1
ὥσπερ γὰρ ἄριστος κυβερνήτης ὁ τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν Ελεαζαρου λογισμὸς πηδαλιουχῶν τὴν τῆς εὐσεβείας ναῦν ἐν τῷ τῶν παθῶν πελάγει
For just as the reasoning of our father Eleazar, like an excellent helmsman, was steering the ship of piety on the sea of the passions,
The chapter begins with a sustained nautical image. Eleazar's reason does not merely endure suffering but actively governs the moral course of life.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial modifier shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄριστοςexcellentA1 NSM · ἄριστοςnominative term functioning in the clause coreἄριστος: meaning 'excellent'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
κυβερνήτηςhelmsmanN1M NSM · κυβερνήτηςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ appetite, discipline, and dangerous excessκυβερνήτης: meaning 'helmsman'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherN3 GSM · πατήρgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
Ελεαζαρουof EleazarN2 GSM · Ελεαζαροςgenitive dependent on υἱὸνΕλεαζαρου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive dependent on υἱὸν.
λογισμὸςpurposeN2 NSM · λογισμόςnominative term functioning in the clause core→ mortality, daily joy, and fragile wisdomλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
πηδαλιουχῶνπαπνσμ πηδαλιουχέωV2 · παπνσμ πηδαλιουχέωverbal form carrying the clause actionπαπνσμ πηδαλιουχέω: meaning 'παπνσμ πηδαλιουχέω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐσεβείαςpietyN1A GSF · εὐσέβειαgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationεὐσέβεια: meaning 'piety'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
ναῦνναῦςN3V ASF · ναῦςhead noun or nominative element within the clauseναῦς: meaning 'ναῦς'; it serves as head noun or nominative element within the clause.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῷofRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
πελάγειseaN3E DSN · πέλαγοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complementπέλαγος: meaning 'sea'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
2
καὶ καταικιζόμενος ταῖς τοῦ τυράννου ἀπειλαῖς καὶ καταντλούμενος ταῖς τῶν βασάνων τρικυμίαις
though assailed by the tyrant's threats and swamped by the storm-waves of tortures,
The tyrant's threats and tortures are rendered as a violent sea, intensifying the contrast between external assault and internal steadiness.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταικιζόμενοςκαταV1 · πππνσμ αἰκίζω + καταverbal form carrying the clause actionπππνσμ αἰκίζω + κατα: meaning 'κατα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
ταῖςthe onesRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τυράννουtyrantN2 GSM · τύραννοςgenitive modifier or complementτύραννος: meaning 'tyrant'; it serves as genitive modifier or complement.
ἀπειλαῖςthreatN1 DPF · ἀπειλήaccusative element functioning within the clauseἀπειλή: meaning 'threat'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταντλούμενοςκαταV2 · πππνσμ ἀντλέω + καταverbal form carrying the clause actionπππνσμ ἀντλέω + κατα: meaning 'κατα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
ταῖςthe onesRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασάνωνtorturesN2 GPF · βάσανοςgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or descriptionβάσανος: meaning 'tortures'; it serves as genitive term marking relation, source, possession, or description.
τρικυμίαιςstorm-waveN1A DPF · τρικυμίαdative term marking relation, means, or advantageτρικυμία: meaning 'storm-wave'; it serves as dative term marking relation, means, or advantage.
3
κατ' οὐδένα τρόπον ἔτρεψε τοὺς τῆς εὐσεβείας οἴακας ἕως οὗ ἔπλευσεν ἐπὶ τὸν τῆς ἀθανάτου νίκης λιμένα
he did not in any way turn aside the rudders of piety until he had sailed into the harbor of immortal victory.
The image reaches its goal in the harbor of victory. Eleazar's death is interpreted not as defeat but as safe arrival at imperishable triumph.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
κατ'againstP · κατάpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingκατ': meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
οὐδέναno oneA3 ASM · οὐδείςdirect object of εἴασεν→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὐδείς: meaning 'no one'; it serves as direct object of εἴασεν.
τρόποντροποςN2 ASM · τρόποςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause→ object specificationτρόπος: meaning 'τροπος'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause.
ἔτρεψεturnVAI AAI3S · τρέπωmain verbal form advancing the clauseτρέπω: meaning 'turn'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐσεβείαςpietyN1A GSF · εὐσέβειαgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationεὐσέβεια: meaning 'piety'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
οἴακαςrudderN3K APM · οἴαξaccusative term functioning as complement or objectοἴαξ: meaning 'rudder'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ἕωςuntilC · ἕωςcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: meaning 'until'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὗwhereRR GSM · ὅςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationοὗ: meaning 'where'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἔπλευσενsailVAI AAI3S · πλέωinfinitive expressing purpose, content, or complementary actionπλέω: meaning 'sail'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive expressing purpose, content, or complementary action.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀθανάτουimmortalA1B GSF · ἀθάνατοςgenitive element qualifying another term or expressing relationἀθάνατος: meaning 'immortal'; it serves as genitive element qualifying another term or expressing relation.
νίκηςnikeN1 GSF · νίκηgenitive modifier or complementνίκη: meaning 'nike'; it serves as genitive modifier or complement.
λιμέναharborN3 ASM · λιμήνaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or governed complement→ object specificationλιμήν: meaning 'harbor'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or governed complement.
4
οὐχ οὕτως πόλις πολλοῖς καὶ ποικίλοις μηχανήμασιν ἀντέσχε ποτὲ πολιορκουμένη ὡς ὁ πανάγιος ἐκεῖνος τὴν ἱερὰν ψυχὴν αἰκισμοῖς τε καὶ στρέβλαις πυρπολούμενος ἐνίκησεν τοὺς πολιορκοῦντας διὰ τὸν ὑπερασπίζοντα τῆς εὐσεβείας λογισμόν
No city, though besieged with many and varied engines, ever withstood attack as did that all-holy man, whose sacred soul, while being burned by torments and racks, overcame the besiegers through reason defending piety.
The chapter piles metaphor upon metaphor. Eleazar is now a besieged city whose inner stronghold cannot be taken because pious reason stands as its defender.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
οὐχnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐχ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
οὕτωςsoD · οὕτωςadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'so'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
πόλιςcityN3I NSF · πόλιςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
πολλοῖςmanyA1 DPN · πολύςadjectival modifier describing σκύλοις→ sphere or referenceπολύς: meaning 'many'; it serves as adjectival modifier describing σκύλοις.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποικίλοιςvariedA1 DPN · ποικίλοςadjectival modifierποικίλος: meaning 'varied'; it serves as adjectival modifier.
μηχανήμασινornamental constructionsN3M DPN · μηχάνημαdirect object of ἐποίησενμηχάνημα: meaning 'ornamental constructions'; it serves as direct object of ἐποίησεν.
ἀντέσχεἀντιVBI AAI3S · ἔχω + ἀντιmain verb of the claimἔχω + ἀντι: meaning 'ἀντι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of the claim.
ποτὲat any timeD · ποτέadverbial or discourse-level modifier→ discipline, provision, and healing mercyποτέ: meaning 'at any time'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
πολιορκουμένηπμπνσφ πολιορκέωV2 · πμπνσφ πολιορκέωverbal form carrying the clause actionπμπνσφ πολιορκέω: meaning 'πμπνσφ πολιορκέω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
ὡςlike / asC · ὡςcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πανάγιοςall-holyA1A NSM · πανάγιοςdirect-address element within the clauseπανάγιος: meaning 'all-holy'; it serves as direct-address element within the clause.
ἐκεῖνοςthat / thoseRD NSM · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ participant referenceἐκεῖνος: meaning 'that'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερὰνholy / sanctuaryA1A ASF · ἱερόςadjectival or substantival modifier functioning as a accusative complementἱερός: meaning 'holy'; it serves as adjectival or substantival modifier functioning as a accusative complement.
ψυχὴνlifeN1 ASF · ψυχήaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause→ object specificationψυχή: meaning 'life'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause.
αἰκισμοῖςabuseN2 DPM · αἰκισμόςaccusative element functioning within the clauseαἰκισμός: meaning 'abuse'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
τεTeX TEproper name or indeclinable item→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτε: meaning 'Te'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
στρέβλαιςrackingN1 DPF · στρέβληaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complementστρέβλη: meaning 'racking'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
πυρπολούμενοςπππνσμ πυρπολέωV2 · πππνσμ πυρπολέωverbal form carrying the clause actionπππνσμ πυρπολέω: meaning 'πππνσμ πυρπολέω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
ἐνίκησενconqueredVAI AAI3S · νικάωverbal element expressing action, process, or state within the clause→ the lord exposes and removes the hypocritical flatterer from the assembly of the holy.νικάω: meaning 'conquered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element expressing action, process, or state within the clause.
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολιορκοῦνταςπαπαπμ πολιορκέωV2 · παπαπμ πολιορκέωverbal form carrying the clause actionπαπαπμ πολιορκέω: meaning 'παπαπμ πολιορκέω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑπερασπίζονταὑπερV1 · παπασμ ἀσπίζω + ὑπερverbal form carrying the clause actionπαπασμ ἀσπίζω + ὑπερ: meaning 'ὑπερ'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐσεβείαςpietyN1A GSF · εὐσέβειαgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationεὐσέβεια: meaning 'piety'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
λογισμόνplansN2 ASM · λογισμόςObject / complement→ object specificationλογισμός: meaning 'plans'; it serves as Object / complement.
5
ὥσπερ γὰρ πρόκρημνον ἄκραν τὴν ἑαυτοῦ διάνοιαν ὁ πατὴρ Ελεαζαρ ἐκτείνας περιέκλασεν τοὺς ἐπιμαινομένους τῶν παθῶν κλύδωνας
For by stretching out his mind like a sheer cliff, father Eleazar shattered the surf of passions raging against him.
The cliff image sharpens the point of immovability. Violent passions break against a fixed mind rather than carrying it away.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial modifier shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρόκρημνονsheerA1B ASF · πρόκρημνοςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectπρόκρημνος: meaning 'sheer'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ἄκρανa citadelN1A ASF · ἄκραpredicate accusative or result complementἄκρα: meaning 'a citadel'; it serves as predicate accusative or result complement.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑαυτοῦhis ownRD GSM · ἑαυτοῦpronoun referring within the clause→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: meaning 'his own'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring within the clause.
διάνοιανmindN1A ASF · διάνοιαaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause→ object specificationδιάνοια: meaning 'mind'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατὴρfatherN3 NSM · πατήρnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ΕλεαζαρEleazarN NSM · Ελεαζαροςproper-name element in the clauseΕλεαζαρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper-name element in the clause.
ἐκτείναςkteinoVAI AAI2S · κτείνωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseκτείνω: meaning 'kteino'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
περιέκλασενπεριVAI AAI3S · κλάω + περιfinite verb governing the clauseκλάω + περι: meaning 'περι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιμαινομένουςἐπιV1 · πμπαπμ μαίνομαι + ἐπιverbal form carrying the clause actionπμπαπμ μαίνομαι + ἐπι: meaning 'ἐπι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
κλύδωναςstormN3W APM · κλύδωνgenitive substantive parallel to θλίψεωςκλύδων: meaning 'storm'; it serves as genitive substantive parallel to θλίψεως.
6
ὦ ἄξιε τῆς ἱερωσύνης ἱερεῦ οὐκ ἐμίανας τοὺς ἱεροὺς ὀδόντας οὐδὲ τὴν θεοσέβειαν καὶ καθαρισμὸν χωρήσασαν γαστέρα ἐκοίνωσας μιαροφαγίᾳ
O priest worthy of the priesthood, you did not defile your sacred teeth, nor did you pollute the stomach that had room for godliness and purity by defiling food.
The address turns from image to encomium. Bodily organs themselves become witnesses that Eleazar guarded covenantal purity under coercion.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ὦOI · ὦinterjection marking direct address or exclamation→ discourse linkage or contrastὦ: meaning 'O'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as interjection marking direct address or exclamation.
ἄξιεfull / proper / worthyA1A VSM · ἄξιοςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phraseἄξιος: meaning 'full'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερωσύνηςierosyneN1 GSF · ἱερωσύνηgenitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationἱερωσύνη: meaning 'ierosyne'; it serves as genitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description.
ἱερεῦpriestsN3V VSM · ἱερεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemἱερεύς: meaning 'priests'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐμίαναςthey had defiledVAI AAI2S · μιαίνωverb in relative clause (the narrator's stated justification for the plunder)→ constative aoristμιαίνω: meaning 'they had defiled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb in relative clause (the narrator's stated justification for the plunder).
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱεροὺςholyA1A APM · ἱερόςaccusative element functioning within the clauseἱερός: meaning 'holy'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
ὀδόνταςὀδούςN3 APM · ὀδούςgenitive element qualifying another term→ object specificationὀδούς: meaning 'ὀδούς'; it serves as genitive element qualifying another term.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοσέβειανgodlinessN1A ASF · θεοσεβείαnominative element functioning as subject or predicateθεοσεβεία: meaning 'godliness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject or predicate.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθαρισμὸνpurificationN2 ASM · καθαρισμόςcommon noun within the clause→ purification appealκαθαρισμός: meaning 'purification'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
χωρήσασανααπασφ χωρέωVA · ααπασφ χωρέωverbal form carrying the clause actionααπασφ χωρέω: meaning 'ααπασφ χωρέω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
γαστέραwombN3 ASF · γαστήρcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ zophar: brief triumph and bitter endγαστήρ: meaning 'womb'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
ἐκοίνωσαςκοινόωVAI AAI2S · κοινόωfinite verb governing the clauseκοινόω: meaning 'κοινόω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
μιαροφαγίᾳdefiled eatingN1A DSF · μιαροφαγίαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementμιαροφαγία: meaning 'defiled eating'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or complement.
7
ὦ σύμφωνε νόμου καὶ φιλόσοφε θείου βίου
O man in harmony with the law and philosopher of a divine life,
This concise exclamation joins Torah fidelity and philosophy, a characteristic move in 4 Maccabees' presentation of Jewish piety as true wisdom.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
ὦOI · ὦinterjection marking direct address or exclamation→ discourse linkage or contrastὦ: meaning 'O'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as interjection marking direct address or exclamation.
σύμφωνεin agreementA1B VSM · σύμφωνοςgenitive element qualifying another term or expressing relationσύμφωνος: meaning 'in agreement'; it serves as genitive element qualifying another term or expressing relation.
νόμουlawN2 GSM · νόμοςnominal term functioning as a genitive dependent→ relational specificationνόμος: meaning 'law'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a genitive dependent.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φιλόσοφεφιλοσοφώτατονN2 VSM · φιλόσοφοςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectφιλόσοφος: meaning 'φιλοσοφώτατον'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
θείουdivineA1A GSM · θεῖοςgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or description→ relational specificationθεῖος: meaning 'divine'; it serves as genitive term marking relation, source, possession, or description.
βίουpropertyN2 GSM · βίοςgenitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description→ trust, discipline, and ordered flourishingβίος: meaning 'property'; it serves as genitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description.
8
τοιούτους δεῖ εἶναι τοὺς δημιουργοῦντας τὸν νόμον ἰδίῳ αἵματι καὶ γενναίῳ ἱδρῶτι τοῖς μέχρι θανάτου πάθεσιν ὑπερασπίζοντας
such must those be who fashion the law, defending it with their own blood and noble sweat amid sufferings even to death.
The singular praise broadens into a norm. Teachers and exemplars of the law must be willing to embody it through costly endurance.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
τοιούτουςsuchA1 APM · τοιοῦτοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed item→ accusative element marking object or goalτοιοῦτος: meaning 'such'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed item.
δεῖit is necessaryV2 PAI3S · δέωmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action→ ongoing verbal processδέω: meaning 'it is necessary'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
εἶναιto beV9 PAN · εἰμίinfinitive complement or purpose expression→ infinitival complementεἰμί: meaning 'to be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement or purpose expression.
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δημιουργοῦνταςπαπαπμ δημιουργέωV2 · παπαπμ δημιουργέωverbal form carrying the clause actionπαπαπμ δημιουργέω: meaning 'παπαπμ δημιουργέω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμονlawN2 ASM · νόμοςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationνόμος: meaning 'law'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἰδίῳone's ownA1A DSN · ἴδιοςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause→ darkness, fear, and imprisoned conscienceἴδιος: meaning 'one's own'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause.
αἵματιbloodN3M DSN · αἷμαdative of cause (the blood being avenged)→ sphere or referenceαἷμα: meaning 'blood'; it serves as dative of cause (the blood being avenged).
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γενναίῳnobleA1A DSM · γενναῖοςnominal element functioning within the clauseγενναῖος: meaning 'noble'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἱδρῶτιof sweatN3T DSM · ἱδρώςgenitive element marking relation, possession, or qualificationἱδρώς: meaning 'of sweat'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, possession, or qualification.
τοῖςthe onesRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μέχριuntilP · μέχριconjunction (with οὗ: temporal 'until')→ spatial or relational framingμέχρι: meaning 'until'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θανάτουof deathN2 GSM · θάνατοςgenitive of quality / destiny (with υἱός: 'son of death')→ relational specificationθάνατος: meaning 'of death'; it serves as genitive of quality / destiny (with υἱός: 'son of death').
πάθεσινπαθῶνN3E DPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ὑπερασπίζονταςὑπερV1 · παπαπμ ἀσπίζω + ὑπερverbal form carrying the clause actionπαπαπμ ἀσπίζω + ὑπερ: meaning 'ὑπερ'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
9
σύ πάτερ τὴν εὐνομίαν ἡμῶν διὰ τῶν ὑπομονῶν εἰς δόξαν ἐκύρωσας καὶ τὴν ἁγιαστίαν σεμνολογήσας οὐ κατέλυσας καὶ διὰ τῶν ἔργων ἐπιστοποίησας τοὺς τῆς θείας φιλοσοφίας σου λόγους
You, father, confirmed our lawfulness unto glory by your endurance; and by honoring sanctity you did not destroy it, but by your deeds you authenticated the words of your divine philosophy.
Eleazar's conduct verifies his teaching. His suffering makes visible that his philosophy was not verbal ornament but practiced fidelity.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
σύyouRP NS · σύpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceσύ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
πάτερfatherN3 VSM · πατήρdirect-address element within the clause→ direct addressπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as direct-address element within the clause.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐνομίανgood orderN1A ASF · εὐνομίαaccusative element functioning as object or complementεὐνομία: meaning 'good order'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑπομονῶνabidingN1 GPF · ὑπομονήnominative term in clause/listὑπομονή: meaning 'abiding'; it serves as nominative term in clause/list.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
δόξανgloryN1S ASF · δόξαaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationδόξα: meaning 'glory'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
ἐκύρωσαςκυρέωVAI AAI2S · κυρέωfinite verb governing the clauseκυρέω: meaning 'κυρέω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁγιαστίανsanctityN1A ASF · ἁγιαστίαaccusative term functioning as complement or objectἁγιαστία: meaning 'sanctity'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
σεμνολογήσαςspeak of with reverenceVA AAI2S · σεμνολογέωfinite verb governing the clauseσεμνολογέω: meaning 'speak of with reverence'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
κατέλυσαςκαταVAI AAI2S · λύω + καταfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristλύω + κατα: meaning 'κατα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργωνworks / laboursN2N GPN · ἔργονcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationἔργον: meaning 'works'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐπιστοποίησαςconfirmVA AAI2S · ἐπιστοποιέωfinite verb governing the clauseἐπιστοποιέω: meaning 'confirm'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θείαςdivineA1A GSF · θεῖοςgenitive element qualifying another termθεῖος: meaning 'divine'; it serves as genitive element qualifying another term.
φιλοσοφίαςφιλοσοφίᾳN1A GSF · φιλοσοφίαdative term marking reference, means, or indirect objectφιλοσοφία: meaning 'φιλοσοφίᾳ'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, or indirect object.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
λόγουςwordN2 APM · λόγοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
10
ὦ βασάνων βιαιότερε γέρων καὶ πυρὸς εὐτονώτερε πρεσβῦτα καὶ παθῶν μέγιστε βασιλεῦ Ελεαζαρ
O elder stronger than tortures, old man more vigorous than fire, Eleazar, greatest king over the passions!
The paradoxes of age overcoming torture and fire heighten Eleazar's stature. His true kingship consists in ruling the passions rather than subjects.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ὦOI · ὦinterjection marking direct address or exclamation→ discourse linkage or contrastὦ: meaning 'O'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as interjection marking direct address or exclamation.
βασάνωνtorturesN2 GPF · βάσανοςgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or descriptionβάσανος: meaning 'tortures'; it serves as genitive term marking relation, source, possession, or description.
βιαιότερεviolentA1A VSMC · βίαιοςgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionβίαιος: meaning 'violent'; it serves as genitive modifier defining relationship, source, or description.
γέρωνold manN3 VSM · γέρωνnominal element functioning within the clauseγέρων: meaning 'old man'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πυρὸςfireN3 GSN · πῦρgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
εὐτονώτερεvigorousA1B VSMC · εὔτονοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseεὔτονος: meaning 'vigorous'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
πρεσβῦταold manN1M VSM · πρεσβύτηςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptionπρεσβύτης: meaning 'old man'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
μέγιστεgreatA1 VSMS · μέγαςadjectival or ordinal modifierμέγας: meaning 'great'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
βασιλεῦkingN3V VSM · βασιλεύςsubstantive, modifier, or particle functioning within the clause according to context→ direct addressβασιλεῦ: meaning 'king'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΕλεαζαρEleazarN2 VSM · Ελεαζαροςproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceΕλεαζαρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
11
ὥσπερ γὰρ ὁ πατὴρ Ααρων τῷ θυμιατηρίῳ καθωπλισμένος διὰ τοῦ ἐθνοπλήθους ἐπιτρέχων τὸν ἐμπυριστὴν ἐνίκησεν ἄγγελον
For just as the father Aaron, armed with the censer, running through the mass of the people, conquered the angel who brought the fire,
The author invokes Aaron to frame Eleazar as a priestly combatant. Sacred mediation, not force, is the means of victory.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial modifier shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατὴρfatherN3 NSM · πατήρnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ΑαρωνAaronN NSM · Ἀαρώνancestor-name in the priestly succession→ discourse linkage or contrastΑαρων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as ancestor-name in the priestly succession.
τῷofRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυμιατηρίῳthymiaterionN2N DSN · θυμιατήριονaccusative element functioning as object or extent expressionθυμιατήριον: meaning 'thymiaterion'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or extent expression.
καθωπλισμένοςarmedVT · χμπνσμ ὁπλίζω + καταverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseχμπνσμ ὁπλίζω + κατα: meaning 'armed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clause.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐθνοπλήθουςἐθνοπλήθηςA3H GSM · ἐθνοπλήθηςgenitive modifier within the phraseἐθνοπλήθης: meaning 'ἐθνοπλήθης'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ἐπιτρέχωνἐπιV1 · παπνσμ τρέχω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the clause actionπαπνσμ τρέχω + ἐπι: meaning 'ἐπι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐμπυριστὴνἐμπυριστήςA3H ASM · ἐμπυριστήςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectἐμπυριστής: meaning 'ἐμπυριστής'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ἐνίκησενconqueredVAI AAI3S · νικάωverbal element expressing action, process, or state within the clause→ the lord exposes and removes the hypocritical flatterer from the assembly of the holy.νικάω: meaning 'conquered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element expressing action, process, or state within the clause.
ἄγγελονangel / messengerN2 ASM · ἄγγελοςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationἄγγελος: meaning 'angel'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
12
οὕτως ὁ Ααρωνίδης Ελεαζαρ διὰ τοῦ πυρὸς ὑπερτηκόμενος οὐ μετετράπη τὸν λογισμόν
so also Eleazar the descendant of Aaron, though being melted away by the fire, did not turn his reasoning aside.
Eleazar is presented as a true heir of Aaron. Even when his body yields to the flames, his governing reason remains unchanged.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
οὕτωςsoD · οὕτωςadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'so'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ααρωνίδηςdescendant of AaronN NSM · Ἀαρωνίδηςnominal or adjectival element within the clauseΑαρωνίδης: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal or adjectival element within the clause.
ΕλεαζαρEleazarN NSM · Ελεαζαροςproper-name element in the clauseΕλεαζαρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper-name element in the clause.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πυρὸςfireN3 GSN · πῦρgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
ὑπερτηκόμενοςὑπερV1 · πππνσμ τήκω + ὑπερverbal form carrying the clause actionπππνσμ τήκω + ὑπερ: meaning 'ὑπερ'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μετετράπημεταVDI API3S · τρέπω + μεταfinite verb governing the clauseτρέπω + μετα: meaning 'μετα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμόνplansN2 ASM · λογισμόςObject / complement→ object specificationλογισμός: meaning 'plans'; it serves as Object / complement.
13
καίτοι τὸ θαυμασιώτατον γέρων ὢν λελυμένων μὲν ἤδη τῶν τοῦ σώματος τόνων περικεχαλασμένων δὲ τῶν σαρκῶν κεκμηκότων δὲ καὶ τῶν νεύρων ἀνενέασεν
And, what is most marvelous, though he was an old man, with the bodily powers already relaxed, the flesh loosened, and even the sinews worn out, he recovered youthful strength.
The verse emphasizes bodily decline in order to underscore the astonishing renewal supplied by inner steadfastness.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καίτοικαίτοιC · καίτοιconnective or particle linking the argumentκαίτοι: meaning 'καίτοι'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θαυμασιώτατονwondrousA1A NSMS · θαυμάσιοςacc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantiveθαυμάσιος: meaning 'wondrous'; it serves as acc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
γέρωνold manN3 NSM · γέρωνnominative element functioning as subject or predicateγέρων: meaning 'old man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject or predicate.
ὢνπαπνσμ εἰμίV9 · παπνσμ εἰμίparticipial modifier qualifying the surrounding clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ εἰμί: meaning 'παπνσμ εἰμί'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial modifier qualifying the surrounding clause.
λελυμένωνχμπγπμ λύωVM · χμπγπμ λύωverbal form carrying the clause actionχμπγπμ λύω: meaning 'χμπγπμ λύω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
μὲνon the one handX · μένadverbial or connective modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastμὲν: meaning 'on the one hand'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤδηedeD · ἤδηadverb or particle qualifying the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastἤδη: meaning 'ede'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σώματοςsomatosN3M GSN · σῶμαnominal term functioning in a gen relation→ relational specificationσῶμα: meaning 'somatos'; it serves as nominal term functioning in a gen relation.
τόνωνvigorN2 GPM · τόνοςgenitive modifier within the phraseτόνος: meaning 'vigor'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
περικεχαλασμένωνπεριVM · χππγπμ χαλάω + περιverbal form carrying the clause actionχππγπμ χαλάω + περι: meaning 'περι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σαρκῶνfleshN3K GPF · σάρξcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationσάρξ: meaning 'flesh'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
κεκμηκότωνworn outVX · χαπγπμ κάμνωverbal form carrying the clause actionχαπγπμ κάμνω: meaning 'worn out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεύρωνsinewN2 GPN · νεῦρονgenitive modifier within the phraseνεῦρον: meaning 'sinew'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ἀνενέασενἀναVAI AAI3S · νεάζω + ἀναfinite verb governing the clauseνεάζω + ἀνα: meaning 'ἀνα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
14
τῷ πνεύματι διὰ τοῦ λογισμοῦ καὶ τῷ Ισακίῳ λογισμῷ τὴν πολυκέφαλον στρέβλαν ἠκύρωσεν
By the spirit, through reason, and with a mind like Isaac's, he nullified the many-headed rack.
Isaac functions as a model of obedient readiness for sacrificial suffering. Eleazar's reason disarms the instrument precisely by refusing surrender.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
τῷofRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πνεύματιspiritN3M DSN · πνεῦμαdative complement→ sphere or referenceπνεῦμα: meaning 'spirit'; it serves as dative complement.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμοῦpurposeN2 GSM · λογισμόςgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or description→ relational specificationλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as genitive modifier defining relationship, source, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷofRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ισακίῳlike IsaacN2 DSM · Ισακίοςdative term marking relation, means, or advantageΙσακίῳ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative term marking relation, means, or advantage.
λογισμῷreasonN2 DSM · λογισμόςdative element marking reference, means, or association→ sphere or referenceλογισμός: meaning 'reason'; it serves as dative element marking reference, means, or association.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολυκέφαλονmany-headedA1B ASF · πολυκέφαλοςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectπολυκέφαλος: meaning 'many-headed'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
στρέβλανrackingN1 ASF · στρέβληaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complementστρέβλη: meaning 'racking'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
ἠκύρωσενἐκυρεύωVAI AAI3S · ἐκυρεύωfinite verb governing the clauseἐκυρεύω: meaning 'ἐκυρεύω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
15
ὦ μακαρίου γήρως καὶ σεμνῆς πολιᾶς καὶ βίου νομίμου ὃν πιστὴ θανάτου σφραγὶς ἐτελείωσεν
O blessed old age, and venerable gray hair, and lawful life, which the faithful seal of death brought to completion!
Death becomes a seal rather than a negation. The elder's lawful life is depicted as reaching its proper consummation in faithful martyrdom.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ὦOI · ὦinterjection marking direct address or exclamation→ discourse linkage or contrastὦ: meaning 'O'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as interjection marking direct address or exclamation.
μακαρίουblessedA1A GSN · μακάριοςhead noun or nominative element within the clauseμακάριος: meaning 'blessed'; it serves as head noun or nominative element within the clause.
γήρωςGereiN3 GSN · γῆραςnominal element functioning within the clause→ apparent brevity and enduring righteousnessγῆρας: meaning 'Gerei'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σεμνῆςreveredA1 GSF · σεμνόςnominal element functioning within the clauseσεμνός: meaning 'revered'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause.
πολιᾶςgray hairN1A GSF · πολιάnominal element functioning within the clauseπολιά: meaning 'gray hair'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βίουpropertyN2 GSM · βίοςgenitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description→ trust, discipline, and ordered flourishingβίος: meaning 'property'; it serves as genitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description.
νομίμουordinance / lawful requirementA1 GSM · νόμιμοςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goalνόμιμος: meaning 'ordinance'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
ὃνwhichRR ASM · ὅςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceὃν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
πιστὴtrustworthyA1 NSF · πιστόςadjectival modifier of προφήτην→ participant prominenceπιστός: meaning 'trustworthy'; it serves as adjectival modifier of προφήτην.
θανάτουof deathN2 GSM · θάνατοςgenitive of quality / destiny (with υἱός: 'son of death')→ relational specificationθάνατος: meaning 'of death'; it serves as genitive of quality / destiny (with υἱός: 'son of death').
σφραγὶςsealsN3D NSF · σφραγίςnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ participant prominenceσφραγίς: meaning 'seals'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
ἐτελείωσενyou shall fill / consecrate (the hands)VAI AAI3S · τελειόωattributive participle (coordinate with ἐπικεχυμένου)→ legislative future (prescriptive 'you shall consecrate')τελειόω: meaning 'you shall fill'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as attributive participle (coordinate with ἐπικεχυμένου).
16
εἰ δὴ τοίνυν γέρων ἀνὴρ τῶν μέχρι θανάτου βασάνων περιεφρόνει δι' εὐσέβειαν ὁμολογουμένως ἡγεμών ἐστιν τῶν παθῶν ὁ εὐσεβὴς λογισμός
If then an old man despised tortures even unto death because of piety, it is surely agreed that pious reason is ruler of the passions.
The encomium now turns back into argument. Eleazar's conduct is treated as evidence for the book's central philosophical claim.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
εἰifC · εἰcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὴnowX · δήparticle of urgency→ discourse linkage or contrastδὴ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοίνυνthereforeX · τοίνυνproper name or indeclinable item→ discourse linkage or contrastτοίνυν: meaning 'therefore'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
γέρωνold manN3 NSM · γέρωνnominative element functioning as subject or predicateγέρων: meaning 'old man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject or predicate.
ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μέχριuntilP · μέχριconjunction (with οὗ: temporal 'until')→ spatial or relational framingμέχρι: meaning 'until'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θανάτουof deathN2 GSM · θάνατοςgenitive of quality / destiny (with υἱός: 'son of death')→ relational specificationθάνατος: meaning 'of death'; it serves as genitive of quality / destiny (with υἱός: 'son of death').
βασάνωνtorturesN2 GPF · βάσανοςgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or descriptionβάσανος: meaning 'tortures'; it serves as genitive term marking relation, source, possession, or description.
περιεφρόνειπεριV2I IAI3S · φρονέω + περιverbal element expressing action, process, or state within the clauseφρονέω + περι: meaning 'περι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element expressing action, process, or state within the clause.
δι'through / because ofP · διάpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδι': meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
εὐσέβειανpietyN1A ASF · εὐσέβειαaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ content focusεὐσέβεια: meaning 'piety'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
ὁμολογουμένωςadmittedlyD · ὁμολογουμένωςadverbial modifier of the clauseὁμολογουμένως: meaning 'admittedly'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἡγεμώνleaderN3N NSM · ἡγεμώνNominative subject naming the commander.ἡγεμών: meaning 'leader'; it serves as Nominative subject naming the commander.
ἐστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐσεβὴςdevoutA3H NSM · εὐσεβήςnominative element functioning within the clause→ content term supplying the subject matter or imagery of the lineεὐσεβής: meaning 'devout'; it serves as nominative element functioning within the clause.
λογισμόςpurposeN2 NSM · λογισμόςnominative term functioning in the clause coreλογισμός: meaning 'purpose'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
17
ἴσως δ' ἂν εἴποιέν τινες τῶν παθῶν οὐ πάντες περικρατοῦσιν ὅτι οὐδὲ πάντες φρόνιμον ἔχουσιν τὸν λογισμόν
But perhaps some might say that not all people master the passions, because not all possess prudent reason.
The author anticipates a possible counterexample. The qualification concerns not the truth of the thesis but the uneven possession of rightly formed reason.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ἴσωςἴσωςD · ἴσωςindeclinable modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastἴσως: meaning 'ἴσως'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
δ'butX · δέmild adversative marking transition to sanction→ deliverance, death, and covenant remembranceδέ: meaning 'but'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἂνthen / ifX · ἄνsubstantival or adjectival term contributing the clause content→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: meaning 'then'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
εἴποιένsaidVB AAO3P · εἶπονfinite verb governing the clauseεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τινεςwho? / what?RI NPM · τιςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation→ participant referenceτινες: meaning 'who?'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or interrogation.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
περικρατοῦσινπεριV2 PAI3P · κρατέω + περιfinite verb governing the clauseκρατέω + περι: meaning 'περι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ὅτιfor / becauseC · ὅτιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
φρόνιμονwise personA1B ASM · φρόνιμοςnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ folly, mercy, and enduring counselφρόνιμος: meaning 'wise person'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
ἔχουσινεχωV1 PAI3P · ἔχωmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action→ ongoing verbal processἔχω: meaning 'εχω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λογισμόνplansN2 ASM · λογισμόςObject / complement→ object specificationλογισμός: meaning 'plans'; it serves as Object / complement.
18
ἀλλ' ὅσοι τῆς εὐσεβείας προνοοῦσιν ἐξ ὅλης καρδίας οὗτοι μόνοι δύνανται κρατεῖν τῶν τῆς σαρκὸς παθῶν
Rather, only those who give thought to piety with their whole heart are able to master the passions of the flesh.
Mastery is restricted to wholehearted devotion. Piety is not a partial disposition but the total orientation that enables self-command.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ἀλλ'butC · ἀλλάconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλ': meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅσοιas much asA1 NPM · ὅσοςacc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ participant prominenceὅσος: meaning 'as much as'; it serves as acc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐσεβείαςpietyN1A GSF · εὐσέβειαgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationεὐσέβεια: meaning 'piety'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
προνοοῦσινπροV2 PAI3P · νοέω + προmain verbal form advancing the narrative or descriptionνοέω + προ: meaning 'προ'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ὅληςthe wholeA1 GSF · ὅλοςModifier of νυκτὸς→ relational specificationὅλος: meaning 'the whole'; it serves as Modifier of νυκτὸς.
καρδίαςheartN1A GSF · καρδίαgenitive dependent→ relational specificationκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as genitive dependent.
οὗτοιtheseRD NPM · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceοὗτοι: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
μόνοιaloneA1 NPM · μόνοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed item→ participant prominenceμόνος: meaning 'alone'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed item.
δύνανταιbe ableV6 PMI3P · δύναμαιmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδύναμαι: meaning 'be able'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
κρατεῖνholding powerV2 PAN · κρατέωcomplementary infinitive within the clause→ infinitival complementκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as complementary infinitive within the clause.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σαρκὸςfleshN3K GSF · σάρξcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationσάρξ: meaning 'flesh'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
19
πιστεύοντες ὅτι θεῷ οὐκ ἀποθνῄσκουσιν ὥσπερ οὐδὲ οἱ πατριάρχαι ἡμῶν Αβρααμ καὶ Ισαακ καὶ Ιακωβ ἀλλὰ ζῶσιν τῷ θεῷ
For they believe that to God they do not die, just as neither our patriarchs Abraham and Isaac and Jacob die, but they live to God.
Hope beyond death sustains resistance. The patriarchs are cited as living to God, so martyrdom is framed within covenantal continuity rather than annihilation.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
πιστεύοντεςπαπνπμ πιστεύωV1 · παπνπμ πιστεύωverbal form carrying the clause actionπαπνπμ πιστεύω: meaning 'παπνπμ πιστεύω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
ὅτιfor / becauseC · ὅτιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θεῷGodN2 DSM · θεόςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἀποθνῄσκουσινdieV1 PAI3P · θνήσκω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the clauseθνήσκω + ἀπο: meaning 'die'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial modifier shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheyRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατριάρχαιpatriarch / family headN1M NPM · πατριάρχηςcommon noun within the clauseπατριάρχης: meaning 'patriarch'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ΑβρααμAbrahamN NSM · Ἀβραάμproper name introducing the first ancestral example→ participant identificationΑβρααμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name introducing the first ancestral example.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙσαακIsaacN NSM · Ισαακconnective or particle shaping the flow of the clauseΙσαακ: meaning 'Isaac'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙακωβJacobN NSM · Ἰακώβconnective or particle shaping the flow of the clause→ participant identificationΙακωβ: meaning 'Jacob'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάcoordinating or discourse-linking conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλὰ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ζῶσινliveV3 PAI3P · ζάωverbal element carrying the clause action→ oppression, rivalry, and companionshipζάω: meaning 'live'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element carrying the clause action.
τῷofRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεῷGodN2 DSM · θεόςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
20
οὐδὲν οὖν ἐναντιοῦται τὸ φαίνεσθαί τινας παθοκρατεῖσθαι διὰ τὸν ἀσθενῆ λογισμόν
Therefore nothing opposes the fact that some appear to be overcome by the passions because their reason is weak.
Apparent failures do not overturn the thesis. They expose the deficiency of weak reason, not the impotence of pious reason itself.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
οὐδὲνno oneA3 NSN · οὐδείςhead noun or nominal element within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὐδείς: meaning 'no one'; it serves as head noun or nominal element within the clause.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνinferential particle→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐναντιοῦταιἐνV4 PMI3S · ἀντιόομαι + ἐνfinite verb governing the clause→ restraint, counsel, and honest dealingἀντιόομαι + ἐν: meaning 'ἐν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φαίνεσθαίappearV1 PPN · φαίνωfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clauseφαίνω: meaning 'appear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
τιναςsomeRI APM · τιςindefinite accusative object coordinated with previous victimsτις: meaning 'some'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
παθοκρατεῖσθαιbe mastered by passionsV2 PPN · παθοκρατέομαιparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateπαθοκρατέομαι: meaning 'be mastered by passions'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle describing attendant action, manner, or state.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀσθενῆweakA3H APM · ἀσθενήςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectἀσθενής: meaning 'weak'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
λογισμόνplansN2 ASM · λογισμόςObject / complement→ object specificationλογισμός: meaning 'plans'; it serves as Object / complement.
21
ἐπεὶ τίς πρὸς ὅλον τὸν τῆς φιλοσοφίας κανόνα φιλοσοφῶν καὶ πεπιστευκὼς θεῷ
For who, if he is philosophizing according to the whole rule of philosophy and has put his trust in God,
The argument now takes the form of a rhetorical challenge. The imagined philosopher is defined by comprehensive discipline and trust in God.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἐπεὶwhenC · ἐπείtemporal conjunction (introducing the time of the theophany)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐπεὶ: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίςwho / whatRI NSM · τίςnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'toward'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ὅλονwholeA1 ASM · ὅλοςaccusative element functioning within the clause→ object specificationὅλος: meaning 'whole'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φιλοσοφίαςφιλοσοφίᾳN1A GSF · φιλοσοφίαdative term marking reference, means, or indirect objectφιλοσοφία: meaning 'φιλοσοφίᾳ'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, or indirect object.
κανόναbedpostN3N ASM · κανώνdative term functioning as complement, recipient, or referenceκανών: meaning 'bedpost'; it serves as dative term functioning as complement, recipient, or reference.
φιλοσοφῶνφιλοσοφώτατονA1 GPM · φιλόσοφοςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectφιλόσοφος: meaning 'φιλοσοφώτατον'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πεπιστευκὼςχαπνσμ πιστεύωVX · χαπνσμ πιστεύωverbal form carrying the clause actionχαπνσμ πιστεύω: meaning 'χαπνσμ πιστεύω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action.
θεῷGodN2 DSM · θεόςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
22
καὶ εἰδὼς ὅτι διὰ τὴν ἀρετὴν πάντα πόνον ὑπομένειν μακάριόν ἐστιν οὐκ ἂν περικρατήσειεν τῶν παθῶν διὰ τὴν θεοσέβειαν
and knows that for the sake of virtue it is blessed to endure every pain, would not master the passions through godliness?
Endurance is grounded in a valuation of virtue higher than pain. On that premise, mastery of the passions becomes the fitting and expected outcome.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰδὼςseeingV3 · παπνσμ ὁράωverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseπαπνσμ ὁράω: meaning 'seeing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clause.
ὅτιfor / becauseC · ὅτιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρετὴνvalorN1 ASF · ἀρετήaccusative element functioning as object or complementἀρετή: meaning 'valor'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
πάνταallA3 ASM · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
πόνονaffliction / painN2 ASM · πόνοςaccusative (summary object, coordinate with συνάντημα)→ object specificationπόνος: meaning 'affliction'; it serves as accusative (summary object, coordinate with συνάντημα).
ὑπομένεινunderV1 PAN · μένω + ὑποinfinitive complement within the clauseμένω + ὑπο: meaning 'under'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement within the clause.
μακάριόνblessedA1A ASM · μακάριοςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectμακάριος: meaning 'blessed'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ἐστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἂνthen / ifX · ἄνsubstantival or adjectival term contributing the clause content→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: meaning 'then'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
περικρατήσειενπεριVA AAO3S · κρατέω + περιfinite verb governing the clauseκρατέω + περι: meaning 'περι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοσέβειανgodlinessN1A ASF · θεοσεβείαnominative element functioning as subject or predicateθεοσεβεία: meaning 'godliness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject or predicate.
23
μόνος γὰρ ὁ σοφὸς καὶ ἀνδρεῖός ἐστιν τῶν παθῶν κύριος
For only the wise and courageous person is lord of the passions.
The chapter closes with a compressed maxim. Wisdom and courage together define the person whose reason truly rules bodily desire and fear.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
μόνοςaloneA1 NSM · μόνοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ participant prominenceμόνος: meaning 'alone'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σοφὸςskilled / wiseA1 NSM · σοφόςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ participant prominenceσοφός: meaning 'skilled'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνδρεῖόςbraveryA1A NSM · ἀνδρεῖοςdative of mannerἀνδρεῖος: meaning 'bravery'; it serves as dative of manner.
ἐστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παθῶνπαθῶνN3E GPN · πάθοςgenitive modifier within the phraseπάθος: meaning 'παθῶν'; it serves as genitive modifier within the phrase.
κύριοςLORDN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.