1
τί μέλλεις ὦ τύραννε ἕτοιμοι γάρ ἐσμεν ἀποθνῄσκειν ἢ παραβαίνειν τὰς πατρίους ἡμῶν ἐντολάς
Why do you delay, tyrant? For we are ready to die rather than transgress our ancestral commandments.
The brothers seize the initiative in speech. Readiness for death is set over against transgression as the fundamental alternative.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
τίwhatRI ASN · τίςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
μέλλειςthey are going toV1 PAI2S · μέλλωmain verb of indirect statement (μέλλω + infinitive = imminent)→ imperfective descriptionμέλλω: meaning 'they are going to'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of indirect statement (μέλλω + infinitive = imminent).
ὦOI · ὦinterjection marking direct address or exclamation→ discourse linkage or contrastὦ: meaning 'O'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as interjection marking direct address or exclamation.
τύραννεrulerN2 VSM · τύραννοςnominal or adjectival element functioning according to its inflection and local clause roleτύραννος: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as nominal or adjectival element functioning according to its inflection and local clause role.
ἕτοιμοιreadyA1 NPM · ἕτοιμοςpredicate adjective describing their conditionἕτοιμος: meaning 'ready'; it serves as predicate adjective describing their condition.
γάρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐσμενbeing / while wasV9 PAI1P · εἰμίfinite verb advancing the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'being'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἀποθνῄσκεινhe diedV1 PAN · θνήσκω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the clause→ infinitival complementθνήσκω + ἀπο: meaning 'he died'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παραβαίνεινto step awayV1 PAN · βαίνω + παραfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause actionβαίνω + παρα: meaning 'to step away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
τὰςthe (ones)RA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρίουςancestralA1A APF · πάτριοςdative element functioning within the clauseπάτριος: meaning 'ancestral'; it serves as dative element functioning within the clause.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐντολάςEntolasN1A APF · ἐντολήaccusative complement→ object specificationἐντολή: meaning 'Entolas'; it serves as accusative complement.
2
αἰσχυνόμεθα γὰρ τοὺς προγόνους ἡμῶν εἰκότως εἰ μὴ τῇ τοῦ νόμου εὐπειθείᾳ καὶ συμβούλῳ Μωυσεῖ χρησαίμεθα
For we should rightly be ashamed before our forefathers if we did not obey the law and take Moses as our counselor.
Their obedience is framed as continuity with the fathers. Shame before the ancestors becomes a moral safeguard against compromise.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
αἰσχυνόμεθαput to shameV1 PMI1P · αἰσχύνωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseαἰσχύνω: meaning 'put to shame'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προγόνουςancestorN2 APM · πρόγονοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseπρόγονος: meaning 'ancestor'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
εἰκότωςwith good reasonD · εἰκότωςadverbial or comparative particleεἰκότως: meaning 'with good reason'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰifC · εἰcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμουlawN2 GSM · νόμοςnominal term functioning as a genitive dependent→ relational specificationνόμος: meaning 'law'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a genitive dependent.
εὐπειθείᾳobedienceN1A DSF · εὐπείθειαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementεὐπείθεια: meaning 'obedience'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συμβούλῳcounselorN2 DSM · σύμβουλοςnominative term in clause/listσύμβουλος: meaning 'counselor'; it serves as nominative term in clause/list.
ΜωυσεῖMosesN1M DSM · Μωυσῆςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemΜωυσεῖ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
χρησαίμεθαdealVA AMO1P · χράωaorist subjunctive in a prohibitionχράω: meaning 'deal'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as aorist subjunctive in a prohibition.
3
σύμβουλε τύραννε παρανομίας μὴ ἡμᾶς μισῶν ὑπὲρ αὐτοὺς ἡμᾶς ἐλέα
Counselor of lawlessness, tyrant, since you hate us, do not pity us more than we pity ourselves.
The brothers expose the king's so-called mercy as another form of hostility. His offer is redefined as counsel toward lawlessness rather than deliverance.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
σύμβουλεcounselorN2 VSM · σύμβουλοςnominative term in clause/listσύμβουλος: meaning 'counselor'; it serves as nominative term in clause/list.
τύραννεrulerN2 VSM · τύραννοςnominal or adjectival element functioning according to its inflection and local clause roleτύραννος: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as nominal or adjectival element functioning according to its inflection and local clause role.
παρανομίαςπαρανομίανN1A GSF · παρανομίαaccusative term functioning as complement or objectπαρανομία: meaning 'παρανομίαν'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
μισῶνhatingV2 · παπνσμ μισέωcognate participle intensifying ἐμίσησας (Hebraism)→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ μισέω: meaning 'hating'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as cognate participle intensifying ἐμίσησας (Hebraism).
ὑπὲρfor / on behalf ofP · ὑπέρpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὲρ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
ἐλέαshows mercyV3 PAD2S · ἐλεάωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clauseἐλεάω: meaning 'shows mercy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
4
χαλεπώτερον γὰρ αὐτοῦ τοῦ θανάτου νομίζομεν εἶναί σου τὸν ἐπὶ τῇ παρανόμῳ σωτηρίᾳ ἡμῶν ἔλεον
For we consider your pity, offered to us in connection with unlawful deliverance, harsher than death itself.
Life purchased through transgression is treated as worse than dying. The verse crystallizes the ethical inversion at the heart of martyrdom.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
χαλεπώτερονharshA1 ASMC · χαλεπόςobject or complement within the clauseχαλεπός: meaning 'harsh'; it serves as object or complement within the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θανάτουof deathN2 GSM · θάνατοςgenitive of quality / destiny (with υἱός: 'son of death')→ relational specificationθάνατος: meaning 'of death'; it serves as genitive of quality / destiny (with υἱός: 'son of death').
νομίζομεννομίζωV1 PAI1P · νομίζωparticiple or verbal form adding circumstance to the main actionνομίζω: meaning 'νομίζω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle or verbal form adding circumstance to the main action.
εἶναίto beV9 PAN · εἰμίinfinitive complement or purpose expression→ imperfective infinitiveεἰμί: meaning 'to be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement or purpose expression.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρανόμῳlawlessA1B DSF · παράνομοςdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageπαράνομος: meaning 'lawless'; it serves as dative element marking reference, means, location, or advantage.
σωτηρίᾳsalvationN1A DSF · σωτηρίαdative object of ἐν (ground of gladness)→ sphere or referenceσωτηρία: meaning 'salvation'; it serves as dative object of ἐν (ground of gladness).
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἔλεονpityN2 ASM · ἔλεοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔλεος: meaning 'pity'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
5
ἐκφοβεῖς δὲ ἡμᾶς τὸν διὰ τῶν βασάνων θάνατον ἡμῖν ἀπειλῶν ὥσπερ οὐχὶ πρὸ βραχέως παρ' Ελεαζαρου μαθών
Yet you try to frighten us by threatening us with death through tortures, as though you had not learned very recently from Eleazar.
The brothers invoke the immediate past as a public lesson the tyrant has failed to absorb. Eleazar remains a living argument within the narrative.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ἐκφοβεῖςἐκV2 PAI2S · φοβέω + ἐκfinite verb governing the clause→ terror motifφοβέω + ἐκ: meaning 'ἐκ'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασάνωνtorturesN2 GPF · βάσανοςgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or descriptionβάσανος: meaning 'tortures'; it serves as genitive term marking relation, source, possession, or description.
θάνατονdeath / pestilenceN2 ASM · θάνατοςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationθάνατος: meaning 'death'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'to us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
ἀπειλῶνἀποV2 · παπνσμ εἰλέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the clause action→ theophanic vengeance and announced downfallπαπνσμ εἰλέω + ἀπο: meaning 'ἀπο'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial modifier shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
οὐχὶnoD · οὐadverbial modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'no'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
πρὸformer / beforeP · πρόpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸ: meaning 'former'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
βραχέωςfor a short timeD · βραχέωςconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clauseβραχέως: meaning 'for a short time'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρ'from/besideP · παράpreposition→ spatial or relational framingπαρ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition.
Ελεαζαρουof EleazarN2 GSM · Ελεαζαροςgenitive dependent on υἱὸνΕλεαζαρου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive dependent on υἱὸν.
μαθώνhaving learnedVB · ααπνσμ μανθάνωcircumstantial participle explaining the basis for Philopator's responseααπνσμ μανθάνω: meaning 'having learned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as circumstantial participle explaining the basis for Philopator's response.
6
εἰ δ' οἱ γέροντες τῶν Εβραίων διὰ τὴν εὐσέβειαν καὶ βασανισμοὺς ὑπομείναντες εὐσέβησαν ἀποθάνοιμεν ἂν δικαιότερον ἡμεῖς οἱ νέοι τὰς βασάνους τῶν σῶν ἀναγκῶν ὑπεριδόντες ἃς καὶ ὁ παιδευτὴς ἡμῶν γέρων ἐνίκησεν
If the old men of the Hebrews, after enduring tortures for piety, died as pious men, then we who are young ought all the more justly to die, despising the tortures of your compulsions, which our aged teacher also overcame.
The logic is not merely imitative but intensifying. If an elderly teacher conquered, younger disciples must not fall short under the same cause.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
εἰifC · εἰcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δ'butX · δέmild adversative marking transition to sanction→ deliverance, death, and covenant remembranceδέ: meaning 'but'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
οἱtheyRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γέροντεςold manN3 NPM · γέρωνnominal element functioning within the clauseγέρων: meaning 'old man'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΕβραίωνHebrewN2 GPM · Εβραῖοςgenitive dependent phrase within the clauseΕβραίων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive dependent phrase within the clause.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐσέβειανpietyN1A ASF · εὐσέβειαaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ content focusεὐσέβεια: meaning 'piety'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βασανισμοὺςβασανισμόςN2 APM · βασανισμόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementβασανισμός: meaning 'βασανισμός'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement.
ὑπομείναντεςendureVA · ααπνπμ μένω + ὑποverbal element carrying the clause actionααπνπμ μένω + ὑπο: meaning 'endure'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element carrying the clause action.
εὐσέβησανwe worshipVA AAI3P · εὐσεβέωmain verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertionεὐσεβέω: meaning 'we worship'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertion.
ἀποθάνοιμενdieVB AAO1P · θνήσκω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the clauseθνήσκω + ἀπο: meaning 'die'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἂνthen / ifX · ἄνsubstantival or adjectival term contributing the clause content→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: meaning 'then'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
δικαιότερονjustA1A ASMC · δίκαιοςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseδίκαιος: meaning 'just'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause.
ἡμεῖςweRP NP · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceἡμεῖς: meaning 'we'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
οἱtheyRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νέοιyoungA1A NPM · νέοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemνέος: meaning 'young'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
τὰςthe (ones)RA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασάνουςtortureN2 APF · βάσανοςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectβάσανος: meaning 'torture'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σῶνSaA1 GPF · σόςadjectival modifier→ sexual fidelity and measured delightσός: meaning 'Sa'; it serves as adjectival modifier.
ἀναγκῶνnecessityN1 GPF · ἀνάγκηaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ relational specificationἀνάγκη: meaning 'necessity'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
ὑπεριδόντεςὑπεριδόντεςVB · ααπνπμ ὁράω + ὑπερfinite verb governing the clauseααπνπμ ὁράω + ὑπερ: meaning 'ὑπεριδόντες'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ἃςwhichRR APF · ὅςdemonstrative or relative element tying the register together→ participant referenceἃς: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative or relative element tying the register together.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδευτὴςteacherN1M NSM · παιδευτήςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ participantπαιδευτής: meaning 'teacher'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
γέρωνold manN3 NSM · γέρωνnominative element functioning as subject or predicateγέρων: meaning 'old man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject or predicate.
ἐνίκησενconqueredVAI AAI3S · νικάωverbal element expressing action, process, or state within the clause→ the lord exposes and removes the hypocritical flatterer from the assembly of the holy.νικάω: meaning 'conquered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element expressing action, process, or state within the clause.
7
πείραζε τοιγαροῦν τύραννε καὶ τὰς ἡμῶν ψυχὰς εἰ θανατώσεις διὰ τὴν εὐσέβειαν μὴ νομίσῃς ἡμᾶς βλάπτειν βασανίζων
So then, test us, tyrant, and if you kill our souls because of piety, do not suppose that by torturing us you are harming us.
The brothers recast the ordeal as a test whose meaning they control. Bodily torture cannot count as true harm when piety remains intact.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
πείραζεto testV1 PAD2S · πειράζωinfinitive of purpose (with ὥστε)πειράζω: meaning 'to test'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive of purpose (with ὥστε).
τοιγαροῦντοιγαροῦνX · τοιγαροῦνconnective linking this clause to the surrounding argument or narrative→ discourse linkage or contrastτοιγαροῦν: meaning 'τοιγαροῦν'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τύραννεrulerN2 VSM · τύραννοςnominal or adjectival element functioning according to its inflection and local clause roleτύραννος: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as nominal or adjectival element functioning according to its inflection and local clause role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςthe (ones)RA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ψυχὰςpersonN1 APF · ψυχήaccusative object or complement→ object specificationψυχή: meaning 'person'; it serves as accusative object or complement.
εἰifC · εἰcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θανατώσειςwe will put to deathVF FAI2S · θανατόωmain verb (intended execution)→ futureθανατόω: meaning 'we will put to death'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (intended execution).
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐσέβειανpietyN1A ASF · εὐσέβειαaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ content focusεὐσέβεια: meaning 'piety'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
νομίσῃςνομίζωVA AAS2S · νομίζωparticiple or verbal form adding circumstance to the main actionνομίζω: meaning 'νομίζω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle or verbal form adding circumstance to the main action.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
βλάπτεινinjureV1 PAN · βλάπτωmain verbal form advancing the clauseβλάπτω: meaning 'injure'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
βασανίζωνπαπνσμ βασανίζωV1 · παπνσμ βασανίζωverbal form carrying the clause actionπαπνσμ βασανίζω: meaning 'παπνσμ βασανίζω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
8
ἡμεῖς μὲν γὰρ διὰ τῆσδε τῆς κακοπαθείας καὶ ὑπομονῆς τὰ τῆς ἀρετῆς ἆθλα ἕξομεν καὶ ἐσόμεθα παρὰ θεῷ δι' ὃν καὶ πάσχομεν
For through this suffering and endurance we shall receive the prizes of virtue and shall be with God, for whose sake we also suffer.
The brothers articulate the reward structure that underwrites endurance. Pain is interpreted as the path to virtue's prize and communion with God.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ἡμεῖςweRP NP · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceἡμεῖς: meaning 'we'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
μὲνon the one handX · μένadverbial or connective modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastμὲν: meaning 'on the one hand'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῆσδεthisRD GSF · ὅδεgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionὅδε: meaning 'this'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κακοπαθείαςhardshipN1A GSF · κακοπάθειαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ electing love, polluted worship, and priestly contemptκακοπάθεια: meaning 'hardship'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑπομονῆςenduranceN1 GSF · ὑπομονήgenitive element qualifying another termὑπομονή: meaning 'endurance'; it serves as genitive element qualifying another term.
τὰthe / thoseRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρετῆςpraise / excellenceN1 GSF · ἀρετήgenitive modifier or complement→ apparent brevity and enduring righteousnessἀρετή: meaning 'praise'; it serves as genitive modifier or complement.
ἆθλαprizeN2N APN · ἆθλονaccusative term functioning as complement or objectἆθλον: meaning 'prize'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ἕξομενhaveVF FAI1P · ἔχωmain verbal form advancing the clauseἔχω: meaning 'have'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐσόμεθαeimiVF FMI1P · εἰμίverbal predicate carrying the clause’s action or state→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'eimi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal predicate carrying the clause’s action or state.
παρὰfrom/besideP · παράpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
θεῷGodN2 DSM · θεόςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
δι'through / because ofP · διάpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδι': meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
ὃνwhichRR ASM · ὅςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceὃν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
καὶandD · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάσχομενsufferedV1 PAI1P · πάσχωverbal element carrying the clause's action or processπάσχω: meaning 'suffered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element carrying the clause's action or process.
9
σὺ δὲ διὰ τὴν ἡμῶν μιαιφονίαν αὐτάρκη καρτερήσεις ὑπὸ τῆς θείας δίκης αἰώνιον βάσανον διὰ πυρός
But you, because of your bloodguilt against us, will endure from divine justice an all-sufficient eternal torment by fire.
The speech ends by reversing the roles of victim and judge. The tyrant appears powerful now, but divine justice reserves the final sentence for him.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
σὺyouRP NS · σύpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceσὺ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
μιαιφονίανμιαιφονίανN1A ASF · μιαιφονίαaccusative term functioning as complement or objectμιαιφονία: meaning 'μιαιφονίαν'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
αὐτάρκηall-sufficientA3H APN · αὐτάρκηςaccusative term functioning as complement or object→ confession, prayer, and numerical observationαὐτάρκης: meaning 'all-sufficient'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
καρτερήσειςwait steadfastlyVF FAI2S · καρτερέωfinite verb governing the clause→ affliction, counsel, and silent companionshipκαρτερέω: meaning 'wait steadfastly'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ὑπὸas / byP · ὑπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὸ: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θείαςdivineA1A GSF · θεῖοςgenitive element qualifying another termθεῖος: meaning 'divine'; it serves as genitive element qualifying another term.
δίκηςjusticeN1 GSF · δίκηaccusative element functioning within the clause→ nations judged and zion securedδίκη: meaning 'justice'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
αἰώνιονeverlastingA1B ASF · αἰώνιοςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause→ object specificationαἰώνιος: meaning 'everlasting'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause.
βάσανονtormentN2 ASF · βάσανοςobject of μετά→ object specificationβάσανος: meaning 'torment'; it serves as object of μετά.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πυρόςfireN3 GSN · πῦρgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
10
ταῦτα αὐτῶν εἰπόντων οὐ μόνον ὡς κατὰ ἀπειθούντων ἐχαλέπαινεν ὁ τύραννος ἀλλὰ καὶ ὡς κατὰ ἀχαρίστων ὠργίσθη
When they had spoken these words, the tyrant was enraged not only as against men who disobeyed him, but also as against ingrates.
Antiochus interprets principled refusal as personal insult. Tyranny expects gratitude for the very offer that demands apostasy.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceταῦτα: meaning 'these things'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
εἰπόντωνααπγπμ εἶπονVB · ααπγπμ εἶπονverbal form carrying the clause actionααπγπμ εἶπον: meaning 'ααπγπμ εἶπον'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μόνονonlyD · μόνονadverb limiting the scope of ταῦτα→ discourse linkage or contrastμόνον: meaning 'only'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ὡςlike / asC · ὡςcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατὰby / according toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἀπειθούντωνπαπγπμ ἀπειθέωV2 · παπγπμ ἀπειθέωverbal form carrying the clause action→ verbal action or stateπαπγπμ ἀπειθέω: meaning 'παπγπμ ἀπειθέω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
ἐχαλέπαινενbe troubledV1I IAI3S · χαλεπαίνωverbal element carrying the clause actionχαλεπαίνω: meaning 'be troubled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element carrying the clause action.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τύραννοςrulerN2 NSM · τύραννοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ affliction, counsel, and silent companionshipτύραννος: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάcoordinating or discourse-linking conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλὰ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandD · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςlike / asC · ὡςcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατὰby / according toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἀχαρίστωνungratefulA1B GPM · ἀχάριστοςgenitive modifier within the phraseἀχάριστος: meaning 'ungrateful'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ὠργίσθηbecame angryVSI API3S · ὀργίζωmain verb expressing the king's emotional response→ constative aoristὀργίζω: meaning 'became angry'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb expressing the king's emotional response.
11
ὅθεν τὸν πρεσβύτατον αὐτῶν κελευσθέντες παρῆγον οἱ ὑπασπισταὶ καὶ διαρρήξαντες τὸν χιτῶνα διέδησαν τὰς χεῖρας αὐτοῦ καὶ τοὺς βραχίονας ἱμᾶσιν ἑκατέρωθεν
Therefore the guards, when ordered, brought forward the eldest of them, and after tearing open his tunic they bound his hands and arms with straps on both sides.
The narrative becomes more concrete and physical. The stripping and binding mark the transfer from verbal contest to bodily assault.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ὅθενthereforeD · ὅθενadverbial or connective modifier within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὅθεν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρεσβύτατονeldestA1 ASMS · πρεσβύτατοςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectπρεσβύτατος: meaning 'eldest'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
κελευσθέντεςαππνπμ κελεύωVS · αππνπμ κελεύωverbal form carrying the clause actionαππνπμ κελεύω: meaning 'αππνπμ κελεύω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
παρῆγονpassed onV1I IAI3P · ἄγω + παραverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseἄγω + παρα: meaning 'passed on'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clause.
οἱtheyRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑπασπισταὶὑπασπιστῶνN1M NPM · ὑπασπιστήςgenitive modifier within the phraseὑπασπιστής: meaning 'ὑπασπιστῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διαρρήξαντεςδιαVA · ααπνπμ ῥήγνυμι + διαverbal form carrying the clause actionααπνπμ ῥήγνυμι + δια: meaning 'δια'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χιτῶναtunicN3W ASM · χιτώνaccusative element functioning within the clause→ object specificationχιτών: meaning 'tunic'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
διέδησανδιαVAI AAI3P · δέω + διαfinite verb governing the clauseδέω + δια: meaning 'δια'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τὰςthe (ones)RA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραςhandsN3 APF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βραχίοναςβραχίωνN3N APM · βραχίωνaccusative term functioning as complement or object→ object specificationβραχίων: meaning 'βραχίων'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ἱμᾶσινstrapN3 DPM · ἱμάςdative term marking relation, means, or advantageἱμάς: meaning 'strap'; it serves as dative term marking relation, means, or advantage.
ἑκατέρωθενon both sidesD · ἑκατέρωθενadverbial or comparative particleἑκατέρωθεν: meaning 'on both sides'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
12
ὡς δὲ τύπτοντες ταῖς μάστιξιν ἐκοπίασαν μηδὲν ἀνύοντες ἀνέβαλον αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὸν τροχόν
And when they grew weary from beating him with whips and accomplished nothing, they lifted him onto the wheel.
The executioners' frustration is itself significant: bodily force fails to achieve inner consent, so the torture must intensify.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ὡςlike / asC · ὡςcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τύπτοντεςπαπνπμ τύπτωV1 · παπνπμ τύπτωverbal form carrying the clause actionπαπνπμ τύπτω: meaning 'παπνπμ τύπτω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
ταῖςthe onesRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μάστιξινwhipsN3G DPF · μάστιξdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceμάστιξ: meaning 'whips'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
ἐκοπίασανgrew weary / labored to exhaustionVAI AAI3P · κοπιάωmain verb (the people's exhaustion)→ constative aoristκοπιάω: meaning 'grew weary'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the people's exhaustion).
μηδὲνno one / nothingA3P ASN · μηδείςadjectival or substantival modifier functioning as a accusative complement→ object specificationμηδείς: meaning 'no one'; it serves as adjectival or substantival modifier functioning as a accusative complement.
ἀνύοντεςπαπνπμ ἀνύωV1 · παπνπμ ἀνύωverbal form carrying the clause actionπαπνπμ ἀνύω: meaning 'παπνπμ ἀνύω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
ἀνέβαλονἀναVBI AAI3P · βάλλω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action or command of the clauseβάλλω + ἀνα: meaning 'ἀνα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action or command of the clause.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τροχόνwheelN2 ASM · τροχόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement→ object specificationτροχός: meaning 'wheel'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement.
13
περὶ ὃν κατατεινόμενος ὁ εὐγενὴς νεανίας ἔξαρθρος ἐγίνετο
As the noble youth was stretched around it, he was being dislocated.
The sentence is stark and restrained, allowing the violence of the wheel to speak for itself while preserving the youth's nobility.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
περὶconcerning / aboutP · περίpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
ὃνwhichRR ASM · ὅςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceὃν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
κατατεινόμενοςκαταV1 · πμπνσμ τείνω + καταverbal form carrying the clause actionπμπνσμ τείνω + κατα: meaning 'κατα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐγενὴςeugenesA3H NSM · εὐγενήςobject or complement within the clause→ descriptionεὐγενής: meaning 'eugenes'; it serves as object or complement within the clause.
νεανίαςyoung servantN1T NSM · νεανίαςsubject of an implied verb of accompanimentνεανίας: meaning 'young servant'; it serves as subject of an implied verb of accompaniment.
ἔξαρθροςdislocatedA1B NSM · ἔξαρθροςnominative term functioning in the clause coreἔξαρθρος: meaning 'dislocated'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
ἐγίνετοbecome / happenV1I IMI3S · γίγνομαιmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ imperfect (progressive / ongoing action: the setting of the sun as a process)γίγνομαι: meaning 'become'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
14
καὶ κατὰ πᾶν μέλος κλώμενος ἐκακηγόρει λέγων
And as he was being broken in every limb, he denounced them, saying,
Even in dismembering pain the youth retains the power of speech. The body is fragmented, but the mind remains accusatory and clear.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατὰby / according toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πᾶνallA3 ASN · πᾶςacc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as acc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
μέλοςlimbN3E ASN · μέλοςaccusative nominal functioning as object or extent within the clause→ object specificationμέλος: meaning 'limb'; it serves as accusative nominal functioning as object or extent within the clause.
κλώμενοςπππνσμ κλάωV3 · πππνσμ κλάωverbal form carrying the clause actionπππνσμ κλάω: meaning 'πππνσμ κλάω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
ἐκακηγόρειdenounceV2I IAI3S · κακηγορέωfinite verb governing the clauseκακηγορέω: meaning 'denounce'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
λέγωνsayingV1 · παπνσμ λέγωparticiple modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive force→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ λέγω: meaning 'saying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive force.
15
τύραννε μιαρώτατε καὶ τῆς οὐρανίου δίκης ἐχθρὲ καὶ ὠμόφρων οὐκ ἀνδροφονήσαντά με τοῦτον καταικίζεις τὸν τρόπον οὐδὲ ἀσεβήσαντα ἀλλὰ θείου νόμου προασπίζοντα
Tyrant, most defiled and enemy of heavenly justice, savage-minded man, you are not mangling me in this way because I have committed murder or impiety, but because I defend the divine law.
The brother reverses the courtroom. The issue is not criminal guilt in the victim but the tyrant's hostility to the law and to heavenly justice.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
τύραννεrulerN2 VSM · τύραννοςnominal or adjectival element functioning according to its inflection and local clause roleτύραννος: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as nominal or adjectival element functioning according to its inflection and local clause role.
μιαρώτατεdefiledA1A VSMS · μιαρόςnominal element within the clauseμιαρός: meaning 'defiled'; it serves as nominal element within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανίουheavenlyA1A GSM · οὐράνιοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalοὐράνιος: meaning 'heavenly'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δίκηςjusticeN1 GSF · δίκηaccusative element functioning within the clause→ nations judged and zion securedδίκη: meaning 'justice'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
ἐχθρὲenemiesA1A VSM · ἐχθρόςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrumentἐχθρός: meaning 'enemies'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὠμόφρωνsavage-mindedA3 VSM · ὠμόφρωνvocative addressὠμόφρων: meaning 'savage-minded'; it serves as vocative address.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἀνδροφονήσαντάααπασμ ἀνδροφονέωVA · ααπασμ ἀνδροφονέωverbal form carrying the clause actionααπασμ ἀνδροφονέω: meaning 'ααπασμ ἀνδροφονέω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
τοῦτονtheseRD ASM · οὗτοςpronoun→ participant referenceτοῦτον: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun.
καταικίζειςκαταV1 PAI2S · αἰκίζω + καταfinite verb governing the clauseαἰκίζω + κατα: meaning 'κατα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρόποντροποςN2 ASM · τρόποςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause→ object specificationτρόπος: meaning 'τροπος'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀσεβήσανταααπασμ ἀσεβέωVA · ααπασμ ἀσεβέωverbal form carrying the clause actionααπασμ ἀσεβέω: meaning 'ααπασμ ἀσεβέω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάcoordinating or discourse-linking conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλὰ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θείουdivineA1A GSM · θεῖοςgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or description→ relational specificationθεῖος: meaning 'divine'; it serves as genitive term marking relation, source, possession, or description.
νόμουlawN2 GSM · νόμοςnominal term functioning as a genitive dependent→ relational specificationνόμος: meaning 'law'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a genitive dependent.
προασπίζονταπροV1 · παπασμ ἀσπίζω + προverbal form carrying the clause actionπαπασμ ἀσπίζω + προ: meaning 'προ'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
16
καὶ τῶν δορυφόρων λεγόντων ὁμολόγησον φαγεῖν ὅπως ἀπαλλαγῇς τῶν βασάνων
And when the guards said, “Agree to eat, so that you may be released from the tortures,”
The servants echo the tyrant's logic of conditional mercy. Release remains available only at the price of surrender.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δορυφόρωνguardsmanN2 GPM · δορυφόροςgenitive element qualifying another termδορυφόρος: meaning 'guardsman'; it serves as genitive element qualifying another term.
λεγόντωνsayingV1 · παπγπμ λέγωparticiple modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive force→ verbal action or stateπαπγπμ λέγω: meaning 'saying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive force.
ὁμολόγησονgive thanksVA AAD2S · ὁμολόγέωmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative actionὁμολόγέω: meaning 'give thanks'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
φαγεῖνto eatVB AAN · ἐσθίωinfinitive expressing purpose, result, or verbal complement→ infinitival complementἐσθίω: meaning 'to eat'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive expressing purpose, result, or verbal complement.
ὅπωςso thatC · ὅπωςlexical item integrated into the clause in its local syntactic role→ discourse linkage or contrastὅπως: meaning 'so that'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
ἀπαλλαγῇςἀποVA AAS2S · ἀλλάσσω + ἀποverbal form carrying the clause actionἀλλάσσω + ἀπο: meaning 'ἀπο'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασάνωνtorturesN2 GPF · βάσανοςgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or descriptionβάσανος: meaning 'tortures'; it serves as genitive term marking relation, source, possession, or description.
17
ὁ δὲ εἶπεν οὐχ οὕτως ἰσχυρὸς ὑμῶν ἐστιν ὁ τροχός ὦ μιαροὶ διάκονοι ὥστε μου τὸν λογισμὸν ἄγξαι τέμνετέ μου τὰ μέλη καὶ πυροῦτέ μου τὰς σάρκας καὶ στρεβλοῦτε τὰ ἄρθρα
he replied, “Your wheel is not so strong, you defiled servants, as to choke my reason. Cut off my limbs, burn my flesh, and wrench my joints.
The martyr explicitly distinguishes body from governing reason. The catalogue of torments becomes an invitation, because suffering cannot compel moral defeat.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
οὐχnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐχ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
οὕτωςsoD · οὕτωςadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'so'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
ἰσχυρὸςmightyA1A NSM · ἰσχυρόςpredicate adjective describing Judas's strength→ participant prominenceἰσχυρός: meaning 'mighty'; it serves as predicate adjective describing Judas's strength.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τροχόςwheelN2 NSM · τροχόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementτροχός: meaning 'wheel'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement.
ὦOI · ὦinterjection marking direct address or exclamation→ discourse linkage or contrastὦ: meaning 'O'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as interjection marking direct address or exclamation.
μιαροὶdefiledA1A VPM · μιαρόςgenitive dependent phrase within the clauseμιαρός: meaning 'defiled'; it serves as genitive dependent phrase within the clause.
διάκονοιattendantsN2 VPM · διάκονοςhead noun within the clauseδιάκονος: meaning 'attendants'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ὥστεso thatC · ὥστεcoordinating or discourse-linking conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὥστε: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμὸνplansN2 ASM · λογισμόςObject / complement→ object specificationλογισμός: meaning 'plans'; it serves as Object / complement.
ἄγξαιἄγξαιVA AAN · ἄγχωcomplementary infinitive within the clause→ infinitival complementἄγχω: meaning 'ἄγξαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as complementary infinitive within the clause.
τέμνετέthey were cuttingV1 PAD2P · τέμνωmain verb (durative background action)τέμνω: meaning 'they were cutting'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (durative background action).
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
τὰthe / thoseRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μέληpiecesN3E APN · μέλοςAccusative predicate-like complement after ποιήσαντες.→ object specificationμέλος: meaning 'pieces'; it serves as Accusative predicate-like complement after ποιήσαντες.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πυροῦτέtested by fire / refinedV4 PAD2P · πυρόωpredicate participle (with ῥῆμα: 'the word, tested by fire')πυρόω: meaning 'tested by fire'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as predicate participle (with ῥῆμα: 'the word, tested by fire').
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
τὰςthe (ones)RA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σάρκαςfleshN3K APF · σάρξfirst direct object of ἐξέχεαν→ object specificationσάρξ: meaning 'flesh'; it serves as first direct object of ἐξέχεαν.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
στρεβλοῦτεyou will deal tortuously / show yourself shrewdV4 PAD2P · στρεβλόωmain verb (direct address to YHWH; climactic negative)στρεβλόω: meaning 'you will deal tortuously'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (direct address to YHWH; climactic negative).
τὰthe / thoseRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρθραjointN2N APN · ἄρθρονaccusative term functioning as complement or objectἄρθρον: meaning 'joint'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
18
διὰ πασῶν γὰρ ὑμᾶς πείσω τῶν βασάνων ὅτι μόνοι παῖδες Εβραίων ὑπὲρ ἀρετῆς εἰσιν ἀνίκητοι
For through every torture I shall convince you that the children of the Hebrews alone are unconquerable for the sake of virtue.”
The brother universalizes his witness. His own suffering is meant to demonstrate the moral invincibility of the faithful people.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πασῶνallA1S GPF · πᾶςgenitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as genitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑμᾶςyouRP AP · σύpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
πείσωin safety / trustingVF FAI1S · πείθωcircumstantial participle (manner: 'dwelt securely / in confidence')πείθω: meaning 'in safety'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as circumstantial participle (manner: 'dwelt securely / in confidence').
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασάνωνtorturesN2 GPF · βάσανοςgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or descriptionβάσανος: meaning 'tortures'; it serves as genitive term marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ὅτιfor / becauseC · ὅτιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μόνοιaloneA1 NPM · μόνοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed item→ participant prominenceμόνος: meaning 'alone'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed item.
παῖδεςservantN3D NPM · παῖςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceπαῖς: meaning 'servant'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ΕβραίωνHebrewN2 GPM · Εβραῖοςgenitive dependent phrase within the clauseΕβραίων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive dependent phrase within the clause.
ὑπὲρfor / on behalf ofP · ὑπέρpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὲρ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἀρετῆςpraise / excellenceN1 GSF · ἀρετήgenitive modifier or complement→ apparent brevity and enduring righteousnessἀρετή: meaning 'praise'; it serves as genitive modifier or complement.
εἰσινthere areV9 PAI3P · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there are'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἀνίκητοιunconquerableA1B NPM · ἀνίκητοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complementἀνίκητος: meaning 'unconquerable'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
19
ταῦτα λέγοντι ὑπέστρωσαν πῦρ καὶ τὸ διερεθίζον τὸν τροχὸν προσεπικατέτεινον
As he said these things, they heaped fire beneath him and, stirring up the wheel, tightened it still more.
The torturers answer speech with increased violence. Yet the intensification serves only to sharpen the contrast between cruelty and constancy.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceταῦτα: meaning 'these things'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
λέγοντιπαπδσμ λέγωV1 · παπδσμ λέγωverbal form carrying the clause actionπαπδσμ λέγω: meaning 'παπδσμ λέγω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
ὑπέστρωσανὑποVAI AAI3P · στρώννυμι + ὑποfinite verb governing the clauseστρώννυμι + ὑπο: meaning 'ὑπο'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
πῦρfireN3 ASN · πῦρcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διερεθίζονδιαV1 · παπασν ἐρεθίζω + διαverbal form carrying the clause actionπαπασν ἐρεθίζω + δια: meaning 'δια'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τροχὸνwheelN2 ASM · τροχόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementτροχός: meaning 'wheel'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement.
προσεπικατέτεινονἐπι καταV1I IAI3P · τείνω + προς + ἐπι καταfinite verb governing the clauseτείνω + προς + ἐπι κατα: meaning 'ἐπι κατα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
20
ἐμολύνετο δὲ πάντοθεν αἵματι ὁ τροχός καὶ ὁ σωρὸς τῆς ἀνθρακιᾶς τοῖς τῶν ἰχώρων ἐσβέννυτο σταλαγμοῖς καὶ περὶ τοὺς ἄξονας τοῦ ὀργάνου περιέρρεον αἱ σάρκες
The wheel was stained everywhere with blood, and the pile of coals was quenched by the dripping of bodily fluids, and bits of flesh were running around the axles of the machine.
The gruesome detail is not ornamental. It establishes the full severity of the torture so that the brother's steadfastness cannot be minimized.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ἐμολύνετοdefiledV1I IMI3S · μολύνωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clauseμολύνω: meaning 'defiled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάντοθενon every sideD · πάντοθενadverbial or indeclinable element shaping the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastπάντοθεν: meaning 'on every side'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
αἵματιbloodN3M DSN · αἷμαdative of cause (the blood being avenged)→ sphere or referenceαἷμα: meaning 'blood'; it serves as dative of cause (the blood being avenged).
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τροχόςwheelN2 NSM · τροχόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementτροχός: meaning 'wheel'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σωρὸςheapsN2 NSM · σωρόςnominal element carrying the clause or phraseσωρός: meaning 'heaps'; it serves as nominal element carrying the clause or phrase.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνθρακιᾶςcharcoal fireN1A GSF · ἀνθρακιάgenitive modifier within the phraseἀνθρακιά: meaning 'charcoal fire'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
τοῖςthe onesRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰχώρωνbodily fluidN3 GPM · ἰχώρgenitive modifier within the phraseἰχώρ: meaning 'bodily fluid'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ἐσβέννυτοthey will quenchV5I IMI3S · σβέννυμιmain verb (the consequence)σβέννυμι: meaning 'they will quench'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the consequence).
σταλαγμοῖςdrippingN2 DPM · σταλαγμόςdative term marking relation, means, or advantageσταλαγμός: meaning 'dripping'; it serves as dative term marking relation, means, or advantage.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περὶconcerning / aboutP · περίpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄξοναςaxleN3N APM · ἄξωνaccusative term functioning as complement or object→ seeking wisdom and moral preservationἄξων: meaning 'axle'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀργάνουinstrumentsN2N GSN · ὄργανονdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrumentὄργανον: meaning 'instruments'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
περιέρρεονπεριV2I IAI3P · ῥέω + περιfinite verb governing the clauseῥέω + περι: meaning 'περι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
σάρκεςfleshN3K NPF · σάρξcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceσάρξ: meaning 'flesh'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
21
καὶ περιτετμημένον ἤδη ἔχων τὸ τῶν ὀστέων πῆγμα ὁ μεγαλόφρων καὶ Αβραμιαῖος νεανίας οὐκ ἐστέναξεν
Yet although he already had the very framework of his bones laid bare, the magnanimous and Abrahamic youth did not groan.
The youth is identified not only by courage but by lineage of faith. Abrahamic obedience is now embodied in silent endurance.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιτετμημένονπεριVM · χππασν τέμνω + περιverbal form carrying the clause actionχππασν τέμνω + περι: meaning 'περι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
ἤδηedeD · ἤδηadverb or particle qualifying the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastἤδη: meaning 'ede'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔχωνhavingV1 · παπνσμ ἔχωcircumstantial participle modifying a childless death notice→ circumstantial present participleπαπνσμ ἔχω: meaning 'having'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as circumstantial participle modifying a childless death notice.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀστέωνbonesN2N GPN · ὀστέονgenitive object of ἥψατο→ relational specificationὀστέον: meaning 'bones'; it serves as genitive object of ἥψατο.
πῆγμαframeworkN3M ASN · πῆγμαaccusative term functioning as complement or objectπῆγμα: meaning 'framework'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μεγαλόφρωνmagnanimousN3N NSM · μεγαλόφρωνnominative term functioning in the clause core→ divine scrutiny, justice, and household orderμεγαλόφρων: meaning 'magnanimous'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑβραμιαῖοςAbrahamicA1B NSM · Αβραμιαῖοςproper-name genitive qualifierΑβραμιαῖος: meaning 'Abrahamic'; it serves as proper-name genitive qualifier.
νεανίαςyoung servantN1T NSM · νεανίαςsubject of an implied verb of accompanimentνεανίας: meaning 'young servant'; it serves as subject of an implied verb of accompaniment.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐστέναξενgroanedVAI AAI3S · στενάζωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ hidden injustice and delayed reckoningστενάζω: meaning 'groaned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
22
ἀλλ' ὥσπερ ἐν πυρὶ μετασχηματιζόμενος εἰς ἀφθαρσίαν ὑπέμεινεν εὐγενῶς τὰς στρέβλας
Instead, as though being transformed by fire into incorruption, he endured the racks nobly.
Fire is reimagined as a means of transformation rather than destruction. The martyr's body is tortured, but his destiny is cast in terms of incorruptibility.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἀλλ'butC · ἀλλάconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλ': meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial modifier shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πυρὶfireN3 DSN · πῦρdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
μετασχηματιζόμενοςμεταV1 · πμπνσμ σχηματίζω + μεταverbal form carrying the clause actionπμπνσμ σχηματίζω + μετα: meaning 'μετα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἀφθαρσίανincorruptibilityN1A ASF · ἀφθαρσίαnominative element functioning as subject or predicateἀφθαρσία: meaning 'incorruptibility'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject or predicate.
ὑπέμεινενenduredVAI AAI3S · μένω + ὑποverbal element expressing action, process, or state within the clause→ constative aoristμένω + ὑπο: meaning 'endured'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element expressing action, process, or state within the clause.
εὐγενῶςnoblyD · εὐγενῶςindeclinable modifier contributing connective or adverbial forceεὐγενῶς: meaning 'nobly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςthe (ones)RA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στρέβλαςrackingN1 APF · στρέβληaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complementστρέβλη: meaning 'racking'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
23
μιμήσασθέ με ἀδελφοί λέγων μή μου τὸν ἀγῶνα λειποτακτήσητε μηδὲ ἐξομόσησθέ μου τὴν τῆς εὐψυχίας ἀδελφότητα
“Imitate me, brothers,” he said; “do not desert my struggle, nor renounce the brotherhood of courage that is ours.
The first martyr turns outward at the edge of death. His concern is not escape but the perseverance of the common contest.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
μιμήσασθέlet us imitateVA AMD2P · μιμέομαιverbal element expressing action, process, or state within the clauseμιμέομαι: meaning 'let us imitate'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element expressing action, process, or state within the clause.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἀδελφοίbrotherN2 VPM · ἀδελφόςdirect-address element within the clauseἀδελφός: meaning 'brother'; it serves as direct-address element within the clause.
λέγωνsayingV1 · παπνσμ λέγωparticiple modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive force→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ λέγω: meaning 'saying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive force.
μήnotD · μήadverbial modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγῶναcontestN3W ASM · ἀγώνgenitive modifier or complement→ object specificationἀγών: meaning 'contest'; it serves as genitive modifier or complement.
λειποτακτήσητεdesertVA AAS2P · λειποτακτέωverbal form carrying the clause actionλειποτακτέω: meaning 'desert'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
μηδὲand do not / norC · μηδέcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationμηδὲ: meaning 'and do not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξομόσησθέἐκVA AMS2P · ὄμνυμι + ἐκfinite verb governing the clauseὄμνυμι + ἐκ: meaning 'ἐκ'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐψυχίαςgood courageN1A GSF · εὐψυχίαaccusative nominal functioning as object or extent within the clauseεὐψυχία: meaning 'good courage'; it serves as accusative nominal functioning as object or extent within the clause.
ἀδελφότηταbrotherhoodN3T ASF · ἀδελφότηςfirst object of ἀποστεῖλαι and ἀνανεώσασθαιἀδελφότης: meaning 'brotherhood'; it serves as first object of ἀποστεῖλαι and ἀνανεώσασθαι.
24
ἱερὰν καὶ εὐγενῆ στρατείαν στρατεύσασθε περὶ τῆς εὐσεβείας δι' ἧς ἵλεως ἡ δικαία καὶ πάτριος ἡμῶν πρόνοια τῷ ἔθνει γενηθεῖσα τιμωρήσειεν τὸν ἀλάστορα τύραννον
Fight the sacred and noble campaign for piety, through which our righteous and ancestral providence, becoming gracious to the nation, may punish the accursed tyrant.”
The brother interprets the ordeal corporately. Their suffering is a holy campaign whose outcome includes divine vindication for the whole people.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
ἱερὰνholy / sanctuaryA1A ASF · ἱερόςadjectival or substantival modifier functioning as a accusative complementἱερός: meaning 'holy'; it serves as adjectival or substantival modifier functioning as a accusative complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐγενῆeugenesA3H ASF · εὐγενήςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectεὐγενής: meaning 'eugenes'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
στρατείανcampaignN1A ASF · στρατείαaccusative term functioning as complement or objectστρατεία: meaning 'campaign'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
στρατεύσασθεserve in warVA AMD2P · στρατεύωmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative actionστρατεύω: meaning 'serve in war'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
περὶconcerning / aboutP · περίpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐσεβείαςpietyN1A GSF · εὐσέβειαgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationεὐσέβεια: meaning 'piety'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
δι'through / because ofP · διάpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδι': meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
ἧςwho / whichRR GSF · ὅςgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἧς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἵλεωςmerciful / far be itA1B NSF · ἵλεωςadverbial modifier within the clauseἵλεως: meaning 'merciful'; it serves as adverbial modifier within the clause.
ἡthe (one)RA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δικαίαjustA1A NSF · δίκαιοςnominative element functioning as subject or predicate→ participant prominenceδίκαιος: meaning 'just'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject or predicate.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάτριοςancestralA1B NSF · πάτριοςdative element functioning within the clauseπάτριος: meaning 'ancestral'; it serves as dative element functioning within the clause.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
πρόνοιαprovidenceN1A NSF · πρόνοιαnominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause→ crafted idols and moral corruptionπρόνοια: meaning 'providence'; it serves as nominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause.
τῷofRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔθνειnationN3E DSN · ἔθνοςdative term functioning as indirect object, reference, means, or location→ sphere or referenceἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as dative term functioning as indirect object, reference, means, or location.
γενηθεῖσαhaving becomeVC · αππνσφ γίγνομαιcircumstantial participleαππνσφ γίγνομαι: meaning 'having become'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as circumstantial participle.
τιμωρήσειενpunishVA AAO3S · τιμωρέωparticiple or verbal form adding circumstance to the main actionτιμωρέω: meaning 'punish'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle or verbal form adding circumstance to the main action.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλάστοραavengerN3R ASM · ἀλάστωρaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementἀλάστωρ: meaning 'avenger'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement.
τύραννονrulerN2 ASM · τύραννοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complementτύραννος: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
25
καὶ ταῦτα εἰπὼν ὁ ἱεροπρεπὴς νεανίας ἀπέρρηξεν τὴν ψυχήν
And after saying these things, the holy-minded youth gave up his life.
The narrative marks his death with reverence rather than pity. His last words frame the act as completed witness, not extinguished meaning.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceταῦτα: meaning 'these things'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
εἰπὼνsayingVB · ααπνσμ εἶπονredundant participle (Hebraism: 'saying' before direct speech)→ companionship, resilience, and diligent stewardshipααπνσμ εἶπον: meaning 'saying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as redundant participle (Hebraism: 'saying' before direct speech).
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱεροπρεπὴςholyA3H NSM · ἱεροπρεπήςgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or descriptionἱεροπρεπής: meaning 'holy'; it serves as genitive term marking relation, source, possession, or description.
νεανίαςyoung servantN1T NSM · νεανίαςsubject of an implied verb of accompanimentνεανίας: meaning 'young servant'; it serves as subject of an implied verb of accompaniment.
ἀπέρρηξενἀποVAI AAI3S · ῥήσσω + ἀποfinite verb governing the clauseῥήσσω + ἀπο: meaning 'ἀπο'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχήνlifeN1 ASF · ψυχήaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause→ object specificationψυχή: meaning 'life'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause.
26
θαυμασάντων δὲ πάντων τὴν καρτεροψυχίαν αὐτοῦ ἦγον οἱ δορυφόροι τὸν καθ' ἡλικίαν τοῦ προτέρου δεύτερον καὶ σιδηρᾶς ἐναρμοσάμενοι χεῖρας ὀξέσι τοῖς ὄνυξιν ὀργάνῳ καὶ καταπέλτῃ προσέδησαν αὐτόν
And when all marveled at his steadfastness, the guards brought the second, next in age after the first, and after fitting on iron claws they fastened him to an instrument and to the engine.
Astonishment spreads, but the torture proceeds. The second brother is introduced by sequence in age, highlighting the deliberate, ordered destruction of the family.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
θαυμασάντωνααπγπμ θαυμάζωVA · ααπγπμ θαυμάζωverbal form carrying the clause actionααπγπμ θαυμάζω: meaning 'ααπγπμ θαυμάζω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάντωνallA3 GPM · πᾶςgen adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as gen adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρτεροψυχίανsteadfastnessN1A ASF · καρτεροψυχίαaccusative term functioning as complement or objectκαρτεροψυχία: meaning 'steadfastness'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἦγονwere driving / leadingV1I IAI3P · ἄγωmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ imperfective past: portrays continuing or repeated actionἄγω: meaning 'were driving'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
οἱtheyRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δορυφόροιguardsN2 NPM · δορυφόροςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierδορυφόρος: meaning 'guards'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθ'in / duringP · κατάpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingκαθ': meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἡλικίανageN1A ASF · ἡλικίαobject or complement within the clauseἡλικία: meaning 'age'; it serves as object or complement within the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προτέρουfirstA1A GSMC · πρῶτοςadjectival or ordinal modifierπρῶτος: meaning 'first'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
δεύτερονsecondA1A ASM · δεύτεροςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ object specificationδεύτερος: meaning 'second'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σιδηρᾶςironA1C APF · σιδηροῦςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phraseσιδηροῦς: meaning 'iron'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
ἐναρμοσάμενοιἐνVA · αμπνπμ ἁρμόζω + ἐνverbal form carrying the clause actionαμπνπμ ἁρμόζω + ἐν: meaning 'ἐν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
χεῖραςhandsN3 APF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ὀξέσιsevereA3U DPM · ὀξύςaccusative element functioning within the clauseὀξύς: meaning 'severe'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
τοῖςthe onesRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνυξινclawN3X DPM · ὄνυξdative term marking relation, means, or advantageὄνυξ: meaning 'claw'; it serves as dative term marking relation, means, or advantage.
ὀργάνῳinstrumentsN2N DSN · ὄργανονdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceὄργανον: meaning 'instruments'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταπέλτῃcatapultN1M DSM · καταπάλτηςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementκαταπάλτης: meaning 'catapult'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement.
προσέδησανπροςVAI AAI3P · δέω + προςfinite verb governing the clauseδέω + προς: meaning 'προς'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
27
ὡς δ' εἰ φαγεῖν βούλοιτο πρὶν βασανίζεσθαι πυνθανόμενοι τὴν εὐγενῆ γνώμην ἤκουσαν
And when they asked whether he wished to eat before being tortured, they heard his noble resolve.
Even now the tyrant's system leaves room for apostasy. The second brother's answer, however, is characterized in advance as noble and unwavering.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ὡςlike / asC · ὡςcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δ'butX · δέmild adversative marking transition to sanction→ deliverance, death, and covenant remembranceδέ: meaning 'but'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
εἰifC · εἰcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φαγεῖνto eatVB AAN · ἐσθίωinfinitive expressing purpose, result, or verbal complement→ infinitival complementἐσθίω: meaning 'to eat'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive expressing purpose, result, or verbal complement.
βούλοιτοhe wishedV1 PMO3S · βούλομαιmain verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertionβούλομαι: meaning 'he wished'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertion.
πρὶνbeforeD · πρίνadverbial marker of prior time→ discourse linkage or contrastπρίν: meaning 'before'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
βασανίζεσθαιtormentedV1 PMN · βασανίζωmain verb (subject: the LORD / his hand)βασανίζω: meaning 'tormented'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (subject: the LORD / his hand).
πυνθανόμενοιπμπνπμ πυνθάνομαιV1 · πμπνπμ πυνθάνομαιverbal form carrying the clause actionπμπνπμ πυνθάνομαι: meaning 'πμπνπμ πυνθάνομαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐγενῆeugenesA3H ASF · εὐγενήςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectεὐγενής: meaning 'eugenes'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
γνώμηνdecreeN1 ASF · γνώμηhead noun within the clause→ object specificationγνώμη: meaning 'decree'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἤκουσανheardVAI AAI3P · ἀκούωfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristἀκούω: meaning 'heard'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
28
ἀπὸ τῶν τενόντων ταῖς σιδηραῖς χερσὶν ἐπισπασάμενοι μέχρι τῶν γενείων τὴν σάρκα πᾶσαν καὶ τὴν τῆς κεφαλῆς δορὰν οἱ παρδάλεοι θῆρες ἀπέσυρον ὁ δὲ ταύτην βαρέως τὴν ἀλγηδόνα καρτερῶν ἔλεγεν
After dragging all his flesh with the iron claws from the sinews as far as the beard, those leopard-like beasts tore away even the skin of his head; but he, enduring this pain with firmness, said,
The executioners are bestialized as savage predators. Against that ferocity the martyr's composure becomes all the more remarkable.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τενόντωντένωνN3 GPM · τένωνgenitive modifier within the phraseτένων: meaning 'τένων'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ταῖςthe onesRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σιδηραῖςironA1C DPF · σιδηροῦςdative term marking reference, means, manner, or location→ sphere or referenceσιδηροῦς: meaning 'iron'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, manner, or location.
χερσὶνhandN3 DPF · χείρdative complement within the clause→ sphere or referenceχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as dative complement within the clause.
ἐπισπασάμενοιἐπιVA · αμπνπμ σπάω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the clause actionαμπνπμ σπάω + ἐπι: meaning 'ἐπι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
μέχριuntilP · μέχριconjunction (with οὗ: temporal 'until')→ spatial or relational framingμέχρι: meaning 'until'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενείωνbeardN2N GPN · γένειονgenitive modifier within the phraseγένειον: meaning 'beard'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σάρκαfleshN3K ASF · σάρξaccusative object of ἐπί (what may not be anointed)→ object specificationσάρξ: meaning 'flesh'; it serves as accusative object of ἐπί (what may not be anointed).
πᾶσανallA1S ASF · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλῆςheadN1 GSF · κεφαλήcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationκεφαλή: meaning 'head'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
δορὰνskinN1A ASF · δοράaccusative term functioning as complement or objectδορά: meaning 'skin'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
οἱtheyRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρδάλεοιleopard-likeA1B NPM · παρδάλεοςnominative term functioning in the clause coreπαρδάλεος: meaning 'leopard-like'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
θῆρεςbeastN3 NPM · θήρgenitive modifier or complementθήρ: meaning 'beast'; it serves as genitive modifier or complement.
ἀπέσυρονἀποV1I IAI3P · σύρω + ἀποfinite verb governing the clauseσύρω + ἀπο: meaning 'ἀπο'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταύτηνthisRD ASF · οὗτοςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceταύτην: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
βαρέωςheavilyD · βαρέωςadverbial modifier shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastβαρέως: meaning 'heavily'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλγηδόναpainsN3N ASF · ἀλγηδώνnominal element functioning within the clauseἀλγηδών: meaning 'pains'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καρτερῶνπαπνσμ καρτερέωV2 · παπνσμ καρτερέωverbal form carrying the clause actionπαπνσμ καρτερέω: meaning 'παπνσμ καρτερέω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
ἔλεγενwould sayV1I IAI3S · λέγωmain verb (iterative imperfect introducing demand)→ eventλέγω: meaning 'would say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (iterative imperfect introducing demand).
29
ὡς ἡδὺς πᾶς θανάτου τρόπος διὰ τὴν πάτριον ἡμῶν εὐσέβειαν ἔφη τε πρὸς τὸν τύραννον
“How sweet is every manner of death for the sake of our ancestral piety,” and he said to the tyrant,
The sweetness of death lies not in pain itself but in the cause for which it is borne. Martyrdom converts what is bitter into something desirable through fidelity.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ὡςlike / asC · ὡςcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡδὺςpleasantA3U NSM · ἡδύςnominative element functioning as subject or predicate→ correction, truth, and diligent stabilityἡδύς: meaning 'pleasant'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject or predicate.
πᾶςeveryoneA3 NSM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'everyone'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
θανάτουof deathN2 GSM · θάνατοςgenitive of quality / destiny (with υἱός: 'son of death')→ relational specificationθάνατος: meaning 'of death'; it serves as genitive of quality / destiny (with υἱός: 'son of death').
τρόποςτροποςN2 NSM · τρόποςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseτρόπος: meaning 'τροπος'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πάτριονancestralA1B ASF · πάτριοςdative element functioning within the clauseπάτριος: meaning 'ancestral'; it serves as dative element functioning within the clause.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
εὐσέβειανpietyN1A ASF · εὐσέβειαaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ content focusεὐσέβεια: meaning 'piety'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
ἔφηdeclareV6I IAI3S · φημίmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative actionφημί: meaning 'declare'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
τεTeX TEproper name or indeclinable item→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτε: meaning 'Te'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'toward'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τύραννονrulerN2 ASM · τύραννοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complementτύραννος: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
30
οὐ δοκεῖς πάντων ὠμότατε τύραννε πλέον ἐμοῦ σε βασανίζεσθαι ὁρῶν σου νικώμενον τὸν τῆς τυραννίδος ὑπερήφανον λογισμὸν ὑπὸ τῆς διὰ τὴν εὐσέβειαν ἡμῶν ὑπομονῆς
“Do you not think, most savage tyrant, that you are tortured more than I, when you see the proud reasoning of your tyranny conquered by our endurance for the sake of piety?
The tyrant is depicted as the true sufferer because his will is being defeated. Moral humiliation exceeds physical pain.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
δοκεῖςseem goodV2 PAI2S · δοκέωmain finite verb of the clauseδοκέω: meaning 'seem good'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main finite verb of the clause.
πάντωνallA3 GPM · πᾶςgen adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as gen adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
ὠμότατεshouldersA1 VSMS · ὠμόςgenitive (object of ἐπί: 'upon the shoulders')ὠμός: meaning 'shoulders'; it serves as genitive (object of ἐπί: 'upon the shoulders').
τύραννεrulerN2 VSM · τύραννοςnominal or adjectival element functioning according to its inflection and local clause roleτύραννος: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as nominal or adjectival element functioning according to its inflection and local clause role.
πλέονmanyA3C ASN · πολύςaccusative term functioning as complement or object→ coming Lord, judgment, remembrance, and the day to comeπολύς: meaning 'many'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ἐμοῦIRP GS · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
βασανίζεσθαιtormentedV1 PPN · βασανίζωmain verb (subject: the LORD / his hand)βασανίζω: meaning 'tormented'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (subject: the LORD / his hand).
ὁρῶνhill country / mountainN2 GPM · ὅροςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationὅρος: meaning 'hill country'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
νικώμενονπππασμ νικάωV3 · πππασμ νικάωverbal form carrying the clause actionπππασμ νικάω: meaning 'πππασμ νικάω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τυραννίδοςtyrannyN3D GSF · τυραννίςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementτυραννίς: meaning 'tyranny'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement.
ὑπερήφανονinsolentA1B ASM · ὑπερήφανοςmodifier of πρᾶξιν→ object specificationὑπερήφανος: meaning 'insolent'; it serves as modifier of πρᾶξιν.
λογισμὸνplansN2 ASM · λογισμόςObject / complement→ object specificationλογισμός: meaning 'plans'; it serves as Object / complement.
ὑπὸas / byP · ὑπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὸ: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐσέβειανpietyN1A ASF · εὐσέβειαaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ content focusεὐσέβεια: meaning 'piety'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ὑπομονῆςenduranceN1 GSF · ὑπομονήgenitive element qualifying another termὑπομονή: meaning 'endurance'; it serves as genitive element qualifying another term.
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ἐγὼ μὲν γὰρ ταῖς διὰ τὴν ἀρετὴν ἡδοναῖς τὸν πόνον ἐπικουφίζομαι
For my part, by the pleasures that come through virtue I lighten the pain,
Pleasure is not surrendered to the tyrant but relocated in virtue. The brother can endure because moral joy outweighs bodily agony.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
μὲνon the one handX · μένadverbial or connective modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastμὲν: meaning 'on the one hand'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταῖςthe onesRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρετὴνvalorN1 ASF · ἀρετήaccusative element functioning as object or complementἀρετή: meaning 'valor'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
ἡδοναῖςἡδονήN1 DPF · ἡδονήnominative term functioning in the clause coreἡδονή: meaning 'ἡδονή'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόνονaffliction / painN2 ASM · πόνοςaccusative (summary object, coordinate with συνάντημα)→ object specificationπόνος: meaning 'affliction'; it serves as accusative (summary object, coordinate with συνάντημα).
ἐπικουφίζομαιἐπιV1 PMI1S · κουφίζομαι + ἐπιfinite verb governing the clauseκουφίζομαι + ἐπι: meaning 'ἐπι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
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σὺ δὲ ἐν ταῖς τῆς ἀσεβείας ἀπειλαῖς βασανίζῃ οὐκ ἐκφεύξῃ δέ μιαρώτατε τύραννε τὰς τῆς θείας ὀργῆς δίκας
but you, in the threats of your impiety, are tormented, and you will not escape, most defiled tyrant, the judgments of divine wrath.”
The speech concludes where it began: divine judgment, not royal violence, determines the true end of the contest. The tyrant's future remains one of inescapable wrath.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
σὺyouRP NS · σύpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceσὺ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ταῖςthe onesRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀσεβείαςimpietyN1A GSF · ἀσέβειαdative element marking reference, means, or association→ watching, vision, and woe against empireἀσέβεια: meaning 'impiety'; it serves as dative element marking reference, means, or association.
ἀπειλαῖςthreatN1 DPF · ἀπειλήaccusative element functioning within the clauseἀπειλή: meaning 'threat'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
βασανίζῃtormentedV1 PPI2S · βασανίζωmain verb (subject: the LORD / his hand)βασανίζω: meaning 'tormented'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (subject: the LORD / his hand).
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐκφεύξῃἐκVF FMI2S · φεύγω + ἐκmain verbal action advancing the clause→ antithetical sayings on righteousness and laborφεύγω + ἐκ: meaning 'ἐκ'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal action advancing the clause.
δέbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μιαρώτατεdefiledA1A VSMS · μιαρόςnominal element within the clauseμιαρός: meaning 'defiled'; it serves as nominal element within the clause.
τύραννεrulerN2 VSM · τύραννοςnominal or adjectival element functioning according to its inflection and local clause roleτύραννος: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as nominal or adjectival element functioning according to its inflection and local clause role.
τὰςthe (ones)RA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θείαςdivineA1A GSF · θεῖοςgenitive element qualifying another termθεῖος: meaning 'divine'; it serves as genitive element qualifying another term.
ὀργῆςwith angerN1 GSF · ὀργήdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ relational specificationὀργή: meaning 'with anger'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
δίκαςjusticeN1 APF · δίκηaccusative element functioning within the clauseδίκη: meaning 'justice'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.