1
καὶ τούτου τὸν ἀοίδιμον θάνατον καρτερήσαντος ὁ τρίτος ἤγετο παρακαλούμενος πολλὰ ὑπὸ πολλῶν ὅπως ἀπογευσάμενος σῴζοιτο
And after this brother had endured his memorable death, the third was led in, while many urged him repeatedly to taste the meat and so be saved.
The narrative moves straight from the second martyr to the third, emphasizing continuity of witness and the ongoing pressure to exchange fidelity for life.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τούτουfor thisRD GSM · οὗτοςgenitive object in the idiom τούτου χάριν→ relational specificationτούτου: meaning 'for this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object in the idiom τούτου χάριν.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle with λαόν→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀοίδιμονἀοίδιμονA1B ASM · ἀοίδιμοςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectἀοίδιμος: meaning 'ἀοίδιμον'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
θάνατονdeath / pestilenceN2 ASM · θάνατοςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationθάνατος: meaning 'death'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καρτερήσαντοςwait steadfastlyVA · ααπγσμ καρτερέωfinite verb governing the clauseααπγσμ καρτερέω: meaning 'wait steadfastly'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρίτοςthirdA1 NSM · τρίτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterτρίτος: meaning 'third'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ἤγετοwas ledV1I IMI3S · ἄγωmain verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertionἄγω: meaning 'was led'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertion.
παρακαλούμενοςπαρακαλούμενοςV2 · πππνσμ καλέω + παραfinite verb governing the clauseπππνσμ καλέω + παρα: meaning 'παρακαλούμενος'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
πολλὰmuchA1 APN · πολύςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ object specificationπολύς: meaning 'much'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
ὑπὸbyP · ὑπόpreposition introducing the agent of the passive infinitive→ spatial or relational framingὑπὸ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing the agent of the passive infinitive.
πολλῶνmanyA1 GPM · πολύςmodifier of τόπων→ relational specificationπολύς: meaning 'many'; it serves as modifier of τόπων.
ὅπωςso thatC · ὅπωςconjunction introducing purpose→ discourse linkage or contrastὅπως: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπογευσάμενοςἀπογευσάμενοςVA · αμπνσμ γεύω + ἀποfinite verb governing the clauseαμπνσμ γεύω + ἀπο: meaning 'ἀπογευσάμενος'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
σῴζοιτοsaveV1 PMO3S · σώζωfinite verb governing the clauseσώζω: meaning 'save'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
2
ὁ δὲ ἀναβοήσας ἔφη ἀγνοεῖτε ὅτι αὑτός με τοῖς ἀποθανοῦσιν ἔσπειρεν πατήρ καὶ ἡ αὐτὴ μήτηρ ἐγέννησεν καὶ ἐπὶ τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἀνετράφην δόγμασιν
But he cried out and said, 'Do you not know that the same father planted me with those who are dying, and the same mother gave me birth, and I was brought up in the same convictions?'
The brother roots his resolve in shared parentage and formation; martyrdom is presented not as private heroism but as the fruit of a household schooled in the same convictions.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcontrastive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναβοήσαςἀναβοήσαςVA · ααπνσμ βοάω + ἀναfinite verb governing the clause→ verbal action or stateααπνσμ βοάω + ἀνα: meaning 'ἀναβοήσας'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ἔφηsaidV6I IAI3S · φημίmain verbφημί: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb.
ἀγνοεῖτεcommitted folly / erredV2 PAI2P · ἀγνοέωfinite verb governing the clauseἀγνοέω: meaning 'committed folly'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconjunction introducing reported content→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὑτόςhimself / themselvesRD NSM · ἑαυτοῦnominative term functioning in the clause coreἑαυτοῦ: meaning 'himself'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
τοῖςfor theRA DPM · ὁarticle with ἀδελφοῖς in the dative of dedication→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀποθανοῦσινἀποθανοῦσινV1 · παπδπμ θνήσκω + ἀποfinite verb governing the clauseπαπδπμ θνήσκω + ἀπο: meaning 'ἀποθανοῦσιν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ἔσπειρενyou shall sowVAI AAI3S · σπείρωfinite verb governing the clauseσπείρω: meaning 'you shall sow'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
πατήρfatherN3 NSM · πατήρnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ participant prominenceπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle with παρεμβολὴ→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτὴhe, she, itRD NSF · αὐτόςpronominal modifier / argument→ participant referenceαὐτὴ: meaning 'he, she, it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal modifier / argument.
μήτηρmotherN3 NSF · μήτηρmother-term anchoring a branch of descent→ participant prominenceμήτηρ: meaning 'mother'; it serves as mother-term anchoring a branch of descent.
ἐγέννησενbegetVAI AAI3S · γεννάωfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause action→ constative aorist (genealogical begetting notice)γεννάω: meaning 'beget'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶoverP · ἐπίpreposition governing the accusative→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the accusative.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle with ὀχυρώμασιν→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτοῖςaytoisRD DPN · αὐτόςpronominal term functioning in a dat relation→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'aytois'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal term functioning in a dat relation.
ἀνετράφηνἀνετράφηνVDI API1S · τρέφω + ἀναfinite verb governing the clause→ received wisdom and human limitationτρέφω + ἀνα: meaning 'ἀνετράφην'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
δόγμασινconvictionsN3M DPN · δόγμαdative term marking reference, means, or indirect objectδόγμα: meaning 'convictions'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, or indirect object.
3
οὐκ ἐξόμνυμαι τὴν εὐγενῆ τῆς ἀδελφότητος συγγένειαν
'I do not renounce the noble kinship of the brotherhood.'
The key term is brotherhood understood nobly: he refuses to break the kinship that binds the martyrs into one common testimony.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
οὐκnotD · οὐnegator with ἀπέστειλα→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐξόμνυμαιἐξόμνυμαιV5 PMI1S · ὄμνυμι + ἐκfinite verb governing the clauseὄμνυμι + ἐκ: meaning 'ἐξόμνυμαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle with χώραν→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐγενῆeugenesA3H ASF · εὐγενήςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectεὐγενής: meaning 'eugenes'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle with ψυχῆς→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφότητοςbrotherhoodN3T GSF · ἀδελφότηςsecond object of περὶἀδελφότης: meaning 'brotherhood'; it serves as second object of περὶ.
συγγένειανkinshipN1A ASF · συγγένειαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complementσυγγένεια: meaning 'kinship'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
5
οἱ δὲ πικρῶς ἐνέγκαντες τὴν παρρησίαν τοῦ ἀνδρὸς ἀρθρεμβόλοις ὀργάνοις τὰς χεῖρας αὐτοῦ καὶ τοὺς πόδας ἐξήρθρουν καὶ ἐξ ἁρμῶν ἀναμοχλεύοντες ἐξεμέλιζον
Then, taking the man's boldness bitterly, they dislocated his hands and feet with joint-rending instruments and, prying him from his sockets, tore him limb from limb.
The torturers answer frank speech with technical cruelty, and the language lingers over the dislocation of joints to underline the extremity of the violence.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle with ἀδελφοί→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcontrastive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πικρῶςπικρῶςD · πικρῶςindeclinable modifier contributing connective or adverbial force→ discourse linkage or contrastπικρῶς: meaning 'πικρῶς'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνέγκαντεςbringVA · ααπνπμ φέρωfinite verb governing the clauseααπνπμ φέρω: meaning 'bring'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle with χώραν→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρρησίανpublic boldnessN1A ASF · παρρησίαaccusative term functioning as complement or object→ oath of innocence and wicked destinyπαρρησία: meaning 'public boldness'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle with πατρός→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνδρὸςmanN3 GSM · ἀνήρgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
ἀρθρεμβόλοιςἀρθρεμβόλοιςN2N DPN · ἀρθρέμβολονdative term marking reference, means, or indirect objectἀρθρέμβολον: meaning 'ἀρθρεμβόλοις'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, or indirect object.
ὀργάνοιςinstrumentN2N DPN · ὄργανονdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or locationὄργανον: meaning 'instrument'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle with στενοχωρίας→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραςhandsN3 APF · χείρcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςobject of μετά→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of μετά.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle with πολέμους→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόδαςpoysN3D APM · πούςaccusative object / complement within the clause→ object specificationπούς: meaning 'poys'; it serves as accusative object / complement within the clause.
ἐξήρθρουνἐξήρθρουνV4I IAI3P · ἀρθρόω + ἐκfinite verb governing the clauseἀρθρόω + ἐκ: meaning 'ἐξήρθρουν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing αὐτῆς→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing αὐτῆς.
ἁρμῶνἁρμῶνN2 GPM · ἁρμόςgenitive modifier within the phrase→ relational specificationἁρμός: meaning 'ἁρμῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ἀναμοχλεύοντεςἀναμοχλεύοντεςV1 · παπνπμ μοχλεύω + ἀναfinite verb governing the clauseπαπνπμ μοχλεύω + ἀνα: meaning 'ἀναμοχλεύοντες'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ἐξεμέλιζονἐξεμέλιζονV1I IAI3P · μελίζω + ἐκfinite verb governing the clauseμελίζω + ἐκ: meaning 'ἐξεμέλιζον'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
6
τοὺς δακτύλους καὶ τοὺς βραχίονας καὶ τὰ σκέλη καὶ τοὺς ἀγκῶνας περιέκλων
They bent back his fingers and his arms and his legs and his elbows.
The catalog of body parts slows the scene and makes the assault concrete, showing the deliberate dismantling of the martyr's body.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle with πολέμους→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δακτύλουςfingerN2 APM · δάκτυλοςaccusative term functioning as complement or object→ object specificationδάκτυλος: meaning 'finger'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle with πολέμους→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βραχίοναςβραχίωνN3N APM · βραχίωνaccusative term functioning as complement or object→ object specificationβραχίων: meaning 'βραχίων'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle with ἔθνη→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκέλησκέληN3E APN · σκέλοςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectσκέλος: meaning 'σκέλη'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle with πολέμους→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγκῶναςἀγκώνN3N APM · ἀγκώνaccusative term functioning as complement or objectἀγκών: meaning 'ἀγκών'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
περιέκλωνπεριέκλωνV3I IAI3P · κλάω + περιfinite verb governing the clauseκλάω + περι: meaning 'περιέκλων'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
7
καὶ κατὰ μηδένα τρόπον ἰσχύοντες αὐτὸν ἄγξαι περιλύσαντες τὰ ὄργανα σὺν ἄκραις ταῖς τῶν δακτύλων κορυφαῖς ἀπεσκύθιζον
And when in no way were they able to strangle him, they stripped off the devices and flayed away the skin together with the very tips of his fingers.
When one form of torture fails to break him, the executioners improvise, exposing the tyrant's rage and the martyr's continued steadfastness.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατὰoppositeP · κατάpreposition governing the accusative→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'opposite'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the accusative.
μηδέναno one / nothingA3 ASM · μηδείςadjectival or substantival modifier functioning as a accusative complement→ object specificationμηδείς: meaning 'no one'; it serves as adjectival or substantival modifier functioning as a accusative complement.
τρόπονformN2 ASM · τρόποςObject naming the pattern of the prayer.→ object specificationτρόπος: meaning 'form'; it serves as Object naming the pattern of the prayer.
ἰσχύοντεςπαπνπμ ισχυωV1 · παπνπμ ἰσχύωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ participleπαπνπμ ἰσχύω: meaning 'παπνπμ ισχυω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςobject of πρός→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of πρός.
ἄγξαιἄγξαιVA AAN · ἄγχωcomplementary infinitive within the clause→ infinitival complementἄγχω: meaning 'ἄγξαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as complementary infinitive within the clause.
περιλύσαντεςπεριλύσαντεςVA · ααπνπμ λύω + περιfinite verb governing the clauseααπνπμ λύω + περι: meaning 'περιλύσαντες'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle with ἔθνη→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄργαναinstrumentsN2N APN · ὄργανονdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ object specificationὄργανον: meaning 'instruments'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
σὺνwithP · σύνpreposition governing γυναιξὶν→ spatial or relational framingσὺν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing γυναιξὶν.
ἄκραιςtips / endsA1A DPF · ἄκροςdative term marking reference, means, or indirect objectἄκρος: meaning 'tips'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, or indirect object.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle with πανοπλίαις→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle with νόμων→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δακτύλωνfingerN2 GPM · δάκτυλοςgenitive modifier within the phrase→ relational specificationδάκτυλος: meaning 'finger'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
κορυφαῖςsummitN1 DPF · κορυφήDative complementκορυφή: meaning 'summit'; it serves as Dative complement.
ἀπεσκύθιζονἀπεσκύθιζονV1I IAI3P · σκυθίζω + ἀποfinite verb governing the clauseσκυθίζω + ἀπο: meaning 'ἀπεσκύθιζον'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
8
καὶ εὐθέως ἦγον ἐπὶ τὸν τροχόν περὶ ὃν ἐκ σπονδύλων ἐκμελιζόμενος ἑώρα τὰς ἑαυτοῦ σάρκας περιλακιζομένας καὶ κατὰ σπλάγχνων σταγόνας αἵματος ἀπορρεούσας
And immediately they brought him to the wheel, on which, while his limbs were being wrenched from the vertebrae, he saw his own flesh being torn all around and drops of blood streaming down from his entrails.
The wheel scene heightens the horror, yet the narration remains controlled; bodily dissolution is made to serve the demonstration of rational endurance.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐθέωςimmediatelyD · εὐθέωςadverbial modifier qualifying manner, time, degree, or discourse flow→ eliphaz: repentance and divine healingεὐθέως: meaning 'immediately'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἦγονkeepV1I IAI3P · ἄγωverbal element carrying the clause's action or process→ imperfective past: portrays continuing or repeated actionἄγω: meaning 'keep'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element carrying the clause's action or process.
ἐπὶoverP · ἐπίpreposition governing the accusative→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the accusative.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle with λαόν→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τροχόνwheelN2 ASM · τροχόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement→ object specificationτροχός: meaning 'wheel'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement.
περὶforP · περίpreposition governing the genitive→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the genitive.
ὃνwhichRR ASM · ὅςrelative pronoun introducing the clause modifying τάφος→ participant referenceὃν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun introducing the clause modifying τάφος.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the genitive.
σπονδύλωνσπονδύλωνN2 GPM · σπόνδυλοςgenitive modifier within the phraseσπόνδυλος: meaning 'σπονδύλων'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ἐκμελιζόμενοςἐκμελιζόμενοςV1 · πππνσμ μελίζω + ἐκfinite verb governing the clauseπππνσμ μελίζω + ἐκ: meaning 'ἐκμελιζόμενος'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ἑώραseeV3I IAI3S · ὁράωfinite verbal predicate advancing the narrative→ imperfective backgrounding / ongoing portrayalὁράω: meaning 'see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate advancing the narrative.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle with στενοχωρίας→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑαυτοῦhis ownRD GSM · ἑαυτοῦpronoun referring within the clause→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: meaning 'his own'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring within the clause.
σάρκαςfleshN3K APF · σάρξfirst direct object of ἐξέχεαν→ object specificationσάρξ: meaning 'flesh'; it serves as first direct object of ἐξέχεαν.
περιλακιζομέναςπεριλακιζομέναςV1 · πππαπφ λακίζω + περιfinite verb governing the clauseπππαπφ λακίζω + περι: meaning 'περιλακιζομένας'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατὰoppositeP · κατάpreposition governing the accusative→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'opposite'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the accusative.
σπλάγχνωνentrailsN2N GPN · σπλάγχνονgenitive dependent phrase within the clause→ relational specificationσπλάγχνον: meaning 'entrails'; it serves as genitive dependent phrase within the clause.
σταγόναςσταγόναςN3N APF · σταγώνaccusative term functioning as complement or objectσταγών: meaning 'σταγόνας'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
αἵματοςαἷμαN3M GSN · αἷμαGenitive modifier→ relational specificationαἷμα: meaning 'αἷμα'; it serves as Genitive modifier.
ἀπορρεούσαςἀπορρεούσαςV2 · παπαπφ ῥέω + ἀποfinite verb governing the clauseπαπαπφ ῥέω + ἀπο: meaning 'ἀπορρεούσας'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
9
μέλλων δὲ ἀποθνῄσκειν ἔφη
And when he was about to die, he said,
The dying speech follows the established pattern in which the martyr interprets the meaning of his suffering rather than letting the tyrant define it.
Word-by-word analysis· 4 words
μέλλωνbeing about toV1 · παπνσμ μέλλωparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or state→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ μέλλω: meaning 'being about to'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle describing attendant action, manner, or state.
δὲbutX · δέcontrastive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποθνῄσκεινhe diedV1 PAN · θνήσκω + ἀποverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clause→ infinitival complementθνήσκω + ἀπο: meaning 'he died'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clause.
ἔφηsaidV6I IAI3S · φημίmain verbφημί: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb.
10
ἡμεῖς μέν ὦ μιαρώτατε τύραννε διὰ παιδείαν καὶ ἀρετὴν θεοῦ ταῦτα πάσχομεν
'As for us, most polluted tyrant, it is for divine discipline and virtue that we suffer these things.'
The brother frames the ordeal as divine pedagogy and virtue-training, so that pain becomes part of a larger economy of godliness rather than a mark of defeat.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἡμεῖςhemeisRP NP · ἐγώpronominal term functioning in a nom relation→ participant referenceἡμεῖς: meaning 'hemeis'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal term functioning in a nom relation.
μένindeedX · μένparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flow→ discourse linkage or contrastμέν: meaning 'indeed'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὦOI · ὦparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flow→ discourse linkage or contrastὦ: meaning 'O'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μιαρώτατεdefiledA1A VSMS · μιαρόςnominal element within the clauseμιαρός: meaning 'defiled'; it serves as nominal element within the clause.
τύραννεrulerN2 VSM · τύραννοςnominal or adjectival element functioning according to its inflection and local clause roleτύραννος: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as nominal or adjectival element functioning according to its inflection and local clause role.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the genitive→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the genitive.
παιδείανdiscipline / instructionN1A ASF · παιδείαdirect object of οἴδασιν / εἴδοσαν (first in the catalogue)→ object specificationπαιδεία: meaning 'discipline'; it serves as direct object of οἴδασιν / εἴδοσαν (first in the catalogue).
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀρετὴνvalorN1 ASF · ἀρετήaccusative element functioning as object or complementἀρετή: meaning 'valor'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςobject of μετά→ participant referenceοὗτος: meaning 'these things'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
πάσχομενsufferedV1 PAI1P · πάσχωverbal element carrying the clause's action or processπάσχω: meaning 'suffered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element carrying the clause's action or process.
11
σὺ δὲ διὰ τὴν ἀσέβειαν καὶ μιαιφονίαν ἀκαταλύτους καρτερήσεις βασάνους
'But you, because of your impiety and blood-guilt, will endure unending torments.'
As elsewhere in 4 Maccabees, the tyrant's temporary power is answered with the promise of irreversible judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
σὺyouRP NS · σύexplicit subject of εἶ→ participant referenceσὺ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as explicit subject of εἶ.
δὲbutX · δέcontrastive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the genitive→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the genitive.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle with χώραν→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀσέβειανimpietyN1A ASF · ἀσέβειαaccusative term functioning as complement or object→ object specificationἀσέβεια: meaning 'impiety'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μιαιφονίανμιαιφονίανN1A ASF · μιαιφονίαaccusative term functioning as complement or objectμιαιφονία: meaning 'μιαιφονίαν'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ἀκαταλύτουςἀκαταλύτουςA1B APF · ἀκατάλυτοςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectἀκατάλυτος: meaning 'ἀκαταλύτους'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
καρτερήσειςwait steadfastlyVF FAI2S · καρτερέωfinite verb governing the clause→ affliction, counsel, and silent companionshipκαρτερέω: meaning 'wait steadfastly'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
βασάνουςtortureN2 APF · βάσανοςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectβάσανος: meaning 'torture'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
12
καὶ τούτου θανόντος ἀδελφοπρεπῶς τὸν τέταρτον ἐπεσπῶντο λέγοντες
And when this brother had died in a manner worthy of a brother, they dragged forward the fourth, saying,
The fourth brother enters explicitly 'in a brotherly way,' preserving the chapter's emphasis on familial solidarity under torture.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τούτουfor thisRD GSM · οὗτοςgenitive object in the idiom τούτου χάριν→ relational specificationτούτου: meaning 'for this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object in the idiom τούτου χάριν.
θανόντοςto dieVB · ααπγσμ θνήσκωfinite verb governing the clauseααπγσμ θνήσκω: meaning 'to die'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ἀδελφοπρεπῶςἀδελφοπρεπῶςD · ἀδελφοπρεπῶςindeclinable modifier within the clauseἀδελφοπρεπῶς: meaning 'ἀδελφοπρεπῶς'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle with λαόν→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέταρτονa fourth / quarterA1 ASM · τέταρτοςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ confession, prayer, and numerical observationτέταρτος: meaning 'a fourth'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
ἐπεσπῶντοἐπεσπῶντοV3I IMI3P · σπάω + ἐπιfinite verb governing the clauseσπάω + ἐπι: meaning 'ἐπεσπῶντο'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
λέγοντεςsayingV1 · παπνπμ λέγωparticiple introducing direct speech→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ λέγω: meaning 'saying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle introducing direct speech.
13
μὴ μανῇς καὶ σὺ τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς σου τὴν αὐτὴν μανίαν ἀλλὰ πεισθεὶς τῷ βασιλεῖ σῷζε σεαυτόν
'Do not be mad like your brothers with the same madness; rather, obey the king and save yourself.'
The persecutors redescribe courage as madness and obedience to the king as self-preservation, which is precisely the moral inversion the martyrs resist.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
μὴnotD · μήnegator with ἀποστατήσῃ→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
μανῇςμανῇςVD APS2S · μαίνομαιfinite verb governing the clauseμαίνομαι: meaning 'μανῇς'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
καὶandD · καίcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺyouRP NS · σύexplicit subject of εἶ→ participant referenceσὺ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as explicit subject of εἶ.
τοῖςfor theRA DPM · ὁarticle with ἀδελφοῖς in the dative of dedication→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφοῖςbrothersN2 DPM · ἀδελφόςdative of reference completing the dedication list→ sphere or referenceἀδελφός: meaning 'brothers'; it serves as dative of reference completing the dedication list.
σουyourRP GS · σύgenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle with χώραν→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτὴνitRD ASF · αὐτόςdirect object of ὠχύρωσεν→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ὠχύρωσεν.
μανίανμανίανN1A ASF · μανίαaccusative term functioning as complement or object→ public reversal and the collapse of the ungodlyμανία: meaning 'μανίαν'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάadversative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλὰ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πεισθεὶςpersuadeVS · αππνσμ πείθωparticiple elaborating the clause actionαππνσμ πείθω: meaning 'persuade'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle elaborating the clause action.
τῷfor theRA DSM · ὁarticle with πατρί in the dative of dedication→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingN3V DSM · βασιλεύςdative complement→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as dative complement.
σῷζεsaveV1 PAD2S · σώζωfinite verb governing the clauseσώζω: meaning 'save'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
σεαυτόνyourselfRD ASM · σεαυτοῦaccusative term functioning as complement or object→ object focus or directional goalσεαυτοῦ: meaning 'yourself'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
14
ὁ δὲ αὐτοῖς ἔφη οὐχ οὕτως καυστικώτερον ἔχετε κατ' ἐμοῦ τὸ πῦρ ὥστε με δειλανδρῆσαι
But he said to them, 'You do not have a fire hot enough against me to make me play the coward.'
The fourth brother refuses the premise that the torturers possess sufficient power to reduce him to cowardice; inner steadfastness exceeds outward heat.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcontrastive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοῖςto themRD DPM · αὐτόςindirect object of εἶπεν→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'to them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object of εἶπεν.
ἔφηsaidV6I IAI3S · φημίmain verbφημί: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb.
οὐχnotD · οὐAdverbial modifier→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐχ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverb summarizing the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
καυστικώτερονκαυστικώτερονA1 ASNC · καυστικόςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectκαυστικός: meaning 'καυστικώτερον'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ἔχετεhaveV1 PAI2P · ἔχωfinite verb governing the clause→ ongoing verbal processἔχω: meaning 'have'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
κατ'according toP · κατάpreposition with ἐνιαυτὸν→ spatial or relational framingκατ': meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition with ἐνιαυτὸν.
ἐμοῦmyRP GS · ἐγώGenitive modifier→ relational specificationἐγώ: meaning 'my'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle with βασιλικὸν→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πῦρfireN3 ASN · πῦρObject of ἐπὶ, naming the intended recovery.→ object specificationπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as Object of ἐπὶ, naming the intended recovery.
ὥστεso thatC · ὥστεcoordinating conjunction linking the next clause or item→ discourse linkage or contrastὥστε: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
δειλανδρῆσαιδειλανδρῆσαιVA AAN · δειλανδρέωcomplementary infinitive within the clauseδειλανδρέω: meaning 'δειλανδρῆσαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as complementary infinitive within the clause.
15
μὰ τὸν μακάριον τῶν ἀδελφῶν μου θάνατον καὶ τὸν αἰώνιον τοῦ τυράννου ὄλεθρον καὶ τὸν ἀί̈διον τῶν εὐσεβῶν βίον οὐκ ἀρνήσομαι τὴν εὐγενῆ ἀδελφότητα
'By the blessed death of my brothers and by the everlasting destruction of the tyrant and by the eternal life of the pious, I will not deny the noble brotherhood.'
His oath contrasts the brothers' blessed death, the tyrant's endless ruin, and the pious' eternal life, setting the entire contest within an eschatological horizon.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
μὰμὰX · μάconnective or particle linking the argumentμὰ: meaning 'μὰ'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle with λαόν→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μακάριονblessedA1A ASM · μακάριοςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectμακάριος: meaning 'blessed'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle with νόμων→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφῶνbrothersN2 GPM · ἀδελφόςgenitive of comparison→ relational specificationἀδελφός: meaning 'brothers'; it serves as genitive of comparison.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώgenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
θάνατονdeath / pestilenceN2 ASM · θάνατοςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationθάνατος: meaning 'death'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle with λαόν→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰώνιονeternalA1B ASM · αἰώνιοςacc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ object specificationαἰώνιος: meaning 'eternal'; it serves as acc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle with πατρός→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τυράννουtyrantN2 GSM · τύραννοςgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or descriptionτύραννος: meaning 'tyrant'; it serves as genitive term marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ὄλεθρονdestructionN2 ASM · ὄλεθροςaccusative of result (with εἰς)→ object specificationὄλεθρος: meaning 'destruction'; it serves as accusative of result (with εἰς).
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle with λαόν→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀί̈διονἀί̈διονA1B ASM · ἀί̈διοςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectἀί̈διος: meaning 'ἀί̈διον'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle with νόμων→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐσεβῶνdevoutA3H GPM · εὐσεβήςgenitive modifier within the phrase→ relational specificationεὐσεβής: meaning 'devout'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
βίονlifeN2 ASM · βίοςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ royal discipline and the strong wifeβίος: meaning 'life'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
οὐκnotD · οὐnegator with ἀπέστειλα→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἀρνήσομαιdeniedVF FAI1S · ἀρνέομαιfinite verb governing the clauseἀρνέομαι: meaning 'denied'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle with χώραν→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐγενῆeugenesA3H ASF · εὐγενήςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectεὐγενής: meaning 'eugenes'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ἀδελφότηταbrotherhoodN3T ASF · ἀδελφότηςfirst object of ἀποστεῖλαι and ἀνανεώσασθαιἀδελφότης: meaning 'brotherhood'; it serves as first object of ἀποστεῖλαι and ἀνανεώσασθαι.
16
ἐπινόει τύραννε βασάνους ἵνα καὶ δι' αὐτῶν μάθῃς ὅτι ἀδελφός εἰμι τῶν προβασανισθέντων
'Devise torments, tyrant, so that even through them you may learn that I am brother to those who have already been tortured.'
The challenge is daring: even invented torments will only prove that he belongs to the same fraternity of endurance.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἐπινόειἐπινόειV2 PAD2S · νοέω + ἐπιfinite verb governing the clauseνοέω + ἐπι: meaning 'ἐπινόει'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τύραννεrulerN2 VSM · τύραννοςnominal or adjectival element functioning according to its inflection and local clause roleτύραννος: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as nominal or adjectival element functioning according to its inflection and local clause role.
βασάνουςtortureN2 APF · βάσανοςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectβάσανος: meaning 'torture'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ἵναιναC · ἵναcoordinating conjunction linking clauses or coordinated items→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'ινα'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandD · καίcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δι'because ofP · διάpreposition governing the accusative→ spatial or relational framingδι': meaning 'because of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the accusative.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive of possession modifying ἱμάτια→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession modifying ἱμάτια.
μάθῃςlearnVB AAS2S · μανθάνωfinite verb governing the clause→ reputation, prudence, and instructional turnμανθάνω: meaning 'learn'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconjunction introducing reported content→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀδελφόςbrotherN2 NSM · ἀδελφόςnominative in apposition to Ιωναθαν→ speech, judgment, and friendshipἀδελφός: meaning 'brother'; it serves as nominative in apposition to Ιωναθαν.
εἰμιamV9 PAI1S · εἰμίcopulative verb→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'am'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as copulative verb.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle with νόμων→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προβασανισθέντωνπροβασανισθέντωνVS · αππγπμ βασανίζω + προfinite verb governing the clauseαππγπμ βασανίζω + προ: meaning 'προβασανισθέντων'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
17
ταῦτα ἀκούσας ὁ αἱμοβόρος καὶ φονώδης καὶ παμμιαρώτατος Ἀντίοχος ἐκέλευσεν τὴν γλῶτταν αὐτοῦ ἐκτεμεῖν
When the bloodthirsty and murderous and utterly defiled Antiochus heard this, he ordered his tongue to be cut out.
Antiochus responds to speech with an assault on the organ of speech itself, trying to silence the witness bodily.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςobject of μετά→ participant referenceοὗτος: meaning 'these things'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
ἀκούσαςhaving heardVA · ααπνσμ ἀκούωverbal element expressing action, process, or state within the clause→ aorist participle of completed hearingααπνσμ ἀκούω: meaning 'having heard'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element expressing action, process, or state within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἱμοβόροςαἱμοβόροςA1B NSM · αἱμοβόροςnominative term functioning in the clause coreαἱμοβόρος: meaning 'αἱμοβόρος'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φονώδηςφονώδηςA3H NSM · φονώδηςnominative term functioning in the clause coreφονώδης: meaning 'φονώδης'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παμμιαρώτατοςπαμμιαρώτατοςA1B NSMS · παμμιαρόςnominative term functioning in the clause coreπαμμιαρός: meaning 'παμμιαρώτατος'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
ἈντίοχοςAntiochusN2 NSM · ἈντίοχοςNamed subject included in the sham approach.Ἀντίοχος: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as Named subject included in the sham approach.
ἐκέλευσενhe orderedVAI AAI3S · κελεύωMain verb of Nehemiah's response.→ constative aoristκελεύω: meaning 'he ordered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as Main verb of Nehemiah's response.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle with χώραν→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γλῶττανtongueN1S ASF · γλῶσσαaccusative term functioning as complement or objectγλῶσσα: meaning 'tongue'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςobject of μετά→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of μετά.
ἐκτεμεῖνἐκτεμεῖνVF2 FAN · τέμνω + ἐκfinite verb governing the clause→ mortality, healing, and vowed thanksgivingτέμνω + ἐκ: meaning 'ἐκτεμεῖν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
18
ὁ δὲ ἔφη κἂν ἀφέλῃς τὸ τῆς φωνῆς ὄργανον καὶ σιωπώντων ἀκούει ὁ θεός
But he said, 'Even if you remove the organ of speech, God hears even those who are silent.'
The brother answers with theology: human mutilation cannot obstruct divine hearing, so silence itself becomes eloquent before God.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcontrastive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔφηsaidV6I IAI3S · φημίmain verbφημί: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb.
κἂνeven ifC+X · καί̈ἄνparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flow→ discourse linkageκἂν: meaning 'even if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφέλῃςἀφέλῃςVB AAS2S · αἱρέω + ἀποfinite verb governing the clause→ aorist subjunctiveαἱρέω + ἀπο: meaning 'ἀφέλῃς'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle with βασιλικὸν→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle with ψυχῆς→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φωνῆςthe soundN1 GSF · φωνήgenitive object with ἀκούοντες→ relational specificationφωνή: meaning 'the sound'; it serves as genitive object with ἀκούοντες.
ὄργανονdeviceN2N ASN · ὄργανονaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὄργανον: meaning 'device'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σιωπώντωνbe silentV3 · παπγπμ σιωπάωfinite verb governing the clauseπαπγπμ σιωπάω: meaning 'be silent'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ἀκούειheardV1 PAI3S · ἀκούωfinite verb governing the clause→ restraint, counsel, and honest dealingἀκούω: meaning 'heard'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςGodN2 NSM · θεόςSubject / head term→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as Subject / head term.
19
ἰδοὺ προκεχάλασται ἡ γλῶσσα τέμνε οὐ γὰρ παρὰ τοῦτο τὸν λογισμὸν ἡμῶν γλωττοτομήσεις
'Look, my tongue has been released; cut it off. For by doing this you will not cut out our reason.'
The exposed tongue becomes a final emblem of freedom; the tyrant can sever flesh but cannot excise the community's reasoning fidelity.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἰδοὺbeholdVB AMD2S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action or command of the clause→ verbal action or stateὁράω: meaning 'behold'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action or command of the clause.
προκεχάλασταιπροκεχάλασταιVM XPI3S · χαλάω + προfinite verb governing the clauseχαλάω + προ: meaning 'προκεχάλασται'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle with παρεμβολὴ→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γλῶσσαtongueN1S NSF · γλῶσσαnominative term functioning in the clause core→ participant prominenceγλῶσσα: meaning 'tongue'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
τέμνεyou shall pruneV1 PAD2S · τέμνωfinite verb governing the clauseτέμνω: meaning 'you shall prune'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
οὐnotD · οὐnegator with εἰμι→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negator with εἰμι.
γὰρforX · γάρParticle / discourse marker→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρὰbesideP · παράpreposition governing the dative phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'beside'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the dative phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςObject referring to the sprinkling just completed.→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as Object referring to the sprinkling just completed.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle with λαόν→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμὸνplansN2 ASM · λογισμόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement→ object specificationλογισμός: meaning 'plans'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive of possession→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
γλωττοτομήσειςcut out the tongueVF FAI2S · γλωσσοτομέωfinite verb governing the clauseγλωσσοτομέω: meaning 'cut out the tongue'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
20
ἡδέως ὑπὲρ τοῦ θεοῦ τὰ τοῦ σώματος μέλη ἀκρωτηριαζόμεθα
'Gladly for God's sake we are mutilated in the limbs of our body.'
Martyrdom is embraced willingly and even joyfully, because bodily mutilation is subordinated to loyalty to God.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ἡδέωςgladlyD · ἡδέωςadverbial or particle element shaping nuance or connection→ trust, discipline, and ordered flourishingἡδέως: meaning 'gladly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑπὲρunder / byP · ὑπέρpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὲρ: meaning 'under'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle with πατρός→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle with ἔθνη→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle introducing the infinitive of purpose→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σώματοςsomatosN3M GSN · σῶμαnominal term functioning in a gen relation→ relational specificationσῶμα: meaning 'somatos'; it serves as nominal term functioning in a gen relation.
μέληpiecesN3E APN · μέλοςAccusative predicate-like complement after ποιήσαντες.→ object specificationμέλος: meaning 'pieces'; it serves as Accusative predicate-like complement after ποιήσαντες.
ἀκρωτηριαζόμεθαmutilateV1 PPI1P · ἀκρωτηριάζωfinite verb governing the clauseἀκρωτηριάζω: meaning 'mutilate'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
21
σὲ δὲ ταχέως μετελεύσεται ὁ θεός τὴν γὰρ τῶν θείων ὕμνων μελῳδὸν γλῶτταν ἐκτέμνεις
'But God will quickly pursue you, for you are cutting out a tongue that sings the melodies of divine hymns.'
The closing word returns to judgment: the tyrant attacks a tongue made for hymnody and so places himself under swift divine pursuit.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
σὲyouRP AS · σύacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceσὲ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
δὲbutX · δέcontrastive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταχέωςquicklyD · ταχέωςadverb of manner (intensifying the command)→ discourse linkage or contrastταχέως: meaning 'quickly'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
μετελεύσεταιμετελεύσεταιVF FMI3S · ἔρχομαι + μεταfinite verb governing the clause→ crafted idols and moral corruptionἔρχομαι + μετα: meaning 'μετελεύσεται'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with οἶκος→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςGodN2 NSM · θεόςSubject / head term→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as Subject / head term.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle with χώραν→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γὰρforX · γάρParticle / discourse marker→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle with νόμων→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θείωνdivineA1A GPM · θεῖοςgenitive modifier within the phraseθεῖος: meaning 'divine'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ὕμνωνhymnsN2 GPM · ὕμνοςgenitive modifier or complementὕμνος: meaning 'hymns'; it serves as genitive modifier or complement.
μελῳδὸνμελῳδὸνA1B ASF · μελῳδόςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectμελῳδός: meaning 'μελῳδὸν'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
γλῶττανtongueN1S ASF · γλῶσσαaccusative term functioning as complement or objectγλῶσσα: meaning 'tongue'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ἐκτέμνειςἐκτέμνειςV1 PAI2S · τέμνω + ἐκfinite verb governing the clauseτέμνω + ἐκ: meaning 'ἐκτέμνεις'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.