1
μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα ἐδόξασεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Ἀρταξέρξης Αμαν Αμαδαθου Βουγαῖον καὶ ὕψωσεν αὐτόν καὶ ἐπρωτοβάθρει πάντων τῶν φίλων αὐτοῦ
After these things King Artaxerxes honored Haman son of Hamadathos the Bougaian, exalted him, and gave him precedence above all his friends.
The chapter opens with royal advancement. Haman's promotion is framed not merely as favor but as a public ranking above the rest of the king's intimates, which sets the social pressure behind the coming conflict.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
μετὰafterP · μετάprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationμετά: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
δὲbutX · δέcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementδέ: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
ταῦταthisRD APN · οὗτοςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseοὗτος: 'this'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἐδόξασενhonorVAI AAI3S · δοξάζωmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealδοξάζω: 'honor'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςverbal form carrying the clause forward within the narrative or petitionβασιλεύς: "king," here the Persian monarch whose delegated authority turns Haman's hostility into imperial policy.
ἈρταξέρξηςArtaxerxesN1M NSM · Ἀρταξέρξηςproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealἈρταξέρξης: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
ΑμανHamanN ASM · Αμανproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealΑμαν: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
ΑμαδαθουHamadathosN2 GSM · Αμαδαθοςproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealΑμαδαθος: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
ΒουγαῖονBougaianN2 ASM · Βουγαῖοςproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealΒουγαῖος: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
ὕψωσενexaltVAI AAI3S · ὑψόωmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealὑψόω: 'exalt'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
αὐτόνhim / her / itRD ASM · αὐτόςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseαὐτός: 'him / her / it'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
ἐπρωτοβάθρειgive first rankV2I IAI3S · πρωτοβαθρέωmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealπρωτοβαθρέω: 'give first rank'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
πάντωνall / everyA3 GPM · πᾶςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationπᾶς: 'all / every'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
φίλωνfriendA1 GPM · φίλοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationφίλος: 'friend'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
αὐτοῦhim / her / itRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationαὐτός: 'him / her / it'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
2
καὶ πάντες οἱ ἐν τῇ αὐλῇ προσεκύνουν αὐτῷ οὕτως γὰρ προσέταξεν ὁ βασιλεὺς ποιῆσαι ὁ δὲ Μαρδοχαῖος οὐ προσεκύνει αὐτῷ
And all those in the court were bowing down to him, for so the king had commanded it to be done; but Mordecai was not bowing down to him.
Imperial command produces universal compliance except for Mordecai. His solitary refusal gives the crisis its sharply personal point before it becomes empire-wide.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
πάντεςall / everyA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierπᾶς: 'all / every'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationἐν: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
αὐλῇcourtN1 DSF · αὐλήdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereαὐλή: 'court'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
προσεκύνουνbow downV2I IAI3P · κυνέω + προςmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealκυνέω: 'bow down'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
αὐτῷhim / her / itRD DSM · αὐτόςdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereαὐτός: 'him / her / it'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial modifier sharpening manner, degree, time, or discourse emphasisοὕτως: 'thus'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
γὰρforX · γάρcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementγάρ: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
προσέταξενcommandVAI AAI3S · τάσσω + προςmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealτάσσω: 'command'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςverbal form carrying the clause forward within the narrative or petitionβασιλεύς: "king," here the Persian monarch whose delegated authority turns Haman's hostility into imperial policy.
ποιῆσαιdo / makeVA AAN · ποιέωparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionποιέω: 'do / make'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementδέ: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
ΜαρδοχαῖοςMordecaiN2 NSM · Μαρδοχαῖοςproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealΜαρδοχαῖος: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
οὐnotD · οὐcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementοὐ: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
προσεκύνειbow downV2I IAI3S · κυνέω + προςmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealκυνέω: 'bow down'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
αὐτῷhim / her / itRD DSM · αὐτόςdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereαὐτός: 'him / her / it'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
3
καὶ ἐλάλησαν οἱ ἐν τῇ αὐλῇ τοῦ βασιλέως τῷ Μαρδοχαίῳ Μαρδοχαῖε τί παρακούεις τὰ ὑπὸ τοῦ βασιλέως λεγόμενα
And those in the king's court said to Mordecai, 'Mordecai, why are you disobeying what is spoken by the king?'
The question interprets Mordecai's act as disobedience to the king rather than a private slight against Haman. That framing prepares the political escalation that follows.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
ἐλάλησανspeakVAI AAI3P · λαλέωmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealλαλέω: 'speak'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationἐν: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
αὐλῇcourtN1 DSF · αὐλήdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereαὐλή: 'court'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςverbal form carrying the clause forward within the narrative or petitionβασιλεύς: "king," here the Persian monarch whose delegated authority turns Haman's hostility into imperial policy.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ΜαρδοχαίῳMordecaiN2 DSM · Μαρδοχαῖοςproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealΜαρδοχαῖος: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
ΜαρδοχαῖεMordecaiN2 VSM · Μαρδοχαῖοςverbal form carrying the clause forward within the narrative or petitionΜαρδοχαῖος: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
τίwhoRI ASN · τίςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseτίς: 'who'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
παρακούειςdisobeyV1 PAI2S · ἀκούω + παραmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealἀκούω: 'disobey'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ὑπὸunder / byP · ὑπόprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationὑπό: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςverbal form carrying the clause forward within the narrative or petitionβασιλεύς: "king," here the Persian monarch whose delegated authority turns Haman's hostility into imperial policy.
λεγόμεναsayV1 · πμπαπν λέγωparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionλέγω: 'say'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
4
καθ' ἑκάστην ἡμέραν ἐλάλουν αὐτῷ καὶ οὐχ ὑπήκουεν αὐτῶν καὶ ὑπέδειξαν τῷ Αμαν Μαρδοχαῖον τοῖς τοῦ βασιλέως λόγοις ἀντιτασσόμενον καὶ ὑπέδειξεν αὐτοῖς ὁ Μαρδοχαῖος ὅτι Ιουδαῖός ἐστιν
Day after day they spoke to him, but he would not listen to them; so they informed Haman that Mordecai was resisting the king's orders, and Mordecai had made plain to them that he was a Jew.
Persistent pressure fails, and the courtiers carry the matter upward. The note that Mordecai disclosed his Jewish identity gives Haman the ethnic basis for widening his retaliation beyond one man.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καθ'according to / againstP · κατάprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationκατά: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
ἑκάστηνeachA1 ASF · ἕκαστοςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseἕκαστος: 'each'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἡμέρανdayN1A ASF · ἡμέραaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseἡμέρα: 'day'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἐλάλουνspeakV2I IAI3P · λαλέωmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealλαλέω: 'speak'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
αὐτῷhim / her / itRD DSM · αὐτόςdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereαὐτός: 'him / her / it'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
οὐχnotD · οὐcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementοὐ: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
ὑπήκουενlistenV1I IAI3S · ἀκούω + ὑποmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealἀκούω: 'listen'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
αὐτῶνhim / her / itRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationαὐτός: 'him / her / it'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
ὑπέδειξανreport / point outVAI AAI3P · δεικνύω + ὑποmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealδεικνύω: 'report / point out'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ΑμανHamanN DSM · Αμανproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealΑμαν: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
ΜαρδοχαῖονMordecaiN2 ASM · Μαρδοχαῖοςproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealΜαρδοχαῖος: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςverbal form carrying the clause forward within the narrative or petitionβασιλεύς: "king," here the Persian monarch whose delegated authority turns Haman's hostility into imperial policy.
λόγοιςword / matterN2 DPM · λόγοςdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereλόγος: 'word / matter'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἀντιτασσόμενονopposeV1 · πμπασμ τάσσω + ἀντιparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionτάσσω: 'oppose'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
ὑπέδειξενreport / point outVAI AAI3S · δεικνύω + ὑποmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealδεικνύω: 'report / point out'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
αὐτοῖςhim / her / itRD DPM · αὐτόςdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereαὐτός: 'him / her / it'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ΜαρδοχαῖοςMordecaiN2 NSM · Μαρδοχαῖοςproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealΜαρδοχαῖος: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementὅτι: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
ΙουδαῖόςJewN2 NSM · Ἰουδαῖοςproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealἸουδαῖος: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealεἰμί: 'be'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
5
καὶ ἐπιγνοὺς Αμαν ὅτι οὐ προσκυνεῖ αὐτῷ Μαρδοχαῖος ἐθυμώθη σφόδρα
And when Haman learned that Mordecai was not bowing down to him, he was enraged exceedingly.
The narration compresses Haman's response into a burst of anger. Personal offense now becomes the affective engine for official violence.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
ἐπιγνοὺςlearn / perceive fullyVZ · ααπνσμ γιγνώσκω + ἐπιparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionγιγνώσκω: 'learn / perceive fully'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ΑμανHamanN NSM · Αμανproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealΑμαν: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementὅτι: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
οὐnotD · οὐcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementοὐ: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
προσκυνεῖbow downV2 PAI3S · κυνέω + προςmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealκυνέω: 'bow down'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
αὐτῷhim / her / itRD DSM · αὐτόςdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereαὐτός: 'him / her / it'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ΜαρδοχαῖοςMordecaiN2 NSM · Μαρδοχαῖοςproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealΜαρδοχαῖος: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
ἐθυμώθηbe enragedVCI API3S · θυμόωverbal form carrying the clause forward within the narrative or petitionθυμόω: 'be enraged'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
σφόδραexceedinglyD · σφόδραadverbial modifier sharpening manner, degree, time, or discourse emphasisσφόδρα: 'exceedingly'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
6
καὶ ἐβουλεύσατο ἀφανίσαι πάντας τοὺς ὑπὸ τὴν Ἀρταξέρξου βασιλείαν Ιουδαίους
And he resolved to wipe out all the Jews who were under the kingdom of Artaxerxes.
The target expands from Mordecai to the whole Jewish people under Persian rule. The narrative marks the disproportion as the moral horror at the center of the episode.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
ἐβουλεύσατοplanVAI AMI3S · βουλεύωmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealβουλεύω: 'plan'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἀφανίσαιdestroyVA AAN · ἵζω + ἀπο + ἀναparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionἵζω: 'destroy'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
πάνταςall / everyA3 APM · πᾶςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseπᾶς: 'all / every'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ὑπὸunder / byP · ὑπόprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationὑπό: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ἈρταξέρξουArtaxerxesN1M GSM · Ἀρταξέρξηςproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealἈρταξέρξης: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
βασιλείανkingdomN1A ASF · βασιλείαaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseβασιλεία: 'kingdom'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ΙουδαίουςJewN2 APM · Ἰουδαῖοςproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealἸουδαῖος: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
7
καὶ ἐποίησεν ψήφισμα ἐν ἔτει δωδεκάτῳ τῆς βασιλείας Ἀρταξέρξου καὶ ἔβαλεν κλήρους ἡμέραν ἐξ ἡμέρας καὶ μῆνα ἐκ μηνὸς ὥστε ἀπολέσαι ἐν μιᾷ ἡμέρᾳ τὸ γένος Μαρδοχαίου καὶ ἔπεσεν ὁ κλῆρος εἰς τὴν τεσσαρεσκαιδεκάτην τοῦ μηνός ὅς ἐστιν Αδαρ
And in the twelfth year of the reign of Artaxerxes he made a decree and cast lots from day to day and from month to month, in order to destroy the race of Mordecai in a single day; and the lot fell on the fourteenth of the month that is Adar.
The decree is procedural as well as hostile: lot-casting supplies a fatal date and lends bureaucratic inevitability to the plot. The people are chillingly identified as the race of Mordecai.
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
ἐποίησενdo / makeVAI AAI3S · ποιέωmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealποιέω: 'do / make'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ψήφισμαdecreeN3M ASN · ψήφισμαaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseψήφισμα: 'decree'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationἐν: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
ἔτειyearN3E DSN · ἔτοςdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereἔτος: 'year'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
δωδεκάτῳtwelfthA1 DSN · δωδέκατοςdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereδωδέκατος: 'twelfth'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
βασιλείαςkingdomN1A GSF · βασιλείαgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationβασιλεία: 'kingdom'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἈρταξέρξουArtaxerxesN1M GSM · Ἀρταξέρξηςproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealἈρταξέρξης: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
ἔβαλενcastVBI AAI3S · βάλλωmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealβάλλω: 'cast'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
κλήρουςlotN2 APM · κλῆροςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseκλῆρος: "lot," the term that marks the calendrical fixing of the threatened destruction in Esther 3.
ἡμέρανdayN1A ASF · ἡμέραaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseἡμέρα: 'day'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἐξfromP · ἐκprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationἐκ: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
ἡμέραςdayN1A GSF · ἡμέραgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationἡμέρα: 'day'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
μῆναmonthN3 ASM · μήνaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseμήν: 'month'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἐκfromP · ἐκprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationἐκ: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
μηνὸςmonthN3 GSM · μήνgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationμήν: 'month'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ὥστεso asC · ὥστεsubstantival or adjectival term contributing to the clause's argument or scene-settingὥστε: 'so as'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἀπολέσαιdestroyVA AAN · ὀλλύω + ἀποparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionὀλλύω: 'destroy'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationἐν: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
μιᾷoneA1A DSF · εἷςdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereεἷς: 'one'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereἡμέρα: 'day'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
γένοςraceN3E ASN · γένοςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseγένος: 'race'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ΜαρδοχαίουMordecaiN2 GSM · Μαρδοχαῖοςproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealΜαρδοχαῖος: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
ἔπεσενfallVAI AAI3S · πίπτωmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealπίπτω: 'fall'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
κλῆροςlotN2 NSM · κλῆροςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierκλῆρος: "lot," the term that marks the calendrical fixing of the threatened destruction in Esther 3.
εἰςintoP · εἰςprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationεἰς: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
τεσσαρεσκαιδεκάτηνfourteenthA1 ASF · τεσσαρεσκαιδέκατοςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseτεσσαρεσκαιδέκατος: 'fourteenth'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
μηνόςmonthN3 GSM · μήνgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationμήν: 'month'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ὅςwhoRR NSM · ὅςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierὅς: 'who'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealεἰμί: 'be'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ΑδαρAdarN NSM · Αδαρproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealΑδαρ: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
8
καὶ ἐλάλησεν πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα Ἀρταξέρξην λέγων ὑπάρχει ἔθνος διεσπαρμένον ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ἐν πάσῃ τῇ βασιλείᾳ σου οἱ δὲ νόμοι αὐτῶν ἔξαλλοι παρὰ πάντα τὰ ἔθνη τῶν δὲ νόμων τοῦ βασιλέως παρακούουσιν καὶ οὐ συμφέρει τῷ βασιλεῖ ἐᾶσαι αὐτούς
And he spoke to King Artaxerxes, saying, 'There is a nation scattered among the nations throughout all your kingdom. Their laws are strange beyond every people; they disregard the king's laws, and it is not advantageous for the king to leave them alone.'
Haman recasts Jewish distinctiveness as civil danger. The speech is classic imperial suspicion: dispersion, legal otherness, and supposed disloyalty are fused into one accusation.
Word-by-word analysis· 40 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
ἐλάλησενspeakVAI AAI3S · λαλέωmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealλαλέω: 'speak'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationπρός: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
βασιλέαkingN3V ASM · βασιλεύςverbal form carrying the clause forward within the narrative or petitionβασιλεύς: "king," here the Persian monarch whose delegated authority turns Haman's hostility into imperial policy.
ἈρταξέρξηνArtaxerxesN1M ASM · Ἀρταξέρξηςproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealἈρταξέρξης: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
λέγωνsayV1 · παπνσμ λέγωparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionλέγω: 'say'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ὑπάρχειbe present / existV1 PAI3S · ἄρχω + ὑποmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealἄρχω: 'be present / exist'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἔθνοςnationN3E NSN · ἔθνοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierἔθνος: 'nation'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
διεσπαρμένονscatterVM · χμπνσν σπείρω + διαparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionσπείρω: 'scatter'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationἐν: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ἔθνεσινnationN3E DPN · ἔθνοςdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereἔθνος: 'nation'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationἐν: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
πάσῃall / everyA1S DSF · πᾶςdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereπᾶς: 'all / every'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
βασιλείᾳkingdomN1A DSF · βασιλείαdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereβασιλεία: 'kingdom'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
σουyouRP GS · σύgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationσύ: 'you'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementδέ: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
νόμοιlawN2 NPM · νόμοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierνόμος: 'law'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
αὐτῶνhim / her / itRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationαὐτός: 'him / her / it'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἔξαλλοιstrange / outlandishA1B NPM · ἔξαλλοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierἔξαλλος: 'strange / outlandish'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
παρὰbeside / beyondP · παράprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationπαρά: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
πάνταall / everyA3 APN · πᾶςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseπᾶς: 'all / every'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ἔθνηnationN3E APN · ἔθνοςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseἔθνος: 'nation'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementδέ: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
νόμωνlawN2 GPM · νόμοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationνόμος: 'law'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςverbal form carrying the clause forward within the narrative or petitionβασιλεύς: "king," here the Persian monarch whose delegated authority turns Haman's hostility into imperial policy.
παρακούουσινdisobeyV1 PAI3P · ἀκούω + παραmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealἀκούω: 'disobey'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
οὐnotD · οὐcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementοὐ: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
συμφέρειbe advantageousV1 PAI3S · φέρω + συνmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealφέρω: 'be advantageous'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
βασιλεῖkingN3V DSM · βασιλεύςverbal form carrying the clause forward within the narrative or petitionβασιλεύς: "king," here the Persian monarch whose delegated authority turns Haman's hostility into imperial policy.
ἐᾶσαιallow / leaveVA AAN · ἐάωinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, result, or complementary actionἐάω: 'allow / leave'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
αὐτούςhim / her / itRD APM · αὐτόςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseαὐτός: 'him / her / it'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
9
εἰ δοκεῖ τῷ βασιλεῖ δογματισάτω ἀπολέσαι αὐτούς κἀγὼ διαγράψω εἰς τὸ γαζοφυλάκιον τοῦ βασιλέως ἀργυρίου τάλαντα μύρια
If it seems good to the king, let it be decreed to destroy them, and I myself will deposit ten thousand talents of silver into the king's treasury.
The proposal joins policy to profit. Haman presents extermination as something both politically useful and financially subsidized.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
εἰifC · εἰsubstantival or adjectival term contributing to the clause's argument or scene-settingεἰ: 'if'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
δοκεῖseem goodV2 PAI3S · δοκέωmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealδοκέω: 'seem good'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
βασιλεῖkingN3V DSM · βασιλεύςverbal form carrying the clause forward within the narrative or petitionβασιλεύς: "king," here the Persian monarch whose delegated authority turns Haman's hostility into imperial policy.
δογματισάτωdecreeVA AAD3S · δογματίζωverbal form carrying the clause forward within the narrative or petitionδογματίζω: 'decree'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἀπολέσαιdestroyVA AAN · ὀλλύω + ἀποparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionὀλλύω: 'destroy'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
αὐτούςhim / her / itRD APM · αὐτόςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseαὐτός: 'him / her / it'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
κἀγὼand IC+RPNS · καί̈ἐγώsubstantival or adjectival term contributing to the clause's argument or scene-settingκαί̈ἐγώ: 'and I'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
διαγράψωenter in writingVF FAI1S · γράφω + διαmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealγράφω: 'enter in writing'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
εἰςintoP · εἰςprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationεἰς: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
γαζοφυλάκιονtreasuryN2N ASN · γαζοφυλάκιονaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseγαζοφυλάκιον: 'treasury'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςverbal form carrying the clause forward within the narrative or petitionβασιλεύς: "king," here the Persian monarch whose delegated authority turns Haman's hostility into imperial policy.
ἀργυρίουsilverN2N GSN · ἀργύριονgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationἀργύριον: 'silver'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τάλανταtalentN2N APN · τάλαντονaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseτάλαντον: 'talent'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
μύριαten thousandA1A APN · μύριοιaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseμύριοι: 'ten thousand'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
10
καὶ περιελόμενος ὁ βασιλεὺς τὸν δακτύλιον ἔδωκεν εἰς χεῖρα τῷ Αμαν σφραγίσαι κατὰ τῶν γεγραμμένων κατὰ τῶν Ιουδαίων
And the king removed his ring and gave it into Haman's hand to seal what had been written against the Jews.
The signet ring transfers operative power. From this point the hostility is no longer only Haman's desire but an authorized imperial act.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
περιελόμενοςtake offVB · αμπνσμ αἱρέω + περιparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionαἱρέω: 'take off'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςverbal form carrying the clause forward within the narrative or petitionβασιλεύς: "king," here the Persian monarch whose delegated authority turns Haman's hostility into imperial policy.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
δακτύλιονringN2 ASM · δακτύλιοςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseδακτύλιος: 'ring'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἔδωκενgiveVAI AAI3S · δίδωμιmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealδίδωμι: 'give'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
εἰςintoP · εἰςprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationεἰς: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
χεῖραhandN3 ASF · χείρaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseχείρ: 'hand'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ΑμανHamanN DSM · Αμανproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealΑμαν: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
σφραγίσαιsealVA AAN · σφραγίζωinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, result, or complementary actionσφραγίζω: 'seal'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
κατὰaccording to / againstP · κατάprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationκατά: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
γεγραμμένωνwriteVP · χμπγπν γράφωparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionγράφω: 'write'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
κατὰaccording to / againstP · κατάprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationκατά: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ΙουδαίωνJewN2 GPM · Ἰουδαῖοςproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealἸουδαῖος: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
11
καὶ εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεὺς τῷ Αμαν τὸ μὲν ἀργύριον ἔχε τῷ δὲ ἔθνει χρῶ ὡς βούλει
And the king said to Haman, 'Keep the silver, and treat the nation as you wish.'
Artaxerxes refuses the payment yet grants the request, showing indifference both to the money and to the people placed in Haman's power.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
εἶπενsayVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealεἶπον: 'say'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςverbal form carrying the clause forward within the narrative or petitionβασιλεύς: "king," here the Persian monarch whose delegated authority turns Haman's hostility into imperial policy.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ΑμανHamanN DSM · Αμανproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealΑμαν: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
μὲνindeedX · μένcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementμέν: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
ἀργύριονsilverN2N ASN · ἀργύριονaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseἀργύριον: 'silver'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἔχεhaveV1 PAD2S · ἔχωverbal form carrying the clause forward within the narrative or petitionἔχω: 'have'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementδέ: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
ἔθνειnationN3E DSN · ἔθνοςdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereἔθνος: 'nation'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
χρῶtreat / useV3 PAI1S · χράωmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealχράω: 'treat / use'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ὡςasC · ὡςsubstantival or adjectival term contributing to the clause's argument or scene-settingὡς: 'as'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
βούλειwishV1 PMI2S · βούλομαιmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealβούλομαι: 'wish'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
12
καὶ ἐκλήθησαν οἱ γραμματεῖς τοῦ βασιλέως μηνὶ πρώτῳ τῇ τρισκαιδεκάτῃ καὶ ἔγραψαν ὡς ἐπέταξεν Αμαν τοῖς στρατηγοῖς καὶ τοῖς ἄρχουσιν κατὰ πᾶσαν χώραν ἀπὸ Ἰνδικῆς ἕως τῆς Αἰθιοπίας ταῖς ἑκατὸν εἴκοσι ἑπτὰ χώραις τοῖς τε ἄρχουσι τῶν ἐθνῶν κατὰ τὴν αὐτῶν λέξιν δι' Ἀρταξέρξου τοῦ βασιλέως
And the king's secretaries were summoned on the thirteenth day of the first month, and they wrote exactly as Haman ordered to the generals and rulers in every province, from India to Ethiopia, to the one hundred twenty-seven provinces, and to the rulers of the nations in their own language, under King Artaxerxes.
The writing scene underlines the machinery of empire: scribes, provincial officials, languages, and named geographic span. Violence is translated into administration.
Word-by-word analysis· 46 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
ἐκλήθησανsummonVCI API3P · καλέωverbal form carrying the clause forward within the narrative or petitionκαλέω: 'summon'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
γραμματεῖςsecretaryN3V NPM · γραμματεύςverbal form carrying the clause forward within the narrative or petitionγραμματεύς: 'secretary'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςverbal form carrying the clause forward within the narrative or petitionβασιλεύς: "king," here the Persian monarch whose delegated authority turns Haman's hostility into imperial policy.
μηνὶmonthN3 DSM · μήνdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereμήν: 'month'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
πρώτῳfirstA1 DSMS · πρῶτοςdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereπρῶτος: 'first'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
τρισκαιδεκάτῃthirteenthA1 DSF · τρισκαιδέκατοςdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereτρισκαιδέκατος: 'thirteenth'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
ἔγραψανwriteVAI AAI3P · γράφωmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealγράφω: 'write'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ὡςasC · ὡςsubstantival or adjectival term contributing to the clause's argument or scene-settingὡς: 'as'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἐπέταξενappoint / commandVAI AAI3S · τάσσω + ἐπιmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealτάσσω: 'appoint / command'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ΑμανHamanN NSM · Αμανproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealΑμαν: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
στρατηγοῖςgeneralN2 DPM · στρατηγόςdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereστρατηγός: 'general'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ἄρχουσινrulerN3 DPM · ἄρχωνdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereἄρχων: 'ruler'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
κατὰaccording to / againstP · κατάprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationκατά: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
πᾶσανall / everyA1S ASF · πᾶςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseπᾶς: 'all / every'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
χώρανprovinceN1A ASF · χώραaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseχώρα: 'province'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationἀπό: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
ἸνδικῆςIndiaN1 GSF · Ἰνδικήproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealἸνδική: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
ἕωςup toP · ἕωςprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationἕως: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ΑἰθιοπίαςEthiopiaN1A GSF · Αἰθιοπίαproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealΑἰθιοπία: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ἑκατὸνhundredM · ἑκατόνsubstantival or adjectival term contributing to the clause's argument or scene-settingἑκατόν: 'hundred'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
εἴκοσιtwentyM · εἴκοσιsubstantival or adjectival term contributing to the clause's argument or scene-settingεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἑπτὰsevenM · ἑπτάsubstantival or adjectival term contributing to the clause's argument or scene-settingἑπτά: 'seven'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
χώραιςprovinceN1A DPF · χώραdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereχώρα: 'province'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
τεX TEX TEsubstantival or adjectival term contributing to the clause's argument or scene-settingX TE: 'X TE'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἄρχουσιrulerN3 DPM · ἄρχωνdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereἄρχων: 'ruler'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ἐθνῶνnationN3E GPN · ἔθνοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationἔθνος: 'nation'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
κατὰaccording to / againstP · κατάprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationκατά: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
αὐτῶνhim / her / itRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationαὐτός: 'him / her / it'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
λέξινlanguage / wordingN3I ASF · λέξιςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseλέξις: 'language / wording'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
δι'throughP · διάprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationδιά: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
ἈρταξέρξουArtaxerxesN1M GSM · Ἀρταξέρξηςproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealἈρταξέρξης: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςverbal form carrying the clause forward within the narrative or petitionβασιλεύς: "king," here the Persian monarch whose delegated authority turns Haman's hostility into imperial policy.
13
καὶ ἀπεστάλη διὰ βιβλιαφόρων εἰς τὴν Ἀρταξέρξου βασιλείαν ἀφανίσαι τὸ γένος τῶν Ιουδαίων ἐν ἡμέρᾳ μιᾷ μηνὸς δωδεκάτου ὅς ἐστιν Αδαρ καὶ διαρπάσαι τὰ ὑπάρχοντα αὐτῶν τῆς δὲ ἐπιστολῆς ἐστιν τὸ ἀντίγραφον τόδε βασιλεὺς μέγας Ἀρταξέρξης τοῖς ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς ἕως τῆς Αἰθιοπίας ἑκατὸν εἴκοσι ἑπτὰ χωρῶν ἄρχουσι καὶ τοπάρχαις ὑποτεταγμένοις τάδε γράφει πολλῶν ἐπάρξας ἐθνῶν καὶ πάσης ἐπικρατήσας οἰκουμένης ἐβουλήθην μὴ τῷ θράσει τῆς ἐξουσίας ἐπαιρόμενος ἐπιεικέστερον δὲ καὶ μετὰ ἠπιότητος ἀεὶ διεξάγων τοὺς τῶν ὑποτεταγμένων ἀκυμάτους διὰ παντὸς καταστῆσαι βίους τήν τε βασιλείαν ἥμερον καὶ πορευτὴν μέχρι περάτων παρεξόμενος ἀνανεώσασθαί τε τὴν ποθουμένην τοῖς πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις εἰρήνην πυθομένου δέ μου τῶν συμβούλων πῶς ἂν ἀχθείη τοῦτο ἐπὶ πέρας σωφροσύνῃ παρ' ἡμῖν διενέγκας καὶ ἐν τῇ εὐνοίᾳ ἀπαραλλάκτως καὶ βεβαίᾳ πίστει ἀποδεδειγμένος καὶ δεύτερον τῶν βασιλειῶν γέρας ἀπενηνεγμένος Αμαν ἐπέδειξεν ἡμῖν ἐν πάσαις ταῖς κατὰ τὴν οἰκουμένην φυλαῖς ἀναμεμεῖχθαι δυσμενῆ λαόν τινα τοῖς νόμοις ἀντίθετον πρὸς πᾶν ἔθνος τά τε τῶν βασιλέων παραπέμποντας διηνεκῶς διατάγματα πρὸς τὸ μὴ κατατίθεσθαι τὴν ὑφ' ἡμῶν κατευθυνομένην ἀμέμπτως συναρχίαν διειληφότες οὖν τόδε τὸ ἔθνος μονώτατον ἐν ἀντιπαραγωγῇ παντὶ διὰ παντὸς ἀνθρώπῳ κείμενον διαγωγὴν νόμων ξενίζουσαν παραλλάσσον καὶ δυσνοοῦν τοῖς ἡμετέροις πράγμασιν τὰ χείριστα συντελοῦν κακὰ καὶ πρὸς τὸ μὴ τὴν βασιλείαν εὐσταθείας τυγχάνειν προστετάχαμεν οὖν τοὺς σημαινομένους ὑμῖν ἐν τοῖς γεγραμμένοις ὑπὸ Αμαν τοῦ τεταγμένου ἐπὶ τῶν πραγμάτων καὶ δευτέρου πατρὸς ἡμῶν πάντας σὺν γυναιξὶ καὶ τέκνοις ἀπολέσαι ὁλορριζεὶ ταῖς τῶν ἐχθρῶν μαχαίραις ἄνευ παντὸς οἴκτου καὶ φειδοῦς τῇ τεσσαρεσκαιδεκάτῃ τοῦ δωδεκάτου μηνὸς Αδαρ τοῦ ἐνεστῶτος ἔτους ὅπως οἱ πάλαι καὶ νῦν δυσμενεῖς ἐν ἡμέρᾳ μιᾷ βιαίως εἰς τὸν ᾅδην κατελθόντες εἰς τὸν μετέπειτα χρόνον εὐσταθῆ καὶ ἀτάραχα παρέχωσιν ἡμῖν διὰ τέλους τὰ πράγματα
And it was sent by letter-carriers throughout the kingdom of Artaxerxes to destroy the Jewish race on a single day, the fourteenth day of the twelfth month, which is Adar, and to plunder their goods. The copy of the letter is this: 'Great King Artaxerxes writes these things to the rulers and local governors of the one hundred twenty-seven provinces from India to Ethiopia. Having ruled over many nations and mastered the whole inhabited world, I desired, not being puffed up by arrogant power but conducting affairs always with gentleness, to make the lives of my subjects continually calm, to render the kingdom mild and passable to its furthest bounds, and to renew the peace desired by all humanity. When I asked my counselors how this might be brought to completion, Haman, who excels among us in prudence, in unwavering goodwill, in firm loyalty, and has received the second honor of the kingdom, showed us that among all the tribes in the world there is mingled a certain hostile people, opposed in its laws to every nation, continually setting aside the kingly ordinances, so that the orderly common governance directed by us may not stand. Therefore, understanding that this nation alone is always set in opposition to every person, following an alien code of laws, ill-disposed toward our affairs, and accomplishing the worst evils so that the kingdom cannot enjoy stability, we have ordered those indicated to you in the writings of Haman, who is set over affairs and is second father to us, to be utterly destroyed with their wives and children by the swords of their enemies, without any pity or sparing, on the fourteenth day of the twelfth month, Adar, of this present year, so that those who were long hostile and are hostile now, having violently gone down to Hades in one day, may henceforth secure our affairs permanently in stability and freedom from turmoil.'
The chapter embeds the full imperial letter, whose polished rhetoric of clemency and order masks a program of annihilation. The contrast between royal self-presentation and actual command is one of the chapter's sharpest ironies.
Word-by-word analysis· 271 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
ἀπεστάληsendVDI API3S · στέλλω + ἀποparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionστέλλω: 'send'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
διὰthroughP · διάprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationδιά: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
βιβλιαφόρωνletter-carrierN2 GPM · βιβλιαφόροςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationβιβλιαφόρος: 'letter-carrier'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
εἰςintoP · εἰςprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationεἰς: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ἈρταξέρξουArtaxerxesN1M GSM · Ἀρταξέρξηςproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealἈρταξέρξης: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
βασιλείανkingdomN1A ASF · βασιλείαaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseβασιλεία: 'kingdom'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἀφανίσαιdestroyVA AAN · ἵζω + ἀπο + ἀναparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionἵζω: 'destroy'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
γένοςraceN3E ASN · γένοςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseγένος: 'race'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ΙουδαίωνJewN2 GPM · Ἰουδαῖοςproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealἸουδαῖος: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationἐν: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereἡμέρα: 'day'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
μιᾷoneA1A DSF · εἷςdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereεἷς: 'one'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
μηνὸςmonthN3 GSM · μήνgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationμήν: 'month'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
δωδεκάτουtwelfthA1 GSM · δωδέκατοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationδωδέκατος: 'twelfth'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ὅςwhoRR NSM · ὅςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierὅς: 'who'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealεἰμί: 'be'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ΑδαρAdarN NSM · Αδαρproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealΑδαρ: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
διαρπάσαιplunderVA AAN · ἁρπάζω + διαparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionἁρπάζω: 'plunder'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ὑπάρχονταbe present / existV1 · παπαπν ἄρχω + ὑποparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionἄρχω: 'be present / exist'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
αὐτῶνhim / her / itRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationαὐτός: 'him / her / it'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementδέ: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
ἐπιστολῆςletterN1 GSF · ἐπιστολήgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationἐπιστολή: 'letter'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealεἰμί: 'be'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ἀντίγραφονcopyN2N NSN · ἀντίγραφονnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierἀντίγραφον: 'copy'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τόδεthis hereRD NSN · ὅδεnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierὅδε: 'this here'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςverbal form carrying the clause forward within the narrative or petitionβασιλεύς: "king," here the Persian monarch whose delegated authority turns Haman's hostility into imperial policy.
μέγαςgreatA1P NSM · μέγαςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierμέγας: 'great'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἈρταξέρξηςArtaxerxesN1M NSM · Ἀρταξέρξηςproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealἈρταξέρξης: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationἀπό: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ἸνδικῆςIndiaN1 GSF · Ἰνδικήproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealἸνδική: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
ἕωςup toP · ἕωςprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationἕως: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ΑἰθιοπίαςEthiopiaN1A GSF · Αἰθιοπίαproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealΑἰθιοπία: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
ἑκατὸνhundredM · ἑκατόνsubstantival or adjectival term contributing to the clause's argument or scene-settingἑκατόν: 'hundred'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
εἴκοσιtwentyM · εἴκοσιsubstantival or adjectival term contributing to the clause's argument or scene-settingεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἑπτὰsevenM · ἑπτάsubstantival or adjectival term contributing to the clause's argument or scene-settingἑπτά: 'seven'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
χωρῶνprovinceN1A GPF · χώραgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationχώρα: 'province'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἄρχουσιrulerN3 DPM · ἄρχωνdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereἄρχων: 'ruler'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
τοπάρχαιςlocal governorN1M DPM · τοπαρχήςdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereτοπαρχής: 'local governor'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ὑποτεταγμένοιςsubject / subordinateVK · χμπδπμ τάσσω + ὑποparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionτάσσω: 'subject / subordinate'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τάδεthis hereRD APN · ὅδεaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseὅδε: 'this here'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
γράφειwriteV1 PAI3S · γράφωmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealγράφω: 'write'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
πολλῶνmany / muchA3 GPN · πολύςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationπολύς: 'many / much'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἐπάρξαςrule overVA · ααπνσμ ἄρχω + ἐπιparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionἄρχω: 'rule over'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἐθνῶνnationN3E GPN · ἔθνοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationἔθνος: 'nation'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
πάσηςall / everyA1S GSF · πᾶςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationπᾶς: 'all / every'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἐπικρατήσαςmasterVA · ααπνσμ κρατέω + ἐπιparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionκρατέω: 'master'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
οἰκουμένηςinhabitV2 · πμπγσφ οἰκέωparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionοἰκέω: 'inhabit'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἐβουλήθηνwishVCI API1S · βούλομαιverbal form carrying the clause forward within the narrative or petitionβούλομαι: 'wish'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
μὴnotD · μήcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementμή: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
θράσειboldnessN3 DSN · θράσοςdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereθράσος: 'boldness'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ἐξουσίαςauthorityN1A GSF · ἐξουσίαgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationἐξουσία: 'authority'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἐπαιρόμενοςtake awayV1 · πμπνσμ αἴρω + ἐπιparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionαἴρω: 'take away'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἐπιεικέστερονgentle / equitableA3H ASM · ἐπιεικήςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseἐπιεικής: 'gentle / equitable'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
δὲbutX · δέcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementδέ: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
μετὰafterP · μετάprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationμετά: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
ἠπιότητοςmildnessN3 GSF · ἠπιότηςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationἠπιότης: 'mildness'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἀεὶalwaysD · ἀείadverbial modifier sharpening manner, degree, time, or discourse emphasisἀεί: 'always'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
διεξάγωνconductV1 · παπνσμ ἄγω + δια + ἐκparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionἄγω: 'conduct'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ὑποτεταγμένωνsubject / subordinateVK · χμπγπμ τάσσω + ὑποparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionτάσσω: 'subject / subordinate'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἀκυμάτουςundisturbedA1B APM · ἀκύματοςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseἀκύματος: 'undisturbed'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
διὰthroughP · διάprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationδιά: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
παντὸςall / everyA3 GSM · πᾶςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationπᾶς: 'all / every'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
καταστῆσαιstandVA AAN · ἵστημι + καταinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, result, or complementary actionἵστημι: 'stand'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
βίουςlifeN2 APM · βίοςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseβίος: 'life'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τήνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
τεX TEX TEsubstantival or adjectival term contributing to the clause's argument or scene-settingX TE: 'X TE'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
βασιλείανkingdomN1A ASF · βασιλείαaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseβασιλεία: 'kingdom'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἥμερονgentleA1B ASF · ἥμεροςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseἥμερος: 'gentle'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
πορευτὴνtraversableA1 ASF · πορευτόςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseπορευτός: 'traversable'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
μέχριuntilP · μέχριprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationμέχρι: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
περάτωνlimit / endN3T GPN · πέραςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationπέρας: 'limit / end'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
παρεξόμενοςprovideVF · φμπνσμ ἔχω + παραparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionἔχω: 'provide'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἀνανεώσασθαίrenewVA AMN · νεόω + ἀναverbal form carrying the clause forward within the narrative or petitionνεόω: 'renew'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τεX TEX TEsubstantival or adjectival term contributing to the clause's argument or scene-settingX TE: 'X TE'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ποθουμένηνdesireV2 · πμπασφ ποθέωparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionποθέω: 'desire'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
πᾶσινall / everyA3 DPM · πᾶςdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereπᾶς: 'all / every'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἀνθρώποιςhuman beingN2 DPM · ἄνθρωποςdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereἄνθρωπος: 'human being'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
εἰρήνηνpeaceN1 ASF · εἰρήνηaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseεἰρήνη: 'peace'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
πυθομένουlearn by inquiryVB · αμπγσμ πυνθάνομαιparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionπυνθάνομαι: 'learn by inquiry'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
δέbutX · δέcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementδέ: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
μουI / meRP GS · ἐγώgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationἐγώ: 'I / me'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
συμβούλωνcounselorN2 GPM · σύμβουλοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationσύμβουλος: 'counselor'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
πῶςhowD · πῶςadverbial modifier sharpening manner, degree, time, or discourse emphasisπῶς: 'how'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἂνwould / modal particleX · ἄνsubstantival or adjectival term contributing to the clause's argument or scene-settingἄν: 'would / modal particle'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἀχθείηbringVQ APO3S · ἄγωverbal form carrying the clause forward within the narrative or petitionἄγω: 'bring'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τοῦτοthisRD NSN · οὗτοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierοὗτος: 'this'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἐπὶupon / againstP · ἐπίprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationἐπί: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
πέραςlimit / endN3T ASN · πέραςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseπέρας: 'limit / end'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
σωφροσύνῃprudenceN1 DSF · σωφροσύνηdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereσωφροσύνη: 'prudence'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
παρ'beside / beyondP · παράprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationπαρά: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
ἡμῖνI / meRP DP · ἐγώdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereἐγώ: 'I / me'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
διενέγκαςdistinguish oneselfVA · ααπνσμ φέρω + διαparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionφέρω: 'distinguish oneself'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationἐν: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
εὐνοίᾳgoodwillN1A DSF · εὔνοιαdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereεὔνοια: 'goodwill'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἀπαραλλάκτωςwithout deviationD · ἀπαραλλάκτωςadverbial modifier sharpening manner, degree, time, or discourse emphasisἀπαραλλάκτως: 'without deviation'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
βεβαίᾳfirmA1A DSF · βέβαιοςdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereβέβαιος: 'firm'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
πίστειfaithfulnessN3I DSF · πίστιςdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereπίστις: 'faithfulness'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἀποδεδειγμένοςshow forthVK · χμπνσμ δεικνύω + ἀποparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionδεικνύω: 'show forth'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
δεύτερονsecondA1A ASN · δεύτεροςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseδεύτερος: 'second'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
βασιλειῶνkingdomN1A GPF · βασιλείαgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationβασιλεία: 'kingdom'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
γέραςhonorN3 ASN · γέραςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseγέρας: 'honor'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἀπενηνεγμένοςcarry offVK · χμπνσμ φέρω + ἀποparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionφέρω: 'carry off'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ΑμανHamanN NSM · Αμανproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealΑμαν: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
ἐπέδειξενshowVAI AAI3S · δεικνύω + ἐπιmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealδεικνύω: 'show'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἡμῖνI / meRP DP · ἐγώdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereἐγώ: 'I / me'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationἐν: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
πάσαιςall / everyA1S DPF · πᾶςdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereπᾶς: 'all / every'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
κατὰaccording to / againstP · κατάprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationκατά: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
οἰκουμένηνinhabitV2 · πμπασφ οἰκέωparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionοἰκέω: 'inhabit'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
φυλαῖςtribeN1 DPF · φυλήdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereφυλή: 'tribe'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἀναμεμεῖχθαιmix amongVK XMN · μίγνυμι + ἀναverbal form carrying the clause forward within the narrative or petitionμίγνυμι: 'mix among'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
δυσμενῆhostileA3H ASM · δυσμενήςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseδυσμενής: 'hostile'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
λαόνpeopleN2 ASM · λαόςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseλαός: 'people'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τιναa certainRI ASM · τιςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseτις: 'a certain'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
νόμοιςlawN2 DPM · νόμοςdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereνόμος: 'law'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἀντίθετονopposedA1B ASM · ἀντίθετοςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseἀντίθετος: 'opposed'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationπρός: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
πᾶνall / everyA3 ASN · πᾶςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseπᾶς: 'all / every'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἔθνοςnationN3E ASN · ἔθνοςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseἔθνος: 'nation'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τάtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
τεX TEX TEsubstantival or adjectival term contributing to the clause's argument or scene-settingX TE: 'X TE'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
βασιλέωνkingN3V GPM · βασιλεύςverbal form carrying the clause forward within the narrative or petitionβασιλεύς: "king," here the Persian monarch whose delegated authority turns Haman's hostility into imperial policy.
παραπέμπονταςset aside / transmit pastV1 · παπαπμ πέμπω + παραparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionπέμπω: 'set aside / transmit past'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
διηνεκῶςcontinuallyD · διηνεκῶςadverbial modifier sharpening manner, degree, time, or discourse emphasisδιηνεκῶς: 'continually'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
διατάγματαordinanceN3M APN · διάταγμαaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseδιάταγμα: 'ordinance'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationπρός: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
μὴnotD · μήcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementμή: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
κατατίθεσθαιset downV7 PMN · τίθημι + καταverbal form carrying the clause forward within the narrative or petitionτίθημι: 'set down'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ὑφ'under / byP · ὑπόprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationὑπό: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
ἡμῶνI / meRP GP · ἐγώgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationἐγώ: 'I / me'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
κατευθυνομένηνdirect / governVM · χμπασφ εὐθύνω + καταparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionεὐθύνω: 'direct / govern'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἀμέμπτωςblamelesslyD · ἀμέμπτωςadverbial modifier sharpening manner, degree, time, or discourse emphasisἀμέμπτως: 'blamelessly'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
συναρχίανcommon governanceN1A ASF · συναρχίαaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseσυναρχία: 'common governance'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
διειληφότεςunderstand fullyVX · χαπνπμ λαμβάνω + διαparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionλαμβάνω: 'understand fully'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementοὖν: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
τόδεthis hereRD ASN · ὅδεaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseὅδε: 'this here'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ἔθνοςnationN3E ASN · ἔθνοςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseἔθνος: 'nation'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
μονώτατονalone / onlyA1 ASNS · μόνοςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseμόνος: 'alone / only'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationἐν: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
ἀντιπαραγωγῇoppositionN1 DSF · ἀντιπαραγωγήdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereἀντιπαραγωγή: 'opposition'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
παντὶall / everyA3 DSM · πᾶςdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereπᾶς: 'all / every'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
διὰthroughP · διάprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationδιά: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
παντὸςall / everyA3 GSM · πᾶςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationπᾶς: 'all / every'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἀνθρώπῳhuman beingN2 DSM · ἄνθρωποςdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereἄνθρωπος: 'human being'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
κείμενονlie / be setV5 · πμπασν κεῖμαιparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionκεῖμαι: 'lie / be set'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
διαγωγὴνmanner of lifeN1 ASF · διαγωγήaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseδιαγωγή: 'manner of life'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
νόμωνlawN2 GPM · νόμοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationνόμος: 'law'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ξενίζουσανmake strangeV1 · παπασφ ξενίζωparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionξενίζω: 'make strange'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
παραλλάσσονalterV1 · παπασν ἀλλάσσω + παραparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionἀλλάσσω: 'alter'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
δυσνοοῦνbe ill-disposedV2 · παπασν δυσνοέωparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionδυσνοέω: 'be ill-disposed'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ἡμετέροιςourA1A DPN · ἡμέτεροςdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereἡμέτερος: 'our'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
πράγμασινaffairN3M DPN · πρᾶγμαdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereπρᾶγμα: 'affair'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
χείρισταevil / badA1 APNS · κακόςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseκακός: 'evil / bad'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
συντελοῦνbring to completionV2 · παπασν τελέω + συνparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionτελέω: 'bring to completion'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
κακὰevil / badA1 APN · κακόςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseκακός: 'evil / bad'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationπρός: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
μὴnotD · μήcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementμή: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
βασιλείανkingdomN1A ASF · βασιλείαaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseβασιλεία: 'kingdom'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
εὐσταθείαςstabilityN1A ASF · εὐστάθειαaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseεὐστάθεια: 'stability'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τυγχάνεινobtainV1 PAN · τυγχάνωverbal form carrying the clause forward within the narrative or petitionτυγχάνω: 'obtain'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
προστετάχαμενcommandVX XAI1P · τάσσω + προςmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealτάσσω: 'command'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementοὖν: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
σημαινομένουςindicateV1 · πμπαπμ σημαίνωparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionσημαίνω: 'indicate'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ὑμῖνyouRP DP · σύdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereσύ: 'you'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationἐν: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
γεγραμμένοιςwriteVP · χμπδπν γράφωparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionγράφω: 'write'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ὑπὸunder / byP · ὑπόprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationὑπό: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
ΑμανHamanN GSM · Αμανproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealΑμαν: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
τεταγμένουappoint / setVK · χμπγσμ τάσσωparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionτάσσω: 'appoint / set'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἐπὶupon / againstP · ἐπίprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationἐπί: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
πραγμάτωνaffairN3M GPN · πρᾶγμαgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationπρᾶγμα: 'affair'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
δευτέρουsecondA1A GSM · δεύτεροςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationδεύτερος: 'second'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
πατρὸςfatherN3 GSM · πατήρgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationπατήρ: 'father'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἡμῶνI / meRP GP · ἐγώgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationἐγώ: 'I / me'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
πάνταςall / everyA3 APM · πᾶςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseπᾶς: 'all / every'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
σὺνwithP · σύνprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationσύν: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
γυναιξὶwomanN3K DPF · γυνήdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereγυνή: 'woman'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
τέκνοιςchildN2N DPN · τέκνονdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereτέκνον: 'child'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἀπολέσαιdestroyVA AAN · ὀλλύω + ἀποparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionὀλλύω: 'destroy'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ὁλορριζεὶroot and branchD · ὁλορριζίadverbial modifier sharpening manner, degree, time, or discourse emphasisὁλορριζί: 'root and branch'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ἐχθρῶνenemyA1A GPM · ἐχθρόςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationἐχθρός: 'enemy'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
μαχαίραιςswordN1 DPF · μάχαιραdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereμάχαιρα: 'sword'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἄνευwithoutP · ἄνευprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationἄνευ: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
παντὸςall / everyA3 GSM · πᾶςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationπᾶς: 'all / every'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
οἴκτουpityN2 GSM · οἶκτοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationοἶκτος: 'pity'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
φειδοῦςsparingN3 GSF · φειδώgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationφειδώ: 'sparing'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
τεσσαρεσκαιδεκάτῃfourteenthA1 DSF · τεσσαρεσκαιδέκατοςdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereτεσσαρεσκαιδέκατος: 'fourteenth'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
δωδεκάτουtwelfthA1 GSM · δωδέκατοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationδωδέκατος: 'twelfth'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
μηνὸςmonthN3 GSM · μήνgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationμήν: 'month'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ΑδαρAdarN GSM · Αδαρproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealΑδαρ: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ἐνεστῶτοςinVXI XAPGSNI(/STHMI · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationἐν: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
ἔτουςyearN3E GSN · ἔτοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationἔτος: 'year'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ὅπωςso thatC · ὅπωςsubstantival or adjectival term contributing to the clause's argument or scene-settingὅπως: 'so that'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
πάλαιlong agoD · πάλαιadverbial modifier sharpening manner, degree, time, or discourse emphasisπάλαι: 'long ago'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
νῦνnowD · νῦνadverbial modifier sharpening manner, degree, time, or discourse emphasisνῦν: 'now'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
δυσμενεῖςhostileA3H NPM · δυσμενήςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierδυσμενής: 'hostile'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἐνinP · ἐνprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationἐν: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereἡμέρα: 'day'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
μιᾷoneA1A DSF · εἷςdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereεἷς: 'one'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
βιαίωςviolentlyD · βιαίωςadverbial modifier sharpening manner, degree, time, or discourse emphasisβιαίως: 'violently'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
εἰςintoP · εἰςprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationεἰς: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ᾅδηνHadesN1M ASM · ᾅδηςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseᾅδης: 'Hades'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
κατελθόντεςgo downVB · ααπνπμ ἔρχομαι + καταparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionἔρχομαι: 'go down'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
εἰςintoP · εἰςprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationεἰς: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
μετέπειταafterwardD · μετέπειταadverbial modifier sharpening manner, degree, time, or discourse emphasisμετέπειτα: 'afterward'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
χρόνονtimeN2 ASM · χρόνοςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseχρόνος: 'time'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
εὐσταθῆstableA3H APN · εὐσταθήςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseεὐσταθής: 'stable'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
ἀτάραχαundisturbedA1B APN · ἀτάραχοςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseἀτάραχος: 'undisturbed'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
παρέχωσινprovideV1 PAS3P · ἔχω + παραparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionἔχω: 'provide'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἡμῖνI / meRP DP · ἐγώdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereἐγώ: 'I / me'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
διὰthroughP · διάprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationδιά: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
τέλουςendN3E GSN · τέλοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationτέλος: 'end'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
πράγματαaffairN3M APN · πρᾶγμαaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseπρᾶγμα: 'affair'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
14
τὰ δὲ ἀντίγραφα τῶν ἐπιστολῶν ἐξετίθετο κατὰ χώραν καὶ προσετάγη πᾶσι τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ἑτοίμους εἶναι εἰς τὴν ἡμέραν ταύτην
Copies of the letters were posted in every province, and all the nations were ordered to be ready for that day.
The decree moves from sealed document to public notice. Its publicity makes the coming violence a coordinated civic event rather than a hidden intrigue.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementδέ: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
ἀντίγραφαcopyN2N NPN · ἀντίγραφονnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierἀντίγραφον: 'copy'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ἐπιστολῶνletterN1 GPF · ἐπιστολήgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationἐπιστολή: 'letter'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἐξετίθετοpublish / postV7I IMI3S · τίθημι + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealτίθημι: 'publish / post'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
κατὰaccording to / againstP · κατάprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationκατά: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
χώρανprovinceN1A ASF · χώραaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseχώρα: 'province'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
προσετάγηcommandVDI API3S · τάσσω + προςparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionτάσσω: 'command'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
πᾶσιall / everyA3 DPN · πᾶςdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereπᾶς: 'all / every'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ἔθνεσινnationN3E DPN · ἔθνοςdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereἔθνος: 'nation'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἑτοίμουςreadyA1 APM · ἕτοιμοςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseἕτοιμος: 'ready'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
εἶναιbeV9 PAN · εἰμίverbal form carrying the clause forward within the narrative or petitionεἰμί: 'be'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
εἰςintoP · εἰςprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationεἰς: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
ἡμέρανdayN1A ASF · ἡμέραaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseἡμέρα: 'day'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ταύτηνthisRD ASF · οὗτοςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseοὗτος: 'this'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
15
ἐσπεύδετο δὲ τὸ πρᾶγμα καὶ εἰς Σουσαν ὁ δὲ βασιλεὺς καὶ Αμαν ἐκωθωνίζοντο ἐταράσσετο δὲ ἡ πόλις
The business was being hurried along, and in Susa the king and Haman were feasting, but the city was thrown into confusion.
The closing juxtaposition is brutal. The palace celebrates while the city reels, exposing the moral distance between imperial leisure and the suffering it has unleashed.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ἐσπεύδετοhurryV1I IPI3S · σπεύδωparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionσπεύδω: 'hurry'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
δὲbutX · δέcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementδέ: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
πρᾶγμαaffairN3M NSN · πρᾶγμαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierπρᾶγμα: 'affair'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
καὶandD · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
εἰςintoP · εἰςprepositional element governing its complement and locating the action or relationεἰς: preposition that marks relation, movement, location, or reference within the Persian court crisis of Esther 3-4.
ΣουσανSusaN AS · Σουσανproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealΣουσαν: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementδέ: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςverbal form carrying the clause forward within the narrative or petitionβασιλεύς: "king," here the Persian monarch whose delegated authority turns Haman's hostility into imperial policy.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementκαί: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
ΑμανHamanN NSM · Αμανproper name anchoring the Persian court, the Jewish people, or the covenantal appealΑμαν: proper name used in the Esther narrative to identify a person, place, or people-group within the Persian court setting.
ἐκωθωνίζοντοfeast / drinkV1I IMI3P · κωθωνίζωmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealκωθωνίζω: 'feast / drink'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἐταράσσετοtroubleV1I IMI3S · ταράσσωmain verbal form advancing the court-crisis narrative or the prayerful appealταράσσω: 'trouble'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
δὲbutX · δέcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or sharpening the discourse movementδέ: connective or particle, here shaping the movement of the court-crisis narrative and its theological interpretation in Esther 3-4.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking and specifying the following substantive or phraseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
πόλιςcityN3I NSF · πόλιςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierπόλις: 'city'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.