1
διὰ τοῦτό γέ τοι καὶ μειρακίσκοι τῷ τῆς εὐσεβείας λογισμῷ φιλοσοφοῦντες χαλεπωτέρων βασανιστηρίων ἐπεκράτησαν
For this reason, then, even young men, philosophizing by the reasoning of piety, proved stronger than harsher tortures.
The argument moves from the elder to the youths without changing its thesis. The same pious reasoning is shown to govern even those at the beginning of life.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦτόthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ pronominal reference within the oracleτοῦτό: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
γέindeedX · γέcommon noun within the clauseγέ: meaning 'indeed'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
τοιindeedX TOIconnective or particle shaping the clause relationτοι: meaning 'indeed'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μειρακίσκοιyoung manN2 NPM · μειρακίσκοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierμειρακίσκος: meaning 'young man'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
τῷofRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐσεβείαςpietyN1A GSF · εὐσέβειαgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationεὐσέβεια: meaning 'piety'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
λογισμῷreasonN2 DSM · λογισμόςdative element marking reference, means, or association→ sphere or referenceλογισμός: meaning 'reason'; it serves as dative element marking reference, means, or association.
φιλοσοφοῦντεςπαπνπμ φιλοσοφέωV2 · παπνπμ φιλοσοφέωverbal form carrying the clause actionπαπνπμ φιλοσοφέω: meaning 'παπνπμ φιλοσοφέω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
χαλεπωτέρωνharshA1 GPNC · χαλεπόςobject or complement within the clauseχαλεπός: meaning 'harsh'; it serves as object or complement within the clause.
βασανιστηρίωνtorturesN2N GPN · βασανιστήριονgenitive modifier within the phraseβασανιστήριον: meaning 'tortures'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ἐπεκράτησανtook controlVAI AAI3P · κρατέω + ἐπιfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ ingressive aorist of seizing powerκρατέω + ἐπι: meaning 'took control'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
2
ἐπειδὴ γὰρ κατὰ τὴν πρώτην πεῖραν ἐνικήθη περιφανῶς ὁ τύραννος μὴ δυνηθεὶς ἀναγκάσαι γέροντα μιαροφαγῆσαι τότε δὴ σφόδρα περιπαθῶς ἐκέλευσεν ἄλλους ἐκ τῆς λείας τῶν Εβραίων ἀγαγεῖν καὶ εἰ μὲν μιαροφαγήσαιεν ἀπολύειν φαγόντας εἰ δ' ἀντιλέγοιεν πικρότερον βασανίζειν
For when the tyrant was plainly defeated in the first trial, being unable to compel an old man to eat defiling food, he then in deep agitation ordered others from among the Hebrew captives to be brought, and if they should eat defiling food they were to be released after eating, but if they objected they were to be tortured more bitterly.
The tyrant responds to public defeat by escalating the test. Coercion is now organized as a calculated policy of reward for apostasy and pain for refusal.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
ἐπειδὴἐπειδὴC · ἐπειδήconnective or particle linking the argument→ discourse linkage or contrastἐπειδὴ: meaning 'ἐπειδὴ'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατὰby / according toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρώτηνfirstA1 ASFS · πρῶτοςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ object specificationπρῶτος: meaning 'first'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
πεῖρανI am experienced / have been triedV3 PAN · πειράωmain verb (perfect of settled state)πειράω: meaning 'I am experienced'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (perfect of settled state).
ἐνικήθηbe victoriousVCI API3S · νικάωmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative actionνικάω: meaning 'be victorious'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
περιφανῶςopenlyD · περιφανῶςadverbial or comparative particleπεριφανῶς: meaning 'openly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τύραννοςrulerN2 NSM · τύραννοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ affliction, counsel, and silent companionshipτύραννος: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
δυνηθεὶςαππνσμ δύναμαιVC · αππνσμ δύναμαιverbal form carrying the clause actionαππνσμ δύναμαι: meaning 'αππνσμ δύναμαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
ἀναγκάσαιcompelVA AAN · ἀγκάζω + ἀναverbal element carrying the clause actionἀγκάζω + ἀνα: meaning 'compel'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element carrying the clause action.
γέρονταold manN3 ASM · γέρωνnominal element functioning within the clause→ object specificationγέρων: meaning 'old man'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause.
μιαροφαγῆσαιthey ate defilementVA AAN · μιαροφαγέωverbal element expressing action, process, or state within the clauseμιαροφαγέω: meaning 'they ate defilement'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element expressing action, process, or state within the clause.
τότεthenD · τότεadverbial modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastτότε: meaning 'then'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
δὴnowX · δήparticle of urgency→ discourse linkage or contrastδὴ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σφόδραveryD · σφόδραadverbial modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastσφόδρα: meaning 'very'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
περιπαθῶςwith intense feelingD · περιπαθῶςadverbial or comparative particleπεριπαθῶς: meaning 'with intense feeling'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκέλευσενorderedVAI AAI3S · κελεύωmain verb taking περικαθῆσθαι as complementary infinitive→ constative aoristκελεύω: meaning 'ordered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb taking περικαθῆσθαι as complementary infinitive.
ἄλλουςothersRD APM · ἄλλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ wisdom, mockery, and divine sovereigntyἄλλος: meaning 'others'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λείαςλεῖοςA1A GSF · λεῖοςgenitive modifier within the phraseλεῖος: meaning 'λεῖος'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΕβραίωνHebrewN2 GPM · Εβραῖοςgenitive dependent phrase within the clauseΕβραίων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive dependent phrase within the clause.
ἀγαγεῖνwere driving / leadingVB AAN · ἄγωinfinitive→ infinitival complementἄγω: meaning 'were driving'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰifC · εἰcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὲνon the one handX · μένadverbial or connective modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastμὲν: meaning 'on the one hand'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μιαροφαγήσαιενthey ate defilementVA AAO3P · μιαροφαγέωverbal element expressing action, process, or state within the clauseμιαροφαγέω: meaning 'they ate defilement'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element expressing action, process, or state within the clause.
ἀπολύεινἀποV1 PAN · λύω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clauseλύω + ἀπο: meaning 'ἀπο'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
φαγόνταςααπαπμ ἐσθίωVB · ααπαπμ ἐσθίωverbal form carrying the clause actionααπαπμ ἐσθίω: meaning 'ααπαπμ ἐσθίω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
εἰifC · εἰcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δ'butX · δέmild adversative marking transition to sanction→ deliverance, death, and covenant remembranceδέ: meaning 'but'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἀντιλέγοιενἀντιV1 PAO3P · λέγω + ἀντιparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateλέγω + ἀντι: meaning 'ἀντι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle describing attendant action, manner, or state.
πικρότερονbitterA1A ASMC · πικρόςnominal element functioning within the clause→ mortality, patience, and limited wisdomπικρός: meaning 'bitter'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause.
βασανίζεινtormentedV1 PAN · βασανίζωmain verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertionβασανίζω: meaning 'tormented'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertion.
3
ταῦτα διαταξαμένου τοῦ τυράννου παρῆσαν ἀγόμενοι μετὰ γεραιᾶς μητρὸς ἑπτὰ ἀδελφοὶ καλοί τε καὶ αἰδήμονες καὶ γενναῖοι καὶ ἐν παντὶ χαρίεντες
When the tyrant had given these orders, there were brought in seven brothers with their aged mother, handsome, modest, noble, and gracious in every respect.
The seven brothers are presented with idealized qualities before any speech begins. Their moral and physical excellence heightens the pathos of what follows.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceταῦτα: meaning 'these things'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
διαταξαμένουδιαVA · αμπγσμ τάσσω + διαverbal form carrying the clause actionαμπγσμ τάσσω + δια: meaning 'δια'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τυράννουtyrantN2 GSM · τύραννοςgenitive modifier or complementτύραννος: meaning 'tyrant'; it serves as genitive modifier or complement.
παρῆσανwere presentV9 IAI3P · εἰμί + παραmain verbal action advancing the narrativeεἰμί + παρα: meaning 'were present'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal action advancing the narrative.
ἀγόμενοιπππνπμ ἄγωV1 · πππνπμ ἄγωverbal form carrying the clause actionπππνπμ ἄγω: meaning 'πππνπμ ἄγω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
γεραιᾶςaged menA1A GSF · γεραιόςobject of ὑπόγεραιός: meaning 'aged men'; it serves as object of ὑπό.
μητρὸςof the motherN3 GSF · μήτηρgenitive of possession (with μήτρας: 'mother's womb')→ relational specificationμήτηρ: meaning 'of the mother'; it serves as genitive of possession (with μήτρας: 'mother's womb').
ἑπτὰsevenM · ἑπτάcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastἑπτὰ: meaning 'seven'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἀδελφοὶbrothersN2 NPM · ἀδελφόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceἀδελφός: meaning 'brothers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
καλοίKaloA1 NPM · καλόςadjectival modifier→ divine governance and self-masteryκαλός: meaning 'Kalo'; it serves as adjectival modifier.
τεTeX TEproper name or indeclinable item→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτε: meaning 'Te'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἰδήμονεςmodestA3N NPM · αἰδήμωνaccusative element functioning as object or complementαἰδήμων: meaning 'modest'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γενναῖοιGennaeusA1A NPM · γενναῖοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termγενναῖος: meaning 'Gennaeus'; it serves as genitive element qualifying a related head term.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
παντὶallA3 DSM · πᾶςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
χαρίεντεςcharmingA3E NPM · χαρίειςnominative term functioning in the clause coreχαρίεις: meaning 'charming'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
4
οὓς ἰδὼν ὁ τύραννος καθάπερ ἐν χορῷ μέσην τὴν μητέρα περιέχοντας ἥσθετο ἐπ' αὐτοῖς καὶ τῆς εὐπρεπείας ἐκπλαγεὶς καὶ τῆς εὐγενείας προσεμειδίασεν αὐτοῖς καὶ πλησίον καλέσας ἔφη
And when the tyrant saw them gathered around their mother as though in the middle of a chorus, he took delight in them, and astonished by their good appearance and noble birth, he smiled upon them and, calling them near, said:
The scene is staged almost theatrically. The tyrant's delight and smile reveal that persuasion and seduction precede the use of overt violence.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
οὓςwho / whichRR APM · ὅςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceοὓς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἰδὼνhaving seenVB · ααπνσμ ὁράωcircumstantial participle preceding Lysias' decision→ verbal action or state within the oracleααπνσμ ὁράω: meaning 'having seen'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as circumstantial participle preceding Lysias' decision.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τύραννοςrulerN2 NSM · τύραννοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ affliction, counsel, and silent companionshipτύραννος: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
καθάπερjust asD · καθάπερadverbial or discourse-level modifier→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθάπερ: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
χορῷchorusesN2 DSM · χορόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ sphere or referenceχορός: meaning 'choruses'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
μέσηνmidstA1 ASF · μέσοςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ object specificationμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μητέραmotherN3 ASF · μήτηρaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause→ object specificationμήτηρ: meaning 'mother'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause.
περιέχονταςπεριV1 · παπαπμ ἔχω + περιverbal form carrying the clause actionπαπαπμ ἔχω + περι: meaning 'περι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
ἥσθετοtook delightVA AMI3S · ἥδομαιfinite verb governing the clauseἥδομαι: meaning 'took delight'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐπρεπείαςbeautyN1A GSF · εὐπρέπειαdative of cause with καταπλαγείς→ judgment on Jerusalem and arrogant oppressorsεὐπρέπεια: meaning 'beauty'; it serves as dative of cause with καταπλαγείς.
ἐκπλαγεὶςἐκVD · αππνσμ πλήσσω + ἐκverbal form carrying the clause actionαππνσμ πλήσσω + ἐκ: meaning 'ἐκ'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐγενείαςnobilityN1A GSF · εὐγένειαgenitive nominal marking relation, source, or possessionεὐγένεια: meaning 'nobility'; it serves as genitive nominal marking relation, source, or possession.
προσεμειδίασενπροςVAI AAI3S · μειδιάω + προςfinite verb governing the clauseμειδιάω + προς: meaning 'προς'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλησίονnearD · πλησίονpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπλησίον: meaning 'near'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
καλέσαςhaving calledVA · ααπνσμ καλέωparticiple or verbal form supporting the clause actionααπνσμ καλέω: meaning 'having called'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle or verbal form supporting the clause action.
ἔφηdeclareV6I IAI3S · φημίmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative actionφημί: meaning 'declare'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
5
ὦ νεανίαι φιλοφρόνως ἐγὼ καθ' ἑνὸς ἑκάστου ὑμῶν θαυμάζω τὸ κάλλος καὶ τὸ πλῆθος τοσούτων ἀδελφῶν ὑπερτιμῶν οὐ μόνον συμβουλεύω μὴ μανῆναι τὴν αὐτὴν τῷ προβασανισθέντι γέροντι μανίαν ἀλλὰ καὶ παρακαλῶ συνείξαντάς μοι τῆς ἐμῆς ἀπολαύειν φιλίας
Young men, I am kindly disposed toward you; I admire the beauty of each of you, and honoring so great a company of brothers, I not only advise you not to go mad with the same madness as the old man who has already been tortured, but I also urge you to yield to me and enjoy my friendship.
Antiochus uses admiration and patronage as rhetorical bait. Eleazar's fidelity is recast as madness in an attempt to redefine courage as folly.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
ὦOI · ὦinterjection marking direct address or exclamation→ discourse linkage or contrastὦ: meaning 'O'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as interjection marking direct address or exclamation.
νεανίαιyoung manN1T VPM · νεανίαςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionνεανίας: meaning 'young man'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
φιλοφρόνωςkindlyD · φιλοφρόνωςadverb or particle qualifying the clauseφιλοφρόνως: meaning 'kindly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καθ'in / duringP · κατάpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingκαθ': meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἑνὸςoneA3 GSM · εἷςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationεἷς: meaning 'one'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
ἑκάστουeachA1 GSM · ἕκαστοςadjectival modifier→ relational specificationἕκαστος: meaning 'each'; it serves as adjectival modifier.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
θαυμάζωshow partialityV1 PAI1S · θαυμάζωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseθαυμάζω: meaning 'show partiality'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κάλλοςbeautyN3E ASN · κάλλοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationκάλλος: meaning 'beauty'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλῆθοςmultitudeN3E ASN · πλῆθοςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationπλῆθος: meaning 'multitude'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
τοσούτωνso manyA1 GPM · τοσοῦτοgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or descriptionτοσοῦτο: meaning 'so many'; it serves as genitive term marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἀδελφῶνbrothersN2 GPM · ἀδελφόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationἀδελφός: meaning 'brothers'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ὑπερτιμῶνὑπερV3 · παπνσμ τιμάω + ὑπερverbal form carrying the clause actionπαπνσμ τιμάω + ὑπερ: meaning 'ὑπερ'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μόνονonlyD · μόνονadverb limiting the scope of ταῦτα→ discourse linkage or contrastμόνον: meaning 'only'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
συμβουλεύωσυνV1 PAI1S · βουλεύω + συνmain verb of conferenceβουλεύω + συν: meaning 'συν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of conference.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
μανῆναιμανῇςVD APN · μαίνομαιfinite verb governing the clauseμαίνομαι: meaning 'μανῇς'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτὴνitRD ASF · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
τῷofRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προβασανισθέντιπροVS · αππδσμ βασανίζω + προverbal form carrying the clause actionαππδσμ βασανίζω + προ: meaning 'προ'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
γέροντιold manN3 DSM · γέρωνnominal element functioning within the clauseγέρων: meaning 'old man'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause.
μανίανμανίανN1A ASF · μανίαaccusative term functioning as complement or object→ public reversal and the collapse of the ungodlyμανία: meaning 'μανίαν'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάcoordinating or discourse-linking conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλὰ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρακαλῶcomfortV2 PAI1S · καλέω + παραmain verbal action advancing the clause→ public wisdom and created orderκαλέω + παρα: meaning 'comfort'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal action advancing the clause.
συνείξαντάςσυνVA · ααπασμ ἔικω + συνverbal form carrying the clause actionααπασμ ἔικω + συν: meaning 'συν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
μοιto meRP DS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐμῆςI wasA1 GSF · ἐμόςfinite verb of former state→ relational specificationἐμός: meaning 'I was'; it serves as finite verb of former state.
ἀπολαύεινἀποV1 PAN · λαύω + ἀποverbal element carrying the clause actionλαύω + ἀπο: meaning 'ἀπο'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element carrying the clause action.
φιλίαςfriendshipN1A GSF · φιλίαgenitive object/complement with συντηρεῖν→ presumption, stewardship, and unstable powerφιλία: meaning 'friendship'; it serves as genitive object/complement with συντηρεῖν.
6
δυναίμην δ' ἂν ὥσπερ κολάζειν τοὺς ἀπειθοῦντάς μου τοῖς ἐπιτάγμασιν οὕτω καὶ εὐεργετεῖν τοὺς εὐπειθοῦντάς μοι
For just as I can punish those who disobey my commands, so too I can benefit those who obey me.
The king presents himself as the source of both threat and favor. Political benefaction is made to compete directly with covenant loyalty.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
δυναίμηνwas ableV6 PMO1S · δύναμαιfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause→ humiliation, mockery, and divine assaultδύναμαι: meaning 'was able'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
δ'butX · δέmild adversative marking transition to sanction→ deliverance, death, and covenant remembranceδέ: meaning 'but'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἂνthen / ifX · ἄνsubstantival or adjectival term contributing the clause content→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: meaning 'then'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial modifier shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
κολάζεινpunishV1 PAN · κολάζωfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause actionκολάζω: meaning 'punish'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπειθοῦντάςἀπειθέωV2 · παπαπμ ἀπειθέωparticiple contributing attendant circumstance, manner, or descriptionπαπαπμ ἀπειθέω: meaning 'ἀπειθέω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant circumstance, manner, or description.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
τοῖςthe onesRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιτάγμασινἐπίταγμαN3M DPN · ἐπίταγμαdative term marking relation, means, or advantageἐπίταγμα: meaning 'ἐπίταγμα'; it serves as dative term marking relation, means, or advantage.
οὕτωthusD · οὕτωςadverbial modifier qualifying manner, time, degree, or discourse flow→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτω: meaning 'thus'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐεργετεῖνεὐεργετέωV2 PAN · εὐεργετέωinfinitive complement within the clauseεὐεργετέω: meaning 'εὐεργετέω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement within the clause.
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐπειθοῦντάςπαπαπμ εὐπειθέωV2 · παπαπμ εὐπειθέωverbal form carrying the clause actionπαπαπμ εὐπειθέω: meaning 'παπαπμ εὐπειθέω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
μοιto meRP DS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
7
πιστεύσατε οὖν καὶ ἀρχὰς ἐπὶ τῶν ἐμῶν πραγμάτων ἡγεμονικὰς λήμψεσθε ἀρνησάμενοι τὸν πάτριον ὑμῶν τῆς πολιτείας θεσμόν
Trust me, then, and you will receive governing offices over my affairs if you renounce the ancestral ordinance of your way of life.
The offer is not merely survival but participation in imperial administration. Apostasy is framed as the price of social and political promotion.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
πιστεύσατεbelieveVA AAD2P · πιστεύωmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action→ aorist portrayal of the action as a complete wholeπιστεύω: meaning 'believe'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνinferential particle→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀρχὰςdominionsN1 APF · ἀρχήaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationἀρχή: meaning 'dominions'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐμῶνI wasA1 GPN · ἐμόςfinite verb of former state→ trust, discipline, and ordered flourishingἐμός: meaning 'I was'; it serves as finite verb of former state.
πραγμάτωνaffairsN3M GPN · πρᾶγμαgenitive noun denoting the business placed under Lysias's oversight→ relational specificationπρᾶγμα: meaning 'affairs'; it serves as genitive noun denoting the business placed under Lysias's oversight.
ἡγεμονικὰςgoverningA1 APF · ἡγεμονικόςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectἡγεμονικός: meaning 'governing'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
λήμψεσθεseizedVF FMI2P · λαμβάνωfinite verb advancing the clause→ futureλαμβάνω: meaning 'seized'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἀρνησάμενοιαμπνπμ ἀρνέομαιVA · αμπνπμ ἀρνέομαιverbal form carrying the clause actionαμπνπμ ἀρνέομαι: meaning 'αμπνπμ ἀρνέομαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πάτριονancestralA1A ASM · πάτριοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complementπάτριος: meaning 'ancestral'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολιτείαςcommonwealthN1A GSF · πολιτείαgenitive element qualifying a related head termπολιτεία: meaning 'commonwealth'; it serves as genitive element qualifying a related head term.
θεσμόνordinanceN2 ASM · θεσμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complementθεσμός: meaning 'ordinance'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
8
καὶ μεταλαβόντες Ἑλληνικοῦ βίου καὶ μεταδιαιτηθέντες ἐντρυφήσατε ταῖς νεότησιν ὑμῶν
And after adopting the Greek way of life and reshaping your manner of living, enjoy your youth in luxury.
The alternative to the law is a Hellenized life of pleasure. The tyrant appeals to youth itself as a reason to forsake inherited discipline.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μεταλαβόντεςμεταVB · ααπνπμ λαμβάνω + μεταverbal form carrying the clause actionααπνπμ λαμβάνω + μετα: meaning 'μετα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
ἙλληνικοῦGreek waysN2 GSM · Ἑλληνικόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complementἙλληνικοῦ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
βίουpropertyN2 GSM · βίοςgenitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description→ trust, discipline, and ordered flourishingβίος: meaning 'property'; it serves as genitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μεταδιαιτηθέντεςδιαVC · αππνπμ αἰτέω + μετα + διαverbal form carrying the clause actionαππνπμ αἰτέω + μετα + δια: meaning 'δια'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
ἐντρυφήσατεἐνVA AAI2P · τρυφάω + ἐνfinite verb governing the clauseτρυφάω + ἐν: meaning 'ἐν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ταῖςthe onesRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεότησινyouthN3T DPF · νεότηςnominal element functioning within the clause or phraseνεότης: meaning 'youth'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
9
ἐπεί ἐὰν ὀργίλως με διάθησθε διὰ τῆς ἀπειθείας ἀναγκάσετέ με ἐπὶ δειναῖς κολάσεσιν ἕνα ἕκαστον ὑμῶν διὰ τῶν βασάνων ἀπολέσαι
But if by disobedience you provoke me in anger, you will force me to destroy each one of you by terrible punishments through tortures.
The royal speech now drops its smile. Refusal will not simply be punished collectively but individually and with exemplary cruelty.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ἐπείwhenC · ἐπείtemporal conjunction (introducing the time of the theophany)ἐπεί: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνlexical item integrated into the clause in its local syntactic role→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: meaning 'if'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
ὀργίλωςangrilyD · ὀργίλωςadverbial or comparative particleὀργίλως: meaning 'angrily'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
διάθησθεδιαVE AMS2P · τίθημι + διαfinite verb advancing the clauseτίθημι + δια: meaning 'δια'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπειθείαςdisobedienceN1A GSF · ἀπείθειαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementἀπείθεια: meaning 'disobedience'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement.
ἀναγκάσετέἀναVF FAI2P · ἀγκάζω + ἀναmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative actionἀγκάζω + ἀνα: meaning 'ἀνα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
δειναῖςterribleA1 DPF · δεινόςdative term marking relation, means, or advantageδεινός: meaning 'terrible'; it serves as dative term marking relation, means, or advantage.
κολάσεσινpunishmentN3I DPF · κόλασιςobject or complement within the clauseκόλασις: meaning 'punishment'; it serves as object or complement within the clause.
ἕναoneA3 ASM · εἷςacc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ measure or countἕνα: meaning 'one'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἕκαστονeachA1 ASM · ἕκαστοςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationἕκαστος: meaning 'each'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασάνωνtorturesN2 GPF · βάσανοςgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or descriptionβάσανος: meaning 'tortures'; it serves as genitive term marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἀπολέσαιὀλλύωVA AAN · ὀλλύω + ἀποinfinitive complement expressing purpose or content→ infinitival complementὀλλύω + ἀπο: meaning 'ὀλλύω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement expressing purpose or content.
10
κατελεήσατε οὖν ἑαυτούς οὓς καὶ ὁ πολέμιος ἔγωγε καὶ τῆς ἡλικίας καὶ τῆς εὐμορφίας οἰκτίρομαι
Pity yourselves, then, whom even I, though your enemy, pity because of your age and beauty.
The tyrant casts himself as merciful even while threatening murder. His supposed pity exposes the self-serving logic of tyrannical clemency.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
κατελεήσατεκαταVA AAD2P · ἐλεέω + καταverbal form carrying the clause actionἐλεέω + κατα: meaning 'κατα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνinferential particle→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑαυτούςhimself / themselvesRD APM · ἑαυτοῦacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἑαυτούς: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
οὓςwho / whichRR APM · ὅςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceοὓς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολέμιοςenemyA1A NSM · πολέμιοςnom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantiveπολέμιος: meaning 'enemy'; it serves as nom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
ἔγωγεI indeedRP+XNS · ἐγώmodifier or complement within the clauseἐγώ: meaning 'I indeed'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡλικίαςageN1A GSF · ἡλικίαgenitive dependent phrase within the clause→ nominal, pronominal, or adjectival contribution to the oracle's imagery and argumentἡλικία: meaning 'age'; it serves as genitive dependent phrase within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐμορφίαςεὐμορφίαN1A GSF · εὐμορφίαgenitive modifier within the phraseεὐμορφία: meaning 'εὐμορφία'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
οἰκτίρομαιpityV1 PMI1S · οἰκτείρωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaοἰκτείρω: meaning 'pity'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement completing the governing verbal idea.
11
οὐ διαλογιεῖσθε τοῦτο ὅτι οὐδὲν ὑμῖν ἀπειθήσασιν πλὴν τοῦ μετὰ στρεβλῶν ἀποθανεῖν ἀπόκειται
Will you not reckon this, that for you, if you disobey, nothing remains except to die under torture?
The brothers are urged to think in terms of bare survival. The king assumes that fear of pain must finally outweigh fidelity.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
διαλογιεῖσθεδιαVF2 FMI2P · λογίζομαι + διαimperfect main verb of continued deliberationλογίζομαι + δια: meaning 'δια'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as imperfect main verb of continued deliberation.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ὅτιfor / becauseC · ὅτιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐδὲνnothingA3 ASN · οὐδείςaccusative subject-like object of the impersonal opposition clause→ object specificationοὐδείς: meaning 'nothing'; it serves as accusative subject-like object of the impersonal opposition clause.
ὑμῖνto youRP DP · σύpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
ἀπειθήσασινααπδπμ ἀπειθέωVA · ααπδπμ ἀπειθέωverbal form carrying the clause actionααπδπμ ἀπειθέω: meaning 'ααπδπμ ἀπειθέω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
πλὴνexcept / besidesD · πλήνparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or time→ discourse linkage or contrastπλὴν: meaning 'except'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
στρεβλῶνrackingN1 GPF · στρέβληaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complementστρέβλη: meaning 'racking'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
ἀποθανεῖνto dieVB AAN · θνήσκω + ἀποverbal element within the genealogical notice→ infinitival complementθνήσκω + ἀπο: meaning 'to die'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element within the genealogical notice.
ἀπόκειταιἀποV5 PMI3S · κεῖμαι + ἀποfinite verb governing the clause→ whirlwind questions and cosmic foundationsκεῖμαι + ἀπο: meaning 'ἀπο'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
12
ταῦτα δὲ λέγων ἐκέλευσεν εἰς τὸ ἔμπροσθεν τιθέναι τὰ βασανιστήρια ὅπως καὶ διὰ τοῦ φόβου πείσειεν αὐτοὺς μιαροφαγῆσαι
And while saying these things he ordered the torture instruments to be set before them, so that he might persuade them by fear also to eat defiling food.
Verbal inducement is reinforced by spectacle. The instruments are meant to work upon imagination before they touch the body.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceταῦτα: meaning 'these things'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λέγωνsayingV1 · παπνσμ λέγωparticiple modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive force→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ λέγω: meaning 'saying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive force.
ἐκέλευσενorderedVAI AAI3S · κελεύωmain verb taking περικαθῆσθαι as complementary infinitive→ constative aoristκελεύω: meaning 'ordered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb taking περικαθῆσθαι as complementary infinitive.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔμπροσθενformerly / beforeD · ἔμπροσθενnominal element in the clause→ adverbial nuanceἔμπροσθεν: meaning 'formerly'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
τιθέναιputV7 PAN · τίθημιfinite verb advancing the clause→ infinitival complementτίθημι: meaning 'put'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
τὰthe / thoseRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασανιστήριαtorturesN2N APN · βασανιστήριονaccusative term functioning as complement or objectβασανιστήριον: meaning 'tortures'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ὅπωςso thatC · ὅπωςlexical item integrated into the clause in its local syntactic role→ discourse linkage or contrastὅπως: meaning 'so that'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
καὶandD · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φόβουfearN2 GSM · φόβοςgenitive noun governed by ἀπό→ relational specificationφόβος: meaning 'fear'; it serves as genitive noun governed by ἀπό.
πείσειενin safety / trustingVA AAO3S · πείθωcircumstantial participle (manner: 'dwelt securely / in confidence')πείθω: meaning 'in safety'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as circumstantial participle (manner: 'dwelt securely / in confidence').
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
μιαροφαγῆσαιthey ate defilementVA AAN · μιαροφαγέωverbal element expressing action, process, or state within the clauseμιαροφαγέω: meaning 'they ate defilement'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element expressing action, process, or state within the clause.
13
ὡς δὲ τροχούς τε καὶ ἀρθρέμβολα στρεβλωτήριά τε καὶ τροχαντῆρας καὶ καταπέλτας καὶ λέβητας τήγανά τε καὶ δακτυλήθρας καὶ χεῖρας σιδηρᾶς καὶ σφῆνας καὶ τὰ ζώπυρα τοῦ πυρὸς οἱ δορυφόροι προέθεσαν ὑπολαβὼν ὁ τύραννος ἔφη
When the guards had set out wheels, joint-rackers, racks, windlasses, engines, cauldrons, frying pans, finger-racks, iron hands, wedges, and the glowing embers of the fire, the tyrant resumed and said:
The inventory slows the narrative to dwell on the machinery of pain. Tyrannical power is displayed in material form before the brothers' eyes.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
ὡςlike / asC · ὡςcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τροχούςwheelN2 APM · τροχόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementτροχός: meaning 'wheel'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement.
τεTeX TEproper name or indeclinable item→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτε: meaning 'Te'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀρθρέμβολαἀρθρεμβόλοιςN2N APN · ἀρθρέμβολονdative term marking reference, means, or indirect objectἀρθρέμβολον: meaning 'ἀρθρεμβόλοις'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, or indirect object.
στρεβλωτήριάrackN2N APN · στρεβλωτήριονaccusative term functioning as complement or objectστρεβλωτήριον: meaning 'rack'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
τεTeX TEproper name or indeclinable item→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτε: meaning 'Te'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τροχαντῆραςwindlassN3 APM · τροχαντήρaccusative term functioning as complement or objectτροχαντήρ: meaning 'windlass'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταπέλταςcatapultN1M APM · καταπάλτηςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementκαταπάλτης: meaning 'catapult'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λέβηταςcauldronN3T APM · λέβηςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goalλέβης: meaning 'cauldron'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
τήγανάpanN2N APN · τήγανονdirect object of ἔλαβεντήγανον: meaning 'pan'; it serves as direct object of ἔλαβεν.
τεTeX TEproper name or indeclinable item→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτε: meaning 'Te'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δακτυλήθραςfinger-rackN1A APF · δακτυλήθραaccusative term functioning as complement or objectδακτυλήθρα: meaning 'finger-rack'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χεῖραςhandsN3 APF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
σιδηρᾶςironA1C APF · σιδηροῦςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phraseσιδηροῦς: meaning 'iron'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σφῆναςwedgeN3 APM · σφήνaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementσφήν: meaning 'wedge'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰthe / thoseRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζώπυραglowing emberN2N APN · ζώπυρονaccusative term functioning as complement or objectζώπυρον: meaning 'glowing ember'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πυρὸςfireN3 GSN · πῦρgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
οἱtheyRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δορυφόροιguardsN2 NPM · δορυφόροςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierδορυφόρος: meaning 'guards'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
προέθεσανπροVEI AAI3P · τίθημι + προmain verb of arranging sacred provisionsτίθημι + προ: meaning 'προ'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of arranging sacred provisions.
ὑπολαβὼνsupposeVB · ααπνσμ λαμβάνω + ὑποparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or description→ behemoth, power, and humbling responseααπνσμ λαμβάνω + ὑπο: meaning 'suppose'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or description.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τύραννοςrulerN2 NSM · τύραννοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ affliction, counsel, and silent companionshipτύραννος: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
ἔφηdeclareV6I IAI3S · φημίmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative actionφημί: meaning 'declare'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
14
μειράκια φοβήθητε καὶ ἣν σέβεσθε δίκην ἵλεως ὑμῖν ἔσται δι' ἀνάγκην παρανομήσασιν
Boys, be afraid; and the Justice whom you revere will be merciful to you if you transgress through compulsion.
Antiochus now tries to annex the brothers' own theology, claiming that forced transgression would win divine leniency. The argument is morally twisted but rhetorically shrewd.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
μειράκιαyouthN2N VPN · μειράκιονgenitive nominal marking relation, source, or possessionμειράκιον: meaning 'youth'; it serves as genitive nominal marking relation, source, or possession.
φοβήθητεwas afraidVC APD2P · φοβέωfinite verb advancing the clause→ verbal action or stateφοβέω: meaning 'was afraid'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἣνwho / whomRR ASF · ὅςaccusative object or complement→ participant referenceἣν: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object or complement.
σέβεσθεto worshipV1 PMI2P · σέβομαιcomplementary infinitive of purposeσέβομαι: meaning 'to worship'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as complementary infinitive of purpose.
δίκηνjusticeN1 ASF · δίκηaccusative element functioning within the clause→ object specificationδίκη: meaning 'justice'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
ἵλεωςgraciousA1B NSM · ἵλεωςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ participant prominenceἵλεως: meaning 'gracious'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
ὑμῖνto youRP DP · σύpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίfinite verb advancing the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'shall be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
δι'through / because ofP · διάpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδι': meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
ἀνάγκηνnecessityN1 ASF · ἀνάγκηaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ dependence, provision, and measured sufficiencyἀνάγκη: meaning 'necessity'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
παρανομήσασινπαραVA · ααπδπμ νομέω + παραverbal form carrying the clause actionααπδπμ νομέω + παρα: meaning 'παρα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
15
οἱ δὲ ἀκούσαντες ἐπαγωγὰ καὶ ὁρῶντες δεινὰ οὐ μόνον οὐκ ἐφοβήθησαν ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀντεφιλοσόφησαν τῷ τυράννῳ καὶ διὰ τῆς εὐλογιστίας τὴν τυραννίδα αὐτοῦ κατέλυσαν
But when they heard these alluring words and saw the fearful things, not only were they not afraid, but they also answered the tyrant philosophically and by their sound reasoning overthrew his tyranny.
The narrator interprets their reply before quoting it. The real victory is intellectual and moral: tyranny is undone when fear fails to command assent.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
οἱtheyRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκούσαντεςhaving heardVA · ααπνπμ ἀκούωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or description→ remembered honor and former blessingααπνπμ ἀκούω: meaning 'having heard'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
ἐπαγωγὰpersuasiveA1B APN · ἐπαγωγόςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectἐπαγωγός: meaning 'persuasive'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁρῶντεςseeingV3 · παπνπμ ὁράωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantive→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ ὁράω: meaning 'seeing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantive.
δεινὰterribleA1 APN · δεινόςaccusative term functioning as complement or object→ object specificationδεινός: meaning 'terrible'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μόνονonlyD · μόνονadverb limiting the scope of ταῦτα→ discourse linkage or contrastμόνον: meaning 'only'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐφοβήθησανwere afraidVCI API3P · φοβέωmain verb of emotional response→ constative aoristφοβέω: meaning 'were afraid'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of emotional response.
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάcoordinating or discourse-linking conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλὰ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandD · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀντεφιλοσόφησανἀντιVAI AAI3P · φιλοσοφέω + ἀντιfinite verb governing the clauseφιλοσοφέω + ἀντι: meaning 'ἀντι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τῷofRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τυράννῳprincesN2 DSM · τύραννοςnominal element functioning within the clause or phraseτύραννος: meaning 'princes'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐλογιστίαςsound reasonN1A ASF · εὐλογιστίαgenitive element qualifying another term or expressing relationεὐλογιστία: meaning 'sound reason'; it serves as genitive element qualifying another term or expressing relation.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τυραννίδαtyrannyN3D ASF · τυραννίςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement→ object specificationτυραννίς: meaning 'tyranny'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
κατέλυσανκαταVAI AAI3P · λύω + καταfinite verb advancing the clauseλύω + κατα: meaning 'κατα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
16
καίτοι λογισώμεθα εἰ δειλόψυχοί τινες ἦσαν ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ ἄνανδροι ποίοις ἂν ἐχρήσαντο λόγοις οὐχὶ τούτοις
Yet let us consider: if there had been among them any who were faint-hearted and unmanly, with what sort of words would they have spoken? Would it not have been these?
The narrator pauses to imagine the logic of cowardice. This device sharpens the brothers' nobility by exposing the alternatives they rejected.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καίτοικαίτοιC · καίτοιconnective or particle linking the argumentκαίτοι: meaning 'καίτοι'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λογισώμεθαreckonedVA AMS1P · λογίζομαιmain verb (Eli's mistaken conclusion)→ subjunctive contingencyλογίζομαι: meaning 'reckoned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (Eli's mistaken conclusion).
εἰifC · εἰcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δειλόψυχοίfaintheartedA1B NPM · δειλόψυχοςnominative element functioning as subject or predicateδειλόψυχος: meaning 'fainthearted'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject or predicate.
τινεςwho? / what?RI NPM · τιςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ participant referenceτινες: meaning 'who?'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
ἦσανwereV9 IAI3P · εἰμίparticiple or verbal form modifying the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'were'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle or verbal form modifying the clause.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄνανδροιcowardlyA1B NPM · ἄνανδροςnominative term functioning in the clause coreἄνανδρος: meaning 'cowardly'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
ποίοιςwhat sort ofA1A DPM · ποῖοςgen adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantiveποῖος: meaning 'what sort of'; it serves as gen adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
ἂνthen / ifX · ἄνsubstantival or adjectival term contributing the clause content→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: meaning 'then'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἐχρήσαντοactedVAI AMI3P · χράωverbal element carrying the clause's action or processχράω: meaning 'acted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element carrying the clause's action or process.
λόγοιςwordN2 DPM · λόγοςcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
οὐχὶnoD · οὐadverbial modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'no'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
τούτοιςtheseRD DPM · οὗτοςpronoun→ participant reference or interestτούτοις: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun.
17
ὦ τάλανες ἡμεῖς καὶ λίαν ἀνόητοι βασιλέως ἡμᾶς καλοῦντος καὶ ἐπὶ εὐεργεσίᾳ παρακαλοῦντος εἰ πεισθείημεν αὐτῷ
Wretched and utterly senseless are we, if, when the king summons us and calls us to benefaction, we should refuse to be persuaded by him.
The hypothetical speech adopts the values of expediency and patronage. It treats obedience to the tyrant as obvious prudence.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ὦOI · ὦinterjection marking direct address or exclamation→ discourse linkage or contrastὦ: meaning 'O'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as interjection marking direct address or exclamation.
τάλανεςmiserable oneA3 NPM · τάλαςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierτάλας: meaning 'miserable one'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
ἡμεῖςweRP NP · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceἡμεῖς: meaning 'we'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λίανgreatlyD · λίανadverbial modifier qualifying manner, time, degree, or discourse flow→ discourse linkage or contrastλίαν: meaning 'greatly'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἀνόητοιsenselessA1B NPM · ἀνόητοςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationἀνόητος: meaning 'senseless'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
καλοῦντοςπαπγσμ καλέωV2 · παπγσμ καλέωverbal form carrying the clause actionπαπγσμ καλέω: meaning 'παπγσμ καλέω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
εὐεργεσίᾳbeneficenceN1A DSF · εὐεργεσίαnominal element functioning within the clauseεὐεργεσία: meaning 'beneficence'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause.
παρακαλοῦντοςπαραV2 · παπγσμ καλέω + παραverbal form carrying the clause actionπαπγσμ καλέω + παρα: meaning 'παρα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
εἰifC · εἰcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πεισθείημενin safety / trustingVS APO1P · πείθωcircumstantial participle (manner: 'dwelt securely / in confidence')πείθω: meaning 'in safety'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as circumstantial participle (manner: 'dwelt securely / in confidence').
αὐτῷto him / hisRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
18
τί βουλήμασιν κενοῖς ἑαυτοὺς εὐφραίνομεν καὶ θανατηφόρον ἀπείθειαν τολμῶμεν
Why should we delight ourselves with empty resolutions and dare a disobedience that brings death?
The imagined speaker dismisses principled resolve as vanity. Death is assumed to be the decisive and final calculation.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
τίwhatRI ASN · τίςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
βουλήμασινdesignN3M DPN · βούλημαaccusative element functioning as object or complementβούλημα: meaning 'design'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
κενοῖςcauseA1 DPN · κενόςgenitive substantive completing the idiom→ protest, friendship, and unbearable griefκενός: meaning 'cause'; it serves as genitive substantive completing the idiom.
ἑαυτοὺςhimself / themselvesRD APM · ἑαυτοῦacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἑαυτοὺς: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
εὐφραίνομενrejoiceV1 PAI1P · εὐφραίνωverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal ideaεὐφραίνω: meaning 'rejoice'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θανατηφόρονdeath-bearing / deadlyA1B ASF · θανατηφόροςattributive adjective (modifying ἁμαρτίαν)θανατηφόρος: meaning 'death-bearing'; it serves as attributive adjective (modifying ἁμαρτίαν).
ἀπείθειανdisobedienceN1A ASF · ἀπείθειαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementἀπείθεια: meaning 'disobedience'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement.
τολμῶμενdareV3 PAI1P · τολμάωfinite verbal predicate advancing the narrativeτολμάω: meaning 'dare'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate advancing the narrative.
19
οὐ φοβηθησόμεθα ἄνδρες ἀδελφοί τὰ βασανιστήρια καὶ λογιούμεθα τὰς τῶν βασάνων ἀπειλὰς καὶ φευξόμεθα τὴν κενοδοξίαν ταύτην καὶ ὀλεθροφόρον ἀλαζονείαν
Should we not fear the tortures, brothers, and reckon the threats of the torments, and flee this vain glory and ruin-bearing arrogance?
The argument brands steadfastness as vanity. The language reveals how cowardice moralizes surrender by renaming courage as pride.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
φοβηθησόμεθαwe shall fearVC FPI1P · φοβέωmain verbal form expressing future attitude→ futureφοβέω: meaning 'we shall fear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form expressing future attitude.
ἄνδρεςmanN3 VPM · ἀνήρvocative form used in direct address→ direct addressἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as vocative form used in direct address.
ἀδελφοίbrotherN2 VPM · ἀδελφόςdirect-address element within the clauseἀδελφός: meaning 'brother'; it serves as direct-address element within the clause.
τὰthe / thoseRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασανιστήριαtorturesN2N APN · βασανιστήριονaccusative term functioning as complement or objectβασανιστήριον: meaning 'tortures'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λογιούμεθαreckonedVF2 FMI1P · λογίζομαιmain verb (Eli's mistaken conclusion)λογίζομαι: meaning 'reckoned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (Eli's mistaken conclusion).
τὰςthe (ones)RA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασάνωνtorturesN2 GPF · βάσανοςgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or descriptionβάσανος: meaning 'tortures'; it serves as genitive term marking relation, source, possession, or description.
ἀπειλὰςthreatN1 APF · ἀπειλήaccusative element functioning within the clauseἀπειλή: meaning 'threat'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φευξόμεθαthey fledVF FMI1P · φεύγωfinite verb advancing the clause→ futureφεύγω: meaning 'they fled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κενοδοξίανκενοδοξίαςN1A ASF · κενοδοξίαgenitive modifier within the phraseκενοδοξία: meaning 'κενοδοξίας'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ταύτηνthisRD ASF · οὗτοςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceταύτην: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀλεθροφόρονὀλεθροφόροςA1B ASF · ὀλεθροφόροςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectὀλεθροφόρος: meaning 'ὀλεθροφόρος'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ἀλαζονείανboastfulnessN1A ASF · ἀλαζονείαaccusative element functioning as object or complementἀλαζονεία: meaning 'boastfulness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
20
ἐλεήσωμεν τὰς ἑαυτῶν ἡλικίας καὶ κατοικτίρωμεν τὸ τῆς μητρὸς γῆρας
Let us spare our own youth and take pity on our mother's old age.
The hypothetical compromise now invokes filial concern. Natural affection is severed from covenant faithfulness and used as a plea for apostasy.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ἐλεήσωμενἐλεέωVA AAS1P · ἐλεέωfinite verb advancing the clauseἐλεέω: meaning 'ἐλεέω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
τὰςthe (ones)RA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑαυτῶνour ownRD GPM · ἑαυτοῦreflexive genitive of possession→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: meaning 'our own'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
ἡλικίαςageN1A APF · ἡλικίαgenitive dependent phrase within the clauseἡλικία: meaning 'age'; it serves as genitive dependent phrase within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατοικτίρωμενκαταVA AAS1P · οἰκτείρω + καταverbal form carrying the clause actionοἰκτείρω + κατα: meaning 'κατα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μητρὸςof the motherN3 GSF · μήτηρgenitive of possession (with μήτρας: 'mother's womb')→ relational specificationμήτηρ: meaning 'of the mother'; it serves as genitive of possession (with μήτρας: 'mother's womb').
γῆραςold ageN3 ASN · γῆραςnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ apparent brevity and enduring righteousnessγῆρας: meaning 'old age'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
21
καὶ ἐνθυμηθῶμεν ὅτι ἀπειθοῦντες τεθνηξόμεθα
And let us reflect that, if we disobey, we shall die.
Death is treated as the only horizon worth considering. The thought experiment reveals the poverty of a calculation that excludes divine judgment and reward.
Word-by-word analysis· 5 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνθυμηθῶμενἐνVC APS1P · θυμέομαι + ἐνmain verbθυμέομαι + ἐν: meaning 'ἐν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb.
ὅτιfor / becauseC · ὅτιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπειθοῦντεςπαπνπμ ἀπειθέωV2 · παπνπμ ἀπειθέωverbal form carrying the clause action→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ ἀπειθέω: meaning 'παπνπμ ἀπειθέω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
τεθνηξόμεθαI will dieVF FMI1P · τεθνήκωmain verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertionτεθνήκω: meaning 'I will die'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertion.
22
συγγνώσεται δὲ ἡμῖν καὶ ἡ θεία δίκη δι' ἀνάγκην τὸν βασιλέα φοβηθεῖσιν
And even divine justice will pardon us, if out of necessity we fear the king.
The imagined cowards would soothe conscience by appealing to necessity. The narrator exposes this as a rationalization rather than genuine piety.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
συγγνώσεταισυνVF FMI3S · γιγνώσκω + συνfinite verb governing the clauseγιγνώσκω + συν: meaning 'συν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'to us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
καὶandD · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡthe (one)RA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θείαdivineA1A NSF · θεῖοςnominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseθεῖος: meaning 'divine'; it serves as nominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause.
δίκηjusticeN1 NSF · δίκηnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ righteous seeking and rejected duplicityδίκη: meaning 'justice'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
δι'through / because ofP · διάpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδι': meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
ἀνάγκηνnecessityN1 ASF · ἀνάγκηaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ dependence, provision, and measured sufficiencyἀνάγκη: meaning 'necessity'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingN3V ASM · βασιλεύςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
φοβηθεῖσιναππδπμ φοβέωVC · αππδπμ φοβέωverbal form carrying the clause actionαππδπμ φοβέω: meaning 'αππδπμ φοβέω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
23
τί ἐξάγομεν ἑαυτοὺς τοῦ ἡδίστου βίου καὶ ἀποστεροῦμεν ἑαυτοὺς τοῦ γλυκέος κόσμου
Why do we drive ourselves out from the sweetest life and deprive ourselves of the pleasant world?
The value system of the counter-speech is now explicit. Life is measured by sweetness and worldly enjoyment, not by truth or obedience.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
τίwhatRI ASN · τίςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
ἐξάγομενἐκV1 PAI1P · ἄγω + ἐκfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseἄγω + ἐκ: meaning 'ἐκ'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
ἑαυτοὺςhimself / themselvesRD APM · ἑαυτοῦacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἑαυτοὺς: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡδίστουpleasantA1B GSMS · ἡδύςnominative element functioning as subject or predicateἡδύς: meaning 'pleasant'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject or predicate.
βίουpropertyN2 GSM · βίοςgenitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description→ trust, discipline, and ordered flourishingβίος: meaning 'property'; it serves as genitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποστεροῦμενἀποV2 PAI1P · στερέω + ἀποfinite verb governing the clauseστερέω + ἀπο: meaning 'ἀπο'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ἑαυτοὺςhimself / themselvesRD APM · ἑαυτοῦacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἑαυτοὺς: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γλυκέοςγλυκύςA3U GSM · γλυκύςgenitive modifier within the phraseγλυκύς: meaning 'γλυκύς'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
κόσμουworldN2 GSM · κόσμοςgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ heavenly praise and daily doxologyκόσμος: meaning 'world'; it serves as genitive element qualifying a related head term.
24
μὴ βιαζώμεθα τὴν ἀνάγκην μηδὲ κενοδοξήσωμεν ἐπὶ τῇ ἑαυτῶν στρέβλῃ
Let us not force necessity, nor let us boast in our own torture.
Here endurance itself is caricatured as empty bravado. The counter-speech mistakes steadfast witness for self-inflicted suffering.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
μὴnotD · μήadverbial modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
βιαζώμεθαpressedV1 PMS1P · βιάζομαιmain verb (Absalom's urging)βιάζομαι: meaning 'pressed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (Absalom's urging).
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνάγκηνnecessityN1 ASF · ἀνάγκηaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ dependence, provision, and measured sufficiencyἀνάγκη: meaning 'necessity'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
μηδὲand do not / norC · μηδέcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationμηδὲ: meaning 'and do not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κενοδοξήσωμενκενοδοξέωVA AAS1P · κενοδοξέωverbal form carrying the clause actionκενοδοξέω: meaning 'κενοδοξέω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑαυτῶνour ownRD GPM · ἑαυτοῦreflexive genitive of possession→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: meaning 'our own'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
στρέβλῃrackingN1 DSF · στρέβληaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complementστρέβλη: meaning 'racking'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
25
οὐδ' αὐτὸς ὁ νόμος ἑκουσίως ἡμᾶς θανατοῖ φοβηθέντας τὰ βασανιστήρια
Not even the law itself willingly kills us when we fear the tortures.
The imagined argument tries to reinterpret the law as lenient toward apostasy under pressure. In context, this is the final collapse of principled reasoning.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
οὐδ'not evenC · οὐδέconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδ': meaning 'not even'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςheRD NSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceαὐτὸς: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμοςlawN2 NSM · νόμοςcoordinated nominative subject of σταθῇ→ participant prominenceνόμος: meaning 'law'; it serves as coordinated nominative subject of σταθῇ.
ἑκουσίωςwillinglyD · ἑκουσίωςadverb of manner (qualifying βουλομένους)→ discourse linkage or contrastἑκουσίως: meaning 'willingly'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
θανατοῖwe will put to deathV4 PAS3S · θανατόωmain verb (intended execution)θανατόω: meaning 'we will put to death'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (intended execution).
φοβηθένταςαππαπμ φοβέωVC · αππαπμ φοβέωverbal form carrying the clause actionαππαπμ φοβέω: meaning 'αππαπμ φοβέω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
τὰthe / thoseRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασανιστήριαtorturesN2N APN · βασανιστήριονaccusative term functioning as complement or objectβασανιστήριον: meaning 'tortures'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
26
πόθεν ἡμῖν ἡ τοσαύτη ἐντέτηκε φιλονεικία καὶ ἡ θανατηφόρος ἀρέσκει καρτερία παρὸν μετὰ ἀταραξίας ζῆν τῷ βασιλεῖ πεισθέντας
From where has such contentiousness sunk into us, and why does this death-bearing stubbornness please us, when it lies before us to live in tranquility by obeying the king?
The counterfeit reasoning culminates in a direct contrast between tranquil survival and fatal steadfastness. The brothers will reject this entire moral framework.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
πόθενwhere fromD · πόθενinterrogative adverb (source)→ discourse linkage or contrastπόθεν: meaning 'where from'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'to us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
ἡthe (one)RA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοσαύτηso greatA1 NSF · τοσοῦτοςdemonstrative modifier of πλῆθοςτοσοῦτος: meaning 'so great'; it serves as demonstrative modifier of πλῆθος.
ἐντέτηκεbe fixed withinVX XAI3S · ἐντήκωfinite verb governing the clauseἐντήκω: meaning 'be fixed within'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
φιλονεικίαrivalryN1A NSF · φιλονεικίαnominative term functioning in the clause coreφιλονεικία: meaning 'rivalry'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡthe (one)RA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θανατηφόροςdeath-bearing / deadlyA1B NSF · θανατηφόροςattributive adjective (modifying ἁμαρτίαν)θανατηφόρος: meaning 'death-bearing'; it serves as attributive adjective (modifying ἁμαρτίαν).
ἀρέσκειpleaseV1 PAI3S · ἀρέσκωmain verbἀρέσκω: meaning 'please'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb.
καρτερίαenduranceN1A NSF · καρτερίαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementκαρτερία: meaning 'endurance'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement.
παρὸνπαραV9 · παπνσν εἰμί + παραverbal form carrying the clause actionπαπνσν εἰμί + παρα: meaning 'παρα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἀταραξίαςtranquilityN1A GSF · ἀταραξίαgenitive modifier within the phraseἀταραξία: meaning 'tranquility'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ζῆνto liveV3 PAN · ζάωfirst complementary infinitive after ἕτοιμοί εἰσιν→ constative aoristζάω: meaning 'to live'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as first complementary infinitive after ἕτοιμοί εἰσιν.
τῷofRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingN3V DSM · βασιλεύςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
πεισθένταςαππαπμ πείθωVS · αππαπμ πείθωverbal form carrying the clause actionαππαπμ πείθω: meaning 'αππαπμ πείθω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
27
ἀλλὰ τούτων οὐδὲν εἶπον οἱ νεανίαι βασανίζεσθαι μέλλοντες οὐδὲ ἐνεθυμήθησαν
But the young men, though about to be tortured, said none of these things, nor did they entertain them in thought.
The imagined speech is decisively set aside. The brothers do not merely refuse to utter cowardly counsel; they refuse even to think along those lines.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάcoordinating or discourse-linking conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλὰ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τούτωνtheseRD GPM · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationτούτων: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
οὐδὲνnothingA3 ASN · οὐδείςaccusative subject-like object of the impersonal opposition clause→ object specificationοὐδείς: meaning 'nothing'; it serves as accusative subject-like object of the impersonal opposition clause.
εἶπονsayVBI AAI3P · εἶπονfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
οἱtheyRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεανίαιyoung manN1T NPM · νεανίαςnominal term functioning as a nominative termνεανίας: meaning 'young man'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a nominative term.
βασανίζεσθαιtormentedV1 PPN · βασανίζωmain verb (subject: the LORD / his hand)βασανίζω: meaning 'tormented'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (subject: the LORD / his hand).
μέλλοντεςbeing aboutV1 · παπνπμ μέλλωParticiple expressing imminent intention.παπνπμ μέλλω: meaning 'being about'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as Participle expressing imminent intention.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνεθυμήθησανἐνVCI API3P · θυμέομαι + ἐνmain verbθυμέομαι + ἐν: meaning 'ἐν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb.
28
ἦσαν γὰρ περίφρονες τῶν παθῶν καὶ αὐτοκράτορες τῶν ἀλγηδόνων
For they were above the passions and masters of pains.
This verse restates the book's thesis in compact form. The youths are not numb but sovereign over passions and bodily suffering.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ἦσανwereV9 IAI3P · εἰμίparticiple or verbal form modifying the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'were'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle or verbal form modifying the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περίφρονεςπεριV2 · παπνπμ φρονέω + περιverbal form carrying the clause actionπαπνπμ φρονέω + περι: meaning 'περι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοκράτορεςαὐτοκράτωρN3R NPM · αὐτοκράτωρnominative term functioning in the clause coreαὐτοκράτωρ: meaning 'αὐτοκράτωρ'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλγηδόνωνpainN3N GPF · ἀλγηδώνgenitive element qualifying another term or expressing relationἀλγηδών: meaning 'pain'; it serves as genitive element qualifying another term or expressing relation.
29
ὥστε ἅμα τῷ παύσασθαι τὸν τύραννον συμβουλεύοντα αὐτοῖς μιαροφαγῆσαι πάντες διὰ μιᾶς φωνῆς ὁμοῦ ὥσπερ ἀπὸ τῆς αὐτῆς ψυχῆς εἶπον
So, as soon as the tyrant stopped advising them to eat defiling food, they all together, with one voice, as though from a single soul, said:
The unity of voice embodies unity of mind. Their answer is presented as the common speech of a shared, disciplined soul.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ὥστεso thatC · ὥστεcoordinating or discourse-linking conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὥστε: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἅμαat the same time / perhapsD · ἅμαadverb→ discourse linkage or contrastἅμα: meaning 'at the same time'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
τῷofRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παύσασθαιcease / stopVA AMN · παύωfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause→ infinitival complementπαύω: meaning 'cease'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τύραννονrulerN2 ASM · τύραννοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complementτύραννος: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
συμβουλεύοντασυνV1 · παπασμ βουλεύω + συνverbal form carrying the clause actionπαπασμ βουλεύω + συν: meaning 'συν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
μιαροφαγῆσαιthey ate defilementVA AAN · μιαροφαγέωverbal element expressing action, process, or state within the clauseμιαροφαγέω: meaning 'they ate defilement'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element expressing action, process, or state within the clause.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
μιᾶςoneA1A GSF · εἷςgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationεἷς: meaning 'one'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
φωνῆςthe soundN1 GSF · φωνήgenitive object with ἀκούοντες→ relational specificationφωνή: meaning 'the sound'; it serves as genitive object with ἀκούοντες.
ὁμοῦomouA1 GSF · ὁμοῦadverbial or connective modifier within the clauseὁμοῦ: meaning 'omou'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial modifier shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ψυχῆςlifeN1 GSF · ψυχήobject of περί within the idiom περὶ ψυχῆς→ relational specificationψυχή: meaning 'life'; it serves as object of περί within the idiom περὶ ψυχῆς.
εἶπονsayVBI AAI3P · εἶπονfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.