1
ἀκούσατε τὸν λόγον κυρίου τοῦτον ὃν ἐγὼ λαμβάνω ἐφ' ὑμᾶς θρῆνον οἶκος Ισραηλ
Hear this word of the Lord, this lament that I take up against you, O house of Israel.
The chapter begins with a formal funeral-song introduction, casting the coming oracle as a dirge over Israel.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἀκούσατεhearVA AAD2P · ἀκούωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ ingressive aorist imperative (give heed now)ἀκούω: meaning 'hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγονwordN2 ASM · λόγοςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
τοῦτονthisRD ASM · οὗτοςpronoun→ participant referenceτοῦτον: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun.
ὃνwhichRR ASM · ὅςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination→ participant referenceὃν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
λαμβάνωtakeV1 PAI1S · λαμβάνωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ ongoing verbal processλαμβάνω: meaning 'take'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
ἐφ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐφ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ὑμᾶςyouRP AP · σύpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
θρῆνονlamentationN2 ASM · θρῆνοςdirect object of the verbal action→ object specificationθρῆνος: meaning 'lamentation'; it serves as direct object of the verbal action.
οἶκοςhouseN2 NSM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
2
ἔπεσεν οὐκέτι μὴ προσθῇ τοῦ ἀναστῆναι παρθένος τοῦ Ισραηλ ἔσφαλεν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς αὐτῆς οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ ἀναστήσων αὐτήν
The virgin of Israel has fallen; she will no longer add to rise again. She has collapsed upon her own land; there is no one to raise her up.
Israel is pictured as a fallen maiden, helpless and without a restorer in the face of judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἔπεσενfellVBI AAI3S · πίπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ eventπίπτω: meaning 'fell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐκέτιno longerD · οὐκέτιadverb qualifying the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκέτι: meaning 'no longer'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
προσθῇaddVE AAS3S · τίθημι + προςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyτίθημι + προς: meaning 'add'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀναστῆναιto ariseVH AAN · ἵστημι + ἀναinfinitive expressing the future emergence of a prophet→ infinitival complementἵστημι + ἀνα: meaning 'to arise'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive expressing the future emergence of a prophet.
παρθένοςvirginN2 NSF · παρθένοςnominative element functioning as subject or predicate→ participant prominenceπαρθένος: meaning 'virgin'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject or predicate.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
ἔσφαλενcollapsedVZI AAI3S · σφάλλωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseσφάλλω: meaning 'collapsed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀναστήσωνraising upVF · φαπνσμ ἵστημι + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseφαπνσμ ἵστημι + ἀνα: meaning 'raising up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτήνherRD ASF · αὐτόςdirect object→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτήν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
3
διότι τάδε λέγει κύριος κύριος ἡ πόλις ἐξ ἧς ἐξεπορεύοντο χίλιοι ὑπολειφθήσονται ἑκατόν καὶ ἐξ ἧς ἐξεπορεύοντο ἑκατόν ὑπολειφθήσονται δέκα τῷ οἴκῳ Ισραηλ
For thus says the Lord God: The city from which a thousand used to go out shall have a hundred left, and the one from which a hundred used to go out shall have ten left for the house of Israel.
The lament is quantified: military or civic strength is reduced to a tiny remnant.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
διότιbecauseC · διότιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τάδεthisRD APN · ὅδεacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceτάδε: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingλέγω: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλιςcityN3I NSF · πόλιςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἧςwho / whichRR GSF · ὅςgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἧς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐξεπορεύοντοwere going outV1I IMI3P · πορεύομαι + ἐκparticiple modifying a noun or supplying descriptive verbal forceπορεύομαι + ἐκ: meaning 'were going out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying a noun or supplying descriptive verbal force.
χίλιοιthousandA1A NPM · χίλιοιadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ measure or countχίλιοι: meaning 'thousand'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ὑπολειφθήσονταιshall be leftVV FPI3P · λείπω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ seeking wisdom and moral preservationλείπω + ὑπο: meaning 'shall be left'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἑκατόνhundredM · ἑκατόνlexical item contributing to the clause or list→ discourse linkage or contrastἑκατόν: meaning 'hundred'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἧςwho / whichRR GSF · ὅςgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἧς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐξεπορεύοντοwere going outV1I IMI3P · πορεύομαι + ἐκparticiple modifying a noun or supplying descriptive verbal forceπορεύομαι + ἐκ: meaning 'were going out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying a noun or supplying descriptive verbal force.
ἑκατόνhundredM · ἑκατόνlexical item contributing to the clause or list→ discourse linkage or contrastἑκατόν: meaning 'hundred'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ὑπολειφθήσονταιshall be leftVV FPI3P · λείπω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ seeking wisdom and moral preservationλείπω + ὑπο: meaning 'shall be left'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δέκαtenM · δέκαlexical item contributing to the clause or list→ discourse linkage or contrastδέκα: meaning 'ten'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκῳhouseN2 DSM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
4
διότι τάδε λέγει κύριος πρὸς τὸν οἶκον Ισραηλ ἐκζητήσατέ με καὶ ζήσεσθε
For thus says the Lord to the house of Israel: Seek me, and you shall live.
The dirge is interrupted by a direct summons that life is still possible through seeking the Lord.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
διότιbecauseC · διότιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τάδεthisRD APN · ὅδεacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceτάδε: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingλέγω: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
ἐκζητήσατέseek earnestlyVA AAD2P · ζητέω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateζητέω + ἐκ: meaning 'seek earnestly'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ζήσεσθεyou shall liveVF FMI2P · ζάωfuture verb promising life in exchange for compliance→ futureζάω: meaning 'you shall live'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as future verb promising life in exchange for compliance.
5
καὶ μὴ ἐκζητεῖτε Βαιθηλ καὶ εἰς Γαλγαλα μὴ εἰσπορεύεσθε καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ φρέαρ τοῦ ὅρκου μὴ διαβαίνετε ὅτι Γαλγαλα αἰχμαλωτευομένη αἰχμαλωτευθήσεται καὶ Βαιθηλ ἔσται ὡς οὐχ ὑπάρχουσα
And do not seek Bethel, and do not enter Gilgal, and do not cross over to the well of the oath; for Gilgal shall surely go into captivity, and Bethel shall become as though it did not exist.
Cult centers that promise security are themselves marked out for collapse and exile.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐκζητεῖτεseekV2 PAI2P · ζητέω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseζητέω + ἐκ: meaning 'seek'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΒαιθηλBethelN ASF · Βαιθηλnext city in the listΒαιθηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as next city in the list.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ΓαλγαλαGilgalN ASF · Γαλγαλαadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phraseΓαλγαλα: meaning 'Gilgal'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
εἰσπορεύεσθεcome inV1 PMD2P · πορεύομαι + εἰςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ nations judged and zion securedπορεύομαι + εἰς: meaning 'come in'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φρέαρpitN3T ASN · φρέαρobject of εἰς→ object specificationφρέαρ: meaning 'pit'; it serves as object of εἰς.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅρκουoathN2 GSM · ὅρκοςgenitive of specification (the Well's defining characteristic)→ authority, delayed judgment, and hidden providenceὅρκος: meaning 'oath'; it serves as genitive of specification (the Well's defining characteristic).
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
διαβαίνετεcross overV1 PAD2P · βαίνω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseβαίνω + δια: meaning 'cross over'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΓαλγαλαGilgalN NSF · Γαλγαλαadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phraseΓαλγαλα: meaning 'Gilgal'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἰχμαλωτευομένηgoing into captivityV1 · πππνσφ αἰχμαλωτεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπππνσφ αἰχμαλωτεύω: meaning 'going into captivity'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αἰχμαλωτευθήσεταιshall be taken captiveVC FPI3S · αἰχμαλωτεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseαἰχμαλωτεύω: meaning 'shall be taken captive'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΒαιθηλBethelN NSF · Βαιθηλplace-name in the settlement listΒαιθηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as place-name in the settlement list.
ἔσταιbeV9 FMI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
οὐχnotD · οὐadverb or adverbial expression modifying the clause or predicate→ simple negationοὐχ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ὑπάρχουσαexistingV1 · παπνσφ ἄρχω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπνσφ ἄρχω + ὑπο: meaning 'existing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
6
ἐκζητήσατε τὸν κύριον καὶ ζήσατε ὅπως μὴ ἀναλάμψῃ ὡς πῦρ ὁ οἶκος Ιωσηφ καὶ καταφάγεται αὐτόν καὶ οὐκ ἔσται ὁ σβέσων τῷ οἴκῳ Ισραηλ
Seek the Lord and live, lest the house of Joseph blaze like fire and it devour him, and there be none to quench it for the house of Israel.
The appeal to seek God is sharpened by the image of an unquenchable fire consuming Joseph's house.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
ἐκζητήσατεinquire / seek outVA AAD2P · ζητέω + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist infinitive (purpose of the coming)ζητέω + ἐκ: meaning 'inquire'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ζήσατεliveVA AAD2P · ζάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseζάω: meaning 'live'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅπωςso thatC · ὅπωςcoordinating conjunction linking the next clause or item→ discourse linkage or contrastὅπως: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἀναλάμψῃblaze upVA AAS3S · λάμπω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseλάμπω + ἀνα: meaning 'blaze up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
πῦρfireN3 NSN · πῦρnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ participant prominenceπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκοςhouseN2 NSM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ΙωσηφJosephN GSM · Ιωσηφproper-name item in the genealogical chain→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper-name item in the genealogical chain.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταφάγεταιdevourVF FMI3S · ἐσθίω + καταmain verbal form advancing the clause→ futureἐσθίω + κατα: meaning 'devour'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔσταιbeV9 FMI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σβέσωνquenchingVF · φαπνσμ σβέννυμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateφαπνσμ σβέννυμι: meaning 'quenching'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκῳhouseN2 DSM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
7
κύριος ὁ ποιῶν εἰς ὕψος κρίμα καὶ δικαιοσύνην εἰς γῆν ἔθηκεν
The Lord is the one who has made judgment into a height and has set righteousness upon the earth.
A brief doxological claim grounds the summons in the character of the Lord as the establisher of judgment and righteousness.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιῶνdoing / workingV2 · παπνσμ ποιέωsubstantival/attributive participle ('the one who does wonders')→ imperfective present participle (habitual practice)παπνσμ ποιέω: meaning 'doing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as substantival/attributive participle ('the one who does wonders').
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ὕψοςheightN3E ASN · ὕψοςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ object specificationὕψος: meaning 'height'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
κρίμαjudgmentN3M ASN · κρίμαaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ object specificationκρίμα: meaning 'judgment'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δικαιοσύνηνrighteousnessN1 ASF · δικαιοσύνηaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationδικαιοσύνη: meaning 'righteousness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἔθηκενtithemiVAI AAI3S · τίθημιmain verbal form advancing the narrative or description→ constative aoristτίθημι: meaning 'tithemi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
8
ποιῶν πάντα καὶ μετασκευάζων καὶ ἐκτρέπων εἰς τὸ πρωὶ σκιὰν θανάτου καὶ ἡμέραν εἰς νύκτα συσκοτάζων ὁ προσκαλούμενος τὸ ὕδωρ τῆς θαλάσσης καὶ ἐκχέων αὐτὸ ἐπὶ προσώπου τῆς γῆς κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὁ παντοκράτωρ ὄνομα αὐτῷ
He is the one who makes all things and transforms, turning the shadow of death into morning and darkening day into night, calling the water of the sea and pouring it out upon the face of the earth; the Lord God Almighty is his name.
The prophet identifies the God Israel must seek as the cosmic Lord who rules light, darkness, and the sea.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
ποιῶνdoing / workingV2 · παπνσμ ποιέωsubstantival/attributive participle ('the one who does wonders')→ imperfective present participle (habitual practice)παπνσμ ποιέω: meaning 'doing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as substantival/attributive participle ('the one who does wonders').
πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετασκευάζωνtransformingV1 · παπνσμ σκευάζω + μεταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπνσμ σκευάζω + μετα: meaning 'transforming'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκτρέπωνturningV1 · παπνσμ τρέπω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπνσμ τρέπω + ἐκ: meaning 'turning'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρωὶin the morningD · πρωί̈adverbial modifier within the clause→ adverbial nuanceπρωί̈: meaning 'in the morning'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
σκιὰνshadowN1A ASF · σκιάaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationσκιά: meaning 'shadow'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
θανάτουdeathN2 GSM · θάνατοςgenitive of quality / destiny (with υἱός: 'son of death')→ relational specificationθάνατος: meaning 'death'; it serves as genitive of quality / destiny (with υἱός: 'son of death').
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμέρανdayN1A ASF · ἡμέραaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
νύκταnightN3 ASF · νύξnominal term functioning in a acc relation→ object specificationνύξ: meaning 'night'; it serves as nominal term functioning in a acc relation.
συσκοτάζωνdarkeningV1 · παπνσμ σκοτάζω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπνσμ σκοτάζω + συν: meaning 'darkening'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσκαλούμενοςcallingV2 · πμπνσμ καλέω + προςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπμπνσμ καλέω + προς: meaning 'calling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδωρwaterN3 ASN · ὕδωρcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θαλάσσηςseaN1S GSF · θάλασσαgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ relational specificationθάλασσα: meaning 'sea'; it serves as genitive element qualifying a related head term.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκχέωνpouring outV2 · παπνσμ χέω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ wisdom, mockery, and divine sovereigntyπαπνσμ χέω + ἐκ: meaning 'pouring out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὸitRD ASN · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὸ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παντοκράτωρAlmightyN3R NSM · παντοκράτωρcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceπαντοκράτωρ: meaning 'Almighty'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ὄνομαnameN3M NSN · ὄνομαhead noun in a naming formula→ participant prominenceὄνομα: meaning 'name'; it serves as head noun in a naming formula.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
9
ὁ διαιρῶν συντριμμὸν ἐπ' ἰσχὺν καὶ ταλαιπωρίαν ἐπὶ ὀχύρωμα ἐπάγων
He is the one who divides destruction against strength and brings misery upon a stronghold.
The doxology narrows into a political claim: God can shatter human strength and fortified security.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαιρῶνdividingV2 · παπνσμ αἱρέω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπνσμ αἱρέω + δια: meaning 'dividing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
συντριμμὸνcrushingN2 ASM · συντριμμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ content focusσυντριμμός: meaning 'crushing'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἰσχὺνstrengthN3 ASF · ἰσχύςnominal term functioning as a accusative complement→ object specificationἰσχύς: meaning 'strength'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a accusative complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταλαιπωρίανmiseryN1A ASF · ταλαιπωρίαnominal element functioning within the clause→ object specificationταλαιπωρία: meaning 'misery'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ὀχύρωμαstrongholdN3M ASN · ὀχύρωμαaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ complaint, violence, and the chaldean problemὀχύρωμα: meaning 'stronghold'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ἐπάγωνbringing uponV1 · παπνσμ ἄγω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ἄγω + ἐπι: meaning 'bringing upon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
10
ἐμίσησαν ἐν πύλαις ἐλέγχοντα καὶ λόγον ὅσιον ἐβδελύξαντο
They hated the one who reproves in the gates, and they abhorred a holy word.
The public institutions of justice have become hostile to truthful and righteous reproof.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
ἐμίσησανthey hatedVAI AAI3P · μισέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ wisdom, discipline, and resisting enticementμισέω: meaning 'they hated'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πύλαιςgatesN1 DPF · πύληhead noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceπύλη: meaning 'gates'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἐλέγχονταthe one reprovingV1 · παπασμ ἐλέγχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal form contributing the clause's action or stateπαπασμ ἐλέγχω: meaning 'the one reproving'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λόγονwordN2 ASM · λόγοςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ὅσιονholyA1A ASM · ὅσιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ peace, loyalty, and restrained speechὅσιος: meaning 'holy'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐβδελύξαντοabhorVAI AMI3P · βδελύσσωFinite verb / predicate→ abandonment, reproach, and redeemer hopeβδελύσσω: meaning 'abhor'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as Finite verb / predicate.
11
διὰ τοῦτο ἀνθ' ὧν κατεκονδυλίζετε πτωχοὺς καὶ δῶρα ἐκλεκτὰ ἐδέξασθε παρ' αὐτῶν οἴκους ξυστοὺς ᾠκοδομήσατε καὶ οὐ μὴ κατοικήσητε ἐν αὐτοῖς ἀμπελῶνας ἐπιθυμητοὺς ἐφυτεύσατε καὶ οὐ μὴ πίητε τὸν οἶνον ἐξ αὐτῶν
Therefore, because you strike down the poor and received choice gifts from them, you built paneled houses but you shall not dwell in them; you planted desirable vineyards but you shall not drink their wine.
Economic exploitation brings covenant reversal: luxury is built but never enjoyed.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἀνθ'instead of / in place ofP · ἀντίpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀνθ': meaning 'instead of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ὧνwhichRR GPM · ὅςrelative pronoun→ relational specificationὧν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun.
κατεκονδυλίζετεstrike downV1I IAI2P · κονδυλίζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseκονδυλίζω + κατα: meaning 'strike down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πτωχοὺςpoorN2 APM · πτωχόςaccusative nominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ object specificationπτωχός: meaning 'poor'; it serves as accusative nominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δῶραgiftN2N APN · δῶρονaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationδῶρον: meaning 'gift'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
ἐκλεκτὰchosenA1 APN · ἐκλεκτόςnom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ object specificationἐκλεκτός: meaning 'chosen'; it serves as nom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
ἐδέξασθεreceivedVAI AMI2P · δέχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal actionδέχομαι: meaning 'received'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
παρ'withP · παράpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπαρ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
οἴκουςhousesN2 APM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'houses'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ξυστοὺςhewn / dressedA1B APM · ξυστόςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phraseξυστός: meaning 'hewn'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
ᾠκοδομήσατεyou builtVAI AAI2P · οἰκοδομέωverb of the relative clauseοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'you built'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of the relative clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
κατοικήσητεdwellVA AAS2P · οἰκέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseοἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'dwell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἀμπελῶναςvineyardN3W APM · ἀμπελώνaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause→ object specificationἀμπελών: meaning 'vineyard'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause.
ἐπιθυμητοὺςdesirableA1 APM · ἐπιθυμητόςaccusative element functioning as object or complement within the clauseἐπιθυμητός: meaning 'desirable'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement within the clause.
ἐφυτεύσατεplantedVAI AAI2P · φυτεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseφυτεύω: meaning 'planted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
πίητεdrinkVB AAS2P · πίνωparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant action→ commandπίνω: meaning 'drink'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant action.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶνονwineN2 ASM · οἶνοςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationοἶνος: meaning 'wine'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
12
ὅτι ἔγνων πολλὰς ἀσεβείας ὑμῶν καὶ ἰσχυραὶ αἱ ἁμαρτίαι ὑμῶν καταπατοῦντες δίκαιον λαμβάνοντες ἀλλάγματα καὶ πένητας ἐν πύλαις ἐκκλίνοντες
For I know your many impieties and your mighty sins: you trample the righteous, take bribes, and turn aside the poor in the gates.
The Lord names the concrete injustices that make the sentence unavoidable.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔγνωνγιγνώσκωVZI AAI1S · γιγνώσκωfinite verb advancing the clause→ perfectiveγιγνώσκω: meaning 'γιγνώσκω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
πολλὰςmanyA1 APF · πολύςaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ object specificationπολύς: meaning 'many'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
ἀσεβείαςimpieties / violenceN1A APF · ἀσέβειαaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ object specificationἀσέβεια: meaning 'impieties'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰσχυραὶισχυροςA1A NPF · ἰσχυρόςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ participant prominenceἰσχυρός: meaning 'ισχυρος'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαἱ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἁμαρτίαιsinN1A NPF · ἁμαρτίαnominal term functioning as a nominative term→ participant prominenceἁμαρτία: meaning 'sin'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a nominative term.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καταπατοῦντεςtramplingV2 · παπνπμ πατέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπνπμ πατέω + κατα: meaning 'trampling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δίκαιονrighteousA1A ASM · δίκαιοςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationδίκαιος: meaning 'righteous'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
λαμβάνοντεςtakingV1 · παπνπμ λαμβάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπαπνπμ λαμβάνω: meaning 'taking'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀλλάγματαbribesN3M APN · ἄλλαγμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalἄλλαγμα: meaning 'bribes'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πένηταςpoorN3T APM · πένηςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ household prudence and fear of the Lordπένης: meaning 'poor'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πύλαιςgatesN1 DPF · πύληhead noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceπύλη: meaning 'gates'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἐκκλίνοντεςturning asideV1 · παπνπμ κλίνω + ἐκparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ κλίνω + ἐκ: meaning 'turning aside'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
13
διὰ τοῦτο ὁ συνίων ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ σιωπήσεται ὅτι καιρὸς πονηρός ἐστιν
Therefore the prudent man in that time shall keep silence, because it is an evil time.
The atmosphere is so corrupt that even the discerning know the moment is dangerous and grievous.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συνίωνsynV7 · παπνσμ ἵημι + συνparticipial verbal form modifying or elaborating the surrounding clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ἵημι + συν: meaning 'syn'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying or elaborating the surrounding clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καιρῷtimeN2 DSM · καιρόςcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceκαιρός: meaning 'time'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐκείνῳthatRD DSM · ἐκεῖνοςproper name or indeclinable element within the sequence→ participant reference or interestἐκεῖνος: meaning 'that'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
σιωπήσεταιshall keep silenceVF FMI3S · σιωπάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ humiliation, mockery, and divine assaultσιωπάω: meaning 'shall keep silence'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καιρὸςtimeN2 NSM · καιρόςsubject of συνεργεῖ within the content clause→ appointed times and creaturely limitsκαιρός: meaning 'time'; it serves as subject of συνεργεῖ within the content clause.
πονηρόςevilA1A NSM · πονηρόςnominal term functioning as subject or predicate complement→ participant prominenceπονηρός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as nominal term functioning as subject or predicate complement.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
14
ἐκζητήσατε τὸ καλὸν καὶ μὴ τὸ πονηρόν ὅπως ζήσητε καὶ ἔσται οὕτως μεθ' ὑμῶν κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὁ παντοκράτωρ ὃν τρόπον εἴπατε
Seek the good and not the evil, so that you may live, and thus the Lord God Almighty shall be with you, as you said.
True seeking of God is defined morally, not ritually, and is the only way to claim his presence honestly.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ἐκζητήσατεinquire / seek outVA AAD2P · ζητέω + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist infinitive (purpose of the coming)ζητέω + ἐκ: meaning 'inquire'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καλὸνgoodA1 ASN · καλόςpredicate adjective (parallel to πονηρόν)→ object specificationκαλός: meaning 'good'; it serves as predicate adjective (parallel to πονηρόν).
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρόνevilA1A ASN · πονηρόςnominal term functioning as an accusative complement→ authority, delayed judgment, and hidden providenceπονηρός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as nominal term functioning as an accusative complement.
ὅπωςso thatC · ὅπωςcoordinating conjunction linking the next clause or item→ discourse linkage or contrastὅπως: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ζήσητεyou may liveVA AAS2P · ζάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyζάω: meaning 'you may live'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιbeV9 FMI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial modifier within the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
μεθ'with / afterP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμεθ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παντοκράτωρAlmightyN3R NSM · παντοκράτωρcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceπαντοκράτωρ: meaning 'Almighty'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ὃνwhichRR ASM · ὅςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination→ participant referenceὃν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination.
τρόπονmannerN2 ASM · τρόποςaccusative element functioning within the clause→ object specificationτρόπος: meaning 'manner'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
εἴπατεsayVAI AAI2P · εἶπονFinite verb / predicate→ aorist verbal form presenting the action as a wholeεἶπον: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as Finite verb / predicate.
15
μεμισήκαμεν τὰ πονηρὰ καὶ ἠγαπήκαμεν τὰ καλά καὶ ἀποκαταστήσατε ἐν πύλαις κρίμα ὅπως ἐλεήσῃ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὁ παντοκράτωρ τοὺς περιλοίπους τοῦ Ιωσηφ
We have hated evil things and loved good things; restore judgment in the gates, so that the Lord God Almighty may have mercy on the remnant of Joseph.
The community is pressed to match its claims with restored public justice so that mercy may remain for Joseph's remnant.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
μεμισήκαμενwe have hatedVX XAI1P · μισέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseμισέω: meaning 'we have hated'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὰevilA1A APN · πονηρόςObject / complement→ object specificationπονηρός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as Object / complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἠγαπήκαμενwe have lovedVX XAI1P · ἀγαπάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἀγαπάω: meaning 'we have loved'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καλάgood thingsA1 APN · καλόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκαλός: meaning 'good things'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποκαταστήσατεrestoreVA AAD2P · ἵστημι + ἀπο + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἵστημι + ἀπο + κατα: meaning 'restore'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πύλαιςgatesN1 DPF · πύληhead noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceπύλη: meaning 'gates'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
κρίμαjudgmentN3M ASN · κρίμαaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ object specificationκρίμα: meaning 'judgment'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
ὅπωςso thatC · ὅπωςcoordinating conjunction linking the next clause or item→ discourse linkage or contrastὅπως: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλεήσῃmay have mercyVA AAD3S · ἐλεέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἐλεέω: meaning 'may have mercy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παντοκράτωρAlmightyN3R NSM · παντοκράτωρcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceπαντοκράτωρ: meaning 'Almighty'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περιλοίπουςremnantA1B APM · περίλοιποςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalπερίλοιπος: meaning 'remnant'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙωσηφJosephN GSM · Ιωσηφproper-name item in the genealogical chain→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper-name item in the genealogical chain.
16
διὰ τοῦτο τάδε λέγει κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὁ παντοκράτωρ ἐν πάσαις πλατείαις κοπετός καὶ ἐν πάσαις ὁδοῖς ῥηθήσεται οὐαὶ οὐαί κληθήσεται γεωργὸς εἰς πένθος καὶ κοπετὸν καὶ εἰς εἰδότας θρῆνον
Therefore thus says the Lord God Almighty: In all the broad places there shall be lamentation, and in all the roads it shall be said, 'Alas, alas.' The farmer shall be called to mourning, and to lamentation those who know a dirge.
The social order answers injustice with universal grief, from streets to fields.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
τάδεthisRD APN · ὅδεacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceτάδε: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingλέγω: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παντοκράτωρAlmightyN3R NSM · παντοκράτωρcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceπαντοκράτωρ: meaning 'Almighty'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πάσαιςall / everyA1S DPF · πᾶςdative substantive or modifier marking relation, means, location, or interest→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as dative substantive or modifier marking relation, means, location, or interest.
πλατείαιςstreetsA3U DPF · πλατύςDative complement→ sphere or referenceπλατύς: meaning 'streets'; it serves as Dative complement.
κοπετόςlamentationN2 NSM · κοπετόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionκοπετός: meaning 'lamentation'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πάσαιςall / everyA1S DPF · πᾶςdative substantive or modifier marking relation, means, location, or interest→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as dative substantive or modifier marking relation, means, location, or interest.
ὁδοῖςwayN2 DPF · ὁδόςarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ sphere or referenceὁδοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥηθήσεταιshall be saidVC FPI3S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ future projection or promised resultεἶπον: meaning 'shall be said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐαὶwoeI · οὐαίinterjection or attention marker heightening the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐαί: meaning 'woe'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
οὐαίalasI · οὐαίinterjection marking direct address or rhetorical force→ folly, labor, and public orderοὐαί: meaning 'alas'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
κληθήσεταιcallVC FPI3S · καλέωmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action→ constative aoristκαλέω: meaning 'call'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
γεωργὸςfarmerN2 NSM · γεωργόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ darkness, fear, and imprisoned conscienceγεωργός: meaning 'farmer'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πένθοςmourningN3E ASN · πένθοςresult complement after the verb of turning→ object specificationπένθος: meaning 'mourning'; it serves as result complement after the verb of turning.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κοπετὸνlamentationN2 ASM · κοπετόςinternal object of ἐκόψαντο→ object specificationκοπετός: meaning 'lamentation'; it serves as internal object of ἐκόψαντο.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
εἰδόταςthose knowingVX · χαπαπμ ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseχαπαπμ ὁράω: meaning 'those knowing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θρῆνονlamentationN2 ASM · θρῆνοςdirect object of the verbal action→ object specificationθρῆνος: meaning 'lamentation'; it serves as direct object of the verbal action.
17
καὶ ἐν πάσαις ὁδοῖς κοπετός διότι διελεύσομαι διὰ μέσου σου εἶπεν κύριος
And in all the roads there shall be lamentation, because I will pass through your midst, says the Lord.
The cause of the mourning is the Lord's own passing through the people in judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πάσαιςall / everyA1S DPF · πᾶςdative substantive or modifier marking relation, means, location, or interest→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as dative substantive or modifier marking relation, means, location, or interest.
ὁδοῖςwayN2 DPF · ὁδόςarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ sphere or referenceὁδοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοπετόςlamentationN2 NSM · κοπετόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionκοπετός: meaning 'lamentation'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
διότιbecauseC · διότιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διελεύσομαιI will pass throughVF FMI1S · ἔρχομαι + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἔρχομαι + δια: meaning 'I will pass through'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
μέσουmidstA1 GSN · μέσοςgenitive dependent within the phrase→ genitive element marking relation or specificationμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as genitive dependent within the phrase.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
18
οὐαὶ οἱ ἐπιθυμοῦντες τὴν ἡμέραν κυρίου ἵνα τί αὕτη ὑμῖν ἡ ἡμέρα τοῦ κυρίου καὶ αὐτή ἐστιν σκότος καὶ οὐ φῶς
Woe to those who desire the day of the Lord. Why is this day of the Lord for you? It is darkness and not light.
The cherished expectation of divine intervention is inverted: for the unjust it brings terror, not deliverance.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
οὐαὶwoeI · οὐαίinterjection or attention marker heightening the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐαί: meaning 'woe'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιθυμοῦντεςἐπιθυμοῦντεςV4 · παπνπμ θυμόω + ἐπιfinite verb governing the clause→ discipline, provision, and healing mercyπαπνπμ θυμόω + ἐπι: meaning 'ἐπιθυμοῦντες'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρανdayN1A ASF · ἡμέραaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἵναso thatC · ἵναcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationἵνα: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίwhatRI ASN · τίςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
αὕτηthisRD NSF · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceαὕτη: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ὑμῖνto youRP DP · σύpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραdayN1A NSF · ἡμέραnominative substantive functioning within the clause→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning within the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτήsheRD NSF · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ participant focusαὐτή: meaning 'she'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
σκότοςdarknessN3E NSN · σκότοςnominative nominal element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσκότος: meaning 'darkness'; it serves as nominative nominal element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
φῶςlightN3T NSN · φῶςnominative subject / predicate element in the clause→ participant prominenceφῶς: meaning 'light'; it serves as nominative subject / predicate element in the clause.
19
ὃν τρόπον ὅταν φύγῃ ἄνθρωπος ἐκ προσώπου τοῦ λέοντος καὶ ἐμπέσῃ αὐτῷ ἡ ἄρκος καὶ εἰσπηδήσῃ εἰς τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀπερείσηται τὰς χεῖρας αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸν τοῖχον καὶ δάκῃ αὐτὸν ὁ ὄφις
It is like when a man flees from before a lion and a bear falls upon him, and he rushes into his house and leans his hands on the wall, and a snake bites him.
Every apparent refuge becomes another site of threat; there is no escaping the day's judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
ὃνwhichRR ASM · ὅςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination→ participant referenceὃν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination.
τρόπονmannerN2 ASM · τρόποςaccusative element functioning within the clause→ object specificationτρόπος: meaning 'manner'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
ὅτανwhenD · ὅτανadverb or negative particle shaping the clause-level sense→ indefinite temporal contingencyὅταν: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φύγῃfleesVB AAS3S · φεύγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseφεύγω: meaning 'flees'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄνθρωποςman / human beingN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λέοντοςlionN3 GSM · λέωνgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ relational specificationλέων: meaning 'lion'; it serves as genitive element qualifying a related head term.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμπέσῃfalls uponVF FMI2S · πίπτω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπίπτω + ἐν: meaning 'falls upon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρκοςbearN2 NSF · ἄρκοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionἄρκος: meaning 'bear'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσπηδήσῃrushes inVA AAS3S · πηδάω + εἰςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπηδάω + εἰς: meaning 'rushes in'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπερείσηταιleansVA AMS3S · ἐρείδω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἐρείδω + ἀπο: meaning 'leans'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραςhandsN3 APF · χείρcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοῖχονwallN2 ASM · τοῖχοςnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ object specificationτοῖχος: meaning 'wall'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δάκῃbitesVB AAS3S · δάκνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ folly, labor, and public orderδάκνω: meaning 'bites'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄφιςserpentN3I NSM · ὄφιςnominative element functioning as subject or predicate→ folly, labor, and public orderὄφις: meaning 'serpent'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject or predicate.
20
οὐχὶ σκότος ἡ ἡμέρα τοῦ κυρίου καὶ οὐ φῶς καὶ γνόφος οὐκ ἔχων φέγγος αὐτῇ
Is not the day of the Lord darkness and not light, even gloom with no brightness in it?
The prophet seals the warning by repeating that the Lord's day is sheer darkness for this people.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
οὐχὶnotD · οὐadverbial modifier within the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐ: meaning 'not'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
σκότοςdarknessN3E NSN · σκότοςnominative nominal element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσκότος: meaning 'darkness'; it serves as nominative nominal element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραdayN1A NSF · ἡμέραnominative substantive functioning within the clause→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning within the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
φῶςlightN3T NSN · φῶςnominative subject / predicate element in the clause→ participant prominenceφῶς: meaning 'light'; it serves as nominative subject / predicate element in the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γνόφοςgloomN2 NSM · γνόφοςnominative element functioning as subject or predicate→ participant prominenceγνόφος: meaning 'gloom'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject or predicate.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔχωνhavingV1 · παπνσμ ἔχωparticiple supporting the clause action→ circumstantial present participleπαπνσμ ἔχω: meaning 'having'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle supporting the clause action.
φέγγοςlightN3E ASN · φέγγοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ accusative element marking object or goalφέγγος: meaning 'light'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
αὐτῇitRD DSF · αὐτόςdemonstrative element specifying the noun or phrase→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative element specifying the noun or phrase.
21
μεμίσηκα ἀπῶσμαι ἑορτὰς ὑμῶν καὶ οὐ μὴ ὀσφρανθῶ ἐν ταῖς πανηγύρεσιν ὑμῶν
I have hated, I reject your feasts, and I will by no means take delight in your festivals.
The Lord refuses liturgical celebration when it is divorced from covenant faithfulness.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
μεμίσηκαI have hatedVX XAI1S · μισέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ public wisdom and created orderμισέω: meaning 'I have hated'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπῶσμαιI rejectVM XMI1S · ὠθέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseὠθέω + ἀπο: meaning 'I reject'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἑορτὰςfeastsN1 APF · ἑορτήdirect object coordinated with σάββατα→ object specificationἑορτή: meaning 'feasts'; it serves as direct object coordinated with σάββατα.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ὀσφρανθῶsmell with pleasureVC APS1S · ὀσφραίνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseὀσφραίνομαι: meaning 'smell with pleasure'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πανηγύρεσινfestivalsN3I DPF · πανήγυριςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπανήγυρις: meaning 'festivals'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
22
διότι καὶ ἐὰν ἐνέγκητέ μοι ὁλοκαυτώματα καὶ θυσίας ὑμῶν οὐ προσδέξομαι αὐτά καὶ σωτηρίου ἐπιφανείας ὑμῶν οὐκ ἐπιβλέψομαι
For even if you bring me whole burnt offerings and your sacrifices, I will not accept them, and I will not look upon your peace offerings of appearance.
Sacrificial abundance cannot purchase divine favor when justice is absent.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
διότιbecauseC · διότιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνlexical item integrated into the clause in its local syntactic role→ conditional contingencyἐάν: meaning 'if'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
ἐνέγκητέyou bringVAI AAS2P · φέρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseφέρω: meaning 'you bring'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μοιto meRP DS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ὁλοκαυτώματαburnt offeringN3M APN · ὁλοκαύτωμαaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: meaning 'burnt offering'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θυσίαςsacrificeN1A APF · θυσίαaccusative complement→ object specificationθυσία: meaning 'sacrifice'; it serves as accusative complement.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
προσδέξομαιacceptedVF FMI1S · δέχομαι + προςverbal element carrying the clause's action or process→ futureδέχομαι + προς: meaning 'accepted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element carrying the clause's action or process.
αὐτάthemRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal modifier / argument→ participant referenceαὐτά: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal modifier / argument.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σωτηρίουpeace offeringN2N GSN · σωτήριονgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationσωτήριον: meaning 'peace offering'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
ἐπιφανείαςmanifestationsN1A APF · ἐπιφανείαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalἐπιφανεία: meaning 'manifestations'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐπιβλέψομαιI will lookVF FMI1S · βλέπω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseβλέπω + ἐπι: meaning 'I will look'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
23
μετάστησον ἀπ' ἐμοῦ ἦχον ᾠδῶν σου καὶ ψαλμὸν ὀργάνων σου οὐκ ἀκούσομαι
Remove from me the sound of your songs, and I will not hear the melody of your instruments.
Even the aesthetic beauty of worship becomes noise when the people's life contradicts it.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
μετάστησονremoveVA AAD2S · ἵστημι + μεταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἵστημι + μετα: meaning 'remove'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
ἐμοῦIRP GS · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἦχονsoundN2 ASM · ἦχοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ integrity, generosity, and social orderἦχος: meaning 'sound'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ᾠδῶνdonN1 GPF · ᾠδήgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationᾠδή: meaning 'don'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ψαλμὸνpsalmN2 ASM · ψαλμόςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ object specificationψαλμός: meaning 'psalm'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
ὀργάνωνengineN2N GPN · ὄργανονgenitive element qualifying a related head termὄργανον: meaning 'engine'; it serves as genitive element qualifying a related head term.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἀκούσομαιI will hearVF FMI1S · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἀκούω: meaning 'I will hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
24
καὶ κυλισθήσεται ὡς ὕδωρ κρίμα καὶ δικαιοσύνη ὡς χειμάρρους ἄβατος
And judgment shall roll like water, and righteousness like an impassable torrent.
What God desires instead of hollow worship is an unstoppable public flood of justice and righteousness.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κυλισθήσεταιshall rollVS FPI3S · κυλίωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκυλίω: meaning 'shall roll'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ὕδωρwaterN3 NSN · ὕδωρnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
κρίμαjudgmentN3M NSN · κρίμαsubject nominative→ participant prominenceκρίμα: meaning 'judgment'; it serves as subject nominative.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δικαιοσύνηdikaiosyneN1 NSF · δικαιοσύνηnominative element functioning as subject or predicate→ participant prominenceδικαιοσύνη: meaning 'dikaiosyne'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject or predicate.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
χειμάρρουςtorrentsA1C NSM · χειμάρρουςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχειμάρρους: meaning 'torrents'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἄβατοςimpassableA1B NSM · ἄβατοςnominative element functioning within the clause→ participant prominenceἄβατος: meaning 'impassable'; it serves as nominative element functioning within the clause.
25
μὴ σφάγια καὶ θυσίας προσηνέγκατέ μοι ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ τεσσαράκοντα ἔτη οἶκος Ισραηλ
Did you bring me sacrifices and offerings in the wilderness for forty years, O house of Israel?
The Lord questions whether Israel's foundational story can really be claimed as faithful sacrificial devotion.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
σφάγιαslain offeringsN2N APN · σφάγιονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσφάγιον: meaning 'slain offerings'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θυσίαςsacrificeN1A APF · θυσίαaccusative complement→ object specificationθυσία: meaning 'sacrifice'; it serves as accusative complement.
προσηνέγκατέyou broughtVAI AAI2P · φέρω + προςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseφέρω + προς: meaning 'you brought'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μοιto meRP DS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμῳwildernessN2 DSF · ἔρημοςnominal term functioning in a dat relation→ sphere or referenceἔρημος: meaning 'wilderness'; it serves as nominal term functioning in a dat relation.
τεσσαράκονταfortyM · τεσσαράκονταindeclinable or proper-name element functioning in the clause as written→ discourse linkage or contrastτεσσαράκοντα: meaning 'forty'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἔτηyearsN3E APN · ἔτοςnominal element within the genealogical notice→ object specificationἔτος: meaning 'years'; it serves as nominal element within the genealogical notice.
οἶκοςhouseN2 NSM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
26
καὶ ἀνελάβετε τὴν σκηνὴν τοῦ Μολοχ καὶ τὸ ἄστρον τοῦ θεοῦ ὑμῶν Ραιφαν τοὺς τύπους αὐτῶν οὓς ἐποιήσατε ἑαυτοῖς
And you took up the tent of Moloch and the star of your god Raiphan, their images that you made for yourselves.
The prophet exposes another liturgical history beneath Israel's story: the carrying of alien cult objects.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνελάβετεyou took upVBI AAI2P · λαμβάνω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseλαμβάνω + ἀνα: meaning 'you took up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνὴνtentN1 ASF · σκηνήaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ object specificationσκηνή: meaning 'tent'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜολοχMolochN GS · Μολοχadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phraseΜολοχ: meaning 'Moloch'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄστρονstarN2N ASN · ἄστρονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalἄστρον: meaning 'star'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ΡαιφανRaiphanN GS · Ραιφανadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phraseΡαιφαν: meaning 'Raiphan'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τύπουςimagesN2 APM · τύποςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalτύπος: meaning 'images'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
οὓςwho / whomRR APM · ὅςaccusative object or complement→ participant referenceοὓς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object or complement.
ἐποιήσατεyou causedVAI AAI2P · ποιέωsecond main verb→ constative aorist (the accomplished disobedience)ποιέω: meaning 'you caused'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as second main verb.
ἑαυτοῖςhimself / themselvesRD DPM · ἑαυτοῦdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant reference or interestἑαυτοῖς: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
27
καὶ μετοικιῶ ὑμᾶς ἐπέκεινα Δαμασκοῦ λέγει κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὁ παντοκράτωρ ὄνομα αὐτῷ
And I will carry you away into exile beyond Damascus, says the Lord, God Almighty is his name.
The chapter ends with the inevitable consequence of unrepentant injustice and idolatry: exile under the authority of the Almighty.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετοικιῶI will remove into exileVF2 FAI1S · οἰκίζω + μεταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseοἰκίζω + μετα: meaning 'I will remove into exile'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑμᾶςyouRP AP · σύpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
ἐπέκειναbeyondD · ἐπέκειναadverb of continuation→ discourse linkage or contrastἐπέκεινα: meaning 'beyond'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ΔαμασκοῦDamascusN2 GS · Δαμασκόςnominal element functioning within the clauseΔαμασκοῦ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingλέγω: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παντοκράτωρAlmightyN3R NSM · παντοκράτωρcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceπαντοκράτωρ: meaning 'Almighty'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ὄνομαnameN3M NSN · ὄνομαhead noun in a naming formula→ participant prominenceὄνομα: meaning 'name'; it serves as head noun in a naming formula.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.