1
ὡς δὲ καὶ οὗτος ταῖς βασάνοις καταικισθεὶς ἐναπέθανεν ὁ πέμπτος παρεπήδησεν λέγων
And when this one also had died amid torture, the fifth sprang forward, saying,
The fifth brother does not wait passively; he steps into martyrdom with deliberate readiness.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ὡςasC · ὡςparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowὡς: as; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
δὲbutX · δέnominal or adjectival element functioning according to its inflection and local clause roleδέ: but; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandD · καίparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowκαί: and; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
οὗτοςthisRD NSM · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewοὗτος: this; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
βασάνοιςtortureN2 DPF · βάσανοςdative term marking reference, means, manner, or locationβασάνοις: torture; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καταικισθεὶςhaving been abusedVS · αππνσμ αἰκίζω + καταverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseαἰκίζω + κατα: having been abused; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
ἐναπέθανενdied withinVBI AAI3S · θνήσκω + ἐν + ἀποverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseθνήσκω + ἐν + ἀπο: died within; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
πέμπτοςfifthA1 NSM · πέμπτοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierπέμπτος: fifth; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
παρεπήδησενsprang forwardVAI AAI3S · πηδάω + παραverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseπηδάω + παρα: sprang forward; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
λέγωνsayingV1 · παπνσμ λέγωverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseλέγω: saying; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
2
οὐ μέλλω τύραννε πρὸς τὸν ὑπὲρ τῆς ἀρετῆς βασανισμὸν παραιτεῖσθαι
'Tyrant, I am not about to refuse the torture that comes for the sake of virtue.'
He frames suffering not as coerced misery but as the cost of fidelity to virtue.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
οὐnotD · οὐparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowοὐ: not; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
μέλλωthey are going toV1 PAI1S · μέλλωmain verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertionμέλλω: they are going to; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
τύραννεrulerN2 VSM · τύραννοςnominal or adjectival element functioning according to its inflection and local clause roleτύραννος: tyrant; royal ruler named in vocative address and judged by the martyrs as illegitimate in moral character.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement and framing the relationπρός: toward; preposition governing its complement and specifying relation in context.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ὑπὲρoverP · ὑπέρpreposition governing its complement and framing the relationὑπέρ: over; preposition governing its complement and specifying relation in context.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἀρετῆςpraise / excellenceN1 GSF · ἀρετήgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or descriptionἀρετή: praise / excellence; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
βασανισμὸνβασανισμόςN2 ASM · βασανισμόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementβασανισμός: βασανισμός; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
παραιτεῖσθαιto waiveV2 PMN · αἰτέω + παραverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseπαραιτεῖσθαι: to waive; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
3
αὐτὸς δ' ἀπ' ἐμαυτοῦ παρῆλθον ὅπως κἀμὲ κατακτείνας περὶ πλειόνων ἀδικημάτων ὀφειλήσῃς τῇ οὐρανίῳ δίκῃ τιμωρίαν
'I myself have come of my own accord, so that by killing me as well you may owe punishment to the heavenly justice for still more crimes.'
The brother turns voluntary self-offering into an indictment that multiplies the tyrant's guilt.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
αὐτὸςhe himselfRD NSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewαὐτός: he himself; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
δ'but / andX · δέnominal or adjectival element functioning according to its inflection and local clause roleδέ: but / and; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement and framing the relationἀπό: from; preposition governing its complement and specifying relation in context.
ἐμαυτοῦmyselfRD GSM · ἐμαυτοῦpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewἐμαυτοῦ: myself; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
παρῆλθονpassed onVBI AAI3P · ἔρχομαι + παραverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseἔρχομαι + παρα: passed on; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
ὅπωςso thatC · ὅπωςparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowὅπως: so that; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
κἀμὲme alsoC+RPAS · καί̈ἐμόςnominal or adjectival element functioning according to its inflection and local clause roleκαί̈ἐμός: me also; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
κατακτείναςhaving killedVA · ααπνσμ κτείνω + καταverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseκτείνω + κατα: having killed; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
περὶaroundP · περίpreposition governing its complement and framing the relationπερί: around; preposition governing its complement and specifying relation in context.
πλειόνωνthe majority / the manyA3C GPN · πολύςgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or descriptionπλειόνων: the majority / the many; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀδικημάτωνinjustices / wrongsN3M GPN · ἀδίκημαgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or descriptionἀδίκημα: injustices / wrongs; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ὀφειλήσῃςyou may oweVA AAS2S · ὀφείλωmain verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertionὀφείλω: you may owe; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
οὐρανίῳheavenlyA1B DSF · οὐράνιοςdative term marking reference, means, manner, or locationοὐράνιος: heavenly; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
δίκῃwith justice / punishmentN1 DSF · δίκηdative term marking reference, means, manner, or locationδίκη: with justice / punishment; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τιμωρίανpunishmentN1A ASF · τιμωρίαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementτιμωρίαν: punishment; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
4
ὦ μισάρετε καὶ μισάνθρωπε τί δράσαντας ἡμᾶς τοῦτον πορθεῖς τὸν τρόπον
'O hater of virtue and hater of humanity, for doing what are you ravaging us in this way?'
His accusation joins moral corruption and cruelty toward fellow humans.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ὦOI · ὦparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowὦ: O; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
μισάρετεhater of virtueA1B VSM · μισάρετοςnominal or adjectival element functioning according to its inflection and local clause roleμισάρετος: hater of virtue; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowκαί: and; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
μισάνθρωπεhater of humanityA1B VSM · μισάνθρωποςnominal or adjectival element functioning according to its inflection and local clause roleμισάνθρωπος: hater of humanity; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τίwhatRI ASN · τίςpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewτίς: what; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
δράσανταςhaving doneVA · ααπαπμ δράωverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseδράω: having done; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewἐγώ: us; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
τοῦτονthisRD ASM · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewοὗτος: this; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
πορθεῖςyou ravageV2 PAI2S · πορθέωverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseπορθέω: you ravage; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
τρόπονmannerN2 ASM · τρόποςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementτρόπος: manner; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
5
ὅτι τὸν πάντων κτίστην εὐσεβοῦμεν καὶ κατὰ τὸν ἐνάρετον αὐτοῦ ζῶμεν νόμον
'Is it because we worship the Creator of all things and live according to his law rich in virtue?'
The supposed crime is exposed as faithful worship and obedience.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowὅτι: that; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
πάντωνallA3 GPM · πᾶςgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or descriptionπᾶς: all; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
κτίστηνCreatorN1M ASM · κτίστηςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementκτίστης: Creator; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
εὐσεβοῦμενwe worshipV2 PAI1P · εὐσεβέωmain verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertionεὐσεβέω: we worship; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
καὶandC · καίparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowκαί: and; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing its complement and framing the relationκατά: according to; preposition governing its complement and specifying relation in context.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἐνάρετονvirtuousA1B ASM · ἐνάρετοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementἐνάρετος: virtuous; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewαὐτός: him; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
ζῶμενwe may liveV3 PAI1P · ζάωmain verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertionζάω: we may live; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
νόμονlawN2 ASM · νόμοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementνόμος: law; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
6
ἀλλὰ ταῦτα τιμῶν οὐ βασάνων ἐστὶν ἄξια
'But these things are worthy of honors, not of tortures.'
The brother renders a judicial reversal: piety deserves honor rather than punishment.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowἀλλά: but; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
ταῦταthese thingsRD NPN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewοὗτος: these things; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
τιμῶνhonorsN1 GPF · τιμήgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or descriptionτιμή: honors; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
οὐnotD · οὐparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowοὐ: not; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
βασάνωνtorturesN2 GPF · βάσανοςgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or descriptionβάσανος: tortures; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐστὶνeimiV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertionεἰμί: eimi; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
ἄξιαfull / proper / worthyA1A NPN · ἄξιοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierἄξιος: full / proper / worthy; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
9
τοιαῦτα δὲ λέγοντα οἱ δορυφόροι δήσαντες αὐτὸν εἷλκον ἐπὶ τὸν καταπέλτην
While he was saying such things, the guards bound him and dragged him to the catapult.
The tyrant answers argument with force, moving the witness into a new apparatus of pain.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
τοιαῦταsuch thingsA1 APN · τοιοῦτοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementτοιοῦτος: such things; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
δὲbutX · δέnominal or adjectival element functioning according to its inflection and local clause roleδέ: but; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
λέγονταsaidV1 · παπασμ λέγωverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseλέγω: said; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
δορυφόροιguardsN2 NPM · δορυφόροςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierδορυφόρος: guards; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
δήσαντεςhaving boundVA · ααπνπμ δέωverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseδέω: having bound; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewαὐτός: him; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
εἷλκονdrewV1I IAI3P · ἕλκωmain verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertionἕλκω: drew; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement and framing the relationἐπί: upon; preposition governing its complement and specifying relation in context.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
καταπέλτηνcatapultN1M ASM · καταπάλτηςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementκαταπάλτης: catapult; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
10
ἐφ' ὃν δήσαντες αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὰ γόνατα καὶ ταῦτα ποδάγραις σιδηραῖς ἐφαρμόσαντες τὴν ὀσφὺν αὐτοῦ περὶ τροχιαῖον σφῆνα κατέκαμψαν περὶ ὃν ὅλος περὶ τὸν τροχὸν σκορπίου τρόπον ἀνακλώμενος ἐξεμελίζετο
After binding him upon it at the knees and fastening these with iron clamps, they bent his lower back around a wheel-wedge, so that his whole body, curved around the wheel like a scorpion, was torn limb from limb.
The elaborate mechanics of torture highlight the state's ingenuity in cruelty.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
ἐφ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement and framing the relationἐπί: upon; preposition governing its complement and specifying relation in context.
ὃνwhichRR ASM · ὅςpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewὅς: which; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
δήσαντεςhaving boundVA · ααπνπμ δέωverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseδέω: having bound; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewαὐτός: him; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement and framing the relationἐπί: upon; preposition governing its complement and specifying relation in context.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementὁ: the; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
γόναταkneesN3 APN · γόνυaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementγόνυ: knees; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowκαί: and; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewοὗτος: these things; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
ποδάγραιςwith fettersN1A DPF · ποδάγραdative term marking reference, means, manner, or locationποδάγρα: with fetters; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
σιδηραῖςironA1C DPF · σιδηροῦςdative term marking reference, means, manner, or locationσιδηροῦς: iron; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐφαρμόσαντεςhaving fastenedVA · ααπνπμ ἁρμόζω + ἐπιverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseἁρμόζω + ἐπι: having fastened; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ὀσφὺνwaist / loinsN3U ASF · ὀσφύςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementὀσφύς: waist / loins; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewαὐτός: him; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
περὶaroundP · περίpreposition governing its complement and framing the relationπερί: around; preposition governing its complement and specifying relation in context.
τροχιαῖονof a wheelA1A ASM · τροχιαῖοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementτροχιαῖος: of a wheel; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
σφῆναwedgeN3 ASM · σφήνaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementσφήν: wedge; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
κατέκαμψανthey bentVAI AAI3P · κάμπτω + καταverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseκάμπτω + κατα: they bent; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
περὶaroundP · περίpreposition governing its complement and framing the relationπερί: around; preposition governing its complement and specifying relation in context.
ὃνwhichRR ASM · ὅςpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewὅς: which; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
ὅλοςall overA1 NSM · ὅλοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierὅλος: all over; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
περὶaroundP · περίpreposition governing its complement and framing the relationπερί: around; preposition governing its complement and specifying relation in context.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
τροχὸνwheelsN2 ASM · τροχόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementτροχός: wheels; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
σκορπίουof a scorpionN2 GSF · σκορπίοςgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or descriptionσκορπίος: of a scorpion; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τρόπονmannerN2 ASM · τρόποςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementτρόπος: manner; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀνακλώμενοςcurving aroundV3 · πππνσμ κλάω + ἀναverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseκλάω + ἀνα: curving around; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
ἐξεμελίζετοwas torn limb from limbV1I IPI3S · μελίζω + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertionμελίζω + ἐκ: was torn limb from limb; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
11
κατὰ τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον καὶ τὸ πνεῦμα στενοχωρούμενος καὶ τὸ σῶμα ἀγχόμενος
In this manner, while he was cramped in breath and choked in body,
The narration pauses over the total bodily compression that precedes his next speech.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing its complement and framing the relationκατά: according to; preposition governing its complement and specifying relation in context.
τοῦτονthisRD ASM · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewοὗτος: this; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
τρόπονmannerN2 ASM · τρόποςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementτρόπος: manner; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowκαί: and; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementὁ: the; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
πνεῦμαspiritN3M ASN · πνεῦμαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementπνεῦμα: spirit; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
στενοχωρούμενοςbeing crampedV2 · πμπνσμ στενοχωρέωverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseστενοχωρέω: being cramped; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
καὶandC · καίparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowκαί: and; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementὁ: the; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
σῶμαbodyN3M ASN · σῶμαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementσῶμα: body; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀγχόμενοςbeing chokedV1 · πμπνσμ ἄγχωverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseἄγχω: being choked; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
12
καλάς ἔλεγεν ἄκων ὦ τύραννε χάριτας ἡμῖν χαρίζῃ διὰ γενναιοτέρων πόνων ἐπιδείξασθαι παρέχων τὴν εἰς τὸν νόμον ἡμῶν καρτερίαν
he said, 'Unwillingly, tyrant, you grant us a fine favor by providing occasion through nobler pains to display our endurance for the law.'
The martyr interprets extreme suffering as a platform for manifesting covenant steadfastness.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καλάςfair / goodA1 APF · καλόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementκαλός: fair / good; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἔλεγενwould sayV1I IAI3S · λέγωmain verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertionλέγω: would say; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
ἄκωνunwillinglyA3 NSM · ἄκωνnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierἄκων: unwillingly; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ὦOI · ὦparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowὦ: O; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
τύραννεrulerN2 VSM · τύραννοςnominal or adjectival element functioning according to its inflection and local clause roleτύραννος: tyrant; royal ruler named in vocative address and judged by the martyrs as illegitimate in moral character.
χάριταςthanksN3T APF · χάριςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementχάρις: thanks; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewἐγώ: to us; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
χαρίζῃyou grantV1 PMI2S · χαρίζομαιmain verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertionχαρίζομαι: you grant; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing its complement and framing the relationδιά: through; preposition governing its complement and specifying relation in context.
γενναιοτέρωνnoblerA1A GPMC · γενναῖοςgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or descriptionγενναῖος: nobler; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
πόνωνpainN2 GPM · πόνοςgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or descriptionπόνων: pain; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐπιδείξασθαιto displayVA AMN · δεικνύω + ἐπιverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseδεικνύω + ἐπι: to display; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
παρέχωνprovidingV1 · παπνσμ ἔχω + παραverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseἔχω + παρα: providing; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement and framing the relationεἰς: into; preposition governing its complement and specifying relation in context.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
νόμονlawN2 ASM · νόμοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementνόμος: law; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewἐγώ: our; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
καρτερίανenduranceN1A ASF · καρτερίαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementκαρτερία: endurance; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
13
τελευτήσαντος δὲ καὶ τούτου ὁ ἕκτος ἤγετο μειρακίσκος ὃς πυνθανομένου τοῦ τυράννου εἰ βούλοιτο φαγὼν ἀπολύεσθαι ὁ δὲ ἔφη
And when this one too had died, the sixth, still a youth, was led in; and when the tyrant asked whether he wished, by eating, to be released, he said,
The final brother in this pair is marked as younger in age but immediately equal in resolve.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
τελευτήσαντοςafter dyingVA · ααπγσμ τελευτάωverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseτελευτάω: after dying; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
δὲbutX · δέnominal or adjectival element functioning according to its inflection and local clause roleδέ: but; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowκαί: and; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
τούτουof this oneRD GSM · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewοὗτος: of this one; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἕκτοςsixthA1 NSM · ἕκτοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierἕκτος: sixth; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἤγετοwas ledV1I IMI3S · ἄγωmain verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertionἤγετο: was led; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
μειρακίσκοςyoung manN2 NSM · μειρακίσκοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierμειρακίσκος: young man; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ὃςwhoRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewὅς: who; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
πυνθανομένουwhen askingV1 · πμπγσμ πυνθάνομαιverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseπυνθάνομαι: when asking; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
τυράννουtyrantN2 GSM · τύραννοςgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or descriptionτυράννου: tyrant; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
εἰifC · εἰparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowεἰ: if; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
βούλοιτοhe wishedV1 PMO3S · βούλομαιmain verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertionβούλομαι: he wished; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
φαγὼνby eatingVB · ααπνσμ ἐσθίωverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseἐσθίω: by eating; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
ἀπολύεσθαιto be releasedV1 PMN · λύω + ἀποverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseλύω + ἀπο: to be released; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
δὲbutX · δέnominal or adjectival element functioning according to its inflection and local clause roleδέ: but; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἔφηsaidV6I IAI3S · φημίmain verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertionφημί: said; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
14
ἐγὼ τῇ μὲν ἡλικίᾳ τῶν ἀδελφῶν μού εἰμι νεώτερος τῇ δὲ διανοίᾳ ἡλικιώτης
'In age I am younger than my brothers, but in mind I am their equal.'
He distinguishes bodily youth from mature moral judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewἐγώ: I; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
μὲνindeedX · μένnominal or adjectival element functioning according to its inflection and local clause roleμέν: indeed; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἡλικίᾳprime ageN1A DSF · ἡλικίαdative term marking reference, means, manner, or locationἡλικίᾳ: prime age; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἀδελφῶνbrothersN2 GPM · ἀδελφόςgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or descriptionἀδελφός: brothers; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
μούme / myRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewἐγώ: me / my; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
εἰμιamV9 PAI1S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertionεἰμί: am; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
νεώτεροςyoungestA1A NSMC · νέοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierνεώτερος: youngest; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
δὲbutX · δέnominal or adjectival element functioning according to its inflection and local clause roleδέ: but; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
διανοίᾳmind / understandingN1A DSF · διάνοιαdative term marking reference, means, manner, or locationδιάνοια: mind / understanding; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἡλικιώτηςequal in ageN1M NSM · ἡλικιώτηςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierἡλικιώτης: equal in age; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
15
εἰς ταὐτὰ γὰρ γεννηθέντες καὶ ἀνατραφέντες ὑπὲρ τῶν αὐτῶν καὶ ἀποθνῄσκειν ὀφείλομεν ὁμοίως
'For having been born and brought up for the same things, we are equally bound to die for the same things.'
Shared formation yields shared obligation, including martyrdom.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement and framing the relationεἰς: into; preposition governing its complement and specifying relation in context.
ταὐτὰthe same thingsRD APN · ὁpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewταὐτὰ: the same things; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
γὰρforX · γάρparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowγάρ: for; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
γεννηθέντεςhaving been bornVC · αππνπμ γεννάωverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseγεννάω: having been born; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
καὶandC · καίparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowκαί: and; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
ἀνατραφέντεςhaving been brought upVD · αππνπμ τρέφω + ἀναverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseτρέφω + ἀνα: having been brought up; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
ὑπὲρoverP · ὑπέρpreposition governing its complement and framing the relationὑπέρ: over; preposition governing its complement and specifying relation in context.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewαὐτός: their; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
καὶandD · καίparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowκαί: and; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
ἀποθνῄσκεινhe diedV1 PAN · θνήσκω + ἀποverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseθνήσκω + ἀπο: he died; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
ὀφείλομενwe oughtV1 PAI1P · ὀφείλωmain verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertionὀφείλω: we ought; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
ὁμοίωςlikewiseD · ὁμοίωςparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowὁμοίως: likewise; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
16
ὥστε εἴ σοι δοκεῖ βασανίζειν μὴ μιαροφαγοῦντα βασάνιζε
'So if it seems good to you to torture one who will not eat defiled food, torture him.'
The brother answers the tyrant's condition with direct defiance and clarity.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
ὥστεso as to / toC · ὥστεparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowὥστε: so as to / to; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
εἴifC · εἰparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowεἰ: if; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewσύ: to you; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
δοκεῖseem goodV2 PAI3S · δοκέωmain verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertionδοκέω: seem good; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
βασανίζεινtormentedV1 PAN · βασανίζωmain verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertionβασανίζω: tormented; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
μὴnotD · μήparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowμή: not; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
μιαροφαγοῦνταone eating defiled foodV2 · παπασμ μιαροφαγέωverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseμιαροφαγέω: one eating defiled food; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
βασάνιζεtortureV1 PAD2S · βασανίζωmain verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertionβασανίζω: torture; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
17
ταῦτα αὐτὸν εἰπόντα παρῆγον ἐπὶ τὸν τροχόν
When he had said this, they brought him to the wheel.
Speech again yields immediately to torture, but without securing submission.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewοὗτος: these things; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewαὐτός: him; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
εἰπόνταsaidVB · ααπασμ εἶπονverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseεἶπον: said; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
παρῆγονpassed onV1I IAI3P · ἄγω + παραverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseἄγω + παρα: passed on; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement and framing the relationἐπί: upon; preposition governing its complement and specifying relation in context.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
τροχόνwheelN2 ASM · τροχόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementτροχός: wheel; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
18
ἐφ' οὗ κατατεινόμενος ἐπιμελῶς καὶ ἐκσπονδυλιζόμενος ὑπεκαίετο
There he was stretched tight with care, his joints being dislocated, and he was burned beneath.
The verse compresses precision and ferocity into one torturous procedure.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
ἐφ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement and framing the relationἐπί: upon; preposition governing its complement and specifying relation in context.
οὗwhichRR GSM · ὅςpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewὅς: which; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
κατατεινόμενοςτείνω + καταV1 · πππνσμ τείνω + καταverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseτείνω + κατα: τείνω + κατα; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
ἐπιμελῶςcarefullyD · ἐπιμελῶςparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowἐπιμελῶς: carefully; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
καὶandC · καίparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowκαί: and; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
ἐκσπονδυλιζόμενοςbeing dislocatedV1 · πππνσμ σπονδυλίζομαι + ἐκverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseσπονδυλίζομαι + ἐκ: being dislocated; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
ὑπεκαίετοwas burned beneathV1I IPI3S · καίω + ὑποverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseκαίω + ὑπο: was burned beneath; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
19
καὶ ὀβελίσκους ὀξεῖς πυρώσαντες τοῖς νώτοις προσέφερον καὶ τὰ πλευρὰ διαπείραντες αὐτοῦ τὰ σπλάγχνα διέκαιον
And after heating sharp spits, they brought them to his back, and piercing his sides they burned through his inward parts.
The torment now penetrates beneath the surface of the body itself.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandC · καίparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowκαί: and; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
ὀβελίσκουςspitsN2 APM · ὀβελίσκοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementὀβελίσκος: spits; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ὀξεῖςsharpA3U APM · ὀξύςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementὀξύς: sharp; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
πυρώσαντεςheatVA · ααπνπμ πυρόωverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseπυρώσαντες: heat; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
νώτοιςbackN2N DPN · νῶτονdative term marking reference, means, manner, or locationνῶτον: back; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
προσέφερονwere offeringV1I IAI3P · φέρω + προςverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseπροσέφερον: were offering; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
καὶandC · καίparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowκαί: and; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementὁ: the; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
πλευρὰside-chamberN2N APN · πλευρόνaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementπλευρόν: side-chamber; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
διαπείραντεςpiercingVA · ααπνπμ πείρω + διαverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseπείρω + δια: piercing; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewαὐτός: him; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementὁ: the; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
σπλάγχναentrailsN2N APN · σπλάγχνονaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementσπλάγχνα: entrails; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
διέκαιονthey burned throughV1I IAI3P · καίω + διαmain verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertionκαίω + δια: they burned through; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
20
ὁ δὲ βασανιζόμενος ὦ ἱεροπρεποῦς ἀγῶνος ἔλεγεν ἐφ' ὃν διὰ τὴν εὐσέβειαν εἰς γυμνασίαν πόνων ἀδελφοὶ τοσοῦτοι κληθέντες οὐκ ἐνικήθημεν
But as he was being tortured, he said, 'What a holy contest this is, for which so many brothers, called into a training of pains because of piety, have not been defeated!'
He interprets the entire martyr sequence as an athletic and sacred struggle whose outcome is already decided.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
δὲbutX · δέnominal or adjectival element functioning according to its inflection and local clause roleδέ: but; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
βασανιζόμενοςtormentedV1 · πππνσμ βασανίζωverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseβασανίζω: tormented; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
ὦOI · ὦparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowὦ: O; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
ἱεροπρεποῦςholyA3H GSM · ἱεροπρεπήςgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or descriptionἱεροπρεπής: holy; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀγῶνοςgamesN3W GSM · ἀγώνgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or descriptionἀγῶνος: games; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἔλεγενwould sayV1I IAI3S · λέγωmain verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertionλέγω: would say; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
ἐφ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement and framing the relationἐπί: upon; preposition governing its complement and specifying relation in context.
ὃνwhichRR ASM · ὅςpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewὅς: which; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing its complement and framing the relationδιά: through; preposition governing its complement and specifying relation in context.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
εὐσέβειανpietyN1A ASF · εὐσέβειαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementεὐσέβεια: piety; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement and framing the relationεἰς: into; preposition governing its complement and specifying relation in context.
γυμνασίανtrainingN1A ASF · γυμνασίαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementγυμνασία: training; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
πόνωνpainN2 GPM · πόνοςgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or descriptionπόνων: pain; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀδελφοὶbrothersN2 NPM · ἀδελφόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierἀδελφός: brothers; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τοσοῦτοιso greatA1 NPM · τοσοῦτοnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierτοσοῦτο: so great; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
κληθέντεςcalledVC · αππνπμ καλέωverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseκαλέω: called; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowοὐ: not; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
ἐνικήθημενwe were defeatedVCI API1P · νικάωmain verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertionνικάω: we were defeated; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
21
ἀνίκητος γάρ ἐστιν ὦ τύραννε ἡ εὐσεβὴς ἐπιστήμη
'For pious understanding, tyrant, is unconquerable.'
The chapter's thesis is condensed into a maxim about reason governed by piety.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
ἀνίκητοςunconquerableA1B NSF · ἀνίκητοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierἀνίκητος: unconquerable; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
γάρforX · γάρparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowγάρ: for; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
ἐστινisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertionεἰμί: is; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
ὦOI · ὦparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowὦ: O; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
τύραννεrulerN2 VSM · τύραννοςnominal or adjectival element functioning according to its inflection and local clause roleτύραννος: tyrant; royal ruler named in vocative address and judged by the martyrs as illegitimate in moral character.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
εὐσεβὴςdevoutA3H NSF · εὐσεβήςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierεὐσεβὴς: devout; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐπιστήμηunderstanding / knowledgeN1 NSF · ἐπιστήμηnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierἐπιστήμη: understanding / knowledge; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
22
καλοκἀγαθίᾳ καθωπλισμένος τεθνήξομαι κἀγὼ μετὰ τῶν ἀδελφῶν μου
'Armed with nobility and goodness, I too will die with my brothers,'
He claims the same moral equipment and the same destiny as the others.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καλοκἀγαθίᾳnobility and goodnessN1A DSF · καλοκἀγαθίαdative term marking reference, means, manner, or locationκαλοκἀγαθία: nobility and goodness; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καθωπλισμένοςarmedVT · χμπνσμ ὁπλίζω + καταverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseὁπλίζω + κατα: armed; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
τεθνήξομαιI will dieVF FMI1S · τεθνήκωmain verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertionτεθνήκω: I will die; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
κἀγὼI tooC+RPNS · καί̈ἐγώparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowκαί̈ἐγώ: I too; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing its complement and framing the relationμετά: with; preposition governing its complement and specifying relation in context.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἀδελφῶνbrothersN2 GPM · ἀδελφόςgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or descriptionἀδελφός: brothers; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewἐγώ: my; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
23
μέγαν σοὶ καὶ αὐτὸς προσβάλλων ἀλάστορα καινουργὲ τῶν βασάνων καὶ πολέμιε τῶν ἀληθῶς εὐσεβούντων
'bringing against you myself a great avenger, contriver of new tortures and enemy of those who are truly pious.'
His death is portrayed as summoning divine retribution against tyrannical innovation.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
μέγανgreatA1P ASM · μέγαςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementμέγας: great; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
σοὶyouRP DS · σύpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewσύ: you; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
καὶandC · καίparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowκαί: and; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
αὐτὸςhe himselfRD NSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewαὐτός: he himself; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
προσβάλλωνbringing againstV1 · παπνσμ βάλλω + προςverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseβάλλω + προς: bringing against; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
ἀλάστοραavengerN3R ASM · ἀλάστωρaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementἀλάστωρ: avenger; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καινουργὲcontriver of new thingsA1B VSM · καινουργόςnominal or adjectival element functioning according to its inflection and local clause roleκαινουργός: contriver of new things; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
βασάνωνtorturesN2 GPF · βάσανοςgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or descriptionβάσανος: tortures; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowκαί: and; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
πολέμιεenemyA1A VSM · πολέμιοςnominal or adjectival element functioning according to its inflection and local clause roleπολέμιος: enemy; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἀληθῶςtruly / reallyD · ἀληθῶςparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowἀληθῶς: truly / really; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
εὐσεβούντωνεὐσεβέωV2 · παπγπμ εὐσεβέωverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseεὐσεβέω: εὐσεβέω; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
24
ἓξ μειράκια καταλελύκαμέν σου τὴν τυραννίδα
'Six youths have undone your tyranny.'
The brother declares the tyrant already defeated despite his outward power.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
ἓξsixM · ἕξnominal or adjectival element functioning according to its inflection and local clause roleἕξ: six; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
μειράκιαyouthN2N NPN · μειράκιονnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierμειράκιον: youth; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καταλελύκαμένwe have undoneVX XAI1P · λύω + καταmain verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertionλύω + κατα: we have undone; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewσύ: your; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
τυραννίδαtyrannyN3D ASF · τυραννίςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementτυραννίς: tyranny; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
25
τὸ γὰρ μὴ δυνηθῆναί σε μεταπεῖσαι τὸν λογισμὸν ἡμῶν μήτε βιάσασθαι πρὸς τὴν μιαροφαγίαν οὐ κατάλυσίς ἐστίν σου
'For is not your inability to change our mind or to compel us to defiled eating your downfall?'
The true measure of rule is moral persuasion, and in that measure Antiochus has failed.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementὁ: the; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
γὰρforX · γάρparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowγάρ: for; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
μὴnotD · μήparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowμή: not; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
δυνηθῆναίto be ableVC APN · δύναμαιmain verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertionδύναμαι: to be able; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewσύ: you; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
μεταπεῖσαιto changeVA AAN · πείθω + μεταverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseπείθω + μετα: to change; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
λογισμὸνplansN2 ASM · λογισμόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementλογισμός: plans; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewἐγώ: our; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
μήτεneitherC · μήτεparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowμήτε: neither; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
βιάσασθαιto compelVA AMN · βιάζομαιmain verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertionβιάζομαι: to compel; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement and framing the relationπρός: toward; preposition governing its complement and specifying relation in context.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
μιαροφαγίανdefiled eatingN1A ASF · μιαροφαγίαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementμιαροφαγία: defiled eating; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
οὐnotD · οὐparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowοὐ: not; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
κατάλυσίςdownfallN3I NSF · κατάλυσιςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierκατάλυσις: downfall; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐστίνbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertionεἰμί: be; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewσύ: your; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
26
τὸ πῦρ σου ψυχρὸν ἡμῖν καὶ ἄπονοι οἱ καταπέλται καὶ ἀδύνατος ἡ βία σου
'Your fire is cold to us, your catapults painless, and your violence powerless.'
The torments are rhetorically emptied of force because they cannot touch the ruling mind.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierὁ: the; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
πῦρfireN3 NSN · πῦρnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierπῦρ: fire; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewσύ: your; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
ψυχρὸνcoldA1A NSN · ψυχρόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierψυχρός: cold; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewἐγώ: to us; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
καὶandC · καίparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowκαί: and; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
ἄπονοιpainlessA1B NPM · ἄπονοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierἄπονος: painless; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
καταπέλταιcatapultsN1M NPM · καταπάλτηςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierκαταπάλτης: catapults; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowκαί: and; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
ἀδύνατοςpowerlessA1B NSF · ἀδύνατοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierἀδύνατος: powerless; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
βίαgovernor's allowanceN1A NSF · βίαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierβία: governor's allowance; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewσύ: your; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
27
οὐ γὰρ τυράννου ἀλλὰ θείου νόμου προεστήκασιν ἡμῶν οἱ δορυφόροι διὰ τοῦτο ἀνίκητον ἔχομεν τὸν λογισμόν
'For over us stand not the guards of a tyrant but those of the divine law; therefore we possess reason that cannot be conquered.'
The final claim locates their invincibility in allegiance to divine law rather than earthly power.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
οὐnotD · οὐparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowοὐ: not; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowγάρ: for; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
τυράννουtyrantN2 GSM · τύραννοςgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or descriptionτυράννου: tyrant; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flowἀλλά: but; particle or adverb managing sequence, emphasis, transition, or contrast in discourse.
θείουdivineA1A GSM · θεῖοςgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or descriptionθεῖος: divine; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
νόμουlawN2 GSM · νόμοςgenitive term marking relation, source, possession, or descriptionνόμος: law; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
προεστήκασινstand overVXI XAI3P · ἵστημι + προverbal form contributing action or attendant circumstance within the clauseἵστημι + προ: stand over; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewἐγώ: our; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
δορυφόροιguardsN2 NPM · δορυφόροςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierδορυφόρος: guards; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing its complement and framing the relationδιά: through; preposition governing its complement and specifying relation in context.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to persons, things, or discourse already in viewοὗτος: this; pronominal form identifying or recalling the participant or item currently in view.
ἀνίκητονinvincibleA1B ASM · ἀνίκητοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementἀνίκητος: invincible; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἔχομενhave / wearV1 PAI1P · ἔχωmain verbal form advancing the clause's action or assertionἔχω: have / wear; verbal lexeme expressing the action, process, or verbal circumstance required by this clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
λογισμόνpurposeN2 ASM · λογισμόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or complementλογισμός: purpose; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.