1
οὕτως ἔδειξέν μοι κύριος καὶ ἰδοὺ ἄγγος ἰξευτοῦ
Thus the Lord showed me, and behold, a vessel of summer fruit.
The vision is deliberately ordinary in surface appearance. Its ripeness prepares the verbal turn by which summer fruit becomes a sign that Israel's time has reached its end.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial modifier within the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
ἔδειξένshowVAI AAI3S · δεικνύωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeδεικνύω: meaning 'show'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
μοιto meRP DS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούinterjection introducing or coloring the speech→ discourse markerἰδού: meaning 'behold'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἄγγοςvesselN3E NSN · ἄγγοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionἄγγος: meaning 'vessel'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἰξευτοῦof summer fruitN1M GSM · ἰξευτήςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or qualityἰξευτής: meaning 'of summer fruit'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
2
καὶ εἶπεν τί σὺ βλέπεις Αμως καὶ εἶπα ἄγγος ἰξευτοῦ καὶ εἶπεν κύριος πρός με ἥκει τὸ πέρας ἐπὶ τὸν λαόν μου Ισραηλ οὐκέτι μὴ προσθῶ τοῦ παρελθεῖν αὐτόν
And he said, 'What do you see, Amos?' And I said, 'A vessel of summer fruit.' And the Lord said to me, 'The end has come upon my people Israel; I will no longer continue to pass by them.'
The Lord interprets the image directly for Amos. The punning movement from ripe fruit to final end sharpens the sense that judgment is now mature and irreversible.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
τίwhatRI ASN · τίςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
σὺyouRP NS · σύnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceσὺ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
βλέπειςdo you seeV1 PAI2S · βλέπωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ ongoing verbal processβλέπω: meaning 'do you see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ΑμωςAmosN VSM · Αμωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phraseΑμως: meaning 'Amos'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπαI saidVAI AAI1S · εἶπονfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause action→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeεἶπον: meaning 'I said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
ἄγγοςvesselN3E ASN · ἄγγοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalἄγγος: meaning 'vessel'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἰξευτοῦof summer fruitN1M GSM · ἰξευτήςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or qualityἰξευτής: meaning 'of summer fruit'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
πρόςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἥκειarriveV1 PAI3S · ἥκωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ present verbal form expressing ongoing or immediate actionἥκω: meaning 'arrive'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πέραςendN3T NSN · πέραςnominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause→ participant prominenceπέρας: meaning 'end'; it serves as nominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόνpeopleN2 ASM · λαόςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ΙσραηλIsraelN ASM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
οὐκέτιno longerD · οὐκέτιadverb qualifying the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκέτι: meaning 'no longer'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
προσθῶI may continueVE AAS1S · τίθημι + προςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseτίθημι + προς: meaning 'I may continue'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρελθεῖνto turn asideVB AAN · ἔρχομαι + παραinfinitive expressing the deviation they refuse to makeἔρχομαι + παρα: meaning 'to turn aside'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive expressing the deviation they refuse to make.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
3
καὶ ὀλολύξει τὰ φατνώματα τοῦ ναοῦ ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ λέγει κύριος πολὺς ὁ πεπτωκὼς ἐν παντὶ τόπῳ ἐπιρρίψω σιωπήν
And the panels of the temple shall howl in that day, says the Lord God; many are the fallen in every place. I will cast silence.
Temple sound is transformed from music to howl. The verse ends with the chilling command of silence after widespread death.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀλολύξειhowlVF FAI3S · ὀλολύζωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardὀλολύζω: meaning 'howl'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φατνώματαpanels / chambersN3M APN · φάτνωμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalφάτνωμα: meaning 'panels'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ναοῦtempleN2 GSM · ναόςgenitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationναός: meaning 'temple'; it serves as genitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἐκείνῃthatRD DSF · ἐκεῖνοςpronoun marking reference, means, or location→ participant reference or interestἐκείνῃ: meaning 'that'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun marking reference, means, or location.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingλέγω: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
πολὺςmuchA1P NSM · πολύςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ participant prominenceπολύς: meaning 'much'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεπτωκὼςfallenVX · χαπνσμ πίπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseχαπνσμ πίπτω: meaning 'fallen'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
παντὶallA3 DSM · πᾶςdat adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as dat adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
τόπῳplaceN2 DSM · τόποςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ sphere or referenceτόπος: meaning 'place'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
ἐπιρρίψωἐπιVA AAS1S · ῥίπτω + ἐπιfinite verb governing the clause→ bloody city exposed and irreversible ruinῥίπτω + ἐπι: meaning 'ἐπι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
σιωπήνsilenceN1 ASF · σιωπήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalσιωπή: meaning 'silence'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
4
ἀκούσατε δὴ ταῦτα οἱ ἐκτρίβοντες εἰς τὸ πρωὶ πένητα καὶ καταδυναστεύοντες πτωχοὺς ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς
Hear this, then, you who wear out the needy in the morning and oppress the poor from the land.
The prophetic accusation turns toward economic oppression. The wealthy are portrayed as grinding down the needy from the very start of the day.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἀκούσατεhearVA AAD2P · ἀκούωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ ingressive aorist imperative (give heed now)ἀκούω: meaning 'hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
δὴnow / indeedX · δήsubstantive, modifier, or particle functioning within the clause according to context→ discourse linkage or contrastδὴ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceταῦτα: meaning 'these things'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκτρίβοντεςwearing outV1 · παπνπμ τρίβω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπνπμ τρίβω + ἐκ: meaning 'wearing out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρωὶin the morningD · πρωί̈adverbial modifier within the clause→ adverbial nuanceπρωί̈: meaning 'in the morning'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
πένηταpoor manN3T ASM · πένηςaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ object specificationπένης: meaning 'poor man'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταδυναστεύοντεςoppressingV1 · παπνπμ δυναστεύω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ δυναστεύω + κατα: meaning 'oppressing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πτωχοὺςpoorN2 APM · πτωχόςaccusative nominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ object specificationπτωχός: meaning 'poor'; it serves as accusative nominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
5
οἱ λέγοντες πότε διελεύσεται ὁ μὴν καὶ ἐμπολήσομεν καὶ τὰ σάββατα καὶ ἀνοίξομεν θησαυροὺς τοῦ ποιῆσαι μικρὸν μέτρον καὶ τοῦ μεγαλῦναι στάθμια καὶ ποιῆσαι ζυγὸν ἄδικον
saying, 'When will the month pass, so that we may sell? And when the Sabbaths, so that we may open the storehouses, make the measure small, enlarge the weights, and make a false balance,'
Greed is shown as impatience with sacred time. New moon and Sabbath are treated as interruptions to commerce, and commerce itself is corrupted by fraudulent measurement.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λέγοντεςsayingV1 · παπνπμ λέγωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ present participle introducing direct proposalπαπνπμ λέγω: meaning 'saying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
πότεpoteD · πότεadverbial or negative particle modifying the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastπότε: meaning 'pote'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διελεύσεταιwill pass throughVF FMI3S · ἔρχομαι + διαmain verb→ middle verbal form highlighting the subject's participation in the actionἔρχομαι + δια: meaning 'will pass through'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὴνmonthN3 NSM · μήνnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴν: meaning 'month'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμπολήσομενwe may sellVF FAI1P · ἐμπολάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἐμπολάω: meaning 'we may sell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σάββαταSabbathsN2N NPN · σάββατονsubject of the verbal idea understood from the prior clauseσάββατον: meaning 'Sabbaths'; it serves as subject of the verbal idea understood from the prior clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνοίξομενwe may openVF FAI1P · οἴγω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseοἴγω + ἀνα: meaning 'we may open'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θησαυροὺςthesaurosN2 APM · θησαυρόςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationθησαυρός: meaning 'thesauros'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιῆσαιmake / doVA AAN · ποιέωinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose or complement→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeποιέω: meaning 'make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitival verbal form expressing purpose or complement.
μικρὸνsmall / insignificantA1A ASN · μικρόςnominal element functioning within the clause→ accusative element marking object or goalμικρός: meaning 'small'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause.
μέτρονmeasureN2N ASN · μέτρονcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationμέτρον: meaning 'measure'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μεγαλῦναιgrowing greatVA AAN · μεγαλύνωinfinitive→ perfective infinitiveμεγαλύνω: meaning 'growing great'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive.
στάθμιαweightsN2N APN · στάθμιονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalστάθμιον: meaning 'weights'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιῆσαιmake / doVA AAN · ποιέωinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose or complement→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeποιέω: meaning 'make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitival verbal form expressing purpose or complement.
ζυγὸνyokeN2 ASM · ζυγόςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationζυγός: meaning 'yoke'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ἄδικονwrongA1B ASM · ἄδικοςaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ object specificationἄδικος: meaning 'wrong'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
6
τοῦ κτᾶσθαι ἐν ἀργυρίῳ πτωχοὺς καὶ ταπεινὸν ἀντὶ ὑποδημάτων καὶ ἀπὸ παντὸς γενήματος ἐμπορευσόμεθα
so as to acquire the poor for silver and the lowly for sandals, and we will trade in every produce.
The goal of the manipulation is naked exploitation. The poor and lowly become purchasable commodities, and even inferior produce is traded for gain.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτᾶσθαιto acquireV3 PMN · κτάομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseκτάομαι: meaning 'to acquire'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἀργυρίῳsilverN2N DSN · ἀργύριονcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceἀργύριον: meaning 'silver'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
πτωχοὺςpoorN2 APM · πτωχόςaccusative nominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ object specificationπτωχός: meaning 'poor'; it serves as accusative nominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταπεινὸνhumbleA1 ASM · ταπεινόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationταπεινός: meaning 'humble'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀντὶinstead ofP · ἀντίpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀντὶ: meaning 'instead of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
ὑποδημάτωνsandalN3M GPN · ὑπόδημαgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ relational specificationὑπόδημα: meaning 'sandal'; it serves as genitive element qualifying a related head term.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
παντὸςeveryoneA3 GSN · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'everyone'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
γενήματοςproduceN3M GSN · γένημαgenitive nominal element modifying the associated phrase→ relational specificationγένημα: meaning 'produce'; it serves as genitive nominal element modifying the associated phrase.
ἐμπορευσόμεθαwe will tradeVF FMI1P · πορεύομαι + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπορεύομαι + ἐν: meaning 'we will trade'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
7
ὀμνύει κύριος καθ' ὑπερηφανίας Ιακωβ εἰ ἐπιλησθήσεται εἰς νεῖκος πάντα τὰ ἔργα ὑμῶν
The Lord swears by the pride of Jacob: Surely all your works shall not be forgotten into contention.
The Lord's response comes as sworn certainty. Israel's pride becomes the very point by which God binds himself not to forget their deeds.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ὀμνύειswearsV5 PAI3S · ὄμνυμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseὄμνυμι: meaning 'swears'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
καθ'in / duringP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingκαθ': meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ὑπερηφανίαςarroganceN1A GSF · ὑπερηφανίαgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualification→ relational specificationὑπερηφανία: meaning 'arrogance'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualification.
ΙακωβJacobN GSM · Ἰακώβconnective or particle shaping the flow of the clause→ participant identificationΙακωβ: meaning 'Jacob'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰifC · εἰconjunction linking clauses, commands, or list items→ conditional / interrogative markerεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιλησθήσεταιshall be forgottenVC FPI3S · λανθάνω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureλανθάνω + ἐπι: meaning 'shall be forgotten'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
νεῖκοςstrifeN3E ASN · νεῖκοςaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ content focusνεῖκος: meaning 'strife'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργαworksN2N APN · ἔργονcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationἔργον: meaning 'works'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
8
καὶ ἐπὶ τούτοις οὐ ταραχθήσεται ἡ γῆ καὶ πενθήσει πᾶς ὁ κατοικῶν ἐν αὐτῇ καὶ ἀναβήσεται ὡς ποταμὸς συντέλεια καὶ καταβήσεται ὡς ποταμὸς Αἰγύπτου
And over these things shall not the land be shaken, and everyone dwelling in it mourn? And the end shall rise like a river and shall go down like the river of Egypt.
The moral offense shakes the land itself. Flood imagery suggests both overwhelming judgment and the unstable surge of creation under divine displeasure.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τούτοιςtheseRD DPM · οὗτοςpronoun→ participant reference or interestτούτοις: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
ταραχθήσεταιtrouble / shakeVQ FPI3S · ταράσσωverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea→ constative aorist (onset of disturbance)ταράσσω: meaning 'trouble'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandN1 NSF · γῆnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πενθήσειmournVF FAI3S · πενθέωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardπενθέω: meaning 'mourn'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
πᾶςeveryoneA3 NSM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'everyone'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικῶνdwellingV2 · παπνσμ οἰκέω + καταfinite verbal form carrying the clause action or assertion→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ οἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'dwelling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal form carrying the clause action or assertion.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αὐτῇitRD DSF · αὐτόςdemonstrative element specifying the noun or phrase→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative element specifying the noun or phrase.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναβήσεταιgo upVF FMI3S · βαίνω + ἀναfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardβαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'go up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ποταμὸςriverN2 NSM · ποταμόςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceποταμός: meaning 'river'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
συντέλειαconsummationN1A NSF · συντέλειαsubject nominative→ participant prominenceσυντέλεια: meaning 'consummation'; it serves as subject nominative.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταβήσεταιwill come downVF FMI3S · βαίνω + καταverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardβαίνω + κατα: meaning 'will come down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ποταμὸςriverN2 NSM · ποταμόςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceποταμός: meaning 'river'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ΑἰγύπτουEgyptN2 GSF · Αἴγυπτοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ participant identificationΑἰγύπτου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
9
καὶ ἔσται ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ λέγει κύριος ὁ θεός καὶ δύσεται ὁ ἥλιος μεσημβρίας καὶ συσκοτάσει ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἐν ἡμέρᾳ τὸ φῶς
And it shall be in that day, says the Lord God, that the sun shall set at noon and the light shall be darkened upon the earth in daytime.
Cosmic disturbance marks the day of reckoning. Noon darkness signals a reversal of ordinary order and strips the day of its expected security.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιbeV9 FMI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἐκείνῃthatRD DSF · ἐκεῖνοςpronoun marking reference, means, or location→ participant reference or interestἐκείνῃ: meaning 'that'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun marking reference, means, or location.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingλέγω: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςGodN2 NSM · θεόςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δύσεταιδυωVF FMI3S · δύωverbal form contributing the clause's action, state, or dependent process→ futureδύω: meaning 'δυω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form contributing the clause's action, state, or dependent process.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἥλιοςsunN2 NSM · ἥλιοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ participant prominenceἥλιος: meaning 'sun'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
μεσημβρίαςmidday / noonN1A GSF · μεσημβρίαgenitive substantive functioning as a dependent or descriptive modifier→ relational specificationμεσημβρία: meaning 'midday'; it serves as genitive substantive functioning as a dependent or descriptive modifier.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συσκοτάσειwill darkenVF FAI3S · σκοτάζω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureσκοτάζω + συν: meaning 'will darken'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φῶςlightN3T ASN · φῶςaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extent→ object specificationφῶς: meaning 'light'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, goal, or extent.
10
καὶ μεταστρέψω τὰς ἑορτὰς ὑμῶν εἰς πένθος καὶ πάσας τὰς ᾠδὰς ὑμῶν εἰς θρῆνον καὶ ἀναβιβῶ ἐπὶ πᾶσαν ὀσφὺν σάκκον καὶ ἐπὶ πᾶσαν κεφαλὴν φαλάκρωμα καὶ θήσομαι αὐτὸν ὡς πένθος ἀγαπητοῦ καὶ τοὺς μετ' αὐτοῦ ὡς ἡμέραν ὀδύνης
And I will turn your feasts into mourning and all your songs into lamentation, and I will bring sackcloth upon every waist and baldness upon every head; and I will make it like the mourning for a beloved one, and those with him like a day of grief.
Festival joy is inverted into public mourning. Sackcloth, shaved heads, and the grief of losing an only beloved one convey total communal bereavement.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μεταστρέψωI will transformVF FAI1S · στρέφω + μεταmain verbal form advancing the clause→ rebellion exposed and remnant joy restoredστρέφω + μετα: meaning 'I will transform'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑορτὰςfeastsN1 APF · ἑορτήdirect object coordinated with σάββατα→ object specificationἑορτή: meaning 'feasts'; it serves as direct object coordinated with σάββατα.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πένθοςmourningN3E ASN · πένθοςresult complement after the verb of turning→ object specificationπένθος: meaning 'mourning'; it serves as result complement after the verb of turning.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάσαςallA1S APF · πᾶςcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ᾠδὰςsongsN1 APF · ᾠδήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalᾠδή: meaning 'songs'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
θρῆνονlamentationN2 ASM · θρῆνοςdirect object of the verbal action→ object specificationθρῆνος: meaning 'lamentation'; it serves as direct object of the verbal action.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναβιβῶI will bring upVF2 FAI1S · βιβάζω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ future verbal action projecting the oracle forwardβιβάζω + ἀνα: meaning 'I will bring up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πᾶσανallA1S ASF · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ὀσφὺνloinsN3U ASF · ὀσφύςgenitive element qualifying another term→ object specificationὀσφύς: meaning 'loins'; it serves as genitive element qualifying another term.
σάκκονsackclothN2 ASM · σάκκοςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause→ object specificationσάκκος: meaning 'sackcloth'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πᾶσανallA1S ASF · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
κεφαλὴνheadN1 ASF · κεφαλήcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationκεφαλή: meaning 'head'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
φαλάκρωμαbaldnessN3M ASN · φαλάκρωμαaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationφαλάκρωμα: meaning 'baldness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θήσομαιplace / appointVF FMI1S · τίθημιverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea→ futureτίθημι: meaning 'place'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
πένθοςmourningN3E ASN · πένθοςresult complement after the verb of turning→ object specificationπένθος: meaning 'mourning'; it serves as result complement after the verb of turning.
ἀγαπητοῦbeloved oneA1 GSM · ἀγαπητόςgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ relational specificationἀγαπητός: meaning 'beloved one'; it serves as genitive element qualifying a related head term.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἡμέρανdayN1A ASF · ἡμέραaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ὀδύνηςgriefN1 GSF · ὀδύνηnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ relational specificationὀδύνη: meaning 'grief'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
11
ἰδοὺ ἡμέραι ἔρχονται λέγει κύριος καὶ ἐξαποστελῶ λιμὸν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν οὐ λιμὸν ἄρτου οὐδὲ δίψαν ὕδατος ἀλλὰ λιμὸν τοῦ ἀκοῦσαι λόγον κυρίου
Behold, days are coming, says the Lord, and I will send famine upon the land, not a famine of bread nor a thirst for water, but a famine of hearing the word of the Lord.
The most devastating shortage is announced as a famine of revelation. The people who neglected the prophetic word will experience its absence as judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούinterjection introducing or coloring the speech→ discourse markerἰδού: meaning 'behold'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἡμέραιdayN1A NPF · ἡμέραhead noun or nominal element within the clause→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as head noun or nominal element within the clause.
ἔρχονταιare comingV1 PMI3P · ἔρχομαιfinite verb describing present hostile advance→ progressive present of approachἔρχομαι: meaning 'are coming'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb describing present hostile advance.
λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingλέγω: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαποστελῶsend outVF2 FAI1S · στέλλω + ἐκ + ἀποmain verbal form advancing the clause→ futureστέλλω + ἐκ + ἀπο: meaning 'send out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
λιμὸνfamineN2 ASM · λιμόςdirect object of κέκληκεν→ object specificationλιμός: meaning 'famine'; it serves as direct object of κέκληκεν.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
λιμὸνfamineN2 ASM · λιμόςdirect object of κέκληκεν→ object specificationλιμός: meaning 'famine'; it serves as direct object of κέκληκεν.
ἄρτουbreadN2 GSM · ἄρτοςgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationἄρτος: meaning 'bread'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δίψανthirstN1S ASF · δίψαnominal term functioning in a acc relation→ object specificationδίψα: meaning 'thirst'; it serves as nominal term functioning in a acc relation.
ὕδατοςwaterN3T GSN · ὕδωρnominal term functioning as a genitive dependent→ relational specificationὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a genitive dependent.
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάcoordinating or discourse-linking conjunction→ coordinationἀλλὰ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λιμὸνfamineN2 ASM · λιμόςdirect object of κέκληκεν→ object specificationλιμός: meaning 'famine'; it serves as direct object of κέκληκεν.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀκοῦσαιheardVA AAN · ἀκούωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristἀκούω: meaning 'heard'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of relative clause.
λόγονwordN2 ASM · λόγοςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
12
καὶ σαλευθήσονται ὕδατα ἕως θαλάσσης καὶ ἀπὸ βορρᾶ ἕως ἀνατολῶν περιδραμοῦνται ζητοῦντες τὸν λόγον κυρίου καὶ οὐ μὴ εὕρωσιν
And waters shall be shaken as far as the sea, and from north to east they shall run about seeking the word of the Lord, and they shall certainly not find it.
The search becomes frantic and futile. Movement from sea to sea and from north to east dramatizes desperation that cannot recover a withdrawn word.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σαλευθήσονταιshall be shakenVC FPI3P · σαλεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureσαλεύω: meaning 'shall be shaken'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὕδαταwatersN3T APN · ὕδωρsubject of the first ἐπάγη→ object specificationὕδωρ: meaning 'waters'; it serves as subject of the first ἐπάγη.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
θαλάσσηςseaN1S GSF · θάλασσαgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ relational specificationθάλασσα: meaning 'sea'; it serves as genitive element qualifying a related head term.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
βορρᾶnorthN1T GSM · βορέαςgenitive dependent→ relational specificationβορέας: meaning 'north'; it serves as genitive dependent.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
ἀνατολῶνeastN1 GPF · ἀνατολήgenitive dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationἀνατολή: meaning 'east'; it serves as genitive dependent within the phrase.
περιδραμοῦνταιthey shall run aboutVF2 FMI3P · τρέχω + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseτρέχω + περι: meaning 'they shall run about'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ζητοῦντεςseekingV2 · παπνπμ ζητέωparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ ζητέω: meaning 'seeking'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributively.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγονwordN2 ASM · λόγοςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
εὕρωσινthey may findVB AAS3P · εὑρίσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseεὑρίσκω: meaning 'they may find'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
13
ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ ἐκλείψουσιν αἱ παρθένοι αἱ καλαὶ καὶ οἱ νεανίσκοι ἐν δίψει
In that day the fair virgins and the young men shall fail from thirst.
Even the strongest and most beautiful members of the community cannot endure the judgment. Thirst here gathers both physical and spiritual deprivation into one image.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐκείνῃthatRD DSF · ἐκεῖνοςpronoun marking reference, means, or location→ participant reference or interestἐκείνῃ: meaning 'that'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun marking reference, means, or location.
ἐκλείψουσινleipo + ekVF FAI3P · λείπω + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the narrative or description→ future force: projected action or resultλείπω + ἐκ: meaning 'leipo + ek'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαἱ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
παρθένοιvirginsN2 NPF · παρθένοςsubject of the following verbal action→ participant prominenceπαρθένος: meaning 'virgins'; it serves as subject of the following verbal action.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαἱ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καλαὶfairA1 NPF · καλόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionκαλός: meaning 'fair'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεανίσκοιyoung menN2 NPM · νεανίσκοςsubject of the following verbal action→ participant prominenceνεανίσκος: meaning 'young men'; it serves as subject of the following verbal action.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
δίψειdipseiN3E DSN · δίψοςnominal term functioning in a dat relation→ covenant witness, rebellion, and divine vindicationδίψος: meaning 'dipsei'; it serves as nominal term functioning in a dat relation.
14
οἱ ὀμνύοντες κατὰ τοῦ ἱλασμοῦ Σαμαρείας καὶ οἱ λέγοντες ζῇ ὁ θεός σου Δαν καὶ ζῇ ὁ θεός σου Βηρσαβεε καὶ πεσοῦνται καὶ οὐ μὴ ἀναστῶσιν ἔτι
Those who swear by the atoning shrine of Samaria and those who say, 'As your god lives, O Dan,' and 'As your god lives, O Beersheba,' shall fall and shall certainly not rise again.
The chapter ends by exposing the impotence of rival shrines and oath formulas. Those who attach themselves to Samaria, Dan, and Beersheba fall with no hope of rising again.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀμνύοντεςswearingV5 · παπνπμ ὄμνυμιfinite verbal form carrying the clause action→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ ὄμνυμι: meaning 'swearing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal form carrying the clause action.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱλασμοῦatoning shrineN2 GSM · ἱλασμόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or qualityἱλασμός: meaning 'atoning shrine'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΣαμαρείαςSamariaN1A GSF · Σαμαρείαgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ participant identificationΣαμαρείας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λέγοντεςsayingV1 · παπνπμ λέγωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ present participle introducing direct proposalπαπνπμ λέγω: meaning 'saying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
ζῇlivesV3 PAI3S · ζάωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ ongoing verbal processζάω: meaning 'lives'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςGodN2 NSM · θεόςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ΔανDanN VSM · Δανadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phraseΔαν: meaning 'Dan'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ζῇlivesV3 PAI3S · ζάωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ ongoing verbal processζάω: meaning 'lives'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςGodN2 NSM · θεόςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ΒηρσαβεεBeershebaN VS · Βηρσαβεεadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phraseΒηρσαβεε: meaning 'Beersheba'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πεσοῦνταιfellVF2 FMI3P · πίπτωfinite verb advancing the clause→ futureπίπτω: meaning 'fell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἀναστῶσινriseVH AAS3P · ἵστημι + ἀναverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea→ aorist aspect presenting the action as a wholeἵστημι + ἀνα: meaning 'rise'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea.
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceἔτι: meaning 'still'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.