1
καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων
And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying:
The formula καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων is the standard LXX introduction to a fresh block of divine instruction (cf. 25:1; 30:11, 17, 22; 31:1); it opens the entire Tabernacle prescription (chs. 25–31). The participle λέγων is a Hebraism rendering לֵאמֹר, introducing the direct speech that fills the chapter.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (single completed speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak / talk'; renders דִּבֶּר (Piel); the aorist ἐλάλησεν with κύριος as subject opens a new divine commission; the full formula καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων recurs as a structuring device throughout the Tabernacle pericope.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the nominative subject marks this as unmediated YHWH-speech, the divine voice that initiates the whole sanctuary programme.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (recipient of speech)→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: transliteration of Hebrew מֹשֶׁה; declined as a first/third-declension noun in Rahlfs' LXX (gen. Μωυσῆ, acc. Μωυσῆν); accusative here as the directional object of πρός.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Masc Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (speech-marker introducing direct discourse)→ Hebraizing participle (renders לֵאמֹר, marks the onset of quotation)λέγω (pres. ptc.): the nominative participle λέγων agreeing with κύριος is the LXX's stock rendering of the Hebrew infinitive לֵאמֹר; it functions almost as a quotation mark, signalling that direct divine speech follows.
2
εἰπὸν τοῖς υἱοῖς Ισραηλ καὶ λάβετέ μοι ἀπαρχὰς παρὰ πάντων οἷς ἂν δόξῃ τῇ καρδίᾳ καὶ λήμψεσθε τὰς ἀπαρχάς μου
Speak to the sons of Israel, and take for me firstfruits from everyone to whom it seems good in his heart; and you shall receive my firstfruits.
The divine speech proper begins with the aorist imperative εἰπόν directing Moses to relay the command to Israel. The offering is voluntary — given by everyone οἷς ἂν δόξῃ τῇ καρδίᾳ ('to whom it seems good in his heart'), an idiom for free, heartfelt willingness — yet the LORD claims it as τὰς ἀπαρχάς μου ('my firstfruits'), so that the freewill gift is at once spontaneous and consecrated to him.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
εἰπὸνspeak / sayAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb (divine imperative to Moses)→ ingressive aorist imperative (commissioned speech-act)λέγω (2 aor. impv. εἰπόν / εἰπέ): 'say / speak'; the aorist imperative directs Moses to deliver the command to Israel; renders the Hebrew דַּבֵּר / אֱמֹר; the form εἰπόν (with -ον) is the regular Koine/LXX second-person singular aorist active imperative.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativedative indirect object (addressees of εἰπόν)→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; the phrase οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ renders בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל ('the sons / children of Israel'), the standard designation of the covenant people as the recipients of the command.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable genitive (qualifying υἱοῖς)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable in the LXX; here functioning as a genitive of relationship dependent on υἱοῖς.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (linking the two imperatival clauses)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λάβετέtakeAor Act Impv 2 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb (imperative to Moses and the people)→ ingressive aorist imperative (begin receiving the contribution)λαμβάνω: 'take / receive'; renders לָקַח; the plural imperative widens the address from Moses to the collecting community; here 'take for me' = receive as an offering set apart for YHWH (cf. the תְּרוּמָה, the 'contribution' of MT).
μοιfor meDativedative of advantage (the offering belongs to YHWH)→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. μοι): the dative of advantage marks YHWH as the beneficiary and owner of the offering; the contribution is not for Moses or the community but 'for me,' consecrated to the LORD.
ἀπαρχὰςfirstfruits / contributionsAccusativedirect object of λάβετε→ object specificationἀπαρχή: 'firstfruits / first portion / offering'; renders Hebrew תְּרוּמָה ('contribution / heave-offering') here; the term ordinarily denotes the consecrated first portion, and the LXX's choice frames the Tabernacle materials as holy firstfruits dedicated to YHWH (cf. the NT use of ἀπαρχή at Rom 8:23; 11:16; 1 Cor 15:20).
παρὰfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
πάντωνall / everyoneGenitivegenitive of source (with παρά: 'from all')→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all / every'; the genitive πάντων marks the universal pool of potential donors, immediately qualified by the willing-heart clause — the offering is from all, but only as each is moved to give.
οἷςto whomDativerelative pronoun (dative with δόξῃ, antecedent πάντων)→ participant reference or interestὅς (dat. pl. οἷς): the relative clause οἷς ἂν δόξῃ defines the willing givers; dative as the experiencer of δόξῃ ('to whom it seems good').
ἂν-evermodal particle (with subjunctive δόξῃ: generalizing)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: modal particle marking the generalizing/indefinite force of the relative clause with the subjunctive — 'whoever it may seem good to.'
δόξῃit seems goodAor Act Subj 3 Sg · δοκέωverb of relative-conditional clause (impersonal: 'it seems good')→ potential aorist subjunctive (with ἄν: generalized willingness)δοκέω: 'seem / think / seem good'; the impersonal δόξῃ τῇ καρδίᾳ ('to whom it seems good in heart') renders the Hebrew יִדְּבֶנּוּ לִבּוֹ ('whose heart impels him'), the technical idiom for a freewill offering; the giving is to be spontaneous and willing, not coerced.
τῇthe / in hisDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίᾳheartDativedative of sphere (locus of the willing impulse)→ sphere or referenceκαρδία: 'heart'; renders לֵב; in Hebrew anthropology the seat of will and decision, not mere emotion; the dative τῇ καρδίᾳ locates the willingness in the inner volition — the offering proceeds from a decided heart.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λήμψεσθεyou shall receiveFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb (future with imperatival/legislative force)→ legislative future (standing instruction)λαμβάνω (fut. mid. λήμψομαι): 'take / receive'; the Koine future shows the characteristic -μψ- spelling; the future here functions quasi-imperativally as standing legislation — 'you shall receive my contributions' — closing the verse by reclaiming the gift as YHWH's.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπαρχάςfirstfruitsAccusativedirect object of λήμψεσθε→ object specificationἀπαρχή: here repeated and made definite (τὰς ἀπαρχάς μου, 'my firstfruits'), framing the materials as already belonging to YHWH even before they are given.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (the firstfruits belong to YHWH)→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. μου): the possessive 'my' over the offering underlines that the freewill gift, though spontaneously given, is the LORD's by right of consecration.
3
καὶ αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἀπαρχή ἣν λήμψεσθε παρ᾿ αὐτῶν χρυσίον καὶ ἀργύριον καὶ χαλκὸν
And this is the firstfruits which you shall receive from them: gold and silver and bronze,
A presentational formula (αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἀπαρχή, 'this is the contribution') introduces the itemized list that runs through v. 7. The three metals — gold, silver, bronze — head the catalogue in descending order of value, matching the graded zones of the sanctuary (gold for the holiest, bronze for the court).
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of ἐστίν, cataphoric)→ participant referenceοὗτος (fem. αὕτη): 'this'; the cataphoric demonstrative points forward to the list of materials; αὕτη agrees with ἀπαρχή (fem.).
ἐστὶνisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (linking demonstrative subject to predicate)→ stative present (definitional)εἰμί: 'be'; the present copula in a presentational formula introducing the contents of the offering.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπαρχήfirstfruits / contributionNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceἀπαρχή: here the headword of the inventory; the definite ἡ ἀπαρχή refers back to the offering commanded in v. 2 and forward to its itemized contents.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of λήμψεσθε, antecedent ἀπαρχή)→ participant referenceὅς (fem. acc. ἥν): introduces the relative clause defining the offering as that which is to be received from the people.
λήμψεσθεyou shall receiveFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · λαμβάνωverb of relative clause→ legislative future (standing instruction)λαμβάνω (fut. mid.): repeated from v. 2, binding the catalogue to the command to receive; 'which you shall receive from them.'
παρ᾿frompreposition + genitive (source, elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingπαρ᾿: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source, elided before vowel).
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of παρά (source: 'from them' = the Israelites)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. pl. αὐτῶν): refers to the sons of Israel of v. 2 as the source of the materials.
χρυσίονgoldAccusativeaccusative in apposition to ἀπαρχή (first listed item)→ object specificationχρυσίον: 'gold (as material / coined)'; renders זָהָב; the diminutive-form noun is the LXX's regular word for gold as a substance; first in the list as the most precious, reserved for the holiest furnishings (ark, mercy seat, lampstand, inner overlays).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀργύριονsilverAccusativeaccusative (second listed item)→ object specificationἀργύριον: 'silver / money'; renders כֶּסֶף; second in the metal triad; in the Tabernacle silver is used especially for the bases (sockets) and hooks of the frame.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χαλκὸνbronzeAccusativeaccusative (third listed item)→ object specificationχαλκός: 'bronze / copper'; renders נְחֹשֶׁת; third and least precious of the metals, used for the altar of burnt offering and the courtyard fittings; the descending value of the triad mirrors the graded holiness of the sanctuary zones.
4
καὶ ὑάκινθον καὶ πορφύραν καὶ κόκκινον διπλοῦν καὶ βύσσον κεκλωσμένην καὶ τρίχας αἰγείας
and blue and purple and double scarlet and fine twined linen and goats' hair,
The list moves from metals to the dyed textiles: the triad of cultic colors — ὑάκινθος (blue/violet), πορφύρα (purple), κόκκινον (scarlet) — plus fine linen and goats' hair, the fabrics of the curtains, veil, and priestly vestments. These three colors recur as a fixed formula throughout Exodus 25–28 and 35–39.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing the list)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑάκινθονblue / violetAccusativeaccusative (listed material)→ object specificationὑάκινθος: 'hyacinth-blue / violet (dyed yarn)'; renders תְּכֵלֶת, the blue-violet dye (from the murex mollusk); the first of the three sacred textile colors, associated with the heavens and royalty.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πορφύρανpurpleAccusativeaccusative (listed material)→ object specificationπορφύρα: 'purple (dyed yarn)'; renders אַרְגָּמָן, the reddish-purple dye; an emblem of royalty and high value; second of the three colors.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κόκκινονscarletAccusativeaccusative (listed material)→ object specificationκόκκινος: 'scarlet / crimson'; renders שָׁנִי / תּוֹלַעַת שָׁנִי, the scarlet dye from the kermes insect (κόκκος, 'berry/grain'); third of the sacred colors.
διπλοῦνdouble / doubledAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying κόκκινον: 'double scarlet')→ object specificationδιπλοῦς: 'double / twofold'; the phrase κόκκινον διπλοῦν ('double-dyed / twice-dyed scarlet') is the LXX's rendering of תּוֹלַעַת שָׁנִי, denoting scarlet of double / intense dyeing — a recurring fixed phrase in the Tabernacle textile lists.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βύσσονfine linenAccusativeaccusative (listed material)→ object specificationβύσσος: 'fine linen / byssus'; renders שֵׁשׁ, the costly white linen used for the curtains and priestly garments; a luxury fabric (cf. the rich man's βύσσος at Luke 16:19).
κεκλωσμένηνtwined / spunPerf Pass Ptc Acc Fem Sg · κλώθωattributive participle (modifying βύσσον: 'twined linen')→ resultative perfect (the linen in its finished twined state)κλώθω: 'spin / twist (thread)'; the perfect passive participle κεκλωσμένην renders מָשְׁזָר ('twisted / twined'); the fixed phrase βύσσος κεκλωσμένη ('fine twined linen') denotes linen of multiple twisted strands, the standard high-grade weave of the sanctuary fabrics.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τρίχαςhairAccusativeaccusative (listed material)→ object specificationθρίξ (acc. pl. τρίχας): 'hair'; renders עִזִּים (in context 'goats' hair'); woven goats' hair forms the second covering of the tent (Exod 26:7), a coarser fabric than the linen and dyed yarns.
αἰγείαςof goats / goats'Accusativeattributive adjective (modifying τρίχας: 'goats' hair')→ object specificationαἴγειος: 'of a goat'; the adjective specifies the hair as goats' hair (τρίχας αἰγείας), the material for the tent's outer curtains; rendering the Hebrew עִזִּים.
5
καὶ δέρματα κριῶν ἠρυθροδανωμένα καὶ δέρματα ὑακίνθινα καὶ ξύλα ἄσηπτα
and ram-skins dyed red and blue-dyed skins and incorruptible wood,
The catalogue continues with the leather coverings and the structural timber. The reddened ram-skins and the blue-dyed skins form the protective outer layers of the tent (cf. 26:14), and the ξύλα ἄσηπτα ('incorruptible / acacia wood') supply the frame, the ark, the table, and the poles. After ξύλα ἄσηπτα the Rahlfs numbering jumps to v. 7 — there is no v. 6; the oil/spices clause of MT 25:6 is not present here.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing the list)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δέρματαskins / hidesAccusativeaccusative (listed material)→ object specificationδέρμα (pl. δέρματα): 'skin / hide'; renders עֹרֹת; tanned hides for the protective coverings of the tent; here qualified as ram-skins dyed red.
κριῶνof ramsGenitivegenitive of source/material (modifying δέρματα: 'ram-skins')→ relational specificationκριός (gen. pl. κριῶν): 'ram'; the genitive specifies the hides as ram-skins (δέρματα κριῶν), rendering עֹרֹת אֵילִם.
ἠρυθροδανωμέναdyed redPerf Pass Ptc Acc Neut Pl · ἐρυθροδανόωattributive participle (modifying δέρματα: 'reddened skins')→ resultative perfect (the skins in their finished dyed state)ἐρυθροδανόω: 'dye red (with madder)'; the perfect passive participle renders the Hebrew מְאָדָּמִים ('reddened'); a rare technical term built on ἐρυθρόδανον ('madder', the red dye-plant); the LXX coins it to render the dyeing process of the ram-skins.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δέρματαskinsAccusativeaccusative (second skin-item)→ object specificationδέρμα (pl. δέρματα): repeated for the second type of hide; here qualified as blue-dyed.
ὑακίνθιναblue-dyed / violetAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying δέρματα: 'blue skins')→ object specificationὑακίνθινος: 'of hyacinth-blue color'; the adjective qualifies the skins as blue/violet-dyed; renders the obscure Hebrew עֹרֹת תְּחָשִׁים (often 'tachash skins'), which the LXX interpreted by color as 'hyacinth-colored skins.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ξύλαwood / timbersAccusativeaccusative (listed material)→ object specificationξύλον (pl. ξύλα): 'wood / timber'; renders עֲצֵי; the structural timber of the sanctuary, here qualified as ἄσηπτα ('incorruptible').
ἄσηπταincorruptible / acaciaAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ξύλα: 'acacia / unrotting wood')→ object specificationἄσηπτος: 'not liable to rot / incorruptible'; the LXX's standing rendering of Hebrew עֲצֵי שִׁטִּים ('acacia wood'); the Greek translates not the species but the prized quality — wood that does not decay — making the phrase ξύλα ἄσηπτα the fixed term for the durable acacia from which the ark, table, frames, and poles are built (cf. vv. 10, 13, 23, 28).
7
καὶ λίθους σαρδίου καὶ λίθους εἰς τὴν γλυφὴν εἰς τὴν ἐπωμίδα καὶ τὸν ποδήρη
and onyx stones and stones for the engraving, for the ephod and the full-length robe.
The Rahlfs numbering passes from v. 5 directly to v. 7, with no v. 6; the MT's 25:6 (oil for the lamp, spices for the anointing oil and incense) is not represented as a separate verse here. The list closes with the precious stones — sardian/onyx stones and engraving-stones — destined for the high priest's vestments, the ἐπωμίς (ephod) and the ποδήρης (the full-length robe), thus linking the sanctuary materials to the priesthood that will serve in it.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing the list)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λίθουςstonesAccusativeaccusative (listed material)→ object specificationλίθος (acc. pl. λίθους): 'stone'; renders אַבְנֵי; here the precious setting-stones for the priestly vestments.
σαρδίουof sardius / onyxGenitivegenitive of material (modifying λίθους: 'sardius/onyx stones')→ relational specificationσάρδιον: 'sardius / carnelian (a red gemstone)'; the LXX renders the Hebrew אַבְנֵי שֹׁהַם (usually 'onyx stones') with σάρδιον; the genitive λίθους σαρδίου = 'onyx/sardian stones,' the two large engraved shoulder-stones of the ephod (Exod 28:9–12).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λίθουςstonesAccusativeaccusative (second stone-item)→ object specificationλίθος: repeated for the further engraving-stones (the gems of the breastpiece, Exod 28:17–21).
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose: 'for the engraving')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: here telic, marking purpose — 'for / unto the engraving.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γλυφὴνengraving / carvingAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (purpose)→ object specificationγλυφή: 'carving / engraving'; from γλύφω ('carve'); renders the Hebrew פִּתּוּחַ; denotes the gem-engraving work (the names of the tribes cut into the stones, Exod 28:11).
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose: destination of the stones)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose: destination of the stones).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπωμίδαephod / shoulder-pieceAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the vestment for which the stones are destined)→ object specificationἐπωμίς: 'shoulder-piece / ephod'; from ἐπί + ὦμος ('upon the shoulder'); the LXX's term for the high priest's אֵפוֹד (ephod), the shoulder-vestment bearing the engraved onyx stones (Exod 28:6–14).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποδήρηthe full-length robeAccusativeaccusative (second vestment, parallel to ἐπωμίδα)→ object specificationποδήρης: 'reaching to the feet'; substantivized as 'the full-length robe' (ποδήρης sc. χιτών); renders the priestly מְעִיל / robe; the ankle-length priestly garment (cf. its use of the glorified Christ at Rev 1:13); the stones serve both ephod and robe.
8
καὶ ποιήσεις μοι ἁγίασμα καὶ ὀφθήσομαι ἐν ὑμῖν
And you shall make me a sanctuary, and I will be seen / appear among you.
The pivotal command of the chapter: ποιήσεις μοι ἁγίασμα ('make me a sanctuary'). The purpose is theophanic presence — ὀφθήσομαι ἐν ὑμῖν, 'I will be seen / will appear among you' (the LXX's passive ὀφθήσομαι where MT has וְשָׁכַנְתִּי, 'I will dwell'). The dwelling of God among his people is the whole rationale of the Tabernacle.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (legislative future addressed to Moses)→ legislative future (binding command)ποιέω: 'make / do'; renders עָשָׂה; the second-person future ποιήσεις, recurring throughout the chapter as the keyword of the construction commands, has imperatival force — 'you shall make.' It governs the entire furnishing programme (vv. 8–40).
μοιfor meDativedative of advantage (the sanctuary is for YHWH)→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. μοι): 'for me'; the dwelling is made for YHWH's presence; the dative of advantage frames the whole project as oriented to God.
ἁγίασμαsanctuary / holy placeAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationἁγίασμα: 'sanctuary / holy thing / consecrated place'; renders מִקְדָּשׁ ('sanctuary'); built on ἁγιάζω ('consecrate'), it names the dwelling as a sacred space set apart for God's presence; the LXX uses ἁγίασμα and ἁγιαστήριον interchangeably for the sanctuary.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the consequence/purpose)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀφθήσομαιI will be seen / appearFut Pass Indic 1 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (divine first-person promise)→ predictive future passive (promise of theophanic presence)ὁράω (fut. pass. ὀφθήσομαι): 'be seen / appear'; the passive 'I will be seen / will appear among you' renders the Hebrew וְשָׁכַנְתִּי בְּתוֹכָם ('I will dwell among them') — the LXX recasting indwelling as appearing/being manifest; ὤφθη is the standard verb of theophany (cf. Gen 12:7; Exod 3:2), so the sanctuary becomes the locus of God's self-manifestation to Israel.
ἐνamong / inpreposition + dative (locative: 'among you')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'among you').
ὑμῖνyouDativedative object of ἐν (the people among whom God appears)→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl. ὑμῖν): 'you'; ἐν ὑμῖν ('among you') renders בְּתוֹכָם ('in their midst'); the indwelling/appearing is corporate — God will be present in the midst of the whole community.
9
καὶ ποιήσεις μοι κατὰ πάντα ὅσα ἐγώ σοι δεικνύω ἐν τῷ ὄρει τὸ παράδειγμα τῆς σκηνῆς καὶ τὸ παράδειγμα πάντων τῶν σκευῶν αὐτῆς οὕτω ποιήσεις
And you shall make for me according to all that I show you on the mountain — the pattern of the tent and the pattern of all its furnishings — so shall you make it.
The governing rubric of the whole sanctuary: everything is to be made κατὰ πάντα ὅσα … δεικνύω ('according to all that I show you'), conforming to the παράδειγμα ('pattern / model') of the tent and of all its vessels revealed to Moses on the mountain. The doubled παράδειγμα and the closing οὕτω ποιήσεις ('so shall you make') frame the principle that the earthly cult replicates a divinely shown archetype — restated at v. 40 (κατὰ τὸν τύπον) and cited at Heb 8:5.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding command)ποιέω: 'make'; the keyword ποιήσεις again, now governing the principle of fidelity to the shown pattern.
μοιfor meDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. μοι): 'for me'; the work is done for YHWH, oriented to his presence.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard/norm: 'according to')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to / in conformity with'; introduces the normative standard — all that God shows Moses; the same preposition recurs in the v. 40 formula κατὰ τὸν τύπον.
πάνταall thingsAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (substantival: 'all that')→ object specificationπᾶς (acc. pl. n. πάντα): 'all'; κατὰ πάντα ὅσα ('according to all things, whatsoever') stresses comprehensive conformity — nothing is left to human invention.
ὅσαwhatsoeverAccusativerelative pronoun (object of δεικνύω, antecedent πάντα)→ participant referenceὅσος (acc. pl. n. ὅσα): 'as much as / whatsoever'; the correlative relative reinforces πάντα — 'all things, as many as I show you.'
ἐγώINominativesubject (emphatic first-person pronoun: YHWH)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic pronoun stresses that it is YHWH himself who reveals the pattern; the archetype is of divine, not human, origin.
σοιto youDativedative indirect object of δεικνύω (Moses as recipient of the vision)→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. σοι): 'to you'; Moses is the privileged recipient to whom the heavenly pattern is shown — recurring in the σοι of v. 40 (δεδειγμένον σοι).
δεικνύωI showPres Act Indic 1 Sg · δείκνυμιverb of relative clause (divine showing)→ progressive/timeless present (the act of revelation on the mountain)δείκνυμι: 'show / point out / reveal'; renders מַרְאֶה / רָאָה (Hiphil, 'cause to see'); the cognate of the τύπος … δεδειγμένον of v. 40; the present tense presents the showing as in progress during the mountain encounter; the verb is the lexical hinge of the 'pattern shown' theology taken up in Heb 8:5.
ἐνon / inpreposition + dative (locative: 'on the mountain')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'on the mountain').
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρειmountainDativedative of place (with ἐν: 'on the mountain')→ sphere or referenceὄρος: 'mountain'; ἐν τῷ ὄρει ('on the mountain') is Sinai, where Moses receives the revelation; the same phrase closes v. 40, framing the chapter's pattern-theology between two mountain references.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παράδειγμαpattern / modelAccusativeaccusative in apposition (the content shown: the pattern of the tent)→ object specificationπαράδειγμα: 'pattern / model / exemplar'; renders Hebrew תַּבְנִית ('structure / model / blueprint'); the heavenly archetype of the sanctuary shown to Moses; conceptually parallel to the τύπος of v. 40, and the seed of the NT 'copy and shadow' theology (Heb 8:5; 9:23–24).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῆςtent / tabernacleGenitivegenitive (defining παράδειγμα: 'pattern of the tent')→ relational specificationσκηνή: 'tent / tabernacle'; renders מִשְׁכָּן / אֹהֶל; the standard LXX term for the wilderness sanctuary; the παράδειγμα τῆς σκηνῆς is the divinely shown blueprint of the dwelling itself.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παράδειγμαpatternAccusativeaccusative (second occurrence: pattern of the furnishings)→ object specificationπαράδειγμα: repeated to extend the principle from the tent to every furnishing; both structure and contents conform to the heavenly model.
πάντωνallGenitivegenitive attributive (modifying σκευῶν: 'all the furnishings')→ relational specificationπᾶς (gen. pl. πάντων): 'all'; underscores that every vessel without exception follows the shown pattern.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκευῶνfurnishings / vesselsGenitivegenitive (defining παράδειγμα: 'pattern of the vessels')→ relational specificationσκεῦος (gen. pl. σκευῶν): 'vessel / implement / furnishing'; renders כֵּלִים; the collective term for all the cult-objects (ark, table, lampstand and their accessories) whose making the chapter prescribes.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (the tent's furnishings)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. fem. αὐτῆς): 'its'; agreeing with σκηνῆς (fem.) — the furnishings belonging to the tent.
οὕτωso / thusadverb of manner (resumptive: 'in this way')→ adverbial qualificationοὕτω(ς): 'thus / so'; the resumptive adverb gathers up the conformity-clause — 'so (= according to the pattern shown) shall you make.'
ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (emphatic resumptive repetition)→ legislative future (binding command, emphatically restated)ποιέω: the closing οὕτω ποιήσεις ('so shall you make') is an emphatic Hebraizing repetition (rendering כֵּן תַּעֲשׂוּ) sealing the demand for exact conformity to the divine pattern.
10
καὶ ποιήσεις κιβωτὸν μαρτυρίου ἐκ ξύλων ἀσήπτων δύο πήχεων καὶ ἡμίσους τὸ μῆκος καὶ πήχεος καὶ ἡμίσους τὸ πλάτος καὶ πήχεος καὶ ἡμίσους τὸ ὕψος
And you shall make an ark of the testimony of incorruptible wood: two and a half cubits the length, and a cubit and a half the breadth, and a cubit and a half the height.
The construction commands now begin with the most sacred object, the κιβωτὸς μαρτυρίου ('ark of the testimony'). Its precise dimensions in cubits and half-cubits (2½ × 1½ × 1½) open the pattern of exact measurement that characterizes the whole prescription. The genitives of measure (πήχεων, πήχεος) with the articular accusatives of respect (τὸ μῆκος, τὸ πλάτος, τὸ ὕψος) form a fixed dimensional formula reused for the table (v. 23) and the mercy seat (v. 17).
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding command)ποιέω: 'make'; the keyword opens each furnishing-unit; here it commands the making of the ark.
κιβωτὸνark / chestAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationκιβωτός: 'box / chest / ark'; renders אֲרוֹן; the same noun the LXX uses for Noah's ark (Gen 6:14), here the covenant chest; the holiest object of the sanctuary, housing the testimony and surmounted by the mercy seat.
μαρτυρίουof testimonyGenitivegenitive (defining κιβωτόν: 'ark of the testimony')→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: 'testimony / witness'; renders עֵדוּת; the κιβωτὸς μαρτυρίου ('ark of the testimony') is named from the 'testimony' (the tablets/covenant document) placed within it (v. 16); the genitive defines the ark's function as the repository of the covenant witness.
ἐκof / out ofpreposition + genitive (material: 'out of wood')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ + gen.: here of material — 'made out of.'
ξύλωνwoodGenitivegenitive of material (with ἐκ)→ relational specificationξύλον (gen. pl. ξύλων): 'wood'; the ark is built ἐκ ξύλων ἀσήπτων ('of incorruptible/acacia wood'), the durable timber of v. 5.
ἀσήπτωνincorruptible / acaciaGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying ξύλων)→ relational specificationἄσηπτος: 'unrotting / incorruptible'; the fixed LXX rendering of acacia wood (שִׁטִּים); see v. 5.
δύοtwoindeclinable numeral (with πήχεων: 'two cubits')→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; indeclinable; with πήχεων gives the length as 'two cubits and a half.'
πήχεωνof cubitsGenitivegenitive of measure (defining τὸ μῆκος)→ relational specificationπῆχυς (gen. pl. πήχεων): 'cubit (forearm-length, c. 45 cm)'; renders אַמָּה; the genitive of measure expresses dimension; the ark's length is 2½ cubits.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμίσουςof a halfGenitivegenitive of measure (with πήχεων: 'and a half')→ relational specificationἥμισυς (gen. ἡμίσους): 'half'; substantival genitive 'of a half (cubit)'; the recurring καὶ ἡμίσους ('and a half') gives the fractional measures throughout the chapter.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μῆκοςlengthAccusativeaccusative of respect (specifying which dimension: 'as to length')→ object specificationμῆκος: 'length'; renders אֹרֶךְ; the articular accusative τὸ μῆκος is an accusative of respect — '[two and a half cubits] in respect of the length.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πήχεοςof a cubitGenitivegenitive of measure (defining τὸ πλάτος)→ relational specificationπῆχυς (gen. sg. πήχεος): 'cubit'; the singular genitive of measure for the breadth — a cubit and a half.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμίσουςof a halfGenitivegenitive of measure ('and a half')→ relational specificationἥμισυς (gen. ἡμίσους): 'half'; with πήχεος: 'a cubit and a half' for the breadth.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλάτοςbreadth / widthAccusativeaccusative of respect ('as to breadth')→ object specificationπλάτος: 'breadth / width'; renders רֹחַב; articular accusative of respect for the second dimension.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πήχεοςof a cubitGenitivegenitive of measure (defining τὸ ὕψος)→ relational specificationπῆχυς (gen. sg. πήχεος): 'cubit'; for the height — a cubit and a half.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμίσουςof a halfGenitivegenitive of measure ('and a half')→ relational specificationἥμισυς (gen. ἡμίσους): 'half'; with πήχεος: 'a cubit and a half' for the height.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕψοςheightAccusativeaccusative of respect ('as to height')→ object specificationὕψος: 'height'; renders קוֹמָה; articular accusative of respect for the third dimension, completing the ark's measurements.
11
καὶ καταχρυσώσεις αὐτὴν χρυσίῳ καθαρῷ ἔξωθεν καὶ ἔσωθεν χρυσώσεις αὐτήν καὶ ποιήσεις αὐτῇ κυμάτια στρεπτὰ χρυσᾶ κύκλῳ
And you shall overlay it with pure gold; outside and inside you shall gild it, and you shall make for it a twisted gold molding round about.
The ark is gilded with pure gold inside and out (καταχρυσώσεις … χρυσώσεις, the intensive compound and the simple verb together stressing total coverage) and finished with κυμάτια στρεπτὰ χρυσᾶ κύκλῳ ('a twisted gold molding round about') — the same crown-molding given to the table (v. 24). The pure gold marks the ark as belonging to the holiest gradation of the sanctuary.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταχρυσώσειςyou shall overlay with goldFut Act Indic 2 Sg · καταχρυσόωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding command)καταχρυσόω: 'gild thoroughly / overlay with gold'; the perfective compound κατα- marks complete covering; renders צִפָּה זָהָב ('overlay with gold'); used of the ark, poles, and table throughout the chapter.
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object (the ark, fem.)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. fem. αὐτήν): refers to the κιβωτός (fem.) — the ark.
χρυσίῳwith goldDativedative of instrument/material ('with gold')→ sphere or referenceχρυσίον (dat. χρυσίῳ): 'gold'; dative of material with which the ark is overlaid.
καθαρῷpureDativeattributive adjective (modifying χρυσίῳ: 'pure gold')→ sphere or referenceκαθαρός: 'pure / clean'; renders טָהוֹר; χρυσίον καθαρόν ('pure gold') is the fixed phrase for the unalloyed gold reserved for the holiest furnishings (ark, mercy seat, table, lampstand).
ἔξωθενoutsideadverb of place (extent of gilding)→ clausal contributionἔξωθεν: 'from outside / on the outside'; with ἔσωθεν forms the merism 'inside and out,' rendering מִבַּיִת וּמִחוּץ — the whole surface is gilded.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσωθενinsideadverb of place→ clausal contributionἔσωθεν: 'from within / on the inside'; the pair ἔξωθεν καὶ ἔσωθεν marks total coverage.
χρυσώσειςyou shall gildFut Act Indic 2 Sg · χρυσόωmain verb (legislative future, restating the gilding)→ legislative future (binding command)χρυσόω: 'gild / overlay with gold'; the simple verb beside the compound καταχρυσώσεις; the repetition (one verb for outside, one for inside) is emphatic, underlining that no surface is left ungilded.
αὐτήνitAccusativedirect object (the ark)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. fem.): the ark again.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding command)ποιέω: 'make'; here governing the molding.
αὐτῇfor itDativedative of advantage (for the ark)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. fem. αὐτῇ): 'for it' — the molding is made for the ark.
κυμάτιαmoldings / wave-moldingsAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationκυμάτιον: 'molding / cyma (wave-shaped ornamental border)'; diminutive of κῦμα ('wave'); renders זֵר ('rim / border / crown'); the decorative gold edging running around the top of the ark (and table); the architectural term for an ogee/wave molding.
στρεπτὰtwistedAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying κυμάτια: 'twisted moldings')→ object specificationστρεπτός: 'twisted / plaited'; verbal adjective of στρέφω ('turn / twist'); the molding is a twisted/cabled rope-pattern; the fixed phrase κυμάτια στρεπτά recurs for the table (v. 24).
χρυσᾶgoldenAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying κυμάτια: 'gold moldings')→ object specificationχρυσοῦς (neut. pl. χρυσᾶ): 'golden / of gold'; the moldings are wrought of gold.
κύκλῳround aboutDativeadverbial dative (encircling: 'all around')→ sphere or referenceκύκλος (dat. κύκλῳ): 'in a circle / round about'; the dative used adverbially, renders סָבִיב ('around'); the molding encircles the ark on all sides.
12
καὶ ἐλάσεις αὐτῇ τέσσαρας δακτυλίους χρυσοῦς καὶ ἐπιθήσεις ἐπὶ τὰ τέσσαρα κλίτη δύο δακτυλίους ἐπὶ τὸ κλίτος τὸ ἓν καὶ δύο δακτυλίους ἐπὶ τὸ κλίτος τὸ δεύτερον
And you shall cast for it four gold rings and put them on the four sides — two rings on the one side and two rings on the other side.
Four cast gold rings are mounted on the ark's four sides, two per side, to receive the carrying-poles (vv. 13–15). The verb ἐλάσεις ('you shall hammer/cast') points to metalwork by beating; the distributive 'two … on the one side and two … on the second side' ensures the ark can be borne level on the shoulders of the bearers.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάσειςyou shall cast / forgeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐλαύνωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding command)ἐλαύνω: 'drive / beat / hammer out (metal)'; in metalworking contexts 'forge / cast by beating'; renders יָצַק ('cast') here; the rings are hammered/cast from gold.
αὐτῇfor itDativedative of advantage (for the ark)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. fem. αὐτῇ): 'for it' — the rings are made for the ark.
τέσσαραςfourAccusativeattributive numeral (modifying δακτυλίους)→ object specificationτέσσαρες (acc. τέσσαρας): 'four'; the four rings, one set at each pair of corners.
δακτυλίουςringsAccusativedirect object of ἐλάσεις→ object specificationδακτύλιος: 'ring'; renders טַבַּעַת; the rings through which the carrying-poles pass; from δάκτυλος ('finger'), originally a finger-ring, here a structural ring.
χρυσοῦςgoldenAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying δακτυλίους)→ object specificationχρυσοῦς (acc. pl. χρυσοῦς): 'golden'; the rings are of gold.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιθήσειςyou shall put / set uponFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding command)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon / set on'; the compound ἐπι- with ἐπί + acc. — 'set upon the sides'; the regular verb for affixing the rings, cherubim (v. 18), and mercy seat (v. 21).
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (place of placing)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place of placing).
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέσσαραfourAccusativeattributive numeral (modifying κλίτη)→ measure or countτέσσαρες (neut. τέσσαρα): 'four'; the four sides/corners of the ark.
κλίτηsidesAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (place of the rings)→ object specificationκλίτος (pl. κλίτη): 'side / flank'; renders פַּעֲמֹת / צֶלַע ('corners / sides'); the four sides of the ark on which the rings are mounted; the term recurs for the sides of the mercy seat (vv. 18–19).
δύοtwoindeclinable numeral (with δακτυλίους)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; the distributive 'two rings' per side.
δακτυλίουςringsAccusativeaccusative (object, distributive)→ object specificationδακτύλιος: 'ring'; two on each side.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κλίτοςsideAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationκλίτος: 'side'; 'on the one side.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἓνoneAccusativeattributive numeral (modifying κλίτος: 'the one side')→ measure or countεἷς (neut. ἕν): 'one'; τὸ κλίτος τὸ ἕν = 'the one (first) side.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δύοtwoindeclinable numeral→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; the second pair of rings.
δακτυλίουςringsAccusativeaccusative (object)→ object specificationδακτύλιος: 'ring'; the second pair.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κλίτοςsideAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationκλίτος: 'side'; 'on the second side.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεύτερονsecondAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying κλίτος: 'the second side')→ object specificationδεύτερος (neut. δεύτερον): 'second'; τὸ κλίτος τὸ δεύτερον = 'the second side,' balancing τὸ ἕν above.
13
ποιήσεις δὲ ἀναφορεῖς ξύλα ἄσηπτα καὶ καταχρυσώσεις αὐτὰ χρυσίῳ
And you shall make carrying-poles of incorruptible wood and overlay them with gold.
The δέ marks the next item — the ἀναφορεῖς ('carrying-poles / bearers'), made of acacia wood and gilded like the ark itself. In apposition ξύλα ἄσηπτα ('incorruptible wood') names their material directly. These poles, threaded through the rings of v. 12, allow the ark to be carried without being touched.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding command)ποιέω: 'make'; here governs the carrying-poles.
δὲand / nownarrative continuative (post-positive, marks next item)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive particle; here a mild continuative advancing the inventory to the next component (the poles); the rare δέ amid the prevailing καί-parataxis subtly sets off this item.
ἀναφορεῖςcarrying-poles / bearersAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationἀναφορεύς (pl. ἀναφορεῖς): 'carrying-pole / bearer-bar'; from ἀναφέρω ('carry up / bear'); renders בַּדִּים ('poles / staves'); the poles by which the ark (and later the table) are carried; a technical LXX cult term.
ξύλαwoodAccusativeaccusative in apposition to ἀναφορεῖς (material)→ object specificationξύλον (pl. ξύλα): 'wood'; in apposition specifying the poles' material — acacia wood.
ἄσηπταincorruptible / acaciaAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ξύλα)→ object specificationἄσηπτος: 'unrotting / acacia'; the fixed rendering of acacia wood; see v. 5.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταχρυσώσειςyou shall overlay with goldFut Act Indic 2 Sg · καταχρυσόωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding command)καταχρυσόω: 'overlay completely with gold'; see v. 11; the poles are gilded to match the ark.
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object (the poles, neut. pl.)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. neut. pl. αὐτά): 'them' — the poles.
χρυσίῳwith goldDativedative of material/instrument→ sphere or referenceχρυσίον (dat. χρυσίῳ): 'gold'; the material with which the poles are overlaid.
14
καὶ εἰσάξεις τοὺς ἀναφορεῖς εἰς τοὺς δακτυλίους τοὺς ἐν τοῖς κλίτεσι τῆς κιβωτοῦ αἴρειν τὴν κιβωτὸν ἐν αὐτοῖς
And you shall bring the carrying-poles into the rings that are on the sides of the ark, to carry the ark by them.
The poles are threaded into the rings on the ark's sides; the epexegetic infinitive αἴρειν ('to carry') states the purpose — so that the ark may be borne by them. The arrangement keeps the bearers from touching the ark itself.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσάξειςyou shall bring inFut Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰσάγωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding command)εἰσάγω: 'bring in / lead into'; the compound εἰσ- with εἰς + acc.; renders הֵבִיא; here 'insert the poles into the rings.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀναφορεῖςcarrying-polesAccusativedirect object of εἰσάξεις→ object specificationἀναφορεύς (pl. ἀναφορεῖς): 'carrying-pole'; see v. 13; inserted into the rings.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δακτυλίουςringsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationδακτύλιος: 'ring'; the rings of v. 12 into which the poles are passed.
τοὺςthe (which)Accusativearticle (attributive, introducing the prepositional modifier)→ noun-phrase markingὁ (attributive article): τοὺς ἐν τοῖς κλίτεσι ('the ones on the sides') — the article turns the prepositional phrase into an adjectival modifier of δακτυλίους.
ἐνon / inpreposition + dative (location of the rings)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location of the rings).
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κλίτεσιsidesDativedative object of ἐν (location)→ sphere or referenceκλίτος (dat. pl. κλίτεσι): 'side'; the rings are on the sides of the ark; see v. 12.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτοῦarkGenitivegenitive of possession (the ark's sides)→ relational specificationκιβωτός (gen. κιβωτοῦ): 'ark'; the sides belong to the ark.
αἴρεινto carry / liftPres Act Inf · αἴρωepexegetic/purpose infinitive (states the function of the poles)→ telic present infinitive (purpose: in order to carry)αἴρω: 'lift / carry / take up'; renders נָשָׂא; the infinitive of purpose — the poles are inserted 'to carry the ark'; the present aspect views the carrying as the ongoing function.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτὸνarkAccusativedirect object of αἴρειν→ object specificationκιβωτός (acc. κιβωτόν): 'ark'; the object carried.
ἐνby / withpreposition + dative (instrumental: 'by them')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: instrumental ('by means of them'), a Hebraizing use rendering בָּהֶם.
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative object of ἐν (instrumental: the poles)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. pl. αὐτοῖς): 'them' — the poles, the means of carrying.
15
ἐν τοῖς δακτυλίοις τῆς κιβωτοῦ ἔσονται οἱ ἀναφορεῖς ἀκίνητοι
In the rings of the ark the carrying-poles shall remain, immovable.
A fronted prepositional phrase ('in the rings of the ark') gives emphasis to the permanence: the poles ἔσονται … ἀκίνητοι ('shall be immovable'), never to be withdrawn. The ark must always be ready to be borne and never handled directly, a rule whose breach proves fatal in later narrative (cf. 2 Sam 6:6–7).
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location, fronted for emphasis)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location, fronted for emphasis).
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δακτυλίοιςringsDativedative object of ἐν (location)→ sphere or referenceδακτύλιος (dat. pl. δακτυλίοις): 'ring'; the rings in which the poles permanently rest.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτοῦarkGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationκιβωτός (gen. κιβωτοῦ): 'ark'; the rings belong to the ark.
ἔσονταιshall be / remainFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (standing rule of permanence)εἰμί (fut. ἔσονται): 'be / remain'; the future of εἰμί with the predicate ἀκίνητοι states a permanent condition — 'the poles shall remain immovable.'
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀναφορεῖςcarrying-polesNominativesubject of ἔσονται→ participant prominenceἀναφορεύς (pl. ἀναφορεῖς): 'carrying-pole'; the subject — the poles remain fixed in the rings.
ἀκίνητοιimmovableNominativepredicate adjective (with ἔσονται)→ participant prominenceἀκίνητος: 'immovable / not to be moved'; alpha-privative + κινέω ('move'); renders the Hebrew command לֹא יָסֻרוּ ('they shall not be removed'); the poles are never to be drawn out, keeping the ark perpetually portable and untouched.
16
καὶ ἐμβαλεῖς εἰς τὴν κιβωτὸν τὰ μαρτύρια ἃ ἂν δῶ σοι
And you shall put into the ark the testimonies which I shall give you.
The ark's purpose is declared: into it Moses is to place τὰ μαρτύρια ('the testimonies') that YHWH will give — the covenant tablets/document from which the ark takes its name (κιβωτὸς μαρτυρίου, v. 10). The deposit is restated at v. 21 after the mercy seat is described.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμβαλεῖςyou shall put inFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐμβάλλωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding command)ἐμβάλλω: 'throw in / put into / deposit'; the compound ἐν- with εἰς + acc.; renders נָתַן (in the ark); the regular verb for placing the testimony into the ark (also v. 21).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτὸνarkAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationκιβωτός (acc. κιβωτόν): 'ark'; the container of the testimony.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτύριαtestimoniesAccusativedirect object of ἐμβαλεῖς→ object specificationμαρτύριον (pl. μαρτύρια): 'testimony / witness'; renders עֵדוּת; the covenant testimony (the tablets/document) deposited in the ark; the LXX plural τὰ μαρτύρια views the testimony as the set of covenant stipulations; the ark is named from this deposit (v. 10).
ἃwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of δῶ, antecedent μαρτύρια)→ participant referenceὅς (neut. pl. ἅ): 'which'; introduces the relative clause defining the testimonies as those YHWH will give.
ἂν-evermodal particle (with subjunctive δῶ)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: modal particle marking the prospective/indefinite force of the relative clause with the subjunctive — 'whatever I shall give.'
δῶI shall giveAor Act Subj 1 Sg · δίδωμιverb of relative clause (subjunctive with ἄν: prospective)→ prospective aorist subjunctive (anticipated future giving)δίδωμι (aor. subj. δῶ): 'give'; the subjunctive with ἄν projects the future bestowal of the testimony; YHWH himself is the giver of the covenant document, as also at v. 21 (ἃ ἂν δῶ σοι).
σοιyouDativedative indirect object of δῶ (Moses as recipient)→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. σοι): 'to you'; Moses is the recipient of the testimony from God.
17
καὶ ποιήσεις ἱλαστήριον ἐπίθεμα χρυσίου καθαροῦ δύο πήχεων καὶ ἡμίσους τὸ μῆκος καὶ πήχεος καὶ ἡμίσους τὸ πλάτος
And you shall make a mercy seat, a covering of pure gold: two and a half cubits the length, and a cubit and a half the breadth.
The chapter's central object now appears: the ἱλαστήριον ('propitiatory / mercy seat'), explained in apposition as an ἐπίθεμα ('covering / lid') of pure gold, with the length matching the ark but no height given (it is a flat cover). The term ἱλαστήριον is the keystone of the chapter's theological afterlife — Paul applies it to Christ at Rom 3:25, and Heb 9:5 names it as overshadowed by the cherubim of glory. Its dimensions echo the ark of v. 10 so that it caps the ark exactly.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding command)ποιέω: 'make'; here governs the making of the mercy seat.
ἱλαστήριονmercy seat / propitiatoryAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationἱλαστήριον: 'place / means of propitiation, mercy seat'; renders Hebrew כַּפֹּרֶת (from כָּפַר, 'cover / atone'); from ἱλάσκομαι ('propitiate / make atonement'). This is the gold cover of the ark, the locus of atonement where blood was sprinkled on the Day of Atonement (Lev 16:14–15). HEADLINE CRUX: Paul calls Christ ἱλαστήριον (Rom 3:25, ὃν προέθετο ὁ θεὸς ἱλαστήριον … ἐν τῷ αὐτοῦ αἵματι), and Heb 9:5 names τὸ ἱλαστήριον overshadowed by the cherubim of glory; the LXX term thus furnishes the NT vocabulary of atonement.
ἐπίθεμαcovering / lidAccusativeaccusative in apposition to ἱλαστήριον→ object specificationἐπίθεμα: 'that which is placed on top / covering / lid'; from ἐπιτίθημι ('place upon'); in apposition it explains the ἱλαστήριον concretely as the lid/cover of the ark — at once a physical 'covering' (כַּפֹּרֶת) and, theologically, the place of 'covering / atonement.'
χρυσίουof goldGenitivegenitive of material (modifying ἐπίθεμα / ἱλαστήριον)→ relational specificationχρυσίον (gen. χρυσίου): 'gold'; the mercy seat is wrought of solid gold, not merely overlaid — the supreme material for the supreme object.
καθαροῦpureGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying χρυσίου: 'pure gold')→ relational specificationκαθαρός: 'pure'; χρυσίου καθαροῦ ('pure gold'); see v. 11.
δύοtwoindeclinable numeral (with πήχεων)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; the length is two and a half cubits, matching the ark.
πήχεωνof cubitsGenitivegenitive of measure (defining τὸ μῆκος)→ relational specificationπῆχυς (gen. pl. πήχεων): 'cubit'; the genitive of measure; 2½ cubits long.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμίσουςof a halfGenitivegenitive of measure ('and a half')→ relational specificationἥμισυς (gen. ἡμίσους): 'half'; 'and a half (cubit)' for the length.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μῆκοςlengthAccusativeaccusative of respect ('as to length')→ object specificationμῆκος: 'length'; articular accusative of respect; the mercy seat's length matches the ark exactly (2½ cubits).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πήχεοςof a cubitGenitivegenitive of measure (defining τὸ πλάτος)→ relational specificationπῆχυς (gen. sg. πήχεος): 'cubit'; the breadth is a cubit and a half, matching the ark; no height is specified, the mercy seat being a flat cover.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμίσουςof a halfGenitivegenitive of measure ('and a half')→ relational specificationἥμισυς (gen. ἡμίσους): 'half'; 'and a half (cubit)' for the breadth.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλάτοςbreadthAccusativeaccusative of respect ('as to breadth')→ object specificationπλάτος: 'breadth'; articular accusative of respect; the second and final dimension — the mercy seat has no stated height, being the flat golden lid of the ark.
18
καὶ ποιήσεις δύο χερουβιμ χρυσᾶ τορευτὰ καὶ ἐπιθήσεις αὐτὰ ἐξ ἀμφοτέρων τῶν κλιτῶν τοῦ ἱλαστηρίου
And you shall make two cherubim of gold, of beaten work, and set them on both ends of the mercy seat.
Two cherubim (χερουβιμ, the transliterated Hebrew plural) of beaten gold are made and set at the two ends (κλιτῶν) of the mercy seat. The term τορευτά ('hammered / chased work') indicates they are wrought as one piece with the lid. The cherubim are the guardian throne-figures whose overshadowing wings frame the place of divine presence (v. 22; cf. Heb 9:5).
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding command)ποιέω: 'make'; here governs the making of the cherubim.
δύοtwoindeclinable numeral (with χερουβιμ)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; the two cherubim, one at each end of the mercy seat.
χερουβιμcherubimdirect object of ποιήσεις (indeclinable transliterated noun)→ clausal contributionχερουβιμ: transliteration of the Hebrew plural כְּרוּבִים ('cherubim'); indeclinable in the LXX (the plural form is retained as a loanword); the winged composite throne-guardians; here the two gold figures crowning the mercy seat, named in Heb 9:5 as Χερουβιν δόξης ('cherubim of glory').
χρυσᾶof gold / goldenAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying χερουβιμ)→ object specificationχρυσοῦς (neut. pl. χρυσᾶ): 'golden'; the cherubim are wrought of gold; the neuter plural agrees with the neuter-construed χερουβιμ.
τορευτὰof beaten work / chasedAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying χερουβιμ: 'hammered work')→ object specificationτορευτός: 'wrought with the chisel / hammered / chased'; from τορεύω ('work in relief / emboss'); renders מִקְשָׁה ('hammered work'); indicates the cherubim are beaten out of a single piece of gold with the mercy seat, not cast separately; the same term describes the lampstand (v. 31).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιθήσειςyou shall set / place uponFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding command)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon / set on'; see v. 12; here the cherubim are mounted at the ends of the mercy seat.
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object (the cherubim, neut. pl.)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. neut. pl. αὐτά): 'them' — the cherubim.
ἐξfrom / onpreposition + genitive (origin/location: 'from both ends')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ/ἐξ + gen.: here marking position at the extremities — 'on/from both ends.'
ἀμφοτέρωνbothGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying κλιτῶν: 'both ends')→ relational specificationἀμφότερος (gen. pl. ἀμφοτέρων): 'both (of two)'; renders שְׁנֵי ('the two'); one cherub at each of the two ends.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κλιτῶνends / sidesGenitivegenitive object of ἐξ (location: the two ends)→ relational specificationκλίτος (gen. pl. κλιτῶν): 'side / end'; here the two ends of the mercy seat; see v. 12.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱλαστηρίουmercy seatGenitivegenitive of possession (the ends of the mercy seat)→ relational specificationἱλαστήριον (gen. ἱλαστηρίου): 'mercy seat'; the ends belong to the mercy seat; see v. 17.
19
ποιηθήσονται χερουβ εἷς ἐκ τοῦ κλίτους τούτου καὶ χερουβ εἷς ἐκ τοῦ κλίτους τοῦ δευτέρου τοῦ ἱλαστηρίου καὶ ποιήσεις τοὺς δύο χερουβιμ ἐπὶ τὰ δύο κλίτη
One cherub shall be made on this end, and one cherub on the other end of the mercy seat; and you shall make the two cherubim upon the two ends.
The distributive arrangement is spelled out: χερουβ εἷς ('one cherub') at this end, another at the second end. Here the singular χερουβ (transliterated Hebrew singular כְּרוּב) appears, declined notionally with εἷς ('one'); the passive ποιηθήσονται ('they shall be made') opens, then the active ποιήσεις resumes the command-form. The two figures rise from the two ends as one work with the lid.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
ποιηθήσονταιthey shall be madeFut Pass Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (legislative future passive)→ legislative future passive (standing prescription)ποιέω (fut. pass. ποιηθήσονται): 'be made'; the passive shifts focus to the cherubim as the things to be fashioned; renders the Hebrew יִהְיוּ עֹשִׂים / יֵעָשׂוּ; the plural anticipates the two figures named singly in what follows.
χερουβcherubsubject of ποιηθήσονται (indeclinable transliterated singular)→ clausal contributionχερουβ: transliteration of the Hebrew singular כְּרוּב ('cherub'); indeclinable in the LXX; the singular form (beside the plural χερουβιμ) distributes the two figures one by one — 'one cherub … and one cherub.'
εἷςoneNominativenumeral adjective (with χερουβ: 'one cherub')→ measure or countεἷς: 'one'; masculine nominative agreeing notionally with the (indeclinable) χερουβ; 'one cherub on this end.'
ἐκfrom / onpreposition + genitive (location: 'on this end')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (location: 'on this end').
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κλίτουςend / sideGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (location)→ relational specificationκλίτος (gen. κλίτους): 'side / end'; 'from this end' of the mercy seat.
τούτουthisGenitivedemonstrative adjective (modifying κλίτους: 'this end')→ relational specificationοὗτος (gen. τούτου): 'this'; deictic 'this end,' paired with τοῦ δευτέρου ('the second') below.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χερουβcherubsubject (second cherub, indeclinable singular)→ clausal contributionχερουβ: the second cherub; see above.
εἷςoneNominativenumeral adjective (with χερουβ)→ measure or countεἷς: 'one'; the second 'one cherub.'
ἐκfrom / onpreposition + genitive (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (location).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κλίτουςend / sideGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ→ relational specificationκλίτος: 'side / end'; the second end.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δευτέρουsecondGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying κλίτους: 'the second end')→ relational specificationδεύτερος (gen. δευτέρου): 'second'; 'the second end,' balancing τούτου above.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱλαστηρίουmercy seatGenitivegenitive of possession (the ends of the mercy seat)→ relational specificationἱλαστήριον (gen. ἱλαστηρίου): 'mercy seat'; the ends belong to the mercy seat.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (legislative future, resuming active command)→ legislative future (binding command)ποιέω: 'make'; the active resumes after the passive ποιηθήσονται, gathering up the instruction — 'you shall make the two cherubim upon the two ends.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δύοtwoindeclinable numeral (with χερουβιμ)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; the two cherubim together.
χερουβιμcherubimdirect object of ποιήσεις (indeclinable transliterated plural)→ clausal contributionχερουβιμ: the plural form again; here the two figures are referred to together with the masculine article τοὺς, treating the loanword as a masculine plural object.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position).
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δύοtwoindeclinable numeral (with κλίτη)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; the two ends.
κλίτηends / sidesAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (position: the two ends)→ object specificationκλίτος (acc. pl. κλίτη): 'side / end'; the two ends on which the cherubim stand.
20
ἔσονται οἱ χερουβιμ ἐκτείνοντες τὰς πτέρυγας ἐπάνωθεν συσκιάζοντες ταῖς πτέρυξιν αὐτῶν ἐπὶ τοῦ ἱλαστηρίου καὶ τὰ πρόσωπα αὐτῶν εἰς ἄλληλα εἰς τὸ ἱλαστήριον ἔσονται τὰ πρόσωπα τῶν χερουβιμ
The cherubim shall spread their wings above, overshadowing the mercy seat with their wings, and their faces shall be toward one another; toward the mercy seat shall be the faces of the cherubim.
A periphrastic future (ἔσονται … ἐκτείνοντες / συσκιάζοντες) describes the cherubim's permanent posture: wings stretched out above, overshadowing (συσκιάζοντες) the mercy seat, faces turned toward one another and toward the ἱλαστήριον. This is precisely the image Heb 9:5 invokes — Χερουβιν δόξης κατασκιάζοντα τὸ ἱλαστήριον ('cherubim of glory overshadowing the mercy seat'). The overshadowing frames the empty space above the lid as the throne-locus of the divine voice (v. 22).
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
ἔσονταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίauxiliary of periphrastic future (with participles ἐκτείνοντες / συσκιάζοντες)→ periphrastic future (durative: their standing posture)εἰμί (fut. ἔσονται): 'be'; with the present participles forms a periphrastic future expressing the abiding posture of the cherubim — 'they shall be (continually) spreading … overshadowing.'
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χερουβιμcherubimsubject of ἔσονται (indeclinable, masc. art.)→ clausal contributionχερουβιμ: the cherubim; indeclinable; here subject, construed as masculine plural with οἱ.
ἐκτείνοντεςspreading / stretching outPres Act Ptc Nom Masc Pl · ἐκτείνωpredicate participle (periphrastic with ἔσονται)→ durative present participle (continuous posture)ἐκτείνω: 'stretch out / extend'; renders פֹּרְשֵׂי ('spreading'); the cherubim spread out their wings above; the participle in the periphrasis denotes their fixed attitude.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πτέρυγαςwingsAccusativedirect object of ἐκτείνοντες→ object specificationπτέρυξ (acc. pl. πτέρυγας): 'wing'; renders כְּנָפַיִם; the outspread wings form the canopy over the mercy seat.
ἐπάνωθενabove / from aboveadverb of place (the wings extend upward/overhead)→ clausal contributionἐπάνωθεν: 'from above / overhead'; renders מִלְמַעְלָה ('upward / above'); the wings are spread aloft over the lid.
συσκιάζοντεςovershadowingPres Act Ptc Nom Masc Pl · συσκιάζωpredicate participle (second periphrastic participle)→ durative present participle (continuous overshadowing)συσκιάζω: 'overshadow / cover with shade'; from σύν + σκιά ('shadow'); renders סֹכְכִים ('covering / screening'); the wings overshadow the mercy seat — the precise image of Heb 9:5 (κατασκιάζοντα τὸ ἱλαστήριον), where a near-synonymous compound is used.
ταῖςthe / with theirDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πτέρυξινwingsDativedative of instrument (overshadowing 'with their wings')→ sphere or referenceπτέρυξ (dat. pl. πτέρυξιν): 'wing'; instrumental dative — they overshadow with their wings.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (the cherubim's wings)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. pl. αὐτῶν): 'their' — the wings belong to the cherubim.
ἐπὶover / uponpreposition + genitive (position: 'over the mercy seat')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position: 'over the mercy seat').
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱλαστηρίουmercy seatGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (what is overshadowed)→ relational specificationἱλαστήριον (gen. ἱλαστηρίου): 'mercy seat'; the wings overshadow it; see v. 17.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόσωπαfacesNominativesubject (the faces of the cherubim, with implied ἔσονται)→ participant prominenceπρόσωπον (pl. πρόσωπα): 'face / countenance'; renders פָּנִים; the faces of the cherubim are oriented toward one another and toward the lid.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. pl. αὐτῶν): 'their' — the cherubim's faces.
εἰςtowardpreposition + accusative (direction of gaze)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'toward'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of gaze).
ἄλληλαone anotherAccusativereciprocal pronoun (object of εἰς: 'toward one another')→ participant referenceἀλλήλων (neut. acc. ἄλληλα): 'one another'; reciprocal pronoun; the faces look toward each other (rendering אִישׁ אֶל אָחִיו, 'each toward the other').
εἰςtowardpreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'toward'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱλαστήριονmercy seatAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (direction of the faces)→ object specificationἱλαστήριον (acc.): 'mercy seat'; the faces are inclined downward toward the lid — the gaze converges on the place of atonement and presence.
ἔσονταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (with predicate τὰ πρόσωπα: chiastic restatement)→ predictive future (their fixed orientation)εἰμί (fut. ἔσονται): 'be'; the verse closes with a chiastic restatement — 'toward the mercy seat shall be the faces of the cherubim' — emphasizing the convergence of the cherubim's gaze on the place of presence.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόσωπαfacesNominativesubject of ἔσονται (restated)→ participant prominenceπρόσωπον (pl. πρόσωπα): 'face'; the restated subject in the closing clause.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χερουβιμcherubimgenitive of possession (indeclinable: 'the faces of the cherubim')→ clausal contributionχερουβιμ: indeclinable; here genitive of possession with τῶν — 'the faces of the cherubim.'
21
καὶ ἐπιθήσεις τὸ ἱλαστήριον ἐπὶ τὴν κιβωτὸν ἄνωθεν καὶ εἰς τὴν κιβωτὸν ἐμβαλεῖς τὰ μαρτύρια ἃ ἂν δῶ σοι
And you shall set the mercy seat upon the ark, on top; and into the ark you shall put the testimonies which I shall give you.
The mercy seat is set on top of the ark (ἐπὶ τὴν κιβωτὸν ἄνωθεν), and the deposit of the testimony is restated (cf. v. 16, here verbatim ἃ ἂν δῶ σοι). The ark thus encloses the testimony and is crowned by the lid where God will meet Moses (v. 22). The repetition binds the ark-unit (vv. 10–16) and the mercy-seat-unit (vv. 17–22) into one assembled whole.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιθήσειςyou shall set uponFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding command)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon'; here the mercy seat is set atop the ark; see vv. 12, 18.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱλαστήριονmercy seatAccusativedirect object of ἐπιθήσεις→ object specificationἱλαστήριον (acc.): 'mercy seat'; the lid set upon the ark; see v. 17.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτὸνarkAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationκιβωτός (acc.): 'ark'; the mercy seat rests upon it.
ἄνωθενon top / from aboveadverb of place (position: 'on top')→ clausal contributionἄνωθεν: 'from above / on top'; renders מִלְמָעְלָה; the lid is placed over the ark from above; the same adverb recurs in v. 22 (λαλήσω … ἄνωθεν τοῦ ἱλαστηρίου).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction, fronted)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction, fronted).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτὸνarkAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (fronted for emphasis)→ object specificationκιβωτός (acc.): 'ark'; the fronted phrase 'into the ark' echoes v. 16.
ἐμβαλεῖςyou shall put inFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐμβάλλωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding command)ἐμβάλλω: 'put into / deposit'; see v. 16; the testimony-deposit command is restated verbatim.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτύριαtestimoniesAccusativedirect object of ἐμβαλεῖς→ object specificationμαρτύριον (pl. μαρτύρια): 'testimony'; see v. 16; the covenant deposit placed within the ark.
ἃwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of δῶ)→ participant referenceὅς (neut. pl. ἅ): 'which'; see v. 16.
ἂν-evermodal particle (with subjunctive δῶ)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: modal particle; see v. 16.
δῶI shall giveAor Act Subj 1 Sg · δίδωμιverb of relative clause (subjunctive with ἄν)→ prospective aorist subjunctive (anticipated giving)δίδωμι (aor. subj. δῶ): 'give'; verbatim repetition of v. 16 — YHWH gives the testimony.
σοιyouDativedative indirect object of δῶ (Moses)→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. σοι): 'to you'; Moses the recipient.
22
καὶ γνωσθήσομαί σοι ἐκεῖθεν καὶ λαλήσω σοι ἄνωθεν τοῦ ἱλαστηρίου ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν δύο χερουβιμ τῶν ὄντων ἐπὶ τῆς κιβωτοῦ τοῦ μαρτυρίου καὶ κατὰ πάντα ὅσα ἂν ἐντείλωμαί σοι πρὸς τοὺς υἱοὺς Ισραηλ
And I will be made known to you from there, and I will speak to you from above the mercy seat, between the two cherubim that are on the ark of the testimony, even according to all that I command you for the sons of Israel.
The theological apex of the ark-pericope: YHWH promises to make himself known (γνωσθήσομαι) and to speak (λαλήσω) from above the mercy seat, between the two cherubim, over the ark of the testimony. The ἱλαστήριον is thus not merely a lid but the throne-locus of revelation and command — the place where the transcendent God meets and instructs his mediator. This enthronement-between-the-cherubim becomes a fixed epithet of YHWH (ὁ καθήμενος ἐπὶ τῶν χερουβιμ, 1 Sam 4:4; Ps 79[80]:2).
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γνωσθήσομαίI will be made known / will reveal myselfFut Pass Indic 1 Sg · γινώσκωmain verb (divine first-person promise)→ predictive future passive (promise of self-revelation)γινώσκω (fut. pass. γνωσθήσομαι): 'be known / make oneself known'; the passive 'I will be made known to you' renders the Hebrew וְנוֹעַדְתִּי ('I will meet / appoint a meeting with you'); the LXX recasts the appointed meeting as God's self-disclosure — he will become known to Moses from the mercy seat.
σοιto youDativedative indirect object (Moses, recipient of revelation)→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. σοι): 'to you' — Moses, to whom God reveals himself and speaks.
ἐκεῖθενfrom thereadverb of place (source of revelation)→ clausal contributionἐκεῖθεν: 'from there / thence'; renders מִשָּׁם; 'there' is the space above the mercy seat between the cherubim — the locus of divine presence.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λαλήσωI will speakFut Act Indic 1 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (divine first-person promise)→ predictive future (promise of ongoing oracular speech)λαλέω (fut. λαλήσω): 'speak'; renders דִּבַּרְתִּי; from the mercy seat YHWH will deliver his commands — the ark becomes the oracle-throne from which Israel's law is mediated (cf. Num 7:89).
σοιto youDativedative indirect object of λαλήσω→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. σοι): 'to you' — Moses.
ἄνωθενfrom aboveadverb / improper preposition + genitive (source: 'from above the mercy seat')→ spatial or relational framingἄνωθεN: 'from above'; here governing the genitive τοῦ ἱλαστηρίου — 'from above the mercy seat'; renders מֵעַל הַכַּפֹּרֶת; the divine voice issues from above the lid.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱλαστηρίουmercy seatGenitivegenitive with ἄνωθεν ('from above the mercy seat')→ relational specificationἱλαστήριον (gen. ἱλαστηρίου): 'mercy seat'; the locus from above which God speaks; see v. 17.
ἀνὰin / betweenpreposition (with μέσον: 'in the midst / between')→ spatial or relational framingἀνά: with μέσον forms the fixed phrase ἀνὰ μέσον ('between / in the midst of'), a Hebraism rendering בֵּין; locates the divine voice between the two cherubim.
μέσονthe midst / betweenAccusativeaccusative with ἀνά (idiomatic: 'between')→ object specificationμέσος (neut. μέσον): 'middle / midst'; ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν δύο χερουβιμ = 'between the two cherubim'; the empty space above the lid, framed by the wings, is the throne of presence.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δύοtwoindeclinable numeral (with χερουβιμ)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; the two cherubim flanking the place of presence.
χερουβιμcherubimgenitive with ἀνὰ μέσον (indeclinable: 'between the cherubim')→ clausal contributionχερουβιμ: indeclinable; here construed as genitive after ἀνὰ μέσον; see v. 18.
τῶνthe (which)Genitivearticle (attributive, introducing participial modifier)→ noun-phrase markingὁ (attributive article): τῶν ὄντων ('the ones that are') — turns the participle into an adjectival modifier of χερουβιμ.
ὄντωνbeing / that arePres Act Ptc Gen Masc Pl · εἰμίattributive participle (modifying χερουβιμ: 'that are on the ark')→ stative present participle (their fixed location)εἰμί (pres. ptc. ὄντων): 'being'; the attributive participle locates the cherubim as those 'being / that are' upon the ark of the testimony.
ἐπὶon / uponpreposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτοῦarkGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (location of the cherubim)→ relational specificationκιβωτός (gen. κιβωτοῦ): 'ark'; the cherubim stand upon the ark (via the mercy seat).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουof testimonyGenitivegenitive (defining κιβωτοῦ: 'ark of the testimony')→ relational specificationμαρτύριον (gen. μαρτυρίου): 'testimony'; the full title κιβωτὸς τοῦ μαρτυρίου ('ark of the testimony'); see v. 10.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the scope of the speaking)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm/extent of the commands)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to'; 'according to all that I command'; defines the content/scope of the oracular speech.
πάνταall thingsAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (substantival)→ object specificationπᾶς (acc. pl. n. πάντα): 'all'; κατὰ πάντα ὅσα — 'according to all things, whatsoever.'
ὅσαwhatsoeverAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐντείλωμαι, antecedent πάντα)→ participant referenceὅσος (acc. pl. n. ὅσα): 'as many as / whatsoever'; reinforces πάντα — all that God commands.
ἂν-evermodal particle (with subjunctive ἐντείλωμαι)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: modal particle with the subjunctive, generalizing — 'whatsoever I may command.'
ἐντείλωμαίI commandAor Mid Subj 1 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιverb of relative clause (subjunctive with ἄν: prospective)→ prospective aorist subjunctive (anticipated commands)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command / charge / give orders'; renders צִוָּה; the deponent middle; the mercy seat is the source from which YHWH will issue all his commands for Israel through Moses.
σοιyouDativedative indirect object of ἐντείλωμαι (Moses)→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. σοι): 'to you' — Moses, the recipient of the commands.
πρὸςfor / topreposition + accusative (recipients of the mediated commands)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: here 'for / with reference to' the sons of Israel — the commands are given to Moses for transmission to the people.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the people)→ object specificationυἱός (acc. pl. υἱούς): 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ, the covenant people for whom the commands are intended.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable genitive (qualifying υἱούς)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; genitive of relationship with υἱούς; see v. 2.
23
καὶ ποιήσεις τράπεζαν χρυσίου καθαροῦ δύο πήχεων τὸ μῆκος καὶ πήχεος τὸ εὖρος καὶ πήχεος καὶ ἡμίσους τὸ ὕψος
And you shall make a table of pure gold: two cubits the length, and a cubit the width, and a cubit and a half the height.
The second furnishing of the holy place, the τράπεζα ('table') of pure gold, is now prescribed with its dimensions (2 × 1 × 1½ cubits). The same dimensional formula (genitives of measure with articular accusatives of respect) as the ark (v. 10) is used. This is the table on which the bread of the Presence will be set (v. 30).
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding command)ποιέω: 'make'; opens the table-unit.
τράπεζανtableAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationτράπεζα: 'table'; renders שֻׁלְחָן; the table for the bread of the Presence, standing in the holy place opposite the lampstand; etymologically τράπεζα = 'four-footed' (τετρα-πεζα).
χρυσίουof goldGenitivegenitive of material (modifying τράπεζαν)→ relational specificationχρυσίον (gen. χρυσίου): 'gold'; the table is of pure gold (the MT specifies acacia wood overlaid with gold; the LXX here says simply 'of pure gold').
καθαροῦpureGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying χρυσίου)→ relational specificationκαθαρός: 'pure'; χρυσίου καθαροῦ; see v. 11.
δύοtwoindeclinable numeral (with πήχεων)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; the length is two cubits.
πήχεωνof cubitsGenitivegenitive of measure (defining τὸ μῆκος)→ relational specificationπῆχυς (gen. pl. πήχεων): 'cubit'; the table is 2 cubits long.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μῆκοςlengthAccusativeaccusative of respect ('as to length')→ object specificationμῆκος: 'length'; articular accusative of respect; see v. 10.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πήχεοςof a cubitGenitivegenitive of measure (defining τὸ εὖρος)→ relational specificationπῆχυς (gen. sg. πήχεος): 'cubit'; the width is one cubit.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὖροςwidth / breadthAccusativeaccusative of respect ('as to width')→ object specificationεὖρος: 'breadth / width'; renders רֹחַב; a synonym of πλάτος (used for the ark/mercy seat); the articular accusative of respect for the table's width — one cubit.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πήχεοςof a cubitGenitivegenitive of measure (defining τὸ ὕψος)→ relational specificationπῆχυς (gen. sg. πήχεος): 'cubit'; the height is a cubit and a half.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμίσουςof a halfGenitivegenitive of measure ('and a half')→ relational specificationἥμισυς (gen. ἡμίσους): 'half'; 'and a half (cubit)' for the height.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕψοςheightAccusativeaccusative of respect ('as to height')→ object specificationὕψος: 'height'; articular accusative of respect; completes the table's dimensions (2 × 1 × 1½ cubits).
24
καὶ ποιήσεις αὐτῇ στρεπτὰ κυμάτια χρυσᾶ κύκλῳ
And you shall make for it twisted gold moldings round about.
The table receives the same twisted gold molding (στρεπτὰ κυμάτια χρυσᾶ κύκλῳ) as the ark (v. 11), an encircling decorative crown. The repetition of the molding-formula visually unites the sacred furnishings.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding command)ποιέω: 'make'; here the molding for the table.
αὐτῇfor itDativedative of advantage (for the table)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. fem. αὐτῇ): 'for it' — the table (τράπεζα, fem.).
στρεπτὰtwistedAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying κυμάτια)→ object specificationστρεπτός: 'twisted / cabled'; see v. 11; the rope-pattern molding.
κυμάτιαmoldingsAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationκυμάτιον: 'molding / wave-border'; see v. 11; the decorative edging of the table.
χρυσᾶgoldenAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying κυμάτια)→ object specificationχρυσοῦς (neut. pl. χρυσᾶ): 'golden'; the moldings are of gold.
κύκλῳround aboutDativeadverbial dative (encircling)→ sphere or referenceκύκλος (dat. κύκλῳ): 'round about'; the molding encircles the table; see v. 11.
25
καὶ ποιήσεις αὐτῇ στεφάνην παλαιστοῦ κύκλῳ καὶ ποιήσεις στρεπτὸν κυμάτιον τῇ στεφάνῃ κύκλῳ
And you shall make for it a rim a handbreadth wide round about, and you shall make a twisted molding for the rim round about.
A rim (στεφάνη) a handbreadth (παλαιστοῦ) wide is added around the table, and a further twisted molding is set on the rim itself. The double encircling — rim and molding — both ornaments the table and helps secure what is placed on it. στεφάνη ('crown / rim') renders the Hebrew מִסְגֶּרֶת ('frame / border').
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding command)ποιέω: 'make'; here the rim of the table.
αὐτῇfor itDativedative of advantage (for the table)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. fem. αὐτῇ): 'for it' — the table.
στεφάνηνrim / borderAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationστεφάνη: 'rim / border / crown'; renders מִסְגֶּרֶת ('frame / enclosing border'); the raised edge running around the table, a handbreadth in width.
παλαιστοῦof a handbreadthGenitivegenitive of measure (defining the width of the rim)→ relational specificationπαλαιστή (gen. παλαιστοῦ): 'handbreadth / palm (c. 7.5 cm)'; renders טֹפַח; the genitive of measure gives the rim's width — one handbreadth.
κύκλῳround aboutDativeadverbial dative (encircling)→ sphere or referenceκύκλος (dat. κύκλῳ): 'round about'; the rim runs around the whole table.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding command)ποιέω: 'make'; here the molding for the rim.
στρεπτὸνtwistedAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying κυμάτιον)→ object specificationστρεπτός: 'twisted'; see v. 11; here singular agreeing with κυμάτιον.
κυμάτιονmoldingAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationκυμάτιον: 'molding / wave-border'; here a single twisted molding set upon the rim; see v. 11.
τῇthe / for theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στεφάνῃrimDativedative of advantage/reference (the molding belongs to the rim)→ sphere or referenceστεφάνη (dat. στεφάνῃ): 'rim'; the molding is made 'for the rim' — applied to the border just described.
κύκλῳround aboutDativeadverbial dative (encircling)→ sphere or referenceκύκλος (dat. κύκλῳ): 'round about'; the molding encircles the rim.
26
καὶ ποιήσεις τέσσαρας δακτυλίους χρυσοῦς καὶ ἐπιθήσεις τοὺς δακτυλίους ἐπὶ τὰ τέσσαρα μέρη τῶν ποδῶν αὐτῆς
And you shall make four gold rings and set the rings on the four parts of its legs.
As with the ark (v. 12), four gold rings are made for the table and mounted at the four parts of its legs to receive the carrying-poles. The parallel construction (τέσσαρας δακτυλίους χρυσοῦς … ἐπιθήσεις) deliberately mirrors the ark's fittings.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding command)ποιέω: 'make'; here the rings for the table.
τέσσαραςfourAccusativeattributive numeral (modifying δακτυλίους)→ object specificationτέσσαρες (acc. τέσσαρας): 'four'; four rings, as for the ark.
δακτυλίουςringsAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationδακτύλιος: 'ring'; see v. 12; the rings for the table's poles.
χρυσοῦςgoldenAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying δακτυλίους)→ object specificationχρυσοῦς: 'golden'; the rings are of gold.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιθήσειςyou shall setFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding command)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon / set on'; see v. 12; the rings are affixed to the legs.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δακτυλίουςringsAccusativedirect object of ἐπιθήσεις→ object specificationδακτύλιος: 'ring'; the four rings just made.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place).
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέσσαραfourAccusativeattributive numeral (modifying μέρη)→ measure or countτέσσαρες (neut. τέσσαρα): 'four'; the four parts/corners of the legs.
μέρηpartsAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (location)→ object specificationμέρος (pl. μέρη): 'part / portion / section'; renders פֵּאֹת ('corners'); the four parts/corners of the table's legs where the rings are mounted.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποδῶνlegs / feetGenitivegenitive of possession (the table's legs)→ relational specificationπούς (gen. pl. ποδῶν): 'foot / leg'; renders רַגְלָיו; the legs of the table; the rings are mounted at the four corners of the legs.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (the table's)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. fem. αὐτῆς): 'its' — the table's legs.
27
ὑπὸ τὴν στεφάνην καὶ ἔσονται οἱ δακτύλιοι εἰς θήκας τοῖς ἀναφορεῦσιν ὥστε αἴρειν ἐν αὐτοῖς τὴν τράπεζαν
under the rim; and the rings shall serve as housings for the carrying-poles, so as to carry the table by them.
The rings are positioned under the rim and function εἰς θήκας ('as holders/sheaths') for the poles, with a result-clause (ὥστε αἴρειν) stating the purpose — to carry the table. The construction parallels the ark's arrangement (vv. 14–15) and prepares for the poles of v. 28.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ὑπὸunderpreposition + accusative (position: 'under the rim')→ spatial or relational framingὑπό + acc.: 'under / beneath'; the rings sit just under the rim (στεφάνη) of the table.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στεφάνηνrimAccusativeaccusative object of ὑπό (position)→ object specificationστεφάνη: 'rim / border'; see v. 25; the rings are placed beneath it.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσονταιshall be / serve asFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (legislative future, predicative with εἰς)→ legislative future (standing function)εἰμί (fut. ἔσονται): 'be'; with εἰς + acc. forms a Hebraizing predicate ('be for / serve as') — the rings 'shall be for housings,' i.e. serve as sheaths for the poles (rendering הָיָה לְ-).
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δακτύλιοιringsNominativesubject of ἔσονται→ participant prominenceδακτύλιος (pl. δακτύλιοι): 'ring'; the subject — the rings serve as housings.
εἰςfor / aspreposition + accusative (Hebraizing predicate: 'as housings')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: predicative 'for / as' (rendering לְ-); 'shall be for housings.'
θήκαςhousings / holdersAccusativeaccusative with εἰς (predicate: the function of the rings)→ object specificationθήκη (acc. pl. θήκας): 'receptacle / case / sheath'; renders בָּתִּים ('houses / holders'); from τίθημι ('place'); the rings act as sheaths/sockets receiving the carrying-poles.
τοῖςthe / for theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀναφορεῦσινcarrying-polesDativedative of advantage (housings 'for the poles')→ sphere or referenceἀναφορεύς (dat. pl. ἀναφορεῦσιν): 'carrying-pole'; the rings are housings for the poles; see v. 13.
ὥστεso as toconjunction introducing result/purpose infinitive→ discourse linkage or contrastὥστε: 'so that / so as to'; with the infinitive αἴρειν expresses the intended result — that the table may be carried.
αἴρεινto carryPres Act Inf · αἴρωresult/purpose infinitive (with ὥστε)→ telic present infinitive (purpose: to carry)αἴρω: 'lift / carry'; see v. 14; the table is carried by the poles.
ἐνby / withpreposition + dative (instrumental: 'by them')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: instrumental; 'by means of them' (the poles).
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative object of ἐν (instrumental: the poles)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. pl. αὐτοῖς): 'them' — the poles, the means of carrying.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τράπεζανtableAccusativedirect object of αἴρειν→ object specificationτράπεζα (acc. τράπεζαν): 'table'; the object carried; see v. 23.
28
καὶ ποιήσεις τοὺς ἀναφορεῖς ἐκ ξύλων ἀσήπτων καὶ καταχρυσώσεις αὐτοὺς χρυσίῳ καθαρῷ καὶ ἀρθήσεται ἐν αὐτοῖς ἡ τράπεζα
And you shall make the carrying-poles of incorruptible wood and overlay them with pure gold, and the table shall be carried by them.
The table's poles, like the ark's (v. 13), are of acacia wood overlaid with pure gold. The closing passive ἀρθήσεται ('it shall be carried') states the result: the table is borne by the poles. The verbal echo of vv. 13–15 unifies the portable furnishings.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding command)ποιέω: 'make'; here the poles for the table.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀναφορεῖςcarrying-polesAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationἀναφορεύς (pl. ἀναφορεῖς): 'carrying-pole'; see v. 13.
ἐκof / out ofpreposition + genitive (material)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (material).
ξύλωνwoodGenitivegenitive of material (with ἐκ)→ relational specificationξύλον (gen. pl. ξύλων): 'wood'; the poles are of acacia wood; see v. 10.
ἀσήπτωνincorruptible / acaciaGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying ξύλων)→ relational specificationἄσηπτος: 'unrotting / acacia'; see v. 5.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταχρυσώσειςyou shall overlay with goldFut Act Indic 2 Sg · καταχρυσόωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding command)καταχρυσόω: 'overlay completely with gold'; see v. 11; the poles are gilded with pure gold.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object (the poles, masc. pl.)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. masc. pl. αὐτούς): 'them' — the poles.
χρυσίῳwith goldDativedative of material/instrument→ sphere or referenceχρυσίον (dat. χρυσίῳ): 'gold'; the material of the overlay.
καθαρῷpureDativeattributive adjective (modifying χρυσίῳ)→ sphere or referenceκαθαρός: 'pure'; χρυσίῳ καθαρῷ ('pure gold'); see v. 11.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀρθήσεταιshall be carried / liftedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · αἴρωmain verb (legislative future passive: result)→ legislative future passive (the table's portability)αἴρω (fut. pass. ἀρθήσεται): 'be lifted / be carried'; the passive states the result — the table is borne by means of the poles; cf. the active αἴρειν of v. 27.
ἐνby / withpreposition + dative (instrumental: 'by them')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: instrumental; 'by means of them' (the poles).
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative object of ἐν (instrumental: the poles)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. pl. αὐτοῖς): 'them' — the poles.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τράπεζαtableNominativesubject of ἀρθήσεται→ participant prominenceτράπεζα: 'table'; the subject of the passive — it is carried by the poles; see v. 23.
29
καὶ ποιήσεις τὰ τρυβλία αὐτῆς καὶ τὰς θυίσκας καὶ τὰ σπονδεῖα καὶ τοὺς κυάθους ἐν οἷς σπείσεις ἐν αὐτοῖς χρυσίου καθαροῦ ποιήσεις αὐτά
And you shall make its dishes and its censers and its libation-bowls and its cups, with which you shall pour libations; of pure gold you shall make them.
The table's accessory vessels are enumerated — dishes (τρυβλία), censers (θυίσκαι), libation-bowls (σπονδεῖα), and cups (κύαθοι) for pouring libations — all to be of pure gold. The relative clause ἐν οἷς σπείσεις ('with which you shall pour libations') with the resumptive ἐν αὐτοῖς is a Hebraizing redundancy. The closing χρυσίου καθαροῦ ποιήσεις αὐτά reasserts the material for the whole set.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding command)ποιέω: 'make'; here the table's vessels.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρυβλίαdishes / plattersAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationτρύβλιον (pl. τρυβλία): 'dish / bowl / platter'; renders קְעָרֹת; the dishes/platters on which the bread of the Presence was arranged (cf. the same word at Matt 26:23).
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (the table's)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. fem. αὐτῆς): 'its' — the table's dishes.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυίσκαςcensers / incense-cupsAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationθυΐσκη (acc. pl. θυίσκας): 'incense-cup / censer / spoon'; from θύω ('offer / burn incense'); renders כַּפֹּת ('spoons / pans'); the small vessels holding the frankincense set beside the bread (cf. Lev 24:7).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σπονδεῖαlibation-bowlsAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationσπονδεῖον (pl. σπονδεῖα): 'libation-vessel / bowl for drink-offerings'; from σπονδή ('drink-offering'); renders קְשָׂוֹת ('jars / jugs'); the vessels for the wine libations associated with the table.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυάθουςcups / ladlesAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationκύαθος (acc. pl. κυάθους): 'cup / ladle / dipper'; renders מְנַקִּיֹּת ('bowls / sacrificial vessels'); the pouring-cups used in the libations.
ἐνwith / inpreposition + dative (instrumental, introducing relative clause)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrumental, introducing relative clause).
οἷςwhichDativerelative pronoun (object of ἐν: 'with which')→ participant reference or interestὅς (dat. pl. οἷς): 'which'; introduces the relative clause defining the use of the cups — 'with which you shall pour libations.'
σπείσειςyou shall pour libationsFut Act Indic 2 Sg · σπένδωverb of relative clause→ predictive/customary future (the cultic use of the vessels)σπένδω: 'pour out a libation / offer a drink-offering'; renders נָסַךְ; the vessels are the instruments of the libation-rite; cf. the metaphorical σπένδομαι ('I am being poured out') of Paul at Phil 2:17; 2 Tim 4:6.
ἐνwith / bypreposition + dative (resumptive Hebraizing redundancy)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: resumptive ἐν αὐτοῖς ('with them') redundantly repeats the relative ἐν οἷς — a Hebraism reflecting the resumptive pronoun of בָּהֵן after אֲשֶׁר.
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative (resumptive pronoun, Hebraism with the relative)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. pl. αὐτοῖς): 'them'; the resumptive pronoun completing the Hebraizing relative construction ('with which … with them').
χρυσίουof goldGenitivegenitive of material (with ποιήσεις: 'make of gold')→ relational specificationχρυσίον (gen. χρυσίου): 'gold'; genitive of material — the whole vessel-set is of pure gold.
καθαροῦpureGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying χρυσίου)→ relational specificationκαθαρός: 'pure'; χρυσίου καθαροῦ; see v. 11.
ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (legislative future, emphatic restatement)→ legislative future (binding command, restated)ποιέω: 'make'; the closing 'of pure gold you shall make them' restates the material for the whole vessel-set, framing the verse.
αὐτάthemAccusativedirect object (the vessels, neut. pl.)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. neut. pl. αὐτά): 'them' — the dishes, censers, bowls, and cups collectively.
30
καὶ ἐπιθήσεις ἐπὶ τὴν τράπεζαν ἄρτους ἐνωπίους ἐναντίον μου διὰ παντός
And you shall set upon the table the bread of the Presence before me continually.
The table's purpose is declared: upon it are set the ἄρτοι ἐνώπιοι ('bread of the Presence / showbread'), kept ἐναντίον μου διὰ παντός ('before me continually'). The bread, perpetually displayed before YHWH, symbolizes Israel's covenant communion and constant fellowship at the divine table (cf. Lev 24:5–9). The phrase ἄρτοι ἐνώπιοι renders לֶחֶם פָּנִים ('bread of the face/presence').
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιθήσειςyou shall set uponFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding command)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon / set on'; here the bread is set upon the table; see vv. 12, 21.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τράπεζανtableAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationτράπεζα (acc. τράπεζαν): 'table'; the table just described; see v. 23.
ἄρτουςloaves / breadAccusativedirect object of ἐπιθήσεις→ object specificationἄρτος (acc. pl. ἄρτους): 'bread / loaf'; renders לֶחֶם; here the showbread, the twelve loaves displayed before YHWH (Lev 24:5–9).
ἐνωπίουςof the Presence / before-the-faceAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἄρτους: 'bread of the Presence')→ object specificationἐνώπιος: 'facing / in the presence'; from ἐν + ὤψ ('face'); ἄρτοι ἐνώπιοι ('bread of the Presence / showbread') renders לֶחֶם פָּנִים ('bread of the face'); the loaves are set perpetually before the face of God.
ἐναντίονbefore / in the presence ofimproper preposition + genitive ('before me')→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before / in the presence of'; Hebraism rendering לִפְנֵי; here governing μου — 'before me,' i.e. before YHWH.
μουmeGenitivegenitive with ἐναντίον (the divine presence)→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. μου): 'me'; the bread is kept before YHWH himself — the table is set in God's presence.
διὰthrough / continuallypreposition + genitive (with παντός: 'continually')→ spatial or relational framingδιά + gen.: with παντός forms the idiom διὰ παντός ('continually / perpetually'), rendering תָּמִיד; the bread is never absent from the table.
παντόςall (time)Genitivegenitive with διά (idiomatic: 'continually')→ relational specificationπᾶς (gen. sg. παντός): 'all'; διὰ παντός = 'through all (time), continually'; the perpetual display of the bread marks unbroken covenant communion.
31
καὶ ποιήσεις λυχνίαν ἐκ χρυσίου καθαροῦ τορευτὴν ποιήσεις τὴν λυχνίαν ὁ καυλὸς αὐτῆς καὶ οἱ καλαμίσκοι καὶ οἱ κρατῆρες καὶ οἱ σφαιρωτῆρες καὶ τὰ κρίνα ἐξ αὐτῆς ἔσται
And you shall make a lampstand of pure gold; of beaten work shall you make the lampstand — its shaft and its branches and its cups and its calyxes and its lily-flowers shall be of one piece with it.
The third great furnishing, the λυχνία ('lampstand'), is prescribed: of pure gold, τορευτή ('beaten / hammered work'), made as one integral piece. Its parts are listed — shaft (καυλός), branches (καλαμίσκοι), cups (κρατῆρες), calyxes/bulbs (σφαιρωτῆρες), and lily-flowers (κρίνα) — all ἐξ αὐτῆς ('of one piece with it'), not assembled from separate parts. The botanical, almond-blossom imagery (vv. 33–34) makes the lampstand a stylized tree of light.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding command)ποιέω: 'make'; opens the lampstand-unit.
λυχνίανlampstandAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationλυχνία: 'lampstand / menorah'; renders מְנוֹרָה; from λύχνος ('lamp'); the seven-branched golden lampstand standing in the holy place opposite the table (cf. its eschatological imagery at Zech 4:2; Rev 1:12).
ἐκof / out ofpreposition + genitive (material)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (material).
χρυσίουof goldGenitivegenitive of material (with ἐκ)→ relational specificationχρυσίον (gen. χρυσίου): 'gold'; the lampstand is of pure gold.
καθαροῦpureGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying χρυσίου)→ relational specificationκαθαρός: 'pure'; χρυσίου καθαροῦ; see v. 11.
τορευτὴνof beaten work / hammeredAccusativeattributive/predicative adjective (modifying λυχνίαν)→ object specificationτορευτός: 'hammered / chased / wrought in relief'; renders מִקְשָׁה; the lampstand is beaten from a single piece of gold, not cast or assembled; see v. 18.
ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (legislative future, emphatic repetition)→ legislative future (binding command, restated)ποιέω: 'make'; the repetition (τορευτὴν ποιήσεις τὴν λυχνίαν) emphasizes the single-piece beaten construction — 'of beaten work you shall make the lampstand.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λυχνίανlampstandAccusativedirect object (restated)→ object specificationλυχνία: 'lampstand'; restated as the object of the emphatic repetition.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καυλὸςshaft / stemNominativesubject (with ἔσται: 'its shaft … shall be of one piece')→ participant prominenceκαυλός: 'stalk / stem / shaft'; renders יָרֵךְ ('base / shaft'); the central upright shaft of the lampstand from which the branches spring.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (the lampstand's)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. fem. αὐτῆς): 'its' — the lampstand's shaft.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καλαμίσκοιbranches / reedsNominativesubject (coordinate)→ participant prominenceκαλαμίσκος (pl. καλαμίσκοι): 'little reed / branch / tube'; diminutive of κάλαμος ('reed'); renders קָנִים ('branches'); the lateral branches of the lampstand (six in all, v. 32).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρατῆρεςcups / bowlsNominativesubject (coordinate)→ participant prominenceκρατήρ (pl. κρατῆρες): 'mixing-bowl / cup'; renders גְּבִעִים ('cups'); the cup-shaped, almond-blossom ornaments on the branches (v. 33).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σφαιρωτῆρεςcalyxes / bulbs / knobsNominativesubject (coordinate)→ participant prominenceσφαιρωτήρ (pl. σφαιρωτῆρες): 'spherical knob / bulb / calyx'; from σφαῖρα ('ball / sphere'); renders כַּפְתֹּרִים ('capitals / bulbs'); the rounded knob-ornaments (calyxes) on the lampstand's shaft and branches.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρίναlily-flowersNominativesubject (coordinate)→ participant prominenceκρίνον (pl. κρίνα): 'lily / lily-flower'; renders פְּרָחִים ('flowers / blossoms'); the lily/flower ornaments crowning the calyxes; the floral imagery makes the lampstand a stylized flowering tree (cf. the κρίνα τοῦ ἀγροῦ of Matt 6:28).
ἐξof / frompreposition + genitive (source: 'of one piece with it')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ/ἐξ + gen.: here 'out of / from' — the ornaments are wrought out of the same single piece as the lampstand (ἐξ αὐτῆς, 'of it').
αὐτῆςitGenitivegenitive object of ἐξ ('out of it')→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. fem. αὐτῆς): 'it' — the lampstand; the parts are all of one piece with it (ἐξ αὐτῆς), reinforcing the beaten-work unity.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (legislative future, with compound subject)→ legislative future (standing prescription)εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; the singular verb (with a compound subject construed collectively) — 'shall be of one piece with it'; the whole lampstand and its ornaments form a single integral object.
32
ἓξ δὲ καλαμίσκοι ἐκπορευόμενοι ἐκ πλαγίων τρεῖς καλαμίσκοι τῆς λυχνίας ἐκ τοῦ κλίτους αὐτῆς τοῦ ἑνὸς καὶ τρεῖς καλαμίσκοι τῆς λυχνίας ἐκ τοῦ κλίτους τοῦ δευτέρου
And six branches go out from the sides: three branches of the lampstand from its one side and three branches of the lampstand from the second side.
The δέ marks the next specification: six branches (καλαμίσκοι) project from the sides, three from each side of the central shaft. With the shaft itself this yields the seven-lamp arrangement (v. 37). The participle ἐκπορευόμενοι ('going out') images the branches as growing outward like boughs from a trunk.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
ἓξsixindeclinable numeral (modifying καλαμίσκοι)→ clausal contributionἕξ: 'six'; indeclinable; the six lateral branches, three per side.
δὲand / nownarrative continuative (post-positive, marks next specification)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive particle; mild continuative advancing to the detail of the branches; cf. v. 13.
καλαμίσκοιbranchesNominativesubject (with implied ἔσονται)→ participant prominenceκαλαμίσκος (pl. καλαμίσκοι): 'branch / reed'; see v. 31; the six side-branches.
ἐκπορευόμενοιgoing out / projectingPres Mid Ptc Nom Masc Pl · ἐκπορεύομαιattributive participle (modifying καλαμίσκοι)→ durative present participle (their outward projection)ἐκπορεύομαι: 'go out / proceed forth'; renders יֹצְאִים ('coming out'); the branches 'go out' from the sides of the shaft like limbs from a trunk; the present participle images their abiding projection.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
πλαγίωνsidesGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (source: 'from the sides')→ relational specificationπλάγιος (gen. pl. πλαγίων): 'sideways / lateral'; substantival neuter 'the sides / flanks'; the branches project from the two sides of the central shaft.
τρεῖςthreeNominativeattributive numeral (modifying καλαμίσκοι)→ measure or countτρεῖς: 'three'; three branches on the one side.
καλαμίσκοιbranchesNominativesubject (distributive: 'three branches')→ participant prominenceκαλαμίσκος: 'branch'; the three branches of the first side.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λυχνίαςlampstandGenitivegenitive of possession (the lampstand's branches)→ relational specificationλυχνία (gen. λυχνίας): 'lampstand'; the branches belong to the lampstand.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κλίτουςsideGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (the one side)→ relational specificationκλίτος (gen. κλίτους): 'side'; the first side of the lampstand; see v. 12.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (the lampstand's side)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. fem. αὐτῆς): 'its' — the lampstand's side.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑνὸςoneGenitiveattributive numeral (modifying κλίτους: 'the one side')→ relational specificationεἷς (gen. ἑνός): 'one'; τοῦ κλίτους τοῦ ἑνός = 'the one (first) side.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τρεῖςthreeNominativeattributive numeral (modifying καλαμίσκοι)→ measure or countτρεῖς: 'three'; the three branches on the second side.
καλαμίσκοιbranchesNominativesubject (distributive)→ participant prominenceκαλαμίσκος: 'branch'; the three branches of the second side.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λυχνίαςlampstandGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationλυχνία (gen. λυχνίας): 'lampstand'; the branches belong to it.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κλίτουςsideGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (the second side)→ relational specificationκλίτος (gen. κλίτους): 'side'; the second side.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δευτέρουsecondGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying κλίτους: 'the second side')→ relational specificationδεύτερος (gen. δευτέρου): 'second'; 'the second side,' balancing τοῦ ἑνός above.
33
καὶ τρεῖς κρατῆρες ἐκτετυπωμένοι καρυίσκους ἐν τῷ ἑνὶ καλαμίσκῳ σφαιρωτὴρ καὶ κρίνον οὕτως τοῖς ἓξ καλαμίσκοις τοῖς ἐκπορευομένοις ἐκ τῆς λυχνίας
And three cups shaped like almond-nuts on the one branch, with a calyx and a lily-flower; so for the six branches that go out from the lampstand.
Each of the six branches bears three almond-shaped cups (κρατῆρες ἐκτετυπωμένοι καρυίσκους), each set with a calyx (σφαιρωτήρ) and a lily-flower (κρίνον). The distributive οὕτως ('so / likewise') extends the pattern to all six branches uniformly. The almond-blossom motif (καρυίσκους) recalls the almond, the first tree to flower — an image of watchful, life-bearing light.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τρεῖςthreeNominativeattributive numeral (modifying κρατῆρες)→ measure or countτρεῖς: 'three'; three cups per branch.
κρατῆρεςcups / bowlsNominativesubject (with implied ἔσονται)→ participant prominenceκρατήρ (pl. κρατῆρες): 'cup / bowl'; see v. 31; the almond-blossom cups on each branch.
ἐκτετυπωμένοιshaped / embossedPerf Pass Ptc Nom Masc Pl · ἐκτυπόωattributive participle (modifying κρατῆρες)→ resultative perfect (their finished embossed form)ἐκτυπόω: 'mould / emboss / shape in relief'; from τύπος ('impression / form'); the perfect passive participle denotes the cups as 'shaped/embossed (like almond-nuts)'; renders מְשֻׁקָּדִים ('made like almond-blossoms'); note the cognate of τύπος, the keyword of v. 40.
καρυίσκουςlike almond-nutsAccusativeaccusative of respect / content (the shape of the cups)→ object specificationκαρυΐσκος (acc. pl. καρυίσκους): 'little nut / almond-nut'; diminutive of κάρυον ('nut'); the accusative specifies the form into which the cups are embossed — almond-nut/blossom shaped; renders שְׁקֵדִים ('almonds').
ἐνon / inpreposition + dative (location: 'on the one branch')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location: 'on the one branch').
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑνὶoneDativeattributive numeral (modifying καλαμίσκῳ: 'each one branch')→ sphere or referenceεἷς (dat. ἑνί): 'one'; distributive — 'on the one (each individual) branch.'
καλαμίσκῳbranchDativedative object of ἐν (location)→ sphere or referenceκαλαμίσκος (dat. καλαμίσκῳ): 'branch'; each branch bears the three cups; see v. 31.
σφαιρωτὴρcalyx / bulbNominativesubject (further ornament on the branch)→ participant prominenceσφαιρωτήρ: 'calyx / spherical knob'; see v. 31; each branch also has a calyx.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κρίνονlily-flowerNominativesubject (further ornament on the branch)→ participant prominenceκρίνον: 'lily / lily-flower'; see v. 31; each branch also bears a lily-flower above the calyx.
οὕτωςso / likewiseadverb of manner (extending the pattern distributively)→ adverbial qualificationοὕτω(ς): 'thus / likewise'; the distributive adverb applies the same ornamentation to all six branches uniformly.
τοῖςthe / for theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἓξsixindeclinable numeral (modifying καλαμίσκοις)→ clausal contributionἕξ: 'six'; the six branches.
καλαμίσκοιςbranchesDativedative of reference ('for the six branches')→ sphere or referenceκαλαμίσκος (dat. pl. καλαμίσκοις): 'branch'; the pattern holds for all six branches.
τοῖςthe (which)Dativearticle (attributive, introducing participial modifier)→ noun-phrase markingὁ (attributive article): τοῖς ἐκπορευομένοις ('the ones going out') — adjectival modifier of καλαμίσκοις.
ἐκπορευομένοιςgoing out / projectingPres Mid Ptc Dat Masc Pl · ἐκπορεύομαιattributive participle (modifying καλαμίσκοις)→ durative present participle (their outward projection)ἐκπορεύομαι: 'go out / proceed'; see v. 32; the branches projecting from the lampstand.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λυχνίαςlampstandGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (source of the branches)→ relational specificationλυχνία (gen. λυχνίας): 'lampstand'; the branches go out from the lampstand; see v. 31.
34
καὶ ἐν τῇ λυχνίᾳ τέσσαρες κρατῆρες ἐκτετυπωμένοι καρυίσκους ἐν τῷ ἑνὶ καλαμίσκῳ οἱ σφαιρωτῆρες καὶ τὰ κρίνα αὐτῆς
And on the lampstand itself four almond-shaped cups, with their calyxes and lily-flowers on each branch.
Whereas each branch bears three cups (v. 33), the central shaft of the lampstand (ἐν τῇ λυχνίᾳ) bears four almond-shaped cups with their calyxes and lily-flowers. The shaft is thus the most elaborately ornamented member, the axis of the whole flowering structure.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνon / inpreposition + dative (location: 'on the lampstand [shaft]')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location: 'on the lampstand [shaft]').
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λυχνίᾳlampstandDativedative object of ἐν (location: the central shaft)→ sphere or referenceλυχνία (dat. λυχνίᾳ): 'lampstand'; here 'on the lampstand [shaft] itself,' as distinct from the branches; see v. 31.
τέσσαρεςfourNominativeattributive numeral (modifying κρατῆρες)→ measure or countτέσσαρες: 'four'; four cups on the shaft (versus three per branch).
κρατῆρεςcupsNominativesubject (with implied ἔσονται)→ participant prominenceκρατήρ (pl. κρατῆρες): 'cup'; see v. 31; the four almond-cups of the central shaft.
ἐκτετυπωμένοιshaped / embossedPerf Pass Ptc Nom Masc Pl · ἐκτυπόωattributive participle (modifying κρατῆρες)→ resultative perfect (their finished embossed form)ἐκτυπόω: 'emboss / shape in relief'; see v. 33; the cups are shaped like almond-blossoms.
καρυίσκουςlike almond-nutsAccusativeaccusative of respect/content (the shape of the cups)→ object specificationκαρυΐσκος (acc. pl. καρυίσκους): 'almond-nut'; see v. 33; the almond-blossom form.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑνὶone / eachDativeattributive numeral (modifying καλαμίσκῳ)→ sphere or referenceεἷς (dat. ἑνί): 'one'; distributive 'on each branch'; see v. 33.
καλαμίσκῳbranchDativedative object of ἐν (location)→ sphere or referenceκαλαμίσκος (dat. καλαμίσκῳ): 'branch'; see v. 31; here loosely extending the ornament-pattern to each member.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σφαιρωτῆρεςcalyxes / bulbsNominativesubject (the calyxes of the shaft)→ participant prominenceσφαιρωτήρ (pl. σφαιρωτῆρες): 'calyx / bulb'; see v. 31; the rounded knobs accompanying the cups.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρίναlily-flowersNominativesubject (the lily-flowers of the shaft)→ participant prominenceκρίνον (pl. κρίνα): 'lily-flower'; see v. 31; the floral ornaments crowning the calyxes.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (the lampstand's)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. fem. αὐτῆς): 'its' — the lampstand's calyxes and flowers.
35
ὁ σφαιρωτὴρ ὑπὸ τοὺς δύο καλαμίσκους ἐξ αὐτῆς καὶ σφαιρωτὴρ ὑπὸ τοὺς τέσσαρας καλαμίσκους ἐξ αὐτῆς οὕτως τοῖς ἓξ καλαμίσκοις τοῖς ἐκπορευομένοις ἐκ τῆς λυχνίας
A calyx under two branches of it, and a calyx under the four branches of it; so for the six branches that go out from the lampstand.
A calyx (σφαιρωτήρ) is placed beneath the points where the pairs of branches join the central shaft, integrating the branch-pairs into the single hammered structure. The distributive οὕτως extends the arrangement across all six branches. The placement 'under two … under four' marks the junction-knobs binding the branches to the shaft.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σφαιρωτὴρcalyx / bulbNominativesubject (with implied ἔσται)→ participant prominenceσφαιρωτήρ: 'calyx / knob'; see v. 31; here a junction-calyx beneath a pair of branches.
ὑπὸunderpreposition + accusative (position: 'under the branches')→ spatial or relational framingὑπό + acc.: 'under / beneath'; the calyx sits under the junction of the branches.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δύοtwoindeclinable numeral (with καλαμίσκους)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; a pair of branches.
καλαμίσκουςbranchesAccusativeaccusative object of ὑπό→ object specificationκαλαμίσκος (acc. pl. καλαμίσκους): 'branch'; the calyx is under this pair of branches; see v. 31.
ἐξof / frompreposition + genitive (source: 'of it / one piece with it')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ/ἐξ + gen.: 'out of it' — the calyx is of one piece with the lampstand; see v. 31.
αὐτῆςitGenitivegenitive object of ἐξ→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. fem. αὐτῆς): 'it' — the lampstand; the calyx is wrought of one piece with it.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σφαιρωτὴρcalyxNominativesubject (second junction-calyx)→ participant prominenceσφαιρωτήρ: 'calyx'; a second junction-calyx; see v. 31.
ὑπὸunderpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingὑπό + acc.: 'under'; see above.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέσσαραςfourAccusativeattributive numeral (modifying καλαμίσκους)→ object specificationτέσσαρες (acc. τέσσαρας): 'four'; the remaining branches.
καλαμίσκουςbranchesAccusativeaccusative object of ὑπό→ object specificationκαλαμίσκος (acc. pl.): 'branch'; the calyx beneath the four branches.
ἐξof / frompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
αὐτῆςitGenitivegenitive object of ἐξ→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. fem. αὐτῆς): 'it' — the lampstand; of one piece with it.
οὕτωςso / likewiseadverb of manner (extending the pattern)→ adverbial qualificationοὕτω(ς): 'thus / likewise'; the distributive adverb extends the calyx-arrangement to all six branches; see v. 33.
τοῖςthe / for theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἓξsixindeclinable numeral (modifying καλαμίσκοις)→ clausal contributionἕξ: 'six'; the six branches.
καλαμίσκοιςbranchesDativedative of reference ('for the six branches')→ sphere or referenceκαλαμίσκος (dat. pl. καλαμίσκοις): 'branch'; the pattern holds for all six.
τοῖςthe (which)Dativearticle (attributive, introducing participial modifier)→ noun-phrase markingὁ (attributive article): τοῖς ἐκπορευομένοις — adjectival modifier of καλαμίσκοις.
ἐκπορευομένοιςgoing out / projectingPres Mid Ptc Dat Masc Pl · ἐκπορεύομαιattributive participle (modifying καλαμίσκοις)→ durative present participle (their outward projection)ἐκπορεύομαι: 'go out / proceed'; see v. 32; the branches projecting from the lampstand.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λυχνίαςlampstandGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (source of the branches)→ relational specificationλυχνία (gen. λυχνίας): 'lampstand'; the branches go out from it; see v. 31.
36
οἱ σφαιρωτῆρες καὶ οἱ καλαμίσκοι ἐξ αὐτῆς ἔστωσαν ὅλη τορευτὴ ἐξ ἑνὸς χρυσίου καθαροῦ
The calyxes and the branches shall be of one piece with it, the whole a single hammered work of pure gold.
A summarizing rule: the calyxes and branches are all ἐξ αὐτῆς ('of one piece with it'); the whole lampstand is ὅλη τορευτή ('entirely beaten work') ἐξ ἑνὸς χρυσίου καθαροῦ ('of one [mass of] pure gold'). The third-person imperative ἔστωσαν ('let them be') gives the prescription, sealing the demand that the lampstand be a single integral object, not assembled from separate parts.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σφαιρωτῆρεςcalyxesNominativesubject of ἔστωσαν→ participant prominenceσφαιρωτήρ (pl. σφαιρωτῆρες): 'calyx'; see v. 31.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καλαμίσκοιbranchesNominativesubject of ἔστωσαν (coordinate)→ participant prominenceκαλαμίσκος (pl. καλαμίσκοι): 'branch'; see v. 31.
ἐξof / frompreposition + genitive (source: 'of one piece with it')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ/ἐξ + gen.: 'out of it'; see v. 31.
αὐτῆςitGenitivegenitive object of ἐξ→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. fem. αὐτῆς): 'it' — the lampstand; the parts are of one piece with it.
ἔστωσανlet them bePres Act Impv 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (third-person imperative)→ prescriptive present imperative (standing rule)εἰμί (pres. impv. 3 pl. ἔστωσαν): 'let them be'; the third-person imperative issues the rule — the calyxes and branches are to be integral with the lampstand.
ὅληwhole / entireNominativepredicate adjective (with the whole lampstand: 'the whole [shall be]')→ participant prominenceὅλος (fem. ὅλη): 'whole / entire'; agreeing with λυχνία (fem., understood) — 'the whole [lampstand] a single hammered work.'
τορευτὴof beaten work / hammeredNominativepredicate adjective (the whole is beaten work)→ participant prominenceτορευτός (fem. τορευτή): 'hammered / beaten work'; see vv. 18, 31; the whole lampstand is one beaten piece.
ἐξof / frompreposition + genitive (material/source: 'of one [mass]')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ/ἐξ + gen.: of material — 'out of one [piece] of pure gold.'
ἑνὸςoneGenitiveattributive numeral (modifying χρυσίου: 'one [mass of] gold')→ relational specificationεἷς (gen. ἑνός): 'one'; ἐξ ἑνὸς χρυσίου = 'out of one [single piece of] gold' — the lampstand is wrought from a single ingot.
χρυσίουof goldGenitivegenitive of material (with ἐξ)→ relational specificationχρυσίον (gen. χρυσίου): 'gold'; the single mass of pure gold from which the lampstand is beaten.
καθαροῦpureGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying χρυσίου)→ relational specificationκαθαρός: 'pure'; χρυσίου καθαροῦ; see v. 11.
37
καὶ ποιήσεις τοὺς λύχνους αὐτῆς ἑπτά καὶ ἐπιθήσεις τοὺς λύχνους καὶ φανοῦσιν ἐκ τοῦ ἑνὸς προσώπου
And you shall make its lamps, seven; and you shall set up the lamps, and they shall give light from the one front.
The seven lamps (λύχνους … ἑπτά) are made and mounted so that they shine ἐκ τοῦ ἑνὸς προσώπου ('from the one front / face') — all casting their light forward over the space before the lampstand (toward the table). The number seven gives the lampstand its symbolic completeness, taken up in Zech 4:2 and Rev 1:12; 4:5.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding command)ποιέω: 'make'; here the lamps.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λύχνουςlampsAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationλύχνος (acc. pl. λύχνους): 'lamp'; renders נֵרֹת; the oil-lamps set atop the lampstand and its branches; the source of λυχνία ('lampstand').
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (the lampstand's lamps)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. fem. αὐτῆς): 'its' — the lampstand's lamps.
ἑπτάsevenindeclinable numeral (in apposition: 'seven [lamps]')→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; indeclinable; the seven lamps (one for the shaft and one for each of the six branches); the number of completeness/perfection.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιθήσειςyou shall set up / mountFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding command)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon / set up'; here the lamps are mounted on the lampstand; see vv. 12, 18, 30.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λύχνουςlampsAccusativedirect object of ἐπιθήσεις→ object specificationλύχνος (acc. pl. λύχνους): 'lamp'; the seven lamps just made.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φανοῦσινthey shall give light / shineFut Act Indic 3 Pl · φαίνωmain verb (legislative future: result/function)→ predictive future (the lamps' illuminating function)φαίνω (fut. φανοῦσιν): 'give light / shine'; renders הֵאִיר ('give light'); the lamps shine forward from the front of the lampstand; cf. the cognate imagery of light shining in darkness (John 1:5; 2 Pet 1:19).
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source/direction of the light)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source/direction of the light).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑνὸςoneGenitiveattributive numeral (modifying προσώπου: 'the one front')→ relational specificationεἷς (gen. ἑνός): 'one'; 'from the one face/front' — the lamps all shine forward in a single direction, over the space before the lampstand.
προσώπουfront / faceGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (the front from which they shine)→ relational specificationπρόσωπον (gen. προσώπου): 'face / front / forepart'; renders עֵבֶר פָּנֶיהָ ('the front of it'); the lamps cast their light forward from the front face of the lampstand, illuminating the holy place.
38
καὶ τὸν ἐπαρυστῆρα αὐτῆς καὶ τὰ ὑποθέματα αὐτῆς ἐκ χρυσίου καθαροῦ ποιήσεις
And its snuffer and its trays you shall make of pure gold.
The lampstand's tending-implements — the snuffer/oil-pourer (ἐπαρυστήρ) and the trays/holders (ὑποθέματα) — are likewise to be of pure gold. These service the daily care of the lamps (trimming and refilling). The fronted objects with ποιήσεις at the end give the verse a tidy framing.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπαρυστῆραsnuffer / oil-pourerAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationἐπαρυστήρ: 'pourer / funnel / snuffer'; from ἐπαρύω ('pour in / draw off'); renders מַלְקָחַיִם / מֶלְקָחֶיהָ ('tongs / snuffers'); the implement for tending the lamps — trimming the wicks and pouring the oil.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (the lampstand's)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. fem. αὐτῆς): 'its' — the lampstand's snuffer.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑποθέματαtrays / holdersAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις (coordinate)→ object specificationὑπόθεμα (pl. ὑποθέματα): 'that which is placed under / tray / base'; from ὑποτίθημι ('place under'); renders מַחְתֹּת ('fire-pans / trays'); the trays set beneath the lamps to catch the trimmings/snuffings.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. fem. αὐτῆς): 'its' — the lampstand's trays.
ἐκof / out ofpreposition + genitive (material)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (material).
χρυσίουof goldGenitivegenitive of material (with ἐκ)→ relational specificationχρυσίον (gen. χρυσίου): 'gold'; the accessories are of pure gold.
καθαροῦpureGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying χρυσίου)→ relational specificationκαθαρός: 'pure'; χρυσίου καθαροῦ; see v. 11.
ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding command)ποιέω: 'make'; placed at the verse's end (after the fronted objects), commanding the making of the accessories in pure gold.
39
πάντα τὰ σκεύη ταῦτα τάλαντον χρυσίου καθαροῦ
All these vessels shall be a talent of pure gold.
A verbless summary statement (a nominal clause) gives the total quantity of gold: all these vessels — the lampstand with its lamps and accessories — are to be made from a single talent (τάλαντον) of pure gold. The talent (c. 34 kg) fixes both the value and the scale of the lampstand-set, underscoring its costly, unified workmanship.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
πάνταallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying σκεύη)→ participant prominenceπᾶς (neut. pl. πάντα): 'all'; 'all these vessels' — the lampstand and its accessories collectively.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκεύηvessels / furnishingsNominativesubject of the nominal clause→ participant prominenceσκεῦος (pl. σκεύη): 'vessel / implement / furnishing'; here the lampstand and all its accessories; see v. 9.
ταῦταtheseNominativedemonstrative adjective (modifying σκεύη: 'these vessels')→ participant prominenceοὗτος (neut. pl. ταῦτα): 'these'; the demonstrative gathers up the items just prescribed (vv. 31–38).
τάλαντονa talentNominativepredicate nominative (the quantity: 'a talent of gold')→ participant prominenceτάλαντον: 'talent (a weight, c. 34 kg / a large monetary unit)'; renders כִּכָּר ('talent / round weight'); the entire lampstand-set is to be wrought from one talent of pure gold; the term is familiar from the NT parable of the talents (Matt 25:14–30).
χρυσίουof goldGenitivegenitive of material/content (defining τάλαντον)→ relational specificationχρυσίον (gen. χρυσίου): 'gold'; the talent is of pure gold; genitive of material.
καθαροῦpureGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying χρυσίου)→ relational specificationκαθαρός: 'pure'; χρυσίου καθαροῦ; see v. 11.
40
ὅρα ποιήσεις κατὰ τὸν τύπον τὸν δεδειγμένον σοι ἐν τῷ ὄρει
See that you make them according to the pattern that has been shown to you on the mountain.
The chapter closes with the controlling command that frames the whole prescription (cf. v. 9): ὅρα ('see / take heed') with the future ποιήσεις issues an urgent charge — make everything κατὰ τὸν τύπον τὸν δεδειγμένον σοι ἐν τῷ ὄρει ('according to the pattern shown to you on the mountain'). HEADLINE CRUX: this verse is quoted almost verbatim at Heb 8:5 (κατὰ τὸν τύπον τὸν δειχθέντα σοι ἐν τῷ ὄρει) to prove that the earthly sanctuary is a copy and shadow (ὑποδείγματι καὶ σκιᾷ) of the heavenly realities — the LXX τύπος ('pattern / type') becoming a cornerstone of NT typology.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ὅραsee / take heedPres Act Impv 2 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (imperative of attention/warning)→ present imperative (urgent charge: take care)ὁράω (pres. impv. ὅρα): 'see / look / take heed'; renders רְאֵה ('see!'); the imperative introduces a solemn charge — 'see (to it) that you make'; ὅρα + future is a Hebraizing construction of urgent command.
ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (legislative future, governed by the charge ὅρα)→ legislative future (binding command under ὅρα)ποιέω: 'make'; the keyword of the chapter (cf. vv. 8, 9, 10…) in its final occurrence; under ὅρα it carries the force 'see that you make.'
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard/norm: 'according to the pattern')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to / in conformity with'; the same preposition as v. 9 (κατὰ πάντα); here governing τὸν τύπον — the norm of construction; quoted at Heb 8:5 (κατὰ τὸν τύπον).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τύπονpattern / type / modelAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (the norm shown on the mountain)→ object specificationτύπος: 'pattern / model / type / impress'; renders Hebrew תַּבְנִית ('structure / model'; cf. παράδειγμα at v. 9); from τύπτω ('strike'), an 'impress / stamp.' HEADLINE CRUX: Heb 8:5 cites this clause (κατὰ τὸν τύπον τὸν δειχθέντα σοι ἐν τῷ ὄρει) as proof that the priests serve ὑποδείγματι καὶ σκιᾷ τῶν ἐπουρανίων ('a copy and shadow of the heavenly things'); the LXX τύπος thus seeds the NT theology of type and antitype (cf. Rom 5:14; 1 Cor 10:6).
τὸνthe (which)Accusativearticle (attributive, introducing the participial modifier)→ noun-phrase markingὁ (attributive article): τὸν δεδειγμένον ('the [pattern] that has been shown') — turns the participle into an adjectival modifier of τύπον.
δεδειγμένονshown / having been shownPerf Pass Ptc Acc Masc Sg · δείκνυμιattributive participle (modifying τύπον)→ resultative perfect passive (the pattern stands shown to Moses)δείκνυμι (perf. pass. ptc. δεδειγμένον): 'show / reveal'; the perfect passive 'having been shown' presents the pattern as an accomplished, standing revelation already given to Moses; cf. the present δεικνύω of v. 9; Heb 8:5 renders the same idea with the aorist participle δειχθέντα ('shown').
σοιto youDativedative indirect object of δεδειγμένον (Moses, recipient of the vision)→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. σοι): 'to you'; Moses is the one to whom the pattern was shown; retained verbatim in the Heb 8:5 citation (σοι).
ἐνon / inpreposition + dative (locative: 'on the mountain')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'on the mountain').
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρειmountainDativedative of place (with ἐν: 'on the mountain')→ sphere or referenceὄρος (dat. ὄρει): 'mountain'; Sinai, the place of revelation; the closing ἐν τῷ ὄρει frames the chapter with v. 9 and is retained verbatim in the Heb 8:5 citation (ἐν τῷ ὄρει).