1
ἀκούσατε τὸν λόγον τοῦτον ὃν ἐλάλησεν κύριος ἐφ' ὑμᾶς οἶκος Ισραηλ καὶ κατὰ πάσης φυλῆς ἧς ἀνήγαγον ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου λέγων
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you, house of Israel, and against the whole clan that I brought up from the land of Egypt, saying:
The chapter opens with a prophetic summons that frames the accusation against Israel in light of the exodus relationship.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ἀκούσατεhearVA AAD2P · ἀκούωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ ingressive aorist imperative (give heed now)ἀκούω: meaning 'hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγονwordN2 ASM · λόγοςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τοῦτονthisRD ASM · οὗτοςpronoun→ participant referenceτοῦτον: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun.
ὃνwhichRR ASM · ὅςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination→ participant referenceὃν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination.
ἐλάλησενspeakVAI AAI3S · λαλέωfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristλαλέω: meaning 'speak'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἐφ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐφ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ὑμᾶςyouRP AP · σύpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
οἶκοςhouseN2 NSM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πάσηςeveryoneA1S GSF · πᾶςadjectival modifier→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'everyone'; it serves as adjectival modifier.
φυλῆςtribeN1 GSF · φυλήcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ temple neglect, covenant chastening, and renewed obedienceφυλή: meaning 'tribe'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
ἧςwho / whichRR GSF · ὅςgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἧς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἀνήγαγονI brought upVBI AAI1S · ἄγω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἄγω + ἀνα: meaning 'I brought up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
ΑἰγύπτουEgyptN2 GSF · Αἴγυπτοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ participant identificationΑἰγύπτου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
λέγωνsayingV1 · παπνσμ λέγωparticiple modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive force→ verbal action in summary styleπαπνσμ λέγω: meaning 'saying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive force.
2
πλὴν ὑμᾶς ἔγνων ἐκ πασῶν φυλῶν τῆς γῆς διὰ τοῦτο ἐκδικήσω ἐφ' ὑμᾶς πάσας τὰς ἁμαρτίας ὑμῶν
You only have I known from among all the families of the earth; therefore I will punish upon you all your sins.
Israel's unique election is presented as the very reason that its iniquities will be visited in judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
πλὴνexceptD · πλήνpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπλὴν: meaning 'except'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ὑμᾶςyouRP AP · σύpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
ἔγνωνγιγνώσκωVZI AAI1S · γιγνώσκωfinite verb advancing the clause→ perfectiveγιγνώσκω: meaning 'γιγνώσκω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πασῶνallA1S GPF · πᾶςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
φυλῶνtribeN1 GPF · φυλήgenitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationφυλή: meaning 'tribe'; it serves as genitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἐκδικήσωI will punishVF FAI1S · δικέω + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future verbal form projecting the announced resultδικέω + ἐκ: meaning 'I will punish'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ἐφ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐφ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ὑμᾶςyouRP AP · σύpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
πάσαςallA1S APF · πᾶςcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsinN1A APF · ἁμαρτίαnominal term functioning as a accusative complement→ object specificationἁμαρτία: meaning 'sin'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a accusative complement.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
3
εἰ πορεύσονται δύο ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ καθόλου ἐὰν μὴ γνωρίσωσιν ἑαυτούς
Will two walk together at all unless they have come to an understanding with one another?
The first rhetorical question begins a chain of cause-and-effect analogies that prepares for the necessity of prophetic speech.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
εἰifC · εἰconjunction linking clauses, commands, or list items→ conditional / interrogative markerεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πορεύσονταιporeyomaiVF FMI3P · πορεύομαιfinite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: meaning 'poreyomai'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense.
δύοtwoM · δύοcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδύο: meaning 'two'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτὸitRD ASN · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὸ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
καθόλουat allD · καθόλουadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ emphasis, qualification, or rhetorical coloringκαθόλου: meaning 'at all'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνlexical item integrated into the clause in its local syntactic role→ conditional contingencyἐάν: meaning 'if'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
γνωρίσωσινthey knowVA AAS3P · γνωρίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseγνωρίζω: meaning 'they know'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἑαυτούςhimself / themselvesRD APM · ἑαυτοῦacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἑαυτούς: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
4
εἰ ἐρεύξεται λέων ἐκ τοῦ δρυμοῦ αὐτοῦ θήραν οὐκ ἔχων εἰ δώσει σκύμνος φωνὴν αὐτοῦ ἐκ τῆς μάνδρας αὐτοῦ καθόλου ἐὰν μὴ ἁρπάσῃ τι
Will a lion roar out of its thicket when it has no prey? Will a young lion give forth its voice from its lair at all unless it has seized something?
Predatory imagery reinforces the logic that an audible effect presupposes a real cause.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
εἰifC · εἰconjunction linking clauses, commands, or list items→ conditional / interrogative markerεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρεύξεταιwill roarVF FMI3S · ἐρεύγομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἐρεύγομαι: meaning 'will roar'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
λέωνlionN3W NSM · λέωνnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant prominenceλέων: meaning 'lion'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δρυμοῦforestN2 GSM · δρυμόςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationδρυμός: meaning 'forest'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
θήρανpreyN1A ASF · θήραaccusative noun completing the prepositional phrase→ object specificationθήραν: meaning 'prey'; here it marks the relation signaled by accusative noun completing the prepositional phrase.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔχωνhavingV1 · παπνσμ ἔχωparticiple supporting the clause action→ circumstantial present participleπαπνσμ ἔχω: meaning 'having'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle supporting the clause action.
εἰifC · εἰconjunction linking clauses, commands, or list items→ conditional / interrogative markerεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώσειgiveVF FAI3S · δίδωμιmain verbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ futureδίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause.
σκύμνοςa lion's cubN2 NSM · σκύμνοςcomparative noun heading the second simile→ participant prominenceσκύμνος: meaning 'a lion's cub'; it serves as comparative noun heading the second simile.
φωνὴνvoiceN1 ASF · φωνήhead noun within the clause→ object specificationφωνή: meaning 'voice'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μάνδραςfoldN1A GSF · μάνδραgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ qualificationμάνδρα: meaning 'fold'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καθόλουat allD · καθόλουadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ emphasis, qualification, or rhetorical coloringκαθόλου: meaning 'at all'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνlexical item integrated into the clause in its local syntactic role→ conditional contingencyἐάν: meaning 'if'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἁρπάσῃsnatchVA AAS3S · ἁρπάζωmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action→ subjunctive contingencyἁρπάζω: meaning 'snatch'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
τιanythingRI ASN · τιςaccusative object of ὑφεῖλεν (the withheld thing — nothing)→ participant referenceτι: meaning 'anything'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ὑφεῖλεν (the withheld thing — nothing).
5
εἰ πεσεῖται ὄρνεον ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν ἄνευ ἰξευτοῦ εἰ σχασθήσεται παγὶς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἄνευ τοῦ συλλαβεῖν τι
Will a bird fall upon the earth without a snare? Will a trap spring up from the ground without capturing something?
The hunting analogy continues the argument that visible outcomes do not arise without a preceding agency.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
εἰifC · εἰconjunction linking clauses, commands, or list items→ conditional / interrogative markerεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πεσεῖταιfallVF2 FMI3S · πίπτωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ futureπίπτω: meaning 'fall'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
ὄρνεονbirdN2N NSN · ὄρνεονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὄρνεον: meaning 'bird'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἄνευwithoutP · ἄνευpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingἄνευ: meaning 'without'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἰξευτοῦbird-catcherN1M GSM · ἰξευτήςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or qualityἰξευτής: meaning 'bird-catcher'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
εἰifC · εἰconjunction linking clauses, commands, or list items→ conditional / interrogative markerεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σχασθήσεταιwill springVC FPI3S · σχάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseσχάζω: meaning 'will spring'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
παγὶςsnareN3D NSF · παγίςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπαγίς: meaning 'snare'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
ἄνευwithoutP · ἄνευpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingἄνευ: meaning 'without'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συλλαβεῖνto seize / captureV1 PAN · λαμβάνω + συνinfinitive of purpose (Saul's aim)λαμβάνω + συν: meaning 'to seize'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive of purpose (Saul's aim).
τιanythingRI ASN · τιςaccusative object of ὑφεῖλεν (the withheld thing — nothing)→ participant referenceτι: meaning 'anything'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ὑφεῖλεν (the withheld thing — nothing).
6
εἰ φωνήσει σάλπιγξ ἐν πόλει καὶ λαὸς οὐ πτοηθήσεται εἰ ἔσται κακία ἐν πόλει ἣν κύριος οὐκ ἐποίησεν
Will a trumpet sound in a city and the people not be alarmed? Will there be disaster in a city that the Lord has not done?
The sequence reaches civic alarm and calamity, tying public disaster directly to divine agency.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
εἰifC · εἰconjunction linking clauses, commands, or list items→ conditional / interrogative markerεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φωνήσειshall cry outVF FAI3S · φωνέωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ repentance summons and judgment on the nationsφωνέω: meaning 'shall cry out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
σάλπιγξtrumpetN3G NSF · σάλπιγξnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ wild creatures and limits of masteryσάλπιγξ: meaning 'trumpet'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πόλειcityN3I DSF · πόλιςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λαὸςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
πτοηθήσεταιwill be terrifiedVC FPI3S · πτοέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ prayerful trust and protectionπτοέω: meaning 'will be terrified'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰifC · εἰconjunction linking clauses, commands, or list items→ conditional / interrogative markerεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιbeV9 FMI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
κακίαwickedness / evilN1A NSF · κακίαcommon noun within the clause→ content focusκακία: meaning 'wickedness'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πόλειcityN3I DSF · πόλιςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
ἣνwho / whomRR ASF · ὅςaccusative object or complement→ participant referenceἣν: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object or complement.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐποίησενdidVAI AAI3S · ποιέωmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeποιέω: meaning 'did'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
7
διότι οὐ μὴ ποιήσῃ κύριος ὁ θεὸς πρᾶγμα ἐὰν μὴ ἀποκαλύψῃ παιδείαν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς δούλους αὐτοῦ τοὺς προφήτας
For the Lord God will certainly do no thing unless he reveals his instruction to his servants the prophets.
This verse states the theological principle behind the preceding questions: divine action is disclosed to the prophetic servants.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
διότιbecauseC · διότιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ποιήσῃdoVA AAS3S · ποιέωsubjunctive verb in the indefinite relative clause→ aorist subjunctive in deliberative-like protestποιέω: meaning 'do'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as subjunctive verb in the indefinite relative clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
πρᾶγμαmatter / thingN3M ASN · πρᾶγμαcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationπρᾶγμα: meaning 'matter'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνlexical item integrated into the clause in its local syntactic role→ conditional contingencyἐάν: meaning 'if'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἀποκαλύψῃrevealsVF FMI2S · καλύπτω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseκαλύπτω + ἀπο: meaning 'reveals'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
παιδείανdiscipline / instructionN1A ASF · παιδείαdirect object of οἴδασιν / εἴδοσαν (first in the catalogue)→ object specificationπαιδεία: meaning 'discipline'; it serves as direct object of οἴδασιν / εἴδοσαν (first in the catalogue).
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δούλουςservantN2 APM · δοῦλοςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionδοῦλος: meaning 'servant'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφήταςprophetN1M APM · προφήτηςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationπροφήτης: meaning 'prophet'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
8
λέων ἐρεύξεται καὶ τίς οὐ φοβηθήσεται κύριος ὁ θεὸς ἐλάλησεν καὶ τίς οὐ προφητεύσει
A lion has roared; who will not fear? The Lord God has spoken; who will not prophesy?
The chain of analogies culminates in Amos's own compelled speech: the divine word necessarily produces prophecy.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
λέωνlionN3W NSM · λέωνnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant prominenceλέων: meaning 'lion'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἐρεύξεταιhas roaredVF FMI3S · ἐρεύγομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἐρεύγομαι: meaning 'has roared'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίςwho / whatRI NSM · τίςnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
φοβηθήσεταιfearVC FPI3S · φοβέωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future passive verbal form projecting a coming resultφοβέω: meaning 'fear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ἐλάλησενspeakVAI AAI3S · λαλέωfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristλαλέω: meaning 'speak'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίςwho / whatRI NSM · τίςnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
προφητεύσειwill prophesyVF FAI3S · προφητεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπροφητεύω: meaning 'will prophesy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
9
ἀπαγγείλατε χώραις ἐν Ἀσσυρίοις καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς χώρας τῆς Αἰγύπτου καὶ εἴπατε συνάχθητε ἐπὶ τὸ ὄρος Σαμαρείας καὶ ἴδετε θαυμαστὰ πολλὰ ἐν μέσῳ αὐτῆς καὶ τὴν καταδυναστείαν τὴν ἐν αὐτῇ
Report it in the lands of the Assyrians and upon the lands of Egypt, and say, 'Gather yourselves upon the mountain of Samaria, and see the many astonishments in her midst and the oppression that is within her.'
Foreign nations are summoned as witnesses to Samaria's internal violence and disorder.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
ἀπαγγείλατεreportVA AAD2P · ἀγγέλλω + ἀποmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action→ aorist imperativeἀγγέλλω + ἀπο: meaning 'report'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
χώραιςcountriesN1A DPF · χώραsecond group of recipients→ sphere or referenceχώρα: meaning 'countries'; it serves as second group of recipients.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἈσσυρίοιςAssyriansN2 DPM · ἈσσύριοςProper name within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἈσσυρίοις: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as Proper name within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χώραςcountriesN1A APF · χώραobject of εἰς in the opening summary→ object specificationχώρα: meaning 'countries'; it serves as object of εἰς in the opening summary.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑἰγύπτουEgyptN2 GSF · Αἴγυπτοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ participant identificationΑἰγύπτου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἴπατεsayVAI AAI2P · εἶπονFinite verb / predicate→ aorist verbal form presenting the action as a wholeεἶπον: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as Finite verb / predicate.
συνάχθητεgather yourselvesVQ APD2P · ἄγω + συνverbal form issuing command or exhortation→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἄγω + συν: meaning 'gather yourselves'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form issuing command or exhortation.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄροςmountainN3E ASN · ὄροςnominal term functioning in a acc relation→ object specificationὄρος: meaning 'mountain'; it serves as nominal term functioning in a acc relation.
ΣαμαρείαςSamariaN1A GSF · Σαμαρείαgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ participant identificationΣαμαρείας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἴδετεseeVB AAD2P · ὁράωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ aorist imperative issuing a direct commandὁράω: meaning 'see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
θαυμαστὰwondrousA1 APN · θαυμαστόςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationθαυμαστός: meaning 'wondrous'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
πολλὰmuchA1 APN · πολύςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ object specificationπολύς: meaning 'much'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
μέσῳmidstA1 DSN · μέσοςdative complement within the clause→ dative element marking sphere, relation, or instrumentμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as dative complement within the clause.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταδυναστείανoppressionN1A ASF · καταδυναστείαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκαταδυναστεία: meaning 'oppression'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αὐτῇitRD DSF · αὐτόςdemonstrative element specifying the noun or phrase→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative element specifying the noun or phrase.
10
καὶ οὐκ ἔγνω ἃ ἔσται ἐναντίον αὐτῆς λέγει κύριος οἱ θησαυρίζοντες ἀδικίαν καὶ ταλαιπωρίαν ἐν ταῖς χώραις αὐτῶν
And she did not know what will be before her, says the Lord, those who store up injustice and misery in their lands.
The prophet explains Samaria's condition as moral blindness joined to the accumulation of violence and misery.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔγνωlearnedVZI AAI3S · γιγνώσκωmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeγιγνώσκω: meaning 'learned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἃwhichRR APN · ὅςcommon noun within the clause→ participant referenceἃ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as common noun within the clause.
ἔσταιbeV9 FMI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ἐναντίονbefore / in the sight ofP · ἐναντίονpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐναντίον: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingλέγω: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θησαυρίζοντεςstoring upV1 · παπνπμ θησαυρίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ θησαυρίζω: meaning 'storing up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀδικίανinjusticeN1A ASF · ἀδικίαaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ object specificationἀδικία: meaning 'injustice'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταλαιπωρίανmiseryN1A ASF · ταλαιπωρίαnominal element functioning within the clause→ object specificationταλαιπωρία: meaning 'misery'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χώραιςcountriesN1A DPF · χώραsecond group of recipients→ sphere or referenceχώρα: meaning 'countries'; it serves as second group of recipients.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
11
διὰ τοῦτο τάδε λέγει κύριος ὁ θεός Τύρος κυκλόθεν ἡ γῆ σου ἐρημωθήσεται καὶ κατάξει ἐκ σοῦ ἰσχύν σου καὶ διαρπαγήσονται αἱ χῶραί σου
Therefore thus says the Lord God: Tyre all around, your land shall be laid waste, and he shall bring down your strength from you, and your territories shall be plundered.
Judgment now shifts from witnessed corruption to its announced military and territorial consequences.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
τάδεthisRD APN · ὅδεacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceτάδε: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingλέγω: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςGodN2 NSM · θεόςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ΤύροςTyreN2 NSF · Τύροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionΤύρος: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κυκλόθενall aroundD · κυκλόθενproper name within the Solomonic royal or temple narrative→ adverbial nuanceκυκλόθεν: meaning 'all around'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandN1 NSF · γῆnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐρημωθήσεταιdesolateVC FPI3S · ἐρημόωfinite verbal form carrying the clause forward→ future verbal form presenting the action as forthcomingἐρημόω: meaning 'desolate'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal form carrying the clause forward.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατάξειwill bring downVF FAI3S · ἄγω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ oracle-specific judgment emphasisἄγω + κατα: meaning 'will bring down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
σοῦyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἰσχύνstrengthN3 ASF · ἰσχύςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationἰσχύς: meaning 'strength'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διαρπαγήσονταιbe plunderedVD FPI3P · ἁρπάζω + διαverbal element carrying the clause's action or process→ imperfect passive of continued plunderingἁρπάζω + δια: meaning 'be plundered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element carrying the clause's action or process.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαἱ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
χῶραίlandsN1A NPF · χώραnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionχώρα: meaning 'lands'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
12
τάδε λέγει κύριος ὃν τρόπον ὅταν ἐκσπάσῃ ὁ ποιμὴν ἐκ στόματος τοῦ λέοντος δύο σκέλη ἢ λοβὸν ὠτίου οὕτως ἐκσπασθήσονται οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ οἱ κατοικοῦντες ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ κατέναντι φυλῆς καὶ ἐν Δαμασκῷ ἱερεῖς
Thus says the Lord: Just as when the shepherd snatches from the mouth of the lion two legs or a piece of an ear, so shall the sons of Israel who dwell in Samaria be snatched away, opposite a tribe and in Damascus priests.
A shepherd's meager rescue image depicts how little will remain of Israel after the coming devastation.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
τάδεthisRD APN · ὅδεacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceτάδε: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingλέγω: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ὃνwhichRR ASM · ὅςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination→ participant referenceὃν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination.
τρόπονmannerN2 ASM · τρόποςaccusative element functioning within the clause→ object specificationτρόπος: meaning 'manner'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
ὅτανwhenD · ὅτανadverb or negative particle shaping the clause-level sense→ indefinite temporal contingencyὅταν: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκσπάσῃsnatches outVA AAS3S · σπάω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseσπάω + ἐκ: meaning 'snatches out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιμὴνshepherdN3 NSM · ποιμήνnominative element functioning within the clause→ participant prominenceποιμήν: meaning 'shepherd'; it serves as nominative element functioning within the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
στόματοςmouthN3M GSN · στόμαgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationστόμα: meaning 'mouth'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λέοντοςlionN3 GSM · λέωνgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ relational specificationλέων: meaning 'lion'; it serves as genitive element qualifying a related head term.
δύοtwoM · δύοcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδύο: meaning 'two'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
σκέλησκέληN3E APN · σκέλοςaccusative term functioning as complement or objectσκέλος: meaning 'σκέλη'; it serves as accusative term functioning as complement or object.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λοβὸνpieceN2 ASM · λοβόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalλοβός: meaning 'piece'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὠτίουearN2N GSN · ὠτίονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὠτίον: meaning 'ear'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial modifier within the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
ἐκσπασθήσονταιwill be snatched awayVS FPI3P · σπάω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseσπάω + ἐκ: meaning 'will be snatched away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦντεςdwellingV2 · παπνπμ οἰκέω + καταparticiple identifying the residence of the scribal families→ present participle of residenceπαπνπμ οἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'dwelling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle identifying the residence of the scribal families.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ΣαμαρείᾳSamariaN1A DSF · Σαμαρείαcommon noun within the clause→ participant identificationΣαμαρείᾳ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as common noun within the clause.
κατέναντιoppositeD · κατέναντιparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or time→ adverbial nuanceκατέναντι: meaning 'opposite'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φυλῆςtribeN1 GSF · φυλήcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ temple neglect, covenant chastening, and renewed obedienceφυλή: meaning 'tribe'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ΔαμασκῷDamascusN2 DS · Δαμασκόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipientΔαμασκῷ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἱερεῖςpriestsN3V NPM · ἱερεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priests'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
13
ἀκούσατε καὶ ἐπιμαρτύρασθε τῷ οἴκῳ Ιακωβ λέγει κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὁ παντοκράτωρ
Hear and testify against the house of Jacob, says the Lord God Almighty.
The witness summons is renewed, now explicitly directed against Jacob under the authority of the Almighty.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἀκούσατεhearVA AAD2P · ἀκούωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ ingressive aorist imperative (give heed now)ἀκούω: meaning 'hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιμαρτύρασθεtestifyVA AMD2P · μαρτυρέω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseμαρτυρέω + ἐπι: meaning 'testify'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκῳhouseN2 DSM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ΙακωβJacobN GSM · Ἰακώβconnective or particle shaping the flow of the clause→ participant identificationΙακωβ: meaning 'Jacob'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingλέγω: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παντοκράτωρAlmightyN3R NSM · παντοκράτωρcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceπαντοκράτωρ: meaning 'Almighty'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
14
διότι ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ὅταν ἐκδικῶ ἀσεβείας τοῦ Ισραηλ ἐπ' αὐτόν καὶ ἐκδικήσω ἐπὶ τὰ θυσιαστήρια Βαιθηλ καὶ κατασκαφήσεται τὰ κέρατα τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου καὶ πεσοῦνται ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν
For in the day when I punish the impieties of Israel upon him, I will also punish the altars of Bethel, and the horns of the altar shall be torn down and shall fall to the ground.
The reason for the testimony is that the Lord's visitation will strike both Israel's sins and its illegitimate cult center.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
διότιbecauseC · διότιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ὅτανwhenD · ὅτανadverb or negative particle shaping the clause-level sense→ indefinite temporal contingencyὅταν: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκδικῶI punishV2 PAI1S · δικέω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseδικέω + ἐκ: meaning 'I punish'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀσεβείαςasebeiaN1A GSF · ἀσέβειαgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ watching, vision, and woe against empireἀσέβεια: meaning 'asebeia'; it serves as genitive element qualifying a related head term.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκδικήσωI will punishVF FAI1S · δικέω + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future verbal form projecting the announced resultδικέω + ἐκ: meaning 'I will punish'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριαaltarN2N APN · θυσιαστήριονcommon noun within the clauseθυσιαστήριον: meaning 'altar'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ΒαιθηλBethelN GSF · Βαιθηλadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phraseΒαιθηλ: meaning 'Bethel'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατασκαφήσεταιwill be demolishedVD FPI3S · σκάπτω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseσκάπτω + κατα: meaning 'will be demolished'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κέραταhornsN3T APN · κέραςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationκέρας: meaning 'horns'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίουaltarN2N GSN · θυσιαστήριονgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: meaning 'altar'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πεσοῦνταιfellVF2 FMI3P · πίπτωfinite verb advancing the clause→ futureπίπτω: meaning 'fell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
15
συγχεῶ καὶ πατάξω τὸν οἶκον τὸν περίπτερον ἐπὶ τὸν οἶκον τὸν θερινόν καὶ ἀπολοῦνται οἶκοι ἐλεφάντινοι καὶ προστεθήσονται οἶκοι ἕτεροι πολλοί λέγει κύριος
And I will overwhelm and strike the winter house against the summer house, and the ivory houses shall perish, and many other houses shall be added no more, says the Lord.
The chapter closes by extending judgment from sanctuaries to the elite residences that display Israel's luxurious excess.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
συγχεῶI will overwhelmVF2 FAI1S · χέω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseχέω + συν: meaning 'I will overwhelm'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πατάξωthey struck downVF FAI1S · πατάσσωfinite verb advancing the clause→ futureπατάσσω: meaning 'they struck down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περίπτερονwinterA1B ASM · περίπτεροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalπερίπτερος: meaning 'winter'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θερινόνsummerA1 ASM · θερινόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalθερινός: meaning 'summer'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπολοῦνταιperishVF2 FMI3P · ὀλλύω + ἀποmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardὀλλύω + ἀπο: meaning 'perish'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
οἶκοιhouseN2 NPM · οἶκοςnominative element functioning within the clause→ participant prominenceοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as nominative element functioning within the clause.
ἐλεφάντινοιivoryA1 NPM · ἐλεφάντινοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionἐλεφάντινος: meaning 'ivory'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προστεθήσονταιaddVC FPI3P · τίθημι + προςfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionτίθημι + προς: meaning 'add'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
οἶκοιhouseN2 NPM · οἶκοςnominative element functioning within the clause→ participant prominenceοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as nominative element functioning within the clause.
ἕτεροιotherA1A NPM · ἕτεροςproper name or indeclinable element within the sequence→ participant prominenceἕτερος: meaning 'other'; it serves as proper name or indeclinable element within the sequence.
πολλοίmanyA1 NPM · πολύςnominative head term or subject complement→ participant prominenceπολύς: meaning 'many'; it serves as nominative head term or subject complement.
λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingλέγω: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.