flank / corner' of the building (rendering כָּתֵף, 'shoulder/side of a structure'); 'the right shoulder of the house' = the right flank of the temple.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with οἴκου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουhouseGenitivegenitive (defining ὠμίας: 'shoulder of the house')→ relational specificationοἶκος (gen. οἴκου): 'house / temple'; the temple building whose right and left flanks bound the guard-line.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with δεξιᾶς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεξιᾶςrightGenitiveattributive adjective (with ὠμίας: 'the right shoulder')→ relational specificationδεξιός (fem. δεξιά): 'right (-hand)'; renders יָמִין; marks the southern/right flank of the temple as one end of the cordon.
ἕωςtopreposition + genitive (end point of the arc)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'as far as / up to'; with ἀπό completes the spatial sweep across the temple front.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with ὠμίας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὠμίαςshoulder / sideGenitivegenitive object of ἕως (ending flank)→ relational specificationὠμία: 'shoulder / flank'; the left flank of the temple, the other terminus of the guard-line.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with οἴκου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουhouseGenitivegenitive (defining ὠμίας)→ relational specificationοἴκου: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive (defining ὠμίας).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with εὐωνύμου)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐωνύμουleftGenitiveattributive adjective (with ὠμίας: 'the left shoulder')→ relational specificationεὐώνυμος: lit. 'of good name'; a euphemism for 'left (-hand)' (the ill-omened side, called by a favorable name); renders שְׂמֹאל; marks the northern/left flank — the cordon spans right to left across the whole temple front.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with θυσιαστηρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive of place (location of the cordon: 'by the altar')→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; renders מִזְבֵּחַ; the guard-line runs by the altar and the temple, placing the coronation in the sacred heart of the precinct.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with οἴκου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουhouseGenitivegenitive of place (with θυσιαστηρίου: 'the altar and the house')→ relational specificationοἶκος (gen. οἴκου): 'house / temple'; 'the altar and the house' together mark the sacred zone the guard secures.
ἐπὶaroundpreposition + accusative (with κύκλῳ: 'around the king')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'around'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (with κύκλῳ: 'around the king').
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the protected center)→ object specificationβασιλεύς (acc. βασιλέα): 'king'; Joash, encircled by the full armed guard at the climactic moment before his coronation.
κύκλῳall aroundDativeadverbial dative ('round about')→ sphere or referenceκύκλος (dat. κύκλῳ): adverbial 'round about / on every side'; renders סָבִיב; completes the picture of the king fully encircled by his guard, fulfilling κυκλώσατε … κύκλῳ of v. 8.
12
καὶ ἐξαπέστειλεν τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ ἔδωκεν ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸν τὸ νεζερ καὶ τὸ μαρτύριον καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν αὐτὸν καὶ ἔχρισεν αὐτόν καὶ ἐκρότησαν τῇ χειρὶ καὶ εἶπαν ζήτω ὁ βασιλεύς
And he brought out the king's son and put upon him the diadem and the testimony, and made him king and anointed him; and they clapped their hands and said, 'Long live the king!'
The dense aorist-chain (ἐξαπέστειλεν … ἔδωκεν … ἐβασίλευσεν … ἔχρισεν … ἐκρότησαν … εἶπαν) compresses the entire enthronement: bringing forth the heir, investing him with the diadem (τὸ νεζερ) and the testimony (τὸ μαρτύριον), proclaiming and anointing him king, and the popular acclamation ζήτω ὁ βασιλεύς ('Long live the king!'). This is the structural and theological peak of the chapter — the Davidic line publicly restored.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαπέστειλενbrought outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωmain verb (presenting the heir)→ constative aoristἐξαποστέλλω (aor. ἐξαπέστειλεν): 'send out / bring forth'; here 'brought out / led forth' the king's son (rendering הוֹצִיא, 'bring out'); the hidden heir is at last presented publicly for coronation.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with υἱόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱὸνsonAccusativedirect object of ἐξαπέστειλεν→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; 'the king's son' = Joash, now produced from concealment for his enthronement.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςof the kingGenitivegenitive of relationship (with υἱόν)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): 'king'; the royal sonship of Joash, the basis of his legitimacy.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενputAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (investiture)→ constative aoristδίδωμι (aor. ἔδωκεν): 'give / put / set'; here 'placed (upon him)' the diadem and testimony, rendering נָתַן (give/set); the verb of royal investiture.
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + accusative (placement; elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (placement; elided before vowel).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the king invested)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ἐπί (the king invested).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with the indeclinable νεζερ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεζερdiadem / crowndirect object of ἔδωκεν (indeclinable transliteration; case borne by τό)→ clausal contributionνεζερ: untranslated transliteration of Hebrew נֵזֶר ('consecration / diadem / crown'), the royal-priestly emblem of dedication (cf. the high priest's נֵזֶר, Exod 29:6); indeclinable, case marked by the article τό; its retention untranslated is typical of the kaige stratum; setting the νεζερ on Joash marks his consecration as king.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with μαρτύριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτύριονtestimonyAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν (coordinate with νεζερ)→ object specificationμαρτύριον: 'testimony / witness'; renders עֵדוּת; the 'testimony' given the king is probably a copy of the covenant-law (cf. Deut 17:18–20), the royal charter binding the king to the LORD's covenant; alongside the diadem it constitutes the dual emblem of legitimate Davidic kingship.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσενmade (him) kingAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (causative: enthroned him)→ constative aorist (causative/factitive sense)βασιλεύω (aor. ἐβασίλευσεν): normally 'reign / be king,' but here causative-factitive 'made (him) king / enthroned (him)' (rendering the Hiphil הִמְלִיךְ); the transitive use with αὐτόν as object marks Jehoiada's act of installing Joash.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἐβασίλευσεν→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐβασίλευσεν.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔχρισενanointedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · χρίωmain verb (anointing)→ constative aorist (sacral act)χρίω (aor. ἔχρισεν): 'anoint'; renders מָשַׁח, the verb from which מָשִׁיחַ / χριστός ('anointed one / messiah') derives; the anointing consecrates Joash as the LORD's anointed Davidic king — a deeply messianic act preserving the line from which the Messiah will come.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object of ἔχρισεν→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἔχρισεν.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκρότησανthey clappedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κροτέωmain verb (acclamation gesture)→ constative aorist (acclamatory act)κροτέω (aor. ἐκρότησαν): 'clap / strike (the hands)'; renders הִכָּה כַף ('clap the hand'); the hand-clapping is a gesture of acclamation and approval at the king's enthronement (cf. Ps 47:1).
τῇtheDativearticle (with χειρί)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρὶhandDativedative of instrument (with ἐκρότησαν: 'clapped with the hand')→ sphere or referenceχείρ (dat. χειρί): 'hand'; instrumental dative — 'they clapped with the hand,' the gesture of joyful acclamation.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (introducing acclamation)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπαν): 'say'; the Koine/LXX alpha-aorist plural εἶπαν (for classical εἶπον); introduces the coronation shout.
ζήτωlong livePres Act Impv 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb of direct speech (acclamation)→ present imperative (acclamatory wish)ζάω (pres. impv. 3 sg. ζήτω): 'live'; the third-person imperative 'let (the king) live!' renders the acclamation יְחִי הַמֶּלֶךְ ('Long live the king!'); the formal cry of allegiance to a newly enthroned monarch (cf. 1 Sam 10:24; 3 Kgdms 1:39).
ὁtheNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύςkingNominativesubject of ζήτω→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the newly crowned Joash, hailed by the assembly — the public, acclamatory recognition of the restored Davidic monarch.
13
καὶ ἤκουσεν Γοθολια τὴν φωνὴν τῶν τρεχόντων τοῦ λαοῦ καὶ εἰσῆλθεν πρὸς τὸν λαὸν εἰς οἶκον κυρίου
And Athaliah heard the sound of the people running, and she came in to the people at the house of the LORD.
The narrative pivots back to Athaliah, absent since v. 3. Her perception (ἤκουσεν, parallel to εἶδεν of v. 1) of the noise of the running crowd draws her unwittingly into the temple, the seat of her undoing. The reversal is pointed: the queen who destroyed the royal seed now walks into the restoration of the heir she missed.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤκουσενheardAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (perception drawing her in)→ constative aorist (single act of hearing)ἀκούω (aor. ἤκουσεν): 'hear / perceive'; renders שָׁמַע; Athaliah's hearing the tumult parallels her 'seeing' in v. 1 — each perception triggers a fateful move; here it draws her into the trap.
ΓοθολιαAthaliahNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΓοθολια: Athaliah; the usurper re-enters the narrative at the moment her reign is being undone.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with φωνήν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φωνὴνsound / noiseAccusativedirect object of ἤκουσεν→ object specificationφωνή: 'sound / voice / noise'; renders קוֹל; the 'noise of the running people' is the clamor of the acclamation (v. 12), which betrays the coup to Athaliah.
τῶνof the (ones)Genitivearticle (substantizing τρεχόντων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρεχόντωνrunningPres Act Part Gen Pl Masc · τρέχωattributive participle (with τοῦ λαοῦ: 'the people running')→ progressive present participle (the crowd in motion)τρέχω (pres. act. part. gen. pl. τρεχόντων): 'run'; renders רוּץ; the running crowd (perhaps including the runners/παρατρέχοντες) makes the commotion Athaliah hears; the genitive depends on φωνήν.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with λαοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive (defining τρεχόντων: 'the running of the people')→ relational specificationλαός (gen. λαοῦ): 'people'; renders עַם; the assembled populace whose acclamatory tumult reaches the palace.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσῆλθενcame inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (her fatal entry)→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι (aor. εἰσῆλθεν): 'come in / enter'; Athaliah enters the temple, the very place of the heir's preservation and her own undoing — a dramatic irony.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with λαόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸνpeopleAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationλαός (acc. λαόν): 'people'; she goes 'to the people' gathered in the temple court.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (εἰς οἶκον κυρίου)→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / temple'; she enters 'into the house of the LORD' — the sanctuary where Joash was hidden and is now enthroned.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (with οἶκον)→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): surrogate for the Tetragrammaton; 'the house of the LORD' is the stage of Athaliah's discovery and downfall.
14
καὶ εἶδεν καὶ ἰδοὺ ὁ βασιλεὺς εἱστήκει ἐπὶ τοῦ στύλου κατὰ τὸ κρίμα καὶ οἱ ᾠδοὶ καὶ αἱ σάλπιγγες πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα καὶ πᾶς ὁ λαὸς τῆς γῆς χαίρων καὶ σαλπίζων ἐν σάλπιγξιν καὶ διέρρηξεν Γοθολια τὰ ἱμάτια ἑαυτῆς καὶ ἐβόησεν σύνδεσμος σύνδεσμος
And she looked, and behold, the king stood by the pillar according to the custom, and the singers and the trumpets before the king, and all the people of the land rejoicing and sounding trumpets; and Athaliah tore her garments and cried out, 'Conspiracy! Conspiracy!'
The deictic καὶ ἰδού ('and behold') renders the Hebrew וְהִנֵּה, shifting to Athaliah's point of view as she takes in the coronation tableau: the king by the pillar 'according to the custom,' the singers and trumpets, and the rejoicing people. Her response — tearing her garments and the doubled cry σύνδεσμος σύνδεσμος ('Conspiracy! Conspiracy!') — is the climactic recognition of her own defeat.
Word-by-word analysis· 43 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδενshe lookedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (perception)→ constative aoristὁράω (aor. εἶδεν): 'see / look'; Athaliah's seeing the coronation scene; the verb forms an inclusio with εἶδεν of v. 1 — her story opens and closes with a fatal seeing.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (with deictic ἰδού)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholddeictic interjection (introducing the viewed scene)→ clausal contributionἰδού: 'behold / look'; frozen aorist imperative of ὁράω used as a presentative interjection; renders הִנֵּה; shifts the narrative to Athaliah's vantage, dramatizing the tableau she beholds.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject of εἱστήκει→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the newly crowned Joash, standing in the place of royal ceremony — the sight that reveals to Athaliah that her reign is over.
εἱστήκειstood / was standingPlpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (descriptive stance)→ pluperfect with imperfect/stative force ('was standing')ἵστημι (plpf. εἱστήκει): the pluperfect of ἵστημι functions as a stative imperfect, 'was standing / stood'; renders עֹמֵד; depicts the king fixed in his ceremonial position at the pillar.
ἐπὶby / atpreposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with στύλου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στύλουpillarGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (position: 'by the pillar')→ relational specificationστῦλος: 'pillar / column'; renders עַמּוּד; the king's standing 'by the pillar' (perhaps one of the temple pillars Jachin/Boaz, or the royal station) is the customary place for the monarch (cf. 4 Kgdms 23:3).
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm: 'according to')→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (norm: 'according to').
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with κρίμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρίμαcustom / ordinanceAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (norm: 'according to the custom')→ object specificationκρίμα: 'judgment / ordinance / custom'; here 'according to the custom/usage' (rendering מִשְׁפָּט, which can mean 'manner / customary practice'); the king stands in the proper, prescribed coronation position.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with ᾠδοί)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ᾠδοὶsingersNominativesubject of verbless clause ('the singers ... before the king')→ participant prominenceᾠδός: 'singer'; renders שָׁרִים / מְשֹׁרְרִים; the temple singers join the trumpets in the coronation celebration; some read the kaige here as 'the officers' (שָׂרִים), but the Greek ᾠδοί reflects 'singers.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheNominativearticle (with σάλπιγγες)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σάλπιγγεςtrumpetsNominativesubject of verbless clause (with ᾠδοί)→ participant prominenceσάλπιγξ (pl. σάλπιγγες): 'trumpet'; renders חֲצֹצְרוֹת; trumpets accompanied royal acclamations and temple worship (cf. Num 10; Ps 98:6); their presence marks the festal, cultic character of the coronation.
πρὸςbefore / besidepreposition + accusative (proximity: 'beside the king')→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (proximity: 'beside the king').
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationβασιλεύς (acc. βασιλέα): 'king'; the singers and trumpeters are stationed 'beside the king,' surrounding Joash with festal sound.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶςallNominativeadjective (with λαός)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; 'all the people of the land' — the whole populace participates in the joyful acclamation, signaling broad popular support for the restoration.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with λαός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject (with participles χαίρων, σαλπίζων)→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; ὁ λαὸς τῆς γῆς ('the people of the land') is a recurring phrase in the chapter (vv. 14, 18, 19, 20) denoting the free citizenry of Judah who back the Davidic restoration against the usurper.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with γῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive (defining λαός: 'people of the land')→ relational specificationγῆ (gen. γῆς): 'land'; 'the people of the land' (עַם הָאָרֶץ) = the landed citizenry of Judah, here the supporters of the legitimate king.
χαίρωνrejoicingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · χαίρωpredicate participle (with λαός)→ progressive present participle (ongoing rejoicing)χαίρω (pres. act. part. χαίρων): 'rejoice / be glad'; renders שָׂמֵחַ; the people's joy at the coronation; its cognate ἐχάρη closes the chapter (v. 20), framing the restoration in joy.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σαλπίζωνsounding trumpetsPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · σαλπίζωpredicate participle (with λαός, coordinate with χαίρων)→ progressive present participle (ongoing trumpet-blowing)σαλπίζω (pres. act. part. σαλπίζων): 'blow a trumpet / sound the trumpet'; cognate of σάλπιγξ; the festal trumpet-blast accompanying the acclamation.
ἐνwith / onpreposition + dative (instrument)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrument).
σάλπιγξινtrumpetsDativedative of instrument (with σαλπίζων: 'on trumpets')→ sphere or referenceσάλπιγξ (dat. pl. σάλπιγξιν): 'trumpet'; the instrumental ἐν σάλπιγξιν (a Hebraizing ἐν of instrument, rendering בַּחֲצֹצְרוֹת) intensifies the festal soundscape.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Athaliah's reaction)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διέρρηξενtoreAor Act Indic 3 Sg · διαρρήσσωmain verb (gesture of distress)→ constative aoristδιαρρήσσω (aor. διέρρηξεν): 'tear / rend (in pieces)'; renders קָרַע; the tearing of garments is the conventional gesture of grief, alarm, or outrage (cf. Gen 37:29); here it expresses Athaliah's horror and impotent fury at the coup.
ΓοθολιαAthaliahNominativesubject of διέρρηξεν→ participant prominenceΓοθολια: Athaliah; her reaction marks her recognition of total defeat.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ἱμάτια)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάτιαgarmentsAccusativedirect object of διέρρηξεν→ object specificationἱμάτιον (pl. ἱμάτια): 'garment / cloak'; renders בֶּגֶד; the rent garments are the visible sign of her distress and her loss of royal dignity.
ἑαυτῆςher ownGenitivereflexive genitive of possession (with ἱμάτια)→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ (fem. gen. ἑαυτῆς): reflexive pronoun 'her own'; emphasizes that she tears her own garments — the self-directed gesture of one undone.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβόησενcried outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βοάωmain verb (introducing her shout)→ constative aoristβοάω (aor. ἐβόησεν): 'cry out / shout'; renders קָרָא / זָעַק; introduces Athaliah's frantic cry — the last words of the doomed queen.
σύνδεσμοςconspiracyNominativeexclamatory nominative (direct speech)→ participant prominenceσύνδεσμος: 'bond / band / conspiracy'; renders Hebrew קֶשֶׁר ('conspiracy / treasonous plot'); the cry 'Conspiracy!' is Athaliah's accusation of treason — ironic, since she herself is the usurper and murderer of the rightful line.
σύνδεσμοςconspiracyNominativeexclamatory nominative (emphatic repetition)→ participant prominenceσύνδεσμος: the doubled cry σύνδεσμος σύνδεσμος ('Conspiracy! Conspiracy!') renders the emphatic Hebrew קֶשֶׁר קָשֶׁר; the repetition conveys her panic and outrage — the futile protest of the deposed usurper.
15
καὶ ἐνετείλατο Ιωδαε ὁ ἱερεὺς τοῖς ἑκατοντάρχαις τοῖς ἐπισκόποις τῆς δυνάμεως καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς ἐξαγάγετε αὐτὴν ἔσωθεν τῶν σαδηρωθ καὶ ὁ εἰσπορευόμενος ὀπίσω αὐτῆς θανάτῳ θανατωθήσεται ῥομφαίᾳ ὅτι εἶπεν ὁ ἱερεύς καὶ μὴ ἀποθάνῃ ἐν οἴκῳ κυρίου
And Jehoiada the priest commanded the centurions, the overseers of the force, and said to them, 'Bring her out from within the ranks, and whoever follows after her shall be put to death by the sword'; for the priest said, 'Let her not die in the house of the LORD.'
Jehoiada issues his second command (cf. v. 5), now for Athaliah's removal. The order ἐξαγάγετε αὐτὴν ἔσωθεν τῶν σαδηρωθ ('bring her out from within the ranks') reuses the σαδηρωθ of v. 8; the lethal rule for any who follow her (θανάτῳ θανατωθήσεται, an emphatic cognate) echoes v. 8's ἀποθανεῖται. The priest's concern μὴ ἀποθάνῃ ἐν οἴκῳ κυρίου ('let her not die in the house of the LORD') reflects the law against defiling the sanctuary with bloodshed.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνετείλατοcommandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιmain verb (speech-introducing)→ constative aorist (authoritative order)ἐντέλλομαι (aor. mid. ἐνετείλατο): 'command / give orders'; the same verb as vv. 5, 9; Jehoiada again directs the captains, now to dispose of the usurper.
ΙωδαεJehoiadasubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωδαε: Jehoiada; the priest who controls the whole operation, here ordering Athaliah's execution outside the sacred precinct.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativenominative in apposition to Ιωδαε→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; the title is pointedly present as Jehoiada acts to protect the sanctuary from defilement by Athaliah's blood.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with ἑκατοντάρχαις)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑκατοντάρχαιςcenturionsDativedative indirect object (those commanded)→ sphere or referenceἑκατόνταρχος (dat. pl. ἑκατοντάρχαις): 'centurion'; the captains, now directed to remove Athaliah.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with ἐπισκόποις)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπισκόποιςoverseersDativedative in apposition to ἑκατοντάρχαις→ sphere or referenceἐπίσκοπος: 'overseer / officer / commander'; renders פְּקֻדּוֹת / פְּקִידֵי; in apposition to the centurions, 'the overseers of the force' clarifies their command rank over the army.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with δυνάμεως)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνάμεωςforce / armyGenitivegenitive (with ἐπισκόποις: 'overseers of the force')→ relational specificationδύναμις (gen. δυνάμεως): 'power / military force / army'; renders חַיִל; here 'the force / the army,' the troops over which the centurions are overseers.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (introducing direct speech)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπεν): 'say'; introduces Jehoiada's direct order; the doubled 'commanded ... and said' is Hebraizing fullness.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
αὐτούςthemAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the captains)→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (the captains).
ἐξαγάγετεbring outAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἐξάγωmain verb of direct speech (imperative)→ aorist imperative (decisive order)ἐξάγω (aor. impv. ἐξαγάγετε): 'lead out / bring out'; renders הוֹצִיא; the command to remove Athaliah from the sacred precinct before executing her.
αὐτὴνherAccusativedirect object of ἐξαγάγετε→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐξαγάγετε.
ἔσωθενfrom withinadverb/preposition + genitive (source: 'from within')→ spatial or relational framingἔσωθεν: 'from within / inside'; renders מִבֵּית ('from within / inside of'); 'out from within the ranks' — she is to be escorted beyond the guard-lines before being killed.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with the indeclinable σαδηρωθ)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σαδηρωθranks / precinctsgenitive object of ἔσωθεν (indeclinable transliteration; case borne by τῶν)→ clausal contributionσαδηρωθ: transliteration of Hebrew שְׂדֵרוֹת ('ranks / rows'); the same term as v. 8; here 'from within the ranks' — Athaliah is led out past the lines of the guard so she dies outside the sanctuary.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (lethal rule)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁthe (one)Nominativearticle (substantizing εἰσπορευόμενος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰσπορευόμενοςthe one who goesPres Mid Part Nom Sg Masc · εἰσπορεύομαιsubstantized participle (subject of θανατωθήσεται)→ generic present participle (whoever follows)εἰσπορεύομαι (pres. mid. part. εἰσπορευόμενος): 'go in / follow'; here 'whoever follows after her' — anyone attempting to rescue or accompany Athaliah; echoes the lethal rule of v. 8.
ὀπίσωafterpreposition + genitive (after: 'behind/after her')→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'after / behind'; renders אַחֲרֵי; 'whoever goes after her' = any would-be defender.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive object of ὀπίσω→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ὀπίσω.
θανάτῳwith deathDativecognate dative (Hebraism: emphatic with θανατωθήσεται)→ sphere or referenceθάνατος (dat. θανάτῳ): 'death'; the cognate dative θανάτῳ θανατωθήσεται renders the Hebrew emphatic infinitive absolute מוֹת יוּמָת ('he shall surely be put to death'); the dativus cognatus intensifies the certainty of the sentence.
θανατωθήσεταιshall be put to deathFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · θανατόωmain verb (legislative future with cognate dative)→ legislative future (mandatory penalty)θανατόω (fut. pass. θανατωθήσεται): 'be put to death'; with θανάτῳ forms the emphatic 'shall surely be put to death'; the same verb governs the chapter's death-motif (ἐθανατώθη v. 2; ἐθανάτωσαν v. 20).
ῥομφαίᾳby the swordDativedative of instrument (means of execution)→ sphere or referenceῥομφαία: 'sword / large broadsword'; renders חֶרֶב; the instrument of execution; ῥομφαία recurs at v. 20 for Athaliah's own death by the sword.
ὅτιforcausal conjunction (introducing the priest's reason)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'for / because'; introduces the narrator's explanation of Jehoiada's stipulation — to keep the sanctuary undefiled.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (the priest's stated reason)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπεν): 'say'; 'for the priest said' introduces the rationale: Athaliah must not be killed in the temple.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεύςpriestNominativesubject of εἶπεν→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; the repeated title underscores that the concern for the sanctuary's purity is a properly priestly one.
καὶand / namelyconjunction (introducing the content of the priest's words)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here introducing the substance of what the priest said ('namely, let her not die...'), a Hebraizing continuation.
μὴnotnegative particle (with prohibitive subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: the negative of will/prohibition; with the subjunctive ἀποθάνῃ expresses 'let her not die.'
ἀποθάνῃlet (her) dieAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωprohibitive subjunctive (the priest's stipulation)→ prohibitive aorist subjunctive ('let her not die')ἀποθνῄσκω (aor. subj. ἀποθάνῃ): 'die'; the prohibitive subjunctive μὴ ἀποθάνῃ ('let her not die') voices the priest's insistence that no execution defile the sanctuary — the temple, refuge of the king, must not become a place of bloodshed.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
οἴκῳthe houseDativedative of place (ἐν οἴκῳ κυρίου)→ sphere or referenceοἶκος (dat. οἴκῳ): 'house / temple'; the LORD's house is to be kept free of Athaliah's blood, hence her removal beyond the ranks before execution.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (with οἴκῳ)→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): surrogate for the Tetragrammaton; the sanctity of 'the house of the LORD' grounds the priest's stipulation.
16
καὶ ἐπέθηκαν αὐτῇ χεῖρας καὶ εἰσῆλθεν ὁδὸν εἰσόδου τῶν ἵππων οἴκου τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ ἀπέθανεν ἐκεῖ
And they laid hands on her, and she went by the way of the entrance of the horses to the king's house, and she died there.
The terse aorist-chain (ἐπέθηκαν … εἰσῆλθεν … ἀπέθανεν) executes Jehoiada's order with grim economy. Athaliah is seized and led to the horses' entrance of the palace, where she dies — outside the temple, as the priest required (v. 15). Her death at the place of the king's horses is a fitting end for the usurper, away from the sanctuary she had violated.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέθηκανthey laidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (seizure)→ constative aoristἐπιτίθημι (aor. ἐπέθηκαν): 'place upon / lay (hands) on'; the idiom ἐπιτιθέναι χεῖρας ('lay hands on') here means to seize forcibly (rendering שִׂים יָד / שָׁלַח יָד); the guards arrest Athaliah.
αὐτῇon herDativedative (with ἐπέθηκαν χεῖρας: 'laid hands on her')→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'on her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative (with ἐπέθηκαν χεῖρας: 'laid hands on her').
χεῖραςhandsAccusativedirect object of ἐπέθηκαν→ object specificationχείρ (acc. pl. χεῖρας): 'hand'; 'they laid hands on her' = they seized her; the literal sense of laying hands marks the physical arrest.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσῆλθενshe wentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (her last journey)→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι (aor. εἰσῆλθεν): 'go in / enter / proceed'; Athaliah is led along the route to the palace where she will die; the verb of entering ironically recalls her fatal entry into the temple (v. 13).
ὁδὸνby the wayAccusativeaccusative of route/way ('by the road of')→ object specificationὁδός: 'way / road'; the accusative of extent/route (ὁδὸν εἰσόδου = 'by the way of the entrance'), a Hebraism (דֶּרֶךְ מְבוֹא); specifies the path of her removal.
εἰσόδουof the entranceGenitivegenitive (defining ὁδόν: 'way of the entrance')→ relational specificationεἴσοδος (gen. εἰσόδου): 'entrance / entry'; renders מָבוֹא; the 'entrance of the horses' was a gate of the palace complex (cf. the Horse Gate, Jer 31:40; Neh 3:28).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἵππων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἵππωνhorsesGenitivegenitive (defining εἰσόδου: 'entrance of the horses')→ relational specificationἵππος (gen. pl. ἵππων): 'horse'; renders סוּס; the 'entrance of the horses' is the gate by which horses entered the palace — the place, outside the sanctuary, where the usurper meets her end.
οἴκουof the houseGenitivegenitive (defining the entrance: 'of the king's house')→ relational specificationοἶκος (gen. οἴκου): 'house / palace'; the horses' entrance belonged to οἴκου τοῦ βασιλέως, the royal palace — pointedly not the temple.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςof the kingGenitivegenitive of possession (with οἴκου)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): 'king'; 'the king's house' = the palace, the site of Athaliah's execution away from the LORD's house.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέθανενshe diedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (her death)→ constative aorist (the decisive end)ἀποθνῄσκω (aor. ἀπέθανεν): 'die'; the death of the usurper; the same root frames the chapter — the heir who 'was not put to death' (v. 2) survives, while Athaliah 'died' (v. 16) and is 'put to death' (v. 20).
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place ('there')→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; renders שָׁם; marks the place of her death — at the palace, outside the sanctuary, as Jehoiada had ordered.
17
καὶ διέθετο Ιωδαε διαθήκην ἀνὰ μέσον κυρίου καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ λαοῦ τοῦ εἶναι εἰς λαὸν τῷ κυρίῳ καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ λαοῦ
And Jehoiada made a covenant between the LORD and the king and the people, that they should be a people for the LORD, and between the king and the people.
With the usurper dead, Jehoiada enacts the great covenant — the verb διέθετο διαθήκην deliberately echoes the captains' covenant of v. 4, now extended to the whole nation. The triadic structure ἀνὰ μέσον κυρίου … τοῦ βασιλέως … τοῦ λαοῦ (a Hebraism, בֵּין … וּבֵין) re-binds the three covenant parties, with the purpose clause τοῦ εἶναι εἰς λαὸν τῷ κυρίῳ ('that they should be a people for the LORD') voicing the classic covenant formula.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διέθετοmadeAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · διατίθημιmain verb (covenant-making)→ constative aorist middle (formal covenant act)διατίθημι (aor. mid. διέθετο): 'arrange / make (a covenant)'; the idiom διατίθεμαι διαθήκην renders כָּרַת בְּרִית ('cut a covenant'); the same verb as v. 4, now framing the national covenant that re-consecrates king and people to the LORD.
ΙωδαεJehoiadasubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωδαε: Jehoiada; the priest as covenant-mediator, sealing the restoration with a covenant binding the nation to the LORD.
διαθήκηνa covenantAccusativecognate direct object of διέθετο→ object specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant'; renders בְּרִית; the great covenant LORD–king–people, the theological high point of the chapter, restoring the proper covenant order after Athaliah's apostasy.
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (in the phrase ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between')→ spatial or relational framingἀνά: in the fixed phrase ἀνὰ μέσον ('in the midst of / between'), a Hebraism rendering בֵּין; the repeated ἀνὰ μέσον structures the tripartite covenant.
μέσονthe midstAccusativeobject of ἀνά (ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between')→ object specificationμέσος (neut. μέσον): 'middle / midst'; ἀνὰ μέσον = 'between'; the first party named is the LORD himself.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive (with ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between the LORD')→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): surrogate for the Tetragrammaton; the LORD is the first and supreme party to the covenant — the bond is fundamentally between the LORD and his people, mediated through the king.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (ἀνὰ μέσον)→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ: meaning 'between'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition (ἀνὰ μέσον).
μέσονthe midstAccusativeobject of ἀνά (ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between')→ object specificationμέσον: meaning 'the midst'; it serves as object of ἀνά (ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between').
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςthe kingGenitivegenitive (with ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between the king')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): 'king'; Joash as the second covenant party — the Davidic king as the LORD's anointed representative over the people.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (ἀνὰ μέσον)→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ: meaning 'between'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition (ἀνὰ μέσον).
μέσονthe midstAccusativeobject of ἀνά (ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between')→ object specificationμέσον: meaning 'the midst'; it serves as object of ἀνά (ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between').
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with λαοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦthe peopleGenitivegenitive (with ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between the people')→ relational specificationλαός (gen. λαοῦ): 'people'; the third covenant party — the people of Judah, bound to the LORD as his covenant people.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with the infinitive εἶναι: purpose/result)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἶναιto bePres Act Inf · εἰμίarticular infinitive (purpose: 'that they should be')→ present infinitive (purpose/result of the covenant)εἰμί (pres. inf. εἶναι): 'be'; the articular infinitive τοῦ εἶναι expresses the covenant's purpose ('so as to be / that they should be'), a frequent LXX rendering of לִהְיוֹת; introduces the covenant formula.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (predicative εἰς: Hebraism)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: predicative use 'to be for / as,' a Hebraism rendering לְ; 'to be for a people to the LORD' = 'to be the LORD's people.'
λαὸνa peopleAccusativepredicate accusative (with εἰς: 'for a people')→ object specificationλαός (acc. λαόν): 'people'; the covenant formula εἶναι εἰς λαὸν τῷ κυρίῳ ('to be a people for the LORD') echoes the classic covenant statement 'I will be their God and they shall be my people' (Exod 6:7; Deut 27:9; Jer 31:33).
τῷto theDativearticle (with κυρίῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳfor the LORDDativedative of advantage/possession (with λαόν: 'a people for the LORD')→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat. κυρίῳ): surrogate for the Tetragrammaton; the dative of advantage marks the LORD as the one to whom the people belong — the goal of the whole covenant renewal.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (second covenant pairing)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (ἀνὰ μέσον)→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ: meaning 'between'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition (ἀνὰ μέσον).
μέσονthe midstAccusativeobject of ἀνά (ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between')→ object specificationμέσον: meaning 'the midst'; it serves as object of ἀνά (ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between').
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςthe kingGenitivegenitive (with ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between the king')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): 'king'; the second covenant pairing (king and people) establishes the constitutional relationship between monarch and nation alongside their shared bond to the LORD.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (ἀνὰ μέσον)→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ: meaning 'between'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition (ἀνὰ μέσον).
μέσονthe midstAccusativeobject of ἀνά (ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between')→ object specificationμέσον: meaning 'the midst'; it serves as object of ἀνά (ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between').
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with λαοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦthe peopleGenitivegenitive (with ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between the people')→ relational specificationλαός (gen. λαοῦ): 'people'; the closing member of the covenant — king and people now bound to one another under the LORD's overarching covenant.
18
καὶ εἰσῆλθεν πᾶς ὁ λαὸς τῆς γῆς εἰς οἶκον τοῦ Βααλ καὶ κατέσπασαν αὐτὸν καὶ τὰ θυσιαστήρια αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰς εἰκόνας αὐτοῦ συνέτριψαν ἀγαθῶς καὶ τὸν Ματθαν τὸν ἱερέα τοῦ Βααλ ἀπέκτειναν κατὰ πρόσωπον τῶν θυσιαστηρίων καὶ ἔθηκεν ὁ ἱερεὺς ἐπισκόπους εἰς τὸν οἶκον κυρίου
And all the people of the land went into the house of Baal and tore it down; his altars and his images they thoroughly broke in pieces, and Mattan the priest of Baal they killed before the altars; and the priest set overseers over the house of the LORD.
The covenant of v. 17 issues at once in cultic purgation: the people demolish the temple of Baal (the cult Athaliah's house had promoted), smash its altars and images, and kill its priest Mattan before the very altars — a measure-for-measure judgment. The closing note that Jehoiada sets overseers over the house of the LORD restores the proper, legitimate worship in place of the destroyed Baal cult.
Word-by-word analysis· 45 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσῆλθενwentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (singular with collective subject)→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι (aor. εἰσῆλθεν): 'go in / enter'; the singular verb with the collective subject πᾶς ὁ λαός is a common LXX/Hebrew constructio ad sensum; the people surge into the Baal temple to destroy it.
πᾶςallNominativeadjective (with λαός)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; 'all the people of the land' act together in the reform — the popular, unanimous repudiation of Baal worship.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with λαός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject of εἰσῆλθεν→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; ὁ λαὸς τῆς γῆς, the citizenry of Judah, here the agents of cultic purge.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with γῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive (defining λαός: 'people of the land')→ relational specificationγῆ (gen. γῆς): 'land'; 'the people of the land' as in v. 14.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
οἶκονthe houseAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the Baal temple)→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / temple'; here 'the house of Baal,' the rival sanctuary established under the Omride influence Athaliah represented.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with the indeclinable Βααλ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒααλBaalgenitive (with οἶκον; indeclinable, case borne by τοῦ)→ participant identificationΒααλ: transliteration of Hebrew בַּעַל ('Baal / lord'), the Canaanite storm-deity; indeclinable; 'the house of Baal' is the temple of the foreign cult promoted by Ahab's dynasty, to which Athaliah belonged.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέσπασανtore downAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κατασπάωmain verb (demolition)→ constative aoristκατασπάω (aor. κατέσπασαν): 'pull down / drag down / demolish'; renders נָתַץ; the people demolish the Baal temple — the physical undoing of the apostate cult.
αὐτὸνitAccusativedirect object of κατέσπασαν (the Baal temple)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of κατέσπασαν (the Baal temple).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with θυσιαστήρια)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριαaltarsAccusativedirect object of συνέτριψαν→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον (pl. θυσιαστήρια): 'altar'; renders מִזְבְּחוֹת; the Baal altars, instruments of the false cult, are smashed.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession (with θυσιαστήρια)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with θυσιαστήρια).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with εἰκόνας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰκόναςimagesAccusativedirect object of συνέτριψαν→ object specificationεἰκών (acc. pl. εἰκόνας): 'image / likeness / idol'; renders צְלָמִים / פְּסִילִים; the cult-images of Baal, destroyed in the purge.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession (with εἰκόνας)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with εἰκόνας).
συνέτριψανbroke in piecesAor Act Indic 3 Pl · συντρίβωmain verb (smashing the cult objects)→ constative aoristσυντρίβω (aor. συνέτριψαν): 'shatter / crush / break in pieces'; renders שִׁבֵּר; the thorough destruction of the Baal altars and images — total cultic eradication.
ἀγαθῶςthoroughly / welladverb of manner (intensifying συνέτριψαν)→ clausal contributionἀγαθῶς: 'well / thoroughly'; renders the Hebrew adverbial הֵיטֵב ('thoroughly / completely'); 'they broke them up thoroughly' — the destruction is complete and unsparing.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with the indeclinable Ματθαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜατθανMattandirect object of ἀπέκτειναν (indeclinable; case borne by τόν)→ participant identificationΜατθαν: transliteration of Hebrew מַתָּן (Mattan); indeclinable, case marked by the article τόν; the priest of Baal, killed before his own altars — a fitting judgment on the false cult's official.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἱερέα, in apposition to Ματθαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέαpriestAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Ματθαν→ object specificationἱερεύς (acc. ἱερέα): 'priest'; here the priest of Baal — pointedly contrasted with Jehoiada, ὁ ἱερεύς of the LORD, who orders the reform.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with the indeclinable Βααλ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Βααλof Baalgenitive (with ἱερέα; indeclinable, case borne by τοῦ)→ participant identificationΒααλ: Baal; Mattan is 'the priest of Baal,' the chief functionary of the cult now abolished.
ἀπέκτεινανthey killedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀποκτείνωmain verb (execution of the Baal priest)→ constative aoristἀποκτείνω (aor. ἀπέκτειναν): 'kill / slay'; renders הָרַג; the killing of Mattan before the altars completes the purge of the Baal cult.
κατὰbeforepreposition + accusative (in the phrase κατὰ πρόσωπον: 'before / in front of')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: in the phrase κατὰ πρόσωπον ('before / in front of'), a Hebraism rendering לִפְנֵי; Mattan is slain 'before the altars' he served — poetic justice.
πρόσωπονthe faceAccusativeaccusative (with κατά: 'before the face of')→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / front'; κατὰ πρόσωπον = 'before / in front of'; the Baal priest dies in front of his own altars.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with θυσιαστηρίων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίωνaltarsGenitivegenitive (with κατὰ πρόσωπον: 'before the altars')→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον (gen. pl. θυσιαστηρίων): 'altar'; the Baal altars, before which their priest is executed — the false cult judged at its own holy place.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθηκενset / appointedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb (appointment of temple overseers)→ constative aoristτίθημι (aor. ἔθηκεν): 'place / set / appoint'; renders שָׂם / נָתַן; Jehoiada appoints overseers (priestly officers) over the LORD's house, restoring legitimate worship in place of the destroyed Baal cult.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject of ἔθηκεν→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; Jehoiada, the priest of the LORD, set over against the slain priest of Baal — the restoration of true cult under legitimate priestly oversight.
ἐπισκόπουςoverseersAccusativedirect object of ἔθηκεν→ object specificationἐπίσκοπος (acc. pl. ἐπισκόπους): 'overseer / officer'; renders פְּקֻדּוֹת; the temple overseers Jehoiada installs to administer the restored worship of the LORD.
εἰςoverpreposition + accusative (sphere of oversight: 'over')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: here 'over / in charge of' (rendering עַל); the overseers are set 'over the house of the LORD.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with οἶκον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the LORD's temple)→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / temple'; the LORD's house, now properly overseen — restored from refuge-in-crisis to functioning sanctuary.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (with οἶκον)→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): surrogate for the Tetragrammaton; 'the house of the LORD,' set in deliberate contrast with 'the house of Baal' just demolished.
19
καὶ ἔλαβεν τοὺς ἑκατοντάρχους καὶ τὸν Χορρι καὶ τὸν Ρασιμ καὶ πάντα τὸν λαὸν τῆς γῆς καὶ κατήγαγον τὸν βασιλέα ἐξ οἴκου κυρίου καὶ εἰσῆλθεν ὁδὸν πύλης τῶν παρατρεχόντων οἴκου τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ ἐκάθισαν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου τῶν βασιλέων
And he took the centurions and the Carites and the runners and all the people of the land, and they brought the king down from the house of the LORD, and he came by the way of the gate of the runners to the king's house, and they seated him on the throne of the kings.
The combined company of v. 4 — captains, Carites, runners — together with all the people, escort Joash in solemn procession from the temple to the palace, where they seat him ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου τῶν βασιλέων ('on the throne of the kings'). The king moves from sanctuary to throne, the restoration now publicly and politically complete; he travels the same gate-of-the-runners route by which Athaliah was led to her death (cf. v. 16).
Word-by-word analysis· 40 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (Jehoiada assembles the escort)→ constative aoristλαμβάνω (aor. ἔλαβεν): 'take / muster'; Jehoiada (the singular subject) gathers the full company for the enthronement procession; the same verb as vv. 4, 9.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with ἑκατοντάρχους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑκατοντάρχουςcenturionsAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationἑκατόνταρχος (acc. pl. ἑκατοντάρχους): 'centurion'; the captains, again with the second-declension accusative form (as v. 4); they head the escort.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with the indeclinable Χορρι)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Χορριthe Caritesdirect object of ἔλαβεν (indeclinable; case borne by τόν)→ participant identificationΧορρι: the Carites (Hebrew כָּרִי), the royal bodyguard corps; indeclinable; reappearing from v. 4 to escort the king to his throne.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with the indeclinable Ρασιμ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ρασιμthe runnersdirect object of ἔλαβεν (indeclinable; case borne by τόν)→ participant identificationΡασιμ: the runners/couriers (Hebrew הָרָצִים), the escort-guard; indeclinable; from v. 4, here completing the royal escort.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallAccusativeadjective (with λαόν)→ object specificationπᾶς (acc. πάντα): 'all'; 'all the people of the land' join the military escort — the whole nation participates in the enthronement.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with λαόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸνpeopleAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν (coordinate)→ object specificationλαός (acc. λαόν): 'people'; ὁ λαὸς τῆς γῆς, the citizenry, in the enthronement procession.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with γῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive (defining λαόν: 'people of the land')→ relational specificationγῆ (gen. γῆς): 'land'; 'the people of the land,' the recurring designation of the loyal citizenry.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατήγαγονthey brought downAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κατάγωmain verb (procession from temple to palace)→ constative aoristκατάγω (aor. κατήγαγον): 'lead/bring down'; renders הוֹרִיד; they bring the king down from the temple (on its height) to the palace — the formal transfer from sanctuary to seat of government.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativedirect object of κατήγαγον→ object specificationβασιλεύς (acc. βασιλέα): 'king'; Joash, escorted from the temple to take his throne.
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
οἴκουthe houseGenitivegenitive object of ἐξ (ἐξ οἴκου κυρίου)→ relational specificationοἶκος (gen. οἴκου): 'house / temple'; the king is brought 'from the house of the LORD' — leaving his refuge and place of coronation for the palace.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (with οἴκου)→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): surrogate for the Tetragrammaton; the temple, from which the king now processes to his throne.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσῆλθενhe cameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (the king's entry into the palace)→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι (aor. εἰσῆλθεν): 'come in / enter'; the king enters the palace by the runners' gate — the same gate-route by which Athaliah was led out to die (v. 16), a pointed reversal of fortunes.
ὁδὸνby the wayAccusativeaccusative of route ('by the road of')→ object specificationὁδός: 'way / road'; accusative of route (ὁδὸν πύλης = 'by the way of the gate'), as in v. 16; specifies the processional path.
πύληςof the gateGenitivegenitive (defining ὁδόν: 'way of the gate')→ relational specificationπύλη (gen. πύλης): 'gate'; the 'gate of the runners' is the guards' gate of the palace, through which the king enters in state.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (substantizing παρατρεχόντων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρατρεχόντωνrunnersPres Act Part Gen Pl Masc · παρατρέχωsubstantized participle (defining πύλης: 'gate of the runners')→ imperfective participle (those who run alongside)παρατρέχω (pres. act. part. gen. pl. παρατρεχόντων): 'run alongside / escort'; 'the gate of the runners' = the gate of the escort-guard; the same corps as the transliterated Ρασιμ.
οἴκουof the houseGenitivegenitive (with πύλης: 'gate of the king's house')→ relational specificationοἶκος (gen. οἴκου): 'house / palace'; the runners' gate belonged to the royal palace, the king's destination.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςof the kingGenitivegenitive of possession (with οἴκου)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): 'king'; 'the king's house' = the palace, the seat of royal power Joash now assumes.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάθισανthey seatedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · καθίζωmain verb (enthronement)→ constative aorist (the formal installation)καθίζω (aor. ἐκάθισαν): 'cause to sit / seat / enthrone'; renders הוֹשִׁיב; the climactic act — they seat Joash on the royal throne, completing the restoration of the Davidic monarchy.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἐκάθισαν→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐκάθισαν.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with θρόνου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θρόνουthroneGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (position: 'on the throne')→ relational specificationθρόνος: 'throne'; renders כִּסֵּא; the royal throne, symbol of Davidic dynastic authority, which Joash now legitimately occupies — answering Athaliah's usurpation of v. 1.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with βασιλέων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωνof the kingsGenitivegenitive (defining θρόνου: 'throne of the kings')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. pl. βασιλέων): 'king'; 'the throne of the kings' = the dynastic throne of Judah's Davidic monarchs; the plural underscores Joash's place in the legitimate royal succession.
20
καὶ ἐχάρη πᾶς ὁ λαὸς τῆς γῆς καὶ ἡ πόλις ἡσύχασεν καὶ τὴν Γοθολιαν ἐθανάτωσαν ἐν ῥομφαίᾳ ἐν οἴκῳ τοῦ βασιλέως
And all the people of the land rejoiced, and the city was quiet; and they had put Athaliah to death by the sword at the king's house.
The closing verse resolves the chapter in joy and peace: ἐχάρη ('rejoiced', echoing χαίρων of v. 14) and ἡσύχασεν ('was quiet') signal the restored order. The final clause καὶ τὴν Γοθολιαν ἐθανάτωσαν ('and they put Athaliah to death') is a summarizing recapitulation of v. 16; the verb ἐθανάτωσαν pointedly closes the chapter's death-motif — the queen who 'destroyed' the seed (v. 1) and from whom the heir 'was not put to death' (v. 2) is herself 'put to death' (v. 20).
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐχάρηrejoicedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · χαίρωmain verb (singular with collective subject)→ constative/ingressive aorist (the people's gladness)χαίρω (aor. pass. ἐχάρη): 'rejoice / be glad'; renders שָׂמַח; the deponent aorist passive ἐχάρη expresses the people's joy at the restoration; it forms an inclusio with χαίρων (v. 14) — the chapter is framed in rejoicing.
πᾶςallNominativeadjective (with λαός)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; 'all the people of the land' rejoice — universal gladness at the restored Davidic king.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with λαός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject of ἐχάρη→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; the citizenry, whose joy seals the chapter's resolution.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with γῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive (defining λαός: 'people of the land')→ relational specificationγῆ (gen. γῆς): 'land'; the final occurrence of ὁ λαὸς τῆς γῆς, the loyal citizenry whose joy crowns the restoration.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with πόλις)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλιςcityNominativesubject of ἡσύχασεν→ participant prominenceπόλις: 'city'; renders עִיר; Jerusalem, which 'was quiet' once the usurper was removed — the peace following the bloodless (within the city) transfer of power.
ἡσύχασενwas quietAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἡσυχάζωmain verb (the restored calm)→ ingressive aorist ('became quiet / fell silent')ἡσυχάζω (aor. ἡσύχασεν): 'be still / be quiet / rest'; renders שָׁקַט; the city's quiet marks the end of turmoil and the stability of the new reign — a standard formula for political peace (cf. Judg 3:11; 5:31).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (summarizing recapitulation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνthe / —Accusativearticle (with the name Γοθολιαν, marking accusative object; fronted for emphasis)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓοθολιανAthaliahAccusativedirect object of ἐθανάτωσαν (fronted: 'Athaliah they put to death')→ object specificationΓοθολια (acc. Γοθολιαν): Athaliah; the accusative form confirms the name is declined; her fronting before the verb gives the closing notice emphatic finality — the usurper's fate is the chapter's last word but one.
ἐθανάτωσανthey put to deathAor Act Indic 3 Pl · θανατόωmain verb (recapitulating her execution)→ constative aorist (summary of v. 16)θανατόω (aor. ἐθανάτωσαν): 'put to death'; recapitulates Athaliah's execution (v. 16); the verb closes the chapter's θανατόω-motif — the heir 'was not put to death' (οὐκ ἐθανατώθη, v. 2), but the usurper is (ἐθανάτωσαν), a precise reversal sealing the restoration.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (instrument: Hebraizing ἐν)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: instrumental 'by / with,' a Hebraism rendering בְּ; 'by the sword.'
ῥομφαίᾳthe swordDativedative of instrument (with ἐν: 'by the sword')→ sphere or referenceῥομφαία: 'sword / broadsword'; renders חֶרֶב; the instrument of Athaliah's execution, as Jehoiada had decreed (v. 15).
ἐνatpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
οἴκῳthe houseDativedative of place (ἐν οἴκῳ τοῦ βασιλέως)→ sphere or referenceοἶκος (dat. οἴκῳ): 'house / palace'; she was killed 'at the king's house' (the palace), not in the temple — exactly as the priest required (v. 15), so the sanctuary remained undefiled.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςof the kingGenitivegenitive of possession (with οἴκῳ)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): 'king'; 'the king's house' = the palace, the place of Athaliah's death — the chapter ends with the usurper dead at the seat of power now rightfully restored to David's heir.