Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Exodus, Chapter 40ΕΞΟΔΟΣ Μ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Exodus 40 is the closing chapter of the book, and the Old Greek here is markedly shorter than the Masoretic Text: the LXX lacks Greek equivalents for several MT verses, so that Rahlfs' versification skips vv.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of Exodus 40 follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. Exodus 40 is the closing chapter of the book, and the Old Greek here is markedly shorter than the Masoretic Text: the LXX lacks Greek equivalents for several MT verses, so that Rahlfs' versification skips vv. 7, 11, 28, 30, 31, and 32 entirely — the chapter runs 1–6, 8–10, 12–27, 29, 33–38 for a total of thirty-two verses, and these gaps are not editorial omissions but reflect the genuine brevity of the Greek tabernacle-narrative (the second tabernacle account in LXX Exodus 35–40 diverges substantially from the MT in both order and extent). The chapter falls into two great movements: a divine command to Moses to erect and arrange the tabernacle on the first day of the first month and to anoint and consecrate Aaron and his sons (vv. 1–15), and the narrative of Moses' exact obedience, punctuated by the recurring refrain ὃν τρόπον / καθὰ / καθάπερ συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ ('just as the LORD commanded Moses', vv. 19, 21, 23, 25, 27). The book climaxes at vv. 34–38: the cloud (νεφέλη) covers the tent of meeting and the glory of the LORD fills the tabernacle (δόξης κυρίου ἐπλήσθη ἡ σκηνή), so that Moses cannot enter; thereafter the cloud by day and fire by night guide Israel on all their journeys (ἀναζυγαί). This indwelling-glory is the goal toward which the whole exodus has moved — the LORD now tabernacles in the midst of his people (cf. 1 Kgs 8:10–11; the Johannine ἐσκήνωσεν of John 1:14; Rev 21:3) — and with it the Book of Exodus closes.

1

καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων

And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,

New divine speech-act (opening the chapter's command-unit)καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος
The formula καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων is the standard LXX introduction to a fresh block of YHWH-speech, rendering וַיְדַבֵּר יהוה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה לֵּאמֹר; the participle λέγων is a Hebraism (= לֵאמֹר) marking the onset of direct discourse. It launches the final divine instruction of the book — the command to erect the tabernacle.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (single completed speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak / talk'; renders דִּבֶּר (Piel of דבר); the aorist ἐλάλησεν introduces a new divine commission; the full formula καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων recurs as a structural seam throughout Exodus and Leviticus.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the nominative subject of the speech-formula marks this as unmediated YHWH-speech directed to Moses alone.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (recipient of speech)→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: transliteration of Hebrew מֹשֶׁה; declined as a second-declension noun in Rahlfs' LXX (gen. Μωυσῆ, dat. Μωυσῇ, acc. Μωυσῆν); accusative here as the directional object of πρός.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · λέγωcircumstantial participle (discourse-introducing, agreeing with κύριος)→ imperfective participle (introducing direct speech)λέγω (pres. ptcp.): the participle λέγων is the standard LXX calque of the Hebrew infinitive לֵאמֹר ('saying'), a redundant speech-marker introducing the quoted divine command; its imperfective aspect leaves the discourse open to the words that follow.
2

ἐν ἡμέρᾳ μιᾷ τοῦ μηνὸς τοῦ πρώτου νουμηνίᾳ στήσεις τὴν σκηνὴν τοῦ μαρτυρίου

On the first day of the first month, at the new moon, you shall set up the tent of meeting.

Content of the command (temporal frame fronted)ἐν ἡμέρᾳ μιᾷ
The command opens with a fronted temporal phrase fixing the erection to the first day of the first month — the anniversary, in the second year (cf. v. 17), of the redemptive new year. The second-person future στήσεις functions as a directive (imperatival future), the first of the long chain of commands governing vv. 2–15.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἐνin / onpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (locative-temporal: 'on the day')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; renders יוֹם; the phrase ἐν ἡμέρᾳ μιᾷ τοῦ μηνὸς τοῦ πρώτου fixes the date with calendrical precision.
μιᾷfirst / oneDativeattributive numeral (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ measure or countεἷς, μία, ἕν: 'one'; here ordinal in sense ('day one' = the first day), a Hebraism rendering the cardinal אֶחָד used for the first of the month (cf. Gen 1:5 ἡμέρα μία).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηνὸςmonthGenitivepartitive genitive (the day belongs to the month)→ relational specificationμήν: 'month'; renders חֹדֶשׁ; 'the first month' is Abib/Nisan, the month of the exodus and Passover (Exod 12:2; 13:4).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρώτουfirstGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying μηνός)→ relational specificationπρῶτος: 'first'; the first month sets the tabernacle's inauguration at the very start of the cultic year, binding sanctuary and exodus to a single liturgical calendar.
νουμηνίᾳat the new moonDativedative of time (apposition / specification of the date)→ sphere or referenceνουμηνία (νεομηνία): 'new moon / first of the month'; renders רֹאשׁ חֹדֶשׁ; the term doubles the dating, specifying that the first day is the new-moon day; it recurs at v. 17 for the actual erection.
στήσειςyou shall set upFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (imperatival future: divine command to Moses)→ directive future (command with the force of an imperative)ἵστημι: 'set up / make stand / erect'; renders הֵקִים (Hiphil of קום); the future στήσεις has imperatival force, the standard LXX device for rendering Hebrew commands; the transitive 'cause to stand' is the proper verb for raising the tabernacle frame, fulfilled at v. 18 (ἔστησεν).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνὴνtent / tabernacleAccusativedirect object of στήσεις→ object specificationσκηνή: 'tent / dwelling / tabernacle'; renders מִשְׁכָּן and אֹהֶל; the term that gives the NT its theology of incarnational indwelling (John 1:14 ἐσκήνωσεν) and eschatological presence (Rev 21:3); here the portable sanctuary itself.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουof meeting / of testimonyGenitivegenitive of definition (the tent characterized by the testimony)→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: 'testimony / witness'; renders עֵדוּת (the covenant testimony) and stands for אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד ('tent of meeting'); the LXX σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου designates the tabernacle as the place of the testimony — the tablets of the covenant housed in the ark — and the locus of YHWH's appointed meeting with Israel.
3

καὶ θήσεις τὴν κιβωτὸν τοῦ μαρτυρίου καὶ σκεπάσεις τὴν κιβωτὸν τῷ καταπετάσματι

And you shall place the ark of the testimony, and you shall screen the ark with the veil.

Continuation of the command (next ritual act)καὶ θήσεις
The command moves to the innermost holy object: the ark of the testimony, which is to be placed and then concealed behind the veil (καταπέτασμα). The repeated second-person futures (θήσεις … σκεπάσεις) continue the directive chain begun at v. 2.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θήσειςyou shall placeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · τίθημιmain verb (imperatival future)→ directive future (command)τίθημι: 'put / place / set'; renders שִׂים / נָתַן; θήσεις is the recurring command-verb for positioning each holy object (cf. vv. 5, 6); fulfilled in the narrative by ἔθηκεν (vv. 20, 22, 24, 26).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτὸνarkAccusativedirect object of θήσεις→ object specificationκιβωτός: 'box / chest / ark'; renders אֲרוֹן; the same noun the LXX uses for Noah's ark (Gen 6–8); here the covenant ark housing the testimony, the holiest object of the sanctuary and the throne-footstool of the divine presence.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουof the testimonyGenitivegenitive of content/definition (the ark contains the testimony)→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: here 'testimony' = the covenant tablets (עֵדוּת); the ark is 'the ark of the testimony' because it holds the tablets deposited in v. 20 (τὰ μαρτύρια).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σκεπάσειςyou shall screen / coverFut Act Indic 2 Sg · σκεπάζωmain verb (imperatival future)→ directive future (command)σκεπάζω: 'cover / shelter / screen'; renders סָכַךְ; the veil 'screens' the ark from view, marking the boundary of the most holy place; fulfilled by ἐσκέπασεν at v. 21.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτὸνarkAccusativedirect object of σκεπάσεις (resumptive)→ object specificationκιβωτός: the ark named again as the object screened; the repetition (rather than a pronoun) is a Hebraizing feature of the Greek.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταπετάσματιveilDativedative of instrument/means ('with the veil')→ sphere or referenceκαταπέτασμα: 'curtain / veil'; renders פָּרֹכֶת; the inner veil separating the holy place from the most holy; the term carries heavy NT weight — torn at the crucifixion (Matt 27:51) and read typologically in Heb 6:19; 9:3; 10:20.
4

καὶ εἰσοίσεις τὴν τράπεζαν καὶ προθήσεις τὴν πρόθεσιν αὐτῆς καὶ εἰσοίσεις τὴν λυχνίαν καὶ ἐπιθήσεις τοὺς λύχνους αὐτῆς

And you shall bring in the table and set out its arrangement, and you shall bring in the lampstand and set up its lamps.

Continuation of the command (furnishings of the holy place)καὶ εἰσοίσεις
The command turns to the two great objects of the holy place: the table of the bread of the Presence (with its 'arrangement', πρόθεσις) and the lampstand (λυχνία) with its lamps. The verbs pair an act of bringing-in (εἰσοίσεις) with an act of arranging (προθήσεις, ἐπιθήσεις), a rhythm fulfilled at vv. 22–25.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσοίσειςyou shall bring inFut Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰσφέρωmain verb (imperatival future)→ directive future (command)εἰσφέρω: 'bring in / carry in'; renders הֵבִיא (Hiphil of בוא); the compound εἰσ- stresses motion into the sanctuary; fulfilled by εἰσήνεγκεν (v. 21, of the ark) and the placing-verbs at vv. 22, 24.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τράπεζανtableAccusativedirect object of εἰσοίσεις→ object specificationτράπεζα: 'table'; renders שֻׁלְחָן; the gold-overlaid table of the bread of the Presence (Exod 25:23–30), set on the north side of the holy place (v. 22).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προθήσειςyou shall set outFut Act Indic 2 Sg · προτίθημιmain verb (imperatival future)→ directive future (command)προτίθημι: 'set out / set forth / display'; the compound προ- ('before / in front') governs the cognate object πρόθεσιν; the verb-noun pairing renders the Hebrew idiom for arranging the showbread עָרַךְ; fulfilled by προέθηκεν at v. 23.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόθεσινarrangement / setting-outAccusativecognate accusative object of προθήσεις→ object specificationπρόθεσις: 'setting-out / presentation'; the cognate noun denotes the bread of the Presence (ἄρτοι τῆς προθέσεως, v. 23), the 'showbread' לֶחֶם הַפָּנִים; the same term underlies the NT phrase 'bread of the Presence' (Matt 12:4; Heb 9:2).
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (of the table)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'it / its'; the feminine αὐτῆς refers to the table (τράπεζα), whose proper arrangement is the showbread.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσοίσειςyou shall bring inFut Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰσφέρωmain verb (imperatival future, second instance)→ directive future (command)εἰσφέρω: repeated for the lampstand; the anaphora of εἰσοίσεις structures the holy-place furnishings as paired bring-in/arrange actions.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λυχνίανlampstandAccusativedirect object of εἰσοίσεις→ object specificationλυχνία: 'lampstand'; renders מְנוֹרָה; the seven-branched golden lampstand (Exod 25:31–40), set on the south side of the holy place (v. 24); cf. the lampstand-vision of Zech 4 and Rev 1:12, 20.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιθήσειςyou shall set up / place uponFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (imperatival future)→ directive future (command)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon / set up'; renders הֶעֱלָה / שִׂים; the compound ἐπι- ('upon') suits mounting the lamps on the stand; fulfilled by ἐπέθηκεν at v. 25.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λύχνουςlampsAccusativedirect object of ἐπιθήσεις→ object specificationλύχνος: 'lamp'; renders נֵר; the lamps mounted on the λυχνία; their perpetual light before the LORD (v. 25, ἔναντι κυρίου) symbolizes the abiding divine presence in the holy place.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (of the lampstand)→ relational specificationαὐτός: the feminine αὐτῆς refers to the lampstand (λυχνία), whose lamps these are.
5

καὶ θήσεις τὸ θυσιαστήριον τὸ χρυσοῦν εἰς τὸ θυμιᾶν ἐναντίον τῆς κιβωτοῦ καὶ ἐπιθήσεις κάλυμμα καταπετάσματος ἐπὶ τὴν θύραν τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ μαρτυρίου

And you shall place the golden altar, for burning incense, before the ark, and you shall put a covering of a veil over the door of the tent of meeting.

Continuation of the command (golden altar and door-screen)καὶ θήσεις
The command sets the golden altar of incense before the ark (i.e., before the veil that screens it) and hangs the screen at the tent's entrance. The articular infinitive εἰς τὸ θυμιᾶν ('for burning incense') states the altar's purpose; the door-screen (κάλυμμα καταπετάσματος) marks the outer threshold, parallel to the inner veil of v. 3.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θήσειςyou shall placeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · τίθημιmain verb (imperatival future)→ directive future (command)τίθημι: 'put / place'; the recurring command-verb for positioning the holy objects (cf. vv. 3, 6); fulfilled by ἔθηκεν at v. 26.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativedirect object of θήσεις→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; an LXX coinage (from θυσιάζω) reserved largely for legitimate Israelite altars, rendering מִזְבֵּחַ; qualified here as τὸ χρυσοῦν, the golden altar of incense (Exod 30:1–10), distinct from the bronze altar of burnt offering (vv. 6, 29).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with attributive adjective)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρυσοῦνgoldenAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying θυσιαστήριον)→ object specificationχρυσοῦς: 'made of gold'; renders זָהָב; distinguishes the gold incense-altar of the holy place from the bronze sacrificial altar of the court.
εἰςforpreposition + articular infinitive (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + articular infinitive: a purpose construction, 'for the purpose of (burning incense)'; a common Koine/LXX idiom expressing function.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (governing the infinitive θυμιᾶν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυμιᾶνto burn incensePres Act Inf · θυμιάωarticular infinitive (purpose: function of the altar)→ imperfective infinitive (ongoing/customary action)θυμιάω: 'burn incense / make smoke offering'; renders הִקְטִיר; the articular infinitive defines the golden altar's purpose; fulfilled by ἐθυμίασεν at v. 27.
ἐναντίονbefore / in front ofimproper preposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before / opposite'; renders לִפְנֵי; locates the incense-altar directly before the ark (separated from it by the veil), fitting the close association of incense and the divine presence.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτοῦarkGenitivegenitive object of ἐναντίον→ relational specificationκιβωτός: the ark again; the incense-altar's placement 'before the ark' underlines the orientation of the whole sanctuary toward the covenant presence.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιθήσειςyou shall put / setFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (imperatival future)→ directive future (command)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon / set'; here of hanging the entrance-screen over the doorway; the same verb is used for mounting the lamps (v. 4).
κάλυμμαcovering / screenAccusativedirect object of ἐπιθήσεις→ object specificationκάλυμμα: 'covering / veil'; renders מָסָךְ (the entrance-screen); distinct from the inner καταπέτασμα but here defined by it (κάλυμμα καταπετάσματος, a screen of veil-cloth) — the outer hanging at the tent door.
καταπετάσματοςof a veilGenitivegenitive of material/definition (modifying κάλυμμα)→ relational specificationκαταπέτασμα: 'curtain / veil'; the genitive describes the door-covering as made of the same veil-material; the LXX's doubling κάλυμμα καταπετάσματος renders the Hebrew מָסָךְ הַפֶּתַח (the screen of the doorway).
ἐπὶover / uponpreposition + accusative (position over)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position over).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θύρανdoor / entranceAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (position: 'over the door')→ object specificationθύρα: 'door / doorway / entrance'; renders פֶּתַח; the entrance to the tent of meeting, the threshold between sacred interior and the court.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῆςtentGenitivegenitive (the tent whose door is screened)→ relational specificationσκηνή: the tabernacle/tent, here in the genitive phrase 'the door of the tent of meeting.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουof meeting / of testimonyGenitivegenitive of definition (with σκηνῆς)→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: completing the standard designation σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου, 'tent of meeting / of the testimony.'
6

καὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον τῶν καρπωμάτων θήσεις παρὰ τὰς θύρας τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ μαρτυρίου

And the altar of the whole burnt offerings you shall place by the doors of the tent of meeting.

Continuation of the command (the bronze sacrificial altar)καὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον … θήσεις
The object is fronted for emphasis (τὸ θυσιαστήριον τῶν καρπωμάτων before the verb θήσεις), marking the transition from the holy place to the court. This is the bronze altar of burnt offering, set outside by the tent door, where the daily sacrifices were made; its placement is narrated at v. 29.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with fronted object)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativedirect object of θήσεις (fronted for emphasis)→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: here the altar of burnt offering, the great bronze altar of the court (Exod 27:1–8), as distinct from the golden incense-altar of v. 5.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρπωμάτωνof the whole burnt offeringsGenitivegenitive of definition (the altar characterized by the offerings)→ relational specificationκάρπωμα: 'burnt offering / that which is offered up'; an LXX term (from καρπόω, 'offer as fruit/burnt sacrifice') rendering עֹלָה; τὸ θυσιαστήριον τῶν καρπωμάτων = the altar on which whole burnt offerings ascend in smoke; the phrase recurs at vv. 10 and 29.
θήσειςyou shall placeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · τίθημιmain verb (imperatival future, post-posed after fronted object)→ directive future (command)τίθημι: 'put / place'; here following its object for emphasis; fulfilled by ἔθηκεν at v. 29.
παρὰby / besidepreposition + accusative (position: 'by the doors')→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + acc.: 'beside / by / near'; locates the bronze altar just outside the tent entrance, in the courtyard.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θύραςdoors / entranceAccusativeaccusative object of παρά→ object specificationθύρα (pl. θύρας): 'door / entrance'; the plural may render the Hebrew פֶּתַח idiomatically; the altar stands at the threshold of the tent of meeting.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῆςtentGenitivegenitive (the tent whose doors are meant)→ relational specificationσκηνή: the tabernacle; here genitive in the phrase 'the doors of the tent of meeting.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουof meeting / of testimonyGenitivegenitive of definition (with σκηνῆς)→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: completing σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου, 'tent of meeting.'
8

καὶ περιθήσεις τὴν σκηνὴν καὶ πάντα τὰ αὐτῆς ἁγιάσεις κύκλῳ

And you shall set up the court around the tabernacle, and you shall consecrate all that belongs to it round about.

Continuation of the command (the surrounding court and consecration)καὶ περιθήσεις
The command encloses the sanctuary with its court (the verb περιτίθημι, 'set around') and extends consecration to everything pertaining to it, κύκλῳ ('all around'). The note that all is to be made holy 'round about' anticipates the consecration-acts of vv. 9–11 (vv. 9–10 in this Greek).
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιθήσειςyou shall set around / encloseFut Act Indic 2 Sg · περιτίθημιmain verb (imperatival future)→ directive future (command)περιτίθημι: 'place around / set round / enclose'; the compound περι- ('around') yields the sense of erecting the surrounding court; renders the Hebrew of setting up the hangings of the courtyard around the tabernacle; fulfilled by ἔστησεν τὴν αὐλήν at v. 33.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνὴνtabernacleAccusativedirect object of περιθήσεις (that which is enclosed)→ object specificationσκηνή: the tabernacle, here the object around which the court is to be set.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallAccusativesubstantival adjective (object of ἁγιάσεις: 'all things')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / everything'; the neuter plural πάντα with the following τὰ αὐτῆς denotes everything belonging to the tabernacle — its furnishings and appurtenances.
τὰthe thingsAccusativearticle (substantivizing the possessive phrase)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτῆςof it / belonging to itGenitivegenitive of possession (substantivized: 'all that is hers/its')→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'it'; the phrase πάντα τὰ αὐτῆς is an elliptical idiom, 'all the things of it' = everything belonging to the tabernacle; the article + genitive without an expressed noun is a compact Greek possessive.
ἁγιάσειςyou shall consecrateFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἁγιάζωmain verb (imperatival future)→ directive future (command)ἁγιάζω: 'make holy / consecrate / set apart'; renders קִדֵּשׁ (Piel of קדשׁ); the key cultic verb of the chapter (vv. 9, 10, 13), transferring objects and persons from common to sacred status; here applied to the whole sanctuary precinct.
κύκλῳround aboutDativeadverbial dative (spatial: 'all around')→ sphere or referenceκύκλος (dat. κύκλῳ used adverbially): 'in a circle / round about'; renders סָבִיב; here it conveys the comprehensive, encircling scope of the consecration — nothing in the precinct is left common.
9

καὶ λήμψῃ τὸ ἔλαιον τοῦ χρίσματος καὶ χρίσεις τὴν σκηνὴν καὶ πάντα τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ καὶ ἁγιάσεις αὐτὴν καὶ πάντα τὰ σκεύη αὐτῆς καὶ ἔσται ἁγία

And you shall take the oil of anointing, and you shall anoint the tabernacle and all that is in it, and you shall consecrate it and all its vessels, and it shall be holy.

Continuation of the command (anointing and consecrating the tabernacle)καὶ λήμψῃ
The command details the consecration: take the anointing oil, anoint the tabernacle and all within, consecrate it and its vessels; the result-clause καὶ ἔσται ἁγία ('and it shall be holy') states the effect of the rite. The future λήμψῃ (middle of λαμβάνω) and the consecration-verbs continue the directive chain.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λήμψῃyou shall takeFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (imperatival future, middle)→ directive future (command)λαμβάνω: 'take / receive'; renders לָקַח; the Koine future middle λήμψῃ (with intrusive μ) is the regular LXX form; here Moses is to take up the anointing oil to perform the consecration.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔλαιονoilAccusativedirect object of λήμψῃ→ object specificationἔλαιον: 'olive oil'; renders שֶׁמֶן; the holy anointing oil compounded according to Exod 30:22–33, the medium of consecration for sanctuary, priests, and kings.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρίσματοςof anointingGenitivegenitive of definition (the oil used for anointing)→ relational specificationχρῖσμα: 'anointing / unguent'; renders מִשְׁחָה; cognate with χρίω ('anoint') and χριστός ('anointed one'); τὸ ἔλαιον τοῦ χρίσματος = 'the anointing oil'; the same root yields the messianic vocabulary of the NT (1 John 2:20, 27 χρῖσμα).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χρίσειςyou shall anointFut Act Indic 2 Sg · χρίωmain verb (imperatival future)→ directive future (command)χρίω: 'anoint / smear (with oil)'; renders מָשַׁח; the verb behind χριστός; here the tabernacle itself is anointed, sanctifying the structure as YHWH's dwelling; recurs of Aaron at v. 13.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνὴνtabernacleAccusativedirect object of χρίσεις→ object specificationσκηνή: the tabernacle, object of the anointing.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallAccusativesubstantival adjective (object: 'all the things')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; neuter plural with the following τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ, 'all the things in it.'
τὰthe thingsAccusativearticle (substantivizing the prepositional phrase)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
αὐτῇitDativedative object of ἐν (locative: 'in it')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'it'; refers to the tabernacle; τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ = 'the things in it', the interior furnishings to be anointed along with the structure.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἁγιάσειςyou shall consecrateFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἁγιάζωmain verb (imperatival future)→ directive future (command)ἁγιάζω: 'consecrate / make holy'; the consecration follows the anointing as its effect; renders קִדֵּשׁ.
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object of ἁγιάσεις (the tabernacle)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the feminine αὐτήν refers to the tabernacle (σκηνή), the object consecrated.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying σκεύη)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; with τὰ σκεύη, 'all its vessels.'
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκεύηvessels / utensilsAccusativedirect object (second object of ἁγιάσεις)→ object specificationσκεῦος (pl. σκεύη): 'vessel / implement / utensil'; renders כֵּלִים; the cultic equipment of the tabernacle, all consecrated together with the structure.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (of the tabernacle)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'its'; the vessels belonging to the tabernacle.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (result clause: consequence of the consecration)→ predictive future (resultant state)εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; the result-statement καὶ ἔσται ἁγία ('and it shall be holy') declares the effect of anointing and consecration — the tabernacle becomes holy, set apart for YHWH's presence.
ἁγίαholyNominativepredicate adjective (with ἔσται: 'shall be holy')→ participant prominenceἅγιος: 'holy / set apart'; renders קֹדֶשׁ / קָדוֹשׁ; the feminine ἁγία agrees with σκηνή; the resultant holiness is the goal of the whole consecration rite.
10

καὶ χρίσεις τὸ θυσιαστήριον τῶν καρπωμάτων καὶ πάντα αὐτοῦ τὰ σκεύη καὶ ἁγιάσεις τὸ θυσιαστήριον καὶ ἔσται τὸ θυσιαστήριον ἅγιον τῶν ἁγίων

And you shall anoint the altar of the whole burnt offerings and all its vessels, and you shall consecrate the altar, and the altar shall be most holy.

Continuation of the command (consecration of the bronze altar)καὶ χρίσεις
The consecration of v. 9 is now applied specifically to the altar of burnt offering and its vessels; the result-clause escalates from 'holy' (ἁγία, v. 9) to the superlative ἅγιον τῶν ἁγίων ('most holy / holy of holies'), the highest grade of sanctity. The threefold repetition of θυσιαστήριον is a Hebraizing emphasis.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χρίσειςyou shall anointFut Act Indic 2 Sg · χρίωmain verb (imperatival future)→ directive future (command)χρίω: 'anoint'; the altar of burnt offering is anointed as the tabernacle was (v. 9), incorporating it into the sphere of the holy.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativedirect object of χρίσεις→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: the altar of burnt offering (cf. v. 6), here anointed and consecrated.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρπωμάτωνof the whole burnt offeringsGenitivegenitive of definition (with θυσιαστήριον)→ relational specificationκάρπωμα: 'burnt offering'; defining the altar as that of the whole burnt offerings (עֹלָה); cf. vv. 6, 29.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying τὰ σκεύη)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; with τὰ σκεύη, 'all its vessels.'
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession (of the altar)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'its'; the masculine/neuter αὐτοῦ refers to the altar (θυσιαστήριον), whose utensils are anointed with it.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκεύηvessels / utensilsAccusativedirect object (second object of χρίσεις)→ object specificationσκεῦος (pl. σκεύη): 'vessel / implement'; the altar's service-utensils (pans, shovels, basins, forks, firepans of Exod 27:3), anointed with the altar.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἁγιάσειςyou shall consecrateFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἁγιάζωmain verb (imperatival future)→ directive future (command)ἁγιάζω: 'consecrate / make holy'; renders קִדֵּשׁ; the consecration completes the altar's transfer to sacred status.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativedirect object of ἁγιάσεις (resumptive repetition)→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: the altar named again (rather than pronominalized), a Hebraizing repetition that builds to the climactic predicate.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (result clause)→ predictive future (resultant state)εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; the result-clause declares the altar's resultant grade of holiness.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarNominativesubject of ἔσται (third occurrence)→ participant prominenceθυσιαστήριον: the altar as subject of the result-statement; the threefold naming within one verse stresses the altar's centrality to the court's sacrificial worship.
ἅγιονholyNominativepredicate adjective (with τῶν ἁγίων: superlative phrase)→ participant prominenceἅγιος: 'holy'; the neuter ἅγιον agrees with θυσιαστήριον.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (partitive/superlative genitive)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁγίωνholy things / most holyGenitivegenitive of comparison (Hebraizing superlative: 'holy of holies')→ relational specificationἅγιος: the construction ἅγιον τῶν ἁγίων ('holy of holies') renders the Hebrew superlative קֹדֶשׁ קָדָשִׁים ('most holy'); the genitive-of-the-superlative is a Hebraism; this is the highest grade of sanctity, marking the altar as supremely set apart.
12

καὶ προσάξεις Ααρων καὶ τοὺς υἱοὺς αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὰς θύρας τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ μαρτυρίου καὶ λούσεις αὐτοὺς ὕδατι

And you shall bring Aaron and his sons to the doors of the tent of meeting, and you shall wash them with water.

New sub-unit of the command (the ordination of the priests)καὶ προσάξεις
The command pivots from sanctuary to priesthood (vv. 12–15). Moses is to bring (προσάγω, the technical verb for presenting persons/offerings at the sanctuary) Aaron and his sons to the tent door and wash them with water — the rite of priestly cleansing that opens the ordination (cf. Exod 29:4; Lev 8:6).
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσάξειςyou shall bring nearFut Act Indic 2 Sg · προσάγωmain verb (imperatival future)→ directive future (command)προσάγω: 'bring near / present / lead to'; renders הִקְרִיב (Hiphil of קרב); a technical cultic verb for presenting persons or offerings before the LORD; here Moses formally presents the priests-to-be at the sanctuary door; recurs at v. 14.
ΑαρωνAarondirect object of προσάξεις (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑαρων: transliteration of Hebrew אַהֲרֹן; indeclinable in the LXX (form unchanged across cases); Moses' brother, designated high priest, the head of the consecrated priestly line.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativedirect object of προσάξεις (coordinate with Ααρων)→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; renders בֵּן; Aaron's sons (Nadab, Abihu, Eleazar, Ithamar, Exod 28:1) are presented with him for the priesthood.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Aaron's sons)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; refers to Aaron.
ἐπὶto / atpreposition + accusative (direction/place)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction/place).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θύραςdoors / entranceAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the place of presentation)→ object specificationθύρα: 'door / entrance'; the door of the tent of meeting is the appointed place for priestly presentation and washing (cf. Exod 29:4).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῆςtentGenitivegenitive (the tent whose door is meant)→ relational specificationσκηνή: the tabernacle, in the phrase 'the doors of the tent of meeting.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουof meeting / of testimonyGenitivegenitive of definition (with σκηνῆς)→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: completing σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου, 'tent of meeting.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λούσειςyou shall washFut Act Indic 2 Sg · λούωmain verb (imperatival future)→ directive future (command)λούω: 'wash / bathe (the whole body)'; renders רָחַץ; distinct from νίπτω (wash a part); the full-body washing inaugurates priestly consecration (Exod 29:4; Lev 8:6); the verb informs the NT theology of baptismal washing (cf. λουτρόν, Eph 5:26; Titus 3:5; Heb 10:22).
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of λούσεις (Aaron and his sons)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'them'; the priests-to-be, washed in preparation for clothing and anointing.
ὕδατιwith waterDativedative of instrument/means→ sphere or referenceὕδωρ: 'water'; renders מַיִם; the dative of means; the water of the laver (cf. Exod 30:18–21) is the cleansing medium of the ordination rite.
13

καὶ ἐνδύσεις Ααρων τὰς στολὰς τὰς ἁγίας καὶ χρίσεις αὐτὸν καὶ ἁγιάσεις αὐτόν καὶ ἱερατεύσει μοι

And you shall clothe Aaron with the holy vestments, and you shall anoint him and consecrate him, and he shall serve me as priest.

Continuation of the command (vesting, anointing, consecration of Aaron)καὶ ἐνδύσεις
Three consecration-acts are commanded for Aaron — vesting (ἐνδύσεις), anointing (χρίσεις), consecration (ἁγιάσεις) — followed by the purpose/result καὶ ἱερατεύσει μοι ('and he shall serve me as priest'). The first-person μοι marks the priesthood as service rendered to YHWH himself.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνδύσειςyou shall clotheFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐνδύωmain verb (imperatival future)→ directive future (command)ἐνδύω: 'clothe / put on'; renders הִלְבִּישׁ; the investiture with the holy garments is a constitutive act of priestly consecration (Exod 28; 29:5–6); the verb underlies the NT figure of 'putting on' Christ (Gal 3:27 ἐνεδύσασθε).
ΑαρωνAarondirect object of ἐνδύσεις (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑαρων: indeclinable; the one vested in the holy garments as high priest.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στολὰςvestments / robesAccusativeaccusative of thing (double accusative with ἐνδύσεις: clothe X with Y)→ object specificationστολή: 'robe / vestment / festal garment'; renders בֶּגֶד / מַד; the priestly στολαὶ ἅγιαι are the special holy garments of Exod 28; στολή carries connotations of dignity and office (cf. the 'best robe' of Luke 15:22; the white στολαί of Rev 6:11; 7:9).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (attributive position)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁγίαςholyAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying στολάς)→ object specificationἅγιος: 'holy / sacred'; the garments are 'holy' because consecrated for sanctuary service; the attributive repetition τὰς στολὰς τὰς ἁγίας is the standard Greek second-attributive position.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χρίσειςyou shall anointFut Act Indic 2 Sg · χρίωmain verb (imperatival future)→ directive future (command)χρίω: 'anoint'; Aaron is anointed with the holy oil as the tabernacle was (v. 9); the anointing of the high priest (Exod 29:7; Lev 8:12) makes him χριστὸς κυρίου ('the LORD's anointed', cf. Lev 4:5), a title-type later focused on the Messiah.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of χρίσεις (Aaron)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'him'; Aaron.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἁγιάσειςyou shall consecrateFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἁγιάζωmain verb (imperatival future)→ directive future (command)ἁγιάζω: 'consecrate / make holy'; applied to Aaron, setting him apart for priestly service; the same verb sanctified the sanctuary (vv. 9–10), uniting priest and place in one sphere of holiness.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object of ἁγιάσεις (Aaron)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'him'; Aaron, consecrated to the priesthood.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing result/purpose)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἱερατεύσειhe shall serve as priestFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἱερατεύωmain verb (result/purpose: the goal of the consecration)→ predictive future (resultant office)ἱερατεύω: 'serve as priest / perform priestly office'; renders כִּהֵן (Piel of כהן); the verb states the purpose of the whole rite — Aaron's vesting, anointing, and consecration qualify him to officiate; the same verb describes Zechariah's priestly service in Luke 1:8.
μοιto me / for meDativedative of advantage/reference (the one served)→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. μοι): 'to/for me'; the first-person dative (YHWH speaking) defines the priesthood as service rendered directly to the LORD — Aaron is priest 'to me', mediating between YHWH and Israel.
14

καὶ τοὺς υἱοὺς αὐτοῦ προσάξεις καὶ ἐνδύσεις αὐτοὺς χιτῶνας

And his sons you shall bring near, and you shall clothe them with tunics.

Continuation of the command (ordination of Aaron's sons)καὶ τοὺς υἱοὺς αὐτοῦ προσάξεις
The fronted object τοὺς υἱοὺς αὐτοῦ ('his sons') shifts focus from Aaron to the wider priestly line. They too are presented (προσάξεις) and vested, though with simpler garments — χιτῶνες ('tunics') rather than the high-priestly στολαὶ ἅγιαι of v. 13, marking the gradation between high priest and ordinary priests.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with fronted object)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativedirect object of προσάξεις (fronted for emphasis)→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; Aaron's sons, the ordinary priests, presented after their father.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Aaron's sons)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; refers to Aaron.
προσάξειςyou shall bring nearFut Act Indic 2 Sg · προσάγωmain verb (imperatival future, post-posed after fronted object)→ directive future (command)προσάγω: 'bring near / present'; the same technical presentation-verb as v. 12, now applied to the sons.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνδύσειςyou shall clotheFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐνδύωmain verb (imperatival future)→ directive future (command)ἐνδύω: 'clothe'; the sons are vested as Aaron was (v. 13), but with χιτῶνες, marking their lesser rank.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ἐνδύσεις (Aaron's sons)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'them'; the sons of Aaron.
χιτῶναςtunicsAccusativeaccusative of thing (double accusative with ἐνδύσεις: clothe them with tunics)→ object specificationχιτών: 'tunic / undergarment'; renders כֻּתֹּנֶת; the basic priestly linen tunic (Exod 28:40; 29:8); that the sons receive χιτῶνες while Aaron receives the full στολαὶ ἅγιαι signals the hierarchical distinction within the priesthood; the seamless χιτών of John 19:23 echoes this priestly garment.
15

καὶ ἀλείψεις αὐτούς ὃν τρόπον ἤλειψας τὸν πατέρα αὐτῶν καὶ ἱερατεύσουσίν μοι καὶ ἔσται ὥστε εἶναι αὐτοῖς χρῖσμα ἱερατείας εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα εἰς τὰς γενεὰς αὐτῶν

And you shall anoint them in the same way you anointed their father, and they shall serve me as priests; and it shall be that their anointing is for them a priesthood forever throughout their generations.

Conclusion of the priestly-consecration command (perpetual ordinance)καὶ ἀλείψεις
The sons' anointing is made parallel to Aaron's (ὃν τρόπον ἤλειψας τὸν πατέρα αὐτῶν). The closing result-clause grounds a perpetual priesthood: the anointing constitutes χρῖσμα ἱερατείας εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα εἰς τὰς γενεὰς αὐτῶν ('an anointing of priesthood forever throughout their generations'), the formula of a lasting cultic institution. This closes the command-section (vv. 1–15).
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀλείψειςyou shall anointFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀλείφωmain verb (imperatival future)→ directive future (command)ἀλείφω: 'anoint / smear (with oil)'; renders מָשַׁח here; the LXX varies between χρίω (vv. 9, 10, 13) and ἀλείφω for the same act — ἀλείφω being the more general 'rub with oil', χρίω the more cultically loaded term; their interchange here is stylistic.
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object of ἀλείψεις (Aaron's sons)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'them'; the sons of Aaron.
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (with τρόπον: 'in the manner which')→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; ὃν τρόπον is an adverbial-accusative idiom, 'in the manner that / just as.'
τρόπονmanner / wayAccusativeadverbial accusative (manner: 'in the way that')→ object specificationτρόπος: 'manner / way'; ὃν τρόπον = 'in the same way as', a standard LXX comparative idiom (cf. its refrain use in vv. 19, 21, 23, 25); here it equates the sons' anointing with Aaron's.
ἤλειψαςyou anointedAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀλείφωverb of comparative clause (referring back to Aaron's anointing in v. 13)→ constative aorist (the completed anointing of Aaron)ἀλείφω (aor.): 'anointed'; the aorist views Aaron's anointing as an accomplished act, the pattern for the sons.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέραfatherAccusativedirect object of ἤλειψας (= Aaron)→ object specificationπατήρ: 'father'; renders אָב; 'their father' = Aaron; the term frames the priesthood as a hereditary line descending from Aaron through his sons.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (the sons' father)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'their'; the sons'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἱερατεύσουσίνthey shall serve as priestsFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἱερατεύωmain verb (result: the purpose of the anointing)→ predictive future (resultant office)ἱερατεύω: 'serve as priest'; the plural matches the sons (cf. the singular ἱερατεύσει of Aaron, v. 13); the anointing qualifies the whole line to officiate.
μοιto meDativedative of advantage/reference (YHWH as the one served)→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. μοι): 'to/for me'; as in v. 13, the priesthood is service to YHWH himself.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the perpetuity-clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (introducing a ὥστε result-clause)→ predictive future (the enduring institution)εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; here introducing a consequence — 'and it shall be (so as) that ...' — a slightly redundant LXX construction rendering the Hebrew וְהָיְתָה (the perpetuity formula).
ὥστεso as / so thatconjunction + infinitive (result/consequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastὥστε: 'so that / so as to'; with the infinitive εἶναι it forms a result-clause expressing the abiding consequence of the anointing.
εἶναιto bePres Act Inf · εἰμίinfinitive of result (with ὥστε)→ imperfective infinitive (continuing state)εἰμί (inf. εἶναι): 'to be'; the result-infinitive states what the anointing permanently is for the priestly line.
αὐτοῖςfor themDativedative of advantage (the beneficiaries: the priests)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. pl.): 'for them'; the priestly line for whom the anointing constitutes a perpetual office.
χρῖσμαanointingNominativepredicate nominative (subject of εἶναι)→ participant prominenceχρῖσμα: 'anointing'; renders מָשְׁחָה; here the anointing itself, as an institution, becomes the standing token of the priesthood — χρῖσμα ἱερατείας, 'an anointing of priesthood.'
ἱερατείαςof priesthoodGenitivegenitive of definition (the anointing that constitutes priesthood)→ relational specificationἱερατεία: 'priesthood / priestly office'; renders כְּהֻנָּה; cf. Luke 1:9 (Zechariah's priestly service) and Heb 7:5 (the Levitical ἱερατεία); the genitive defines the anointing as conferring priestly status.
εἰςfor / untopreposition + accusative (extent of time)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (extent of time).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰῶναage / foreverAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (temporal extent: 'forever')→ object specificationαἰών: 'age / eternity'; εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα renders לְעוֹלָם ('forever / for all time'); the perpetuity-formula marks the Aaronic priesthood as a permanent institution — a permanence the NT presents as transcended in the eternal priesthood of Christ (Heb 7:24).
εἰςthroughout / untopreposition + accusative (temporal extent, restated)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'throughout'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (temporal extent, restated).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενεὰςgenerationsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (temporal extent)→ object specificationγενεά: 'generation'; εἰς τὰς γενεὰς αὐτῶν renders לְדֹרֹתָם ('throughout their generations'), a standard P-source perpetuity formula reinforcing εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα; the doubled expression underscores the unbroken hereditary succession of the priesthood.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (the priests' generations)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'their'; the generations of Aaron's descendants.
16

καὶ ἐποίησεν Μωυσῆς πάντα ὅσα ἐνετείλατο αὐτῷ κύριος οὕτως ἐποίησεν

And Moses did everything that the LORD commanded him; so he did.

Narrative pivot: summary statement of obedience (command → execution)καὶ ἐποίησεν Μωυσῆς
v. 16 is the hinge of the chapter, turning from divine command (vv. 1–15) to narrated fulfilment (vv. 16–33). The summary πάντα ὅσα ἐνετείλατο αὐτῷ κύριος ('all that the LORD commanded him') with the emphatic οὕτως ἐποίησεν ('so he did') stamps the whole of what follows as exact obedience — the inclusio that frames the tabernacle-building (cf. 39:43).
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενdid / madeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (narrative: Moses' compliance)→ constative aorist (summary of the completed obedience)ποιέω: 'do / make'; renders עָשָׂה; the summary verb of obedience; its repetition (ἐποίησεν … ἐποίησεν) brackets the verse, an emphatic Hebraizing inclusio underlining that Moses did exactly as commanded.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: the obedient agent; the narrative now follows him through each act of erection (vv. 17–33).
πάνταallAccusativesubstantival adjective (object of ἐποίησεν: 'all things')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / everything'; the totality of the divine instructions, nothing omitted.
ὅσαas much as / whateverAccusativerelative pronoun (introducing the content of πάντα)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much/many as'; πάντα ὅσα ('all that') is a standard LXX correlative for comprehensive scope; it embraces every command of vv. 1–15.
ἐνετείλατοcommandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιverb of relative clause (the divine command)→ constative aorist (the completed act of commanding)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command / charge / enjoin'; renders צִוָּה (Piel of צוה); a deponent middle; the standard verb for divine commands; its near-synonym συντάσσω carries the refrain in vv. 19, 21, 23, 25.
αὐτῷhimDativedative indirect object (the one commanded: Moses)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'him'; Moses, the recipient of the command.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ἐνετείλατο→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the divine commander whose word Moses fulfils.
οὕτωςso / thusadverb of manner (emphatic, resuming the obedience)→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / in this way'; renders כֵּן; the emphatic οὕτως ἐποίησεν ('so he did') is the formulaic seal of exact compliance, recurring throughout the construction account (cf. Exod 39:32, 43).
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (emphatic restatement closing the inclusio)→ constative aorist (the completed obedience, restated)ποιέω: the repeated ἐποίησεν closes the verse-frame; the doubling has no equivalent in normal Greek idiom but mirrors the Hebrew emphatic restatement, sealing the theme of perfect obedience.
17

καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ μηνὶ τῷ πρώτῳ τῷ δευτέρῳ ἔτει ἐκπορευομένων αὐτῶν ἐξ Αἰγύπτου νουμηνίᾳ ἐστάθη ἡ σκηνή

And it came to pass in the first month, in the second year as they were going out from Egypt, at the new moon, the tabernacle was set up.

Narrative time-setting (dating the erection)καὶ ἐγένετο
The temporal formula καὶ ἐγένετο (= וַיְהִי) opens the dated notice of the actual erection, exactly matching the command of v. 2: the first month, the new-moon day, now specified as the second year of the exodus. The passive ἐστάθη ('was set up') states the event the rest of the chapter narrates in detail.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (with ἐγένετο: temporal formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (temporal-narrative formula introducing a dated event)→ constative aorist (narrative onset)γίνομαι: 'become / happen / come to pass'; καὶ ἐγένετο renders וַיְהִי, the classic LXX narrative time-marker introducing a dated or sequenced event; here it heads the erection-notice.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηνὶmonthDativedative of time (locative-temporal)→ sphere or referenceμήν: 'month'; the first month (Nisan), as commanded in v. 2.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρώτῳfirstDativeattributive adjective (modifying μηνί)→ sphere or referenceπρῶτος: 'first'; 'the first month' matches the command of v. 2, anchoring the erection to the cultic new year.
τῷtheDativearticle (with ἔτει)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δευτέρῳsecondDativeattributive adjective (modifying ἔτει)→ sphere or referenceδεύτερος: 'second'; 'the second year' (after the exodus); the tabernacle is erected almost exactly one year after the departure from Egypt, on the anniversary of the redemptive new year.
ἔτειyearDativedative of time (the year of erection)→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; renders שָׁנָה; the dating in the second year coordinates with Num 7:1; 9:1, locating the tabernacle's completion within the wilderness chronology.
ἐκπορευομένωνgoing out / departingPres Mid Ptcp Gen Pl Masc · ἐκπορεύομαιgenitive absolute (temporal: 'as they were going out')→ imperfective participle (action coincident with the dating-frame)ἐκπορεύομαι: 'go out / proceed from'; renders יָצָא; the genitive absolute ἐκπορευομένων αὐτῶν ἐξ Αἰγύπτου ('they having gone / as they went out from Egypt') reckons the date from the exodus event; the present participle frames the exodus as the ongoing reference-point of the wilderness year.
αὐτῶνtheir / theyGenitivegenitive subject of the absolute participle (Israel)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'they'; the Israelites, whose departure from Egypt sets the chronological baseline.
ἐξout of / frompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΑἰγύπτουEgyptGenitivegenitive object of ἐξ (place of departure)→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος: standard LXX form of מִצְרַיִם; the land of bondage from which Israel went out, the event that dates the year.
νουμηνίᾳat the new moonDativedative of time (the specific day of erection)→ sphere or referenceνουμηνία: 'new moon / first of the month'; exactly matching the command of v. 2; the tabernacle is raised on the new-moon day of the first month, completing the calendrical correspondence between command and fulfilment.
ἐστάθηwas set upAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (the dated event: the tabernacle's erection)→ constative aorist passive (completed event)ἵστημι (aor. pass. ἐστάθη): 'was set up / was made to stand'; the passive of the very verb commanded in v. 2 (στήσεις); the tabernacle 'was stood up' — the headline of the fulfilment narrative, which vv. 18–33 then unfold.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνήtabernacleNominativesubject of ἐστάθη→ participant prominenceσκηνή: the tabernacle, now standing — the structure whose detailed assembly follows.
18

καὶ ἔστησεν Μωυσῆς τὴν σκηνὴν καὶ ἐπέθηκεν τὰς κεφαλίδας καὶ διενέβαλεν τοὺς μοχλοὺς καὶ ἔστησεν τοὺς στύλους

And Moses set up the tabernacle, and put on the capitals, and inserted the bars, and set up the pillars.

Narrative execution (the structural erection of the frame)καὶ ἔστησεν Μωυσῆς
The detailed obedience begins with the load-bearing structure: Moses raises the tabernacle, fixes the capitals, inserts the crossbars, and erects the pillars. The string of aorists (ἔστησεν, ἐπέθηκεν, διενέβαλεν, ἔστησεν) narrates the assembly step by step, fulfilling στήσεις of v. 2.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστησενset upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (Moses raises the tabernacle)→ constative aorist (completed act)ἵστημι (aor. act. ἔστησεν): 'set up / erect'; the transitive aorist fulfils the command στήσεις (v. 2); Moses himself raises the structure.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: the agent of the erection throughout vv. 18–33.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνὴνtabernacleAccusativedirect object of ἔστησεν→ object specificationσκηνή: the tabernacle, raised by Moses.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέθηκενput on / set in placeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (fixing the capitals)→ constative aorist (completed act)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon / set on'; here of fixing the capitals onto the frames; the verb recurs throughout the assembly (vv. 19, 25).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλίδαςcapitals / chapitersAccusativedirect object of ἐπέθηκεν→ object specificationκεφαλίς: 'small head / capital / knob'; a diminutive of κεφαλή; here the capitals (heads) of the frames or sockets of the tabernacle structure; the term is also used in the LXX for the 'roll/head' of a scroll (Ps 39:8 LXX, cited in Heb 10:7).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διενέβαλενinserted / put throughAor Act Indic 3 Sg · διεμβάλλωmain verb (inserting the bars)→ constative aorist (completed act)διεμβάλλω: 'thrust through / insert (through)'; a rare double-compound (διά + ἐν + βάλλω) precisely describing the threading of the crossbars through the rings/loops of the frames; renders the technical Hebrew of fitting the bars.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μοχλοὺςbars / crossbarsAccusativedirect object of διενέβαλεν→ object specificationμοχλός: 'bar / bolt / crossbar'; renders בְּרִיחַ; the horizontal bars that lock the upright frames of the tabernacle together (Exod 26:26–29).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστησενset upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (erecting the pillars)→ constative aorist (completed act)ἵστημι: 'set up / erect'; repeated for the pillars; the verb frames the verse (ἔστησεν … ἔστησεν), bracketing the structural assembly.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στύλουςpillars / postsAccusativedirect object of ἔστησεν→ object specificationστῦλος: 'pillar / column / post'; renders עַמּוּד; the upright posts supporting the hangings (Exod 26:32, 37; 27:10); the term is applied figuratively to church leaders (Gal 2:9) and to the overcomer (Rev 3:12).
19

καὶ ἐξέτεινεν τὰς αὐλαίας ἐπὶ τὴν σκηνὴν καὶ ἐπέθηκεν τὸ κατακάλυμμα τῆς σκηνῆς ἐπ᾿ αὐτῆς ἄνωθεν καθὰ συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ

And he spread the curtains over the tabernacle, and put the covering of the tabernacle over it from above, just as the LORD had directed Moses.

Narrative execution (the tent-coverings) with the first obedience-refrainκαὶ ἐξέτεινεν
Moses spreads the curtains and lays the outer covering over the frame. The verse closes with the first occurrence of the chapter's signature refrain — καθὰ συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ ('just as the LORD directed Moses') — which will recur (in the variants ὃν τρόπον / καθάπερ συνέταξεν) at vv. 21, 23, 25, 27, scoring the whole execution as exact compliance.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξέτεινενspread out / stretchedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκτείνωmain verb (spreading the curtains)→ constative aorist (completed act)ἐκτείνω: 'stretch out / extend / spread'; renders פָּרַשׂ / נָטָה; the verb of stretching out the tent-curtains over the frame; the same verb describes Moses stretching out his hand/staff in the plague and sea narratives (Exod 7–14), here in a constructive rather than judicial register.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐλαίαςcurtainsAccusativedirect object of ἐξέτεινεν→ object specificationαὐλαία: 'curtain / hanging'; renders יְרִיעָה; the ten linen curtains forming the inner tent-cloth (Exod 26:1–6), spread over the wooden frame.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (position over)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position over).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνὴνtabernacleAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the frame the curtains cover)→ object specificationσκηνή: the tabernacle-frame, over which the curtains are spread.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέθηκενput / laid onAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (laying the outer covering)→ constative aorist (completed act)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon / lay over'; here of the outer covering laid over the curtains; the repeated ἐπιτίθημι throughout the chapter marks acts of covering and mounting.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατακάλυμμαcoveringAccusativedirect object of ἐπέθηκεν→ object specificationκατακάλυμμα: 'covering / cover'; from κατακαλύπτω ('cover completely'); renders מִכְסֶה; the protective outer covering of the tent (Exod 26:14), laid over the curtains from above.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῆςof the tabernacleGenitivegenitive of possession (the tabernacle's covering)→ relational specificationσκηνή: the tabernacle, whose covering this is.
ἐπ᾿over / uponpreposition + genitive (position, elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position, elided before vowel).
αὐτῆςitGenitivegenitive object of ἐπ᾿ (the tabernacle/curtains)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'it'; refers to the tabernacle (or its curtains), over which the covering is laid.
ἄνωθενfrom above / on topadverb of place (specifying position)→ clausal contributionἄνωθεν: 'from above / on top'; renders מִלְמָעְלָה; specifies that the covering goes over the top of the tent; the same adverb carries the Johannine double sense 'from above / anew' (John 3:3), though here purely spatial.
καθὰjust ascomparative conjunction (introducing the obedience-refrain)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθά: 'just as / according as'; renders כַּאֲשֶׁר; introduces the obedience-refrain; the chapter varies the conjunction (καθά here; ὃν τρόπον vv. 21, 23, 25; καθάπερ v. 27) while keeping the formula constant.
συνέταξενdirected / commandedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντάσσωverb of the comparative clause (the divine command)→ constative aorist (the completed prior command)συντάσσω: 'arrange / order / direct'; renders צִוָּה; in the refrain συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ it is the standard execution-formula verb (synonym of ἐνετείλατο, v. 16); its repetition stamps each act as obedience to the prior divine instruction.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of συνέταξεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the source of the command Moses fulfils.
τῷthe / toDativearticle (with Μωυσῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜωυσῇMosesDativedative indirect object (the one commanded)→ sphere or referenceΜωυσῆς (dat. Μωυσῇ): the recipient of the divine directive; the refrain τῷ Μωυσῇ recurs verbatim at vv. 21, 23, 25, 27.
20

καὶ λαβὼν τὰ μαρτύρια ἐνέβαλεν εἰς τὴν κιβωτὸν καὶ ὑπέθηκεν τοὺς διωστῆρας ὑπὸ τὴν κιβωτὸν

And taking the testimony, he put it into the ark, and placed the carrying-poles under the ark.

Narrative execution (depositing the testimony in the ark)καὶ λαβὼν
The circumstantial participle λαβών ('having taken') subordinates the taking to the main act ἐνέβαλεν ('put in'). Moses deposits the testimony — the covenant tablets — into the ark and fits the carrying-poles, fulfilling the implied command of v. 3; the testimony is the heart of the sanctuary, the documentary basis of the covenant relationship.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λαβὼνtaking / having takenAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · λαμβάνωcircumstantial participle (antecedent action, agreeing with the subject Moses)→ aorist participle (action prior to the main verb)λαμβάνω (aor. ptcp.): 'take'; the participle λαβών subordinates the taking-up of the tablets to the main act of depositing them; a common LXX narrative construction.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτύριαtestimony / testimoniesAccusativedirect object of λαβών→ object specificationμαρτύριον (pl. τὰ μαρτύρια): 'testimony'; renders הָעֵדֻת; the covenant tablets deposited in the ark (Exod 25:16, 21); the neuter plural here denotes the testimony-tablets collectively; it is from these that the ark and tent take the name 'of the testimony.'
ἐνέβαλενput in / placed inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐμβάλλωmain verb (depositing the testimony)→ constative aorist (completed act)ἐμβάλλω: 'throw in / put into'; renders נָתַן (into); the compound ἐν- marks insertion into the ark; the deposit of the testimony makes the ark the locus of the covenant.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction into)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction into).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτὸνarkAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the container)→ object specificationκιβωτός: the ark, into which the testimony is placed; it now holds the covenant tablets, fulfilling its purpose.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑπέθηκενplaced under / set beneathAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὑποτίθημιmain verb (fitting the poles)→ constative aorist (completed act)ὑποτίθημι: 'place under / set beneath'; the compound ὑπο- ('under') describes fitting the carrying-poles beneath/through the rings of the ark (Exod 25:13–15); the poles enable the ark's transport without touching it.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διωστῆραςcarrying-poles / barsAccusativedirect object of ὑπέθηκεν→ object specificationδιωστήρ: 'carrying-pole / bearing-bar'; from διωθέω ('thrust through'); renders בַּד; the poles threaded through the ark's rings for carrying it (Exod 25:13); distinct from the structural μοχλοί of v. 18.
ὑπὸunderpreposition + accusative (position under)→ spatial or relational framingὑπὸ: meaning 'under'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position under).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτὸνarkAccusativeaccusative object of ὑπό (the ark the poles bear)→ object specificationκιβωτός: the ark again; the poles are set 'under' (i.e., through the rings at the base of) the ark to carry it.
21

καὶ εἰσήνεγκεν τὴν κιβωτὸν εἰς τὴν σκηνὴν καὶ ἐπέθηκεν τὸ κατακάλυμμα τοῦ καταπετάσματος καὶ ἐσκέπασεν τὴν κιβωτὸν τοῦ μαρτυρίου ὃν τρόπον συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ

And he brought the ark into the tabernacle, and set up the covering of the veil, and screened the ark of the testimony, in the way the LORD directed Moses.

Narrative execution (the ark behind the veil) with the obedience-refrainκαὶ εἰσήνεγκεν
Moses brings the ark into the tabernacle and hangs the veil so as to screen it — fulfilling exactly the command of v. 3 (θήσεις … σκεπάσεις). The refrain returns in the variant ὃν τρόπον συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ, sealing the placement of the holiest object as obedience.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσήνεγκενbrought inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσφέρωmain verb (bringing the ark inside)→ constative aorist (completed act)εἰσφέρω (aor. εἰσήνεγκεν): 'bring in / carry in'; fulfils the command-verb εἰσοίσεις (v. 4); Moses carries the ark into the most holy place.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτὸνarkAccusativedirect object of εἰσήνεγκεν→ object specificationκιβωτός: the ark, now brought into the tent.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνὴνtabernacleAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (destination)→ object specificationσκηνή: the tabernacle, the ark's destination — specifically its innermost chamber.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέθηκενset up / hungAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (hanging the veil-covering)→ constative aorist (completed act)ἐπιτίθημι: 'set up / put in place'; here of hanging the screening veil before the ark.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατακάλυμμαcoveringAccusativedirect object of ἐπέθηκεν→ object specificationκατακάλυμμα: 'covering / screen'; here the veil-screen that conceals the ark; τὸ κατακάλυμμα τοῦ καταπετάσματος = 'the covering consisting of the veil', the inner curtain of Exod 26:31–33.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταπετάσματοςof the veilGenitivegenitive of definition (the covering is the veil)→ relational specificationκαταπέτασμα: 'veil / curtain'; the inner veil (פָּרֹכֶת) that divides the most holy place; cf. v. 3 and the NT veil-typology (Heb 9:3; 10:20).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐσκέπασενscreened / coveredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · σκεπάζωmain verb (screening the ark)→ constative aorist (completed act)σκεπάζω: 'cover / screen / shelter'; directly fulfils the command σκεπάσεις (v. 3); the veil now screens the ark from the holy place, establishing the most holy place.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτὸνarkAccusativedirect object of ἐσκέπασεν→ object specificationκιβωτός: the ark, now screened behind the veil.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουof the testimonyGenitivegenitive of definition (the ark holding the testimony)→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: 'testimony'; 'the ark of the testimony', now containing the tablets deposited in v. 20.
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (with τρόπον: obedience-refrain)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; ὃν τρόπον, 'in the way that', heading the obedience-refrain (cf. v. 15).
τρόπονmanner / wayAccusativeadverbial accusative (manner)→ object specificationτρόπος: 'manner'; ὃν τρόπον συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ is the variant form of the chapter's obedience-refrain (cf. καθά, v. 19; καθάπερ, v. 27).
συνέταξενdirected / commandedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντάσσωverb of the comparative clause (the divine command)→ constative aorist (the prior command)συντάσσω: 'order / direct / command'; the refrain-verb (cf. v. 19); marks the placement of the ark as exact compliance.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of συνέταξεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; source of the command.
τῷthe / toDativearticle (with Μωυσῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜωυσῇMosesDativedative indirect object (the one commanded)→ sphere or referenceΜωυσῆς (dat. Μωυσῇ): the recipient of the command; the refrain τῷ Μωυσῇ closes the verse.
22

καὶ ἔθηκεν τὴν τράπεζαν εἰς τὴν σκηνὴν τοῦ μαρτυρίου ἐπὶ τὸ κλίτος τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ μαρτυρίου τὸ πρὸς βορρᾶν ἔξωθεν τοῦ καταπετάσματος τῆς σκηνῆς

And he placed the table in the tent of meeting, on the side of the tent of meeting toward the north, outside the veil of the tabernacle.

Narrative execution (positioning the table)καὶ ἔθηκεν
Moses sets the table on the north side of the holy place, outside (i.e., in front of) the veil — fulfilling the command of v. 4. The detailed spatial notation (ἐπὶ τὸ κλίτος … τὸ πρὸς βορρᾶν ἔξωθεν τοῦ καταπετάσματος) locates each object precisely within the sacred geometry of the tent.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθηκενplaced / setAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb (positioning the table)→ constative aorist (completed act)τίθημι (aor. ἔθηκεν): 'put / place'; fulfils the command-verb θήσεις/εἰσοίσεις; the recurring narrative placing-verb (vv. 24, 26, 29).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τράπεζανtableAccusativedirect object of ἔθηκεν→ object specificationτράπεζα: the table of the bread of the Presence (cf. v. 4), now positioned in the holy place.
εἰςin / intopreposition + accusative (place into which)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place into which).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνὴνtentAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (location of placement)→ object specificationσκηνή: the tent of meeting; here εἰς with the accusative does duty for 'in' (a Koine/LXX laxity of εἰς for ἐν).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουof meeting / of testimonyGenitivegenitive of definition (with σκηνήν)→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: completing σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου, 'tent of meeting.'
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κλίτοςsideAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the side of placement)→ object specificationκλίτος: 'side / flank'; renders צֶלַע / יֶרֶךְ; the term for a side of the tabernacle; the table is set on the northern κλίτος (cf. the lampstand on the south, v. 24).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῆςtentGenitivegenitive (the tent whose side is meant)→ relational specificationσκηνή: the tent of meeting, whose northern side holds the table.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουof meeting / of testimonyGenitivegenitive of definition (with σκηνῆς)→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: completing 'tent of meeting' (repeated, a Hebraizing fullness).
τὸthe (one)Accusativearticle (substantivizing the prepositional phrase πρὸς βορρᾶν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρὸςtowardpreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'toward'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
βορρᾶνnorthAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the northward orientation)→ object specificationβορρᾶς: 'north / north wind'; renders צָפוֹן; the table stands on the north side, the lampstand opposite on the south (v. 24), reflecting the fixed orientation of the holy place.
ἔξωθενoutsideimproper preposition + genitive (position: 'outside')→ spatial or relational framingἔξωθεν: 'from outside / outside'; renders מִחוּץ; situates the table outside (in front of) the inner veil — in the holy place, not the most holy place.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταπετάσματοςveilGenitivegenitive object of ἔξωθεν→ relational specificationκαταπέτασμα: the inner veil; the table's location 'outside the veil' marks the boundary between holy place (where the table, lampstand, and incense-altar stand) and most holy place (the screened ark).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῆςof the tabernacleGenitivegenitive of possession (the tabernacle's veil)→ relational specificationσκηνή: the tabernacle, whose veil divides its two chambers.
23

καὶ προέθηκεν ἐπ᾿ αὐτῆς ἄρτους τῆς προθέσεως ἔναντι κυρίου ὃν τρόπον συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ

And he set out on it the loaves of the Presence before the LORD, in the way the LORD directed Moses.

Narrative execution (the bread of the Presence) with the obedience-refrainκαὶ προέθηκεν
Moses arranges the showbread on the table 'before the LORD' (ἔναντι κυρίου), fulfilling the command of v. 4 (προθήσεις τὴν πρόθεσιν). The refrain ὃν τρόπον συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ recurs. The phrase ἔναντι κυρίου ('before the LORD'), repeated also at v. 25, marks the cultic acts as performed in the divine presence.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προέθηκενset out / arrangedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προτίθημιmain verb (arranging the showbread)→ constative aorist (completed act)προτίθημι (aor. προέθηκεν): 'set out / set forth'; fulfils the command προθήσεις (v. 4); the verb of arranging the bread of the Presence on the table.
ἐπ᾿on / uponpreposition + genitive (position, elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position, elided before vowel).
αὐτῆςitGenitivegenitive object of ἐπ᾿ (the table)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'it'; the feminine αὐτῆς refers to the table (τράπεζα) of v. 22, on which the bread is laid.
ἄρτουςloaves / breadAccusativedirect object of προέθηκεν→ object specificationἄρτος: 'bread / loaf'; renders לֶחֶם; the twelve loaves of the bread of the Presence (Lev 24:5–9); the same noun behind the eucharistic ἄρτος and Jesus' self-designation as 'the bread of life' (John 6:35).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προθέσεωςof the Presence / setting-outGenitivegenitive of definition (the loaves that are the showbread)→ relational specificationπρόθεσις: 'setting-out / presentation'; ἄρτοι τῆς προθέσεως = 'the bread of the Presence / showbread' (לֶחֶם הַפָּנִים); the same phrase is read in the Gospels (Matt 12:4; Mark 2:26) and Heb 9:2.
ἔναντιbefore / in the presence ofimproper preposition + genitive (position before God)→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before / in the presence of'; renders לִפְנֵי; ἔναντι κυρίου ('before the LORD') marks the showbread as a perpetual presentation in the divine presence; the bread is literally 'of the face/Presence.'
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the bread is set out in YHWH's presence, a continual memorial offering of the twelve tribes.
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (with τρόπον: obedience-refrain)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; ὃν τρόπον, 'in the way that', heading the refrain.
τρόπονmanner / wayAccusativeadverbial accusative (manner)→ object specificationτρόπος: 'manner'; ὃν τρόπον συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ, the recurring obedience-refrain.
συνέταξενdirected / commandedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντάσσωverb of the comparative clause (the divine command)→ constative aorist (the prior command)συντάσσω: 'order / direct'; the refrain-verb; stamps the arrangement of the showbread as obedience.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of συνέταξεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; source of the command.
τῷthe / toDativearticle (with Μωυσῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜωυσῇMosesDativedative indirect object (the one commanded)→ sphere or referenceΜωυσῆς (dat. Μωυσῇ): the recipient of the command in the refrain.
24

καὶ ἔθηκεν τὴν λυχνίαν εἰς τὴν σκηνὴν τοῦ μαρτυρίου εἰς τὸ κλίτος τῆς σκηνῆς τὸ πρὸς νότον

And he placed the lampstand in the tent of meeting, on the side of the tent toward the south.

Narrative execution (positioning the lampstand)καὶ ἔθηκεν
Moses sets the lampstand opposite the table, on the south side of the holy place — fulfilling v. 4 (εἰσοίσεις τὴν λυχνίαν). The north–south pairing of table and lampstand (vv. 22, 24) reflects the symmetrical layout of the tent's furnishings.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθηκενplaced / setAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb (positioning the lampstand)→ constative aorist (completed act)τίθημι (aor. ἔθηκεν): 'put / place'; the recurring placing-verb (cf. v. 22); fulfils the command regarding the lampstand (v. 4).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λυχνίανlampstandAccusativedirect object of ἔθηκεν→ object specificationλυχνία: the golden lampstand (cf. v. 4), now set on the south side of the holy place.
εἰςin / intopreposition + accusative (place into which)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place into which).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνὴνtentAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (location)→ object specificationσκηνή: the tent of meeting (εἰς for ἐν, as in v. 22).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουof meeting / of testimonyGenitivegenitive of definition (with σκηνήν)→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: completing 'tent of meeting.'
εἰςon / towardpreposition + accusative (position, second occurrence)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: here locative, 'on the side'; the doubling of εἰς (place, then side) is a loose LXX usage.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κλίτοςsideAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the side of placement)→ object specificationκλίτος: 'side / flank'; the southern κλίτος, opposite the table's northern side (v. 22).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῆςtentGenitivegenitive (the tent whose side is meant)→ relational specificationσκηνή: the tent of meeting, whose south side holds the lampstand.
τὸthe (one)Accusativearticle (substantivizing πρὸς νότον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρὸςtowardpreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'toward'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
νότονsouthAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the southward orientation)→ object specificationνότος: 'south / south wind'; renders נֶגֶב / תֵּימָן; the lampstand stands on the south, balancing the table on the north — the holy place's two illuminating and nourishing emblems facing each other.
25

καὶ ἐπέθηκεν τοὺς λύχνους αὐτῆς ἔναντι κυρίου ὃν τρόπον συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ

And he set up its lamps before the LORD, in the way the LORD directed Moses.

Narrative execution (lighting the lamps) with the obedience-refrainκαὶ ἐπέθηκεν
Moses mounts the lamps on the lampstand 'before the LORD', fulfilling v. 4 (ἐπιθήσεις τοὺς λύχνους). The refrain ὃν τρόπον συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ recurs; ἔναντι κυρίου again marks the act as performed in the divine presence. The perpetual lamp signifies the abiding light of God's presence (cf. Exod 27:20–21).
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέθηκενset up / mountedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (mounting the lamps)→ constative aorist (completed act)ἐπιτίθημι (aor. ἐπέθηκεν): 'place upon / set up'; fulfils the command ἐπιθήσεις (v. 4); Moses mounts the lamps on the lampstand.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λύχνουςlampsAccusativedirect object of ἐπέθηκεν→ object specificationλύχνος: 'lamp'; the lamps of the lampstand (cf. v. 4), their light burning continually before the LORD.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (the lampstand's lamps)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'its'; the feminine αὐτῆς refers to the lampstand (λυχνία).
ἔναντιbefore / in the presence ofimproper preposition + genitive (position before God)→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before'; as with the showbread (v. 23), the lamps are set ἔναντι κυρίου, their perpetual flame symbolizing the divine presence in the holy place.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the lamps burn in YHWH's presence.
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (with τρόπον: obedience-refrain)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; ὃν τρόπον, 'in the way that.'
τρόπονmanner / wayAccusativeadverbial accusative (manner)→ object specificationτρόπος: 'manner'; the recurring obedience-refrain ὃν τρόπον συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ.
συνέταξενdirected / commandedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντάσσωverb of the comparative clause (the divine command)→ constative aorist (the prior command)συντάσσω: 'order / direct'; the refrain-verb, marking the lighting of the lamps as obedience.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of συνέταξεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; source of the command.
τῷthe / toDativearticle (with Μωυσῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜωυσῇMosesDativedative indirect object (the one commanded)→ sphere or referenceΜωυσῆς (dat. Μωυσῇ): the recipient of the command in the refrain.
26

καὶ ἔθηκεν τὸ θυσιαστήριον τὸ χρυσοῦν ἐν τῇ σκηνῇ τοῦ μαρτυρίου ἀπέναντι τοῦ καταπετάσματος

And he placed the golden altar in the tent of meeting, opposite the veil.

Narrative execution (positioning the golden incense-altar)καὶ ἔθηκεν
Moses sets the golden altar of incense in the holy place, directly facing the veil (ἀπέναντι τοῦ καταπετάσματος) — and so before the ark beyond it — fulfilling v. 5. Its placement just outside the veil reflects the close link between incense and the divine presence.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθηκενplaced / setAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb (positioning the golden altar)→ constative aorist (completed act)τίθημι (aor. ἔθηκεν): 'put / place'; fulfils the command θήσεις (v. 5) regarding the golden altar.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativedirect object of ἔθηκεν→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: the golden altar of incense (cf. v. 5), here set within the holy place.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρυσοῦνgoldenAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying θυσιαστήριον)→ object specificationχρυσοῦς: 'golden'; distinguishing the incense-altar of the holy place from the bronze altar of the court (v. 29).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῇtentDativedative of place (locative: 'in the tent')→ sphere or referenceσκηνή: the tent of meeting; here properly ἐν + dative (in contrast to the εἰς + accusative of vv. 22, 24).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουof meeting / of testimonyGenitivegenitive of definition (with σκηνῇ)→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: completing 'tent of meeting.'
ἀπέναντιopposite / facingimproper preposition + genitive (position: 'opposite')→ spatial or relational framingἀπέναντι: 'opposite / over against / in front of'; renders לִפְנֵי / נֹכַח; the incense-altar stands directly facing the veil, and so before the ark behind it (cf. ἐναντίον τῆς κιβωτοῦ, v. 5).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταπετάσματοςveilGenitivegenitive object of ἀπέναντι→ relational specificationκαταπέτασμα: the inner veil; the golden altar's position 'opposite the veil' sets the daily incense directly before the screened presence of YHWH.
27

καὶ ἐθυμίασεν ἐπ᾿ αὐτοῦ τὸ θυμίαμα τῆς συνθέσεως καθάπερ συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ

And he burned on it the incense of the compound, just as the LORD directed Moses.

Narrative execution (burning the incense) with the obedience-refrainκαὶ ἐθυμίασεν
Moses burns the compounded incense on the golden altar, fulfilling v. 5 (εἰς τὸ θυμιᾶν). The refrain appears here in its third variant, καθάπερ συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ ('exactly as the LORD directed Moses'). This is the last of the interior cultic acts; the narrative now moves outside to the court.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθυμίασενburned incenseAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θυμιάωmain verb (offering the incense)→ constative aorist (completed act)θυμιάω (aor. ἐθυμίασεν): 'burn incense'; fulfils the purpose-infinitive τὸ θυμιᾶν (v. 5); the inaugural incense-offering on the golden altar; the rising smoke is a standard biblical figure for prayer ascending before God (Ps 140:2 LXX; Rev 8:3–4).
ἐπ᾿on / uponpreposition + genitive (position, elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position, elided before vowel).
αὐτοῦitGenitivegenitive object of ἐπ᾿ (the golden altar)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'it'; the neuter αὐτοῦ refers to the golden altar (θυσιαστήριον) of v. 26, on which the incense is burned.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυμίαμαincenseAccusativedirect object of ἐθυμίασεν→ object specificationθυμίαμα: 'incense / fragrant offering'; renders קְטֹרֶת; the holy incense compounded by the perfumer's art (Exod 30:34–38); the same noun for the incense of the heavenly worship (Rev 5:8; 8:3–4).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συνθέσεωςof the compound / mixtureGenitivegenitive of definition (the incense made by compounding)→ relational specificationσύνθεσις: 'composition / compound / mixture'; from συντίθημι ('put together'); τὸ θυμίαμα τῆς συνθέσεως = 'the compounded incense', the specially blended sacred incense (Exod 30:35, רֹקַח מַעֲשֵׂה רוֹקֵחַ); its exact composition was prescribed and protected.
καθάπερjust as / exactly ascomparative conjunction (introducing the obedience-refrain)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθάπερ: 'just as / exactly as'; an intensified form of καθά (cf. v. 19); the third variant of the refrain-conjunction (καθά v. 19; ὃν τρόπον vv. 21, 23, 25; καθάπερ here), all rendering כַּאֲשֶׁר.
συνέταξενdirected / commandedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντάσσωverb of the comparative clause (the divine command)→ constative aorist (the prior command)συντάσσω: 'order / direct'; the refrain-verb, here sealing the incense-offering — the climactic interior act — as obedience.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of συνέταξεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; source of the command.
τῷthe / toDativearticle (with Μωυσῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜωυσῇMosesDativedative indirect object (the one commanded)→ sphere or referenceΜωυσῆς (dat. Μωυσῇ): the recipient of the command; the last occurrence of the refrain τῷ Μωυσῇ in the chapter.
29

καὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον τῶν καρπωμάτων ἔθηκεν παρὰ τὰς θύρας τῆς σκηνῆς

And the altar of the whole burnt offerings he placed by the doors of the tent.

Narrative execution (positioning the bronze altar in the court)καὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον … ἔθηκεν
With the object fronted (τὸ θυσιαστήριον τῶν καρπωμάτων before ἔθηκεν), Moses sets the bronze altar of burnt offering by the tent door, fulfilling v. 6. This moves the narrative from the tent interior to the courtyard; the verse lacks the obedience-refrain, the Old Greek being notably compressed here (the MT's vv. 28, 30–32 have no Greek).
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with fronted object)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativedirect object of ἔθηκεν (fronted for emphasis)→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: the bronze altar of burnt offering (cf. vv. 6, 10), now placed in the court.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρπωμάτωνof the whole burnt offeringsGenitivegenitive of definition (with θυσιαστήριον)→ relational specificationκάρπωμα: 'burnt offering'; τὸ θυσιαστήριον τῶν καρπωμάτων, the altar for whole burnt offerings (עֹלָה), the place of the daily sacrifices in the courtyard.
ἔθηκενplaced / setAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb (post-posed after fronted object)→ constative aorist (completed act)τίθημι (aor. ἔθηκεν): 'put / place'; fulfils the command θήσεις (v. 6); the bronze altar is set by the tent entrance.
παρὰby / besidepreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + acc.: 'beside / by'; the altar stands just outside the tent door, in the courtyard, as commanded in v. 6.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θύραςdoors / entranceAccusativeaccusative object of παρά→ object specificationθύρα (pl. θύρας): 'door / entrance'; the doorway of the tent of meeting, the threshold between court and sanctuary.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῆςtentGenitivegenitive (the tent whose doors are meant)→ relational specificationσκηνή: the tent of meeting; here in the genitive 'the doors of the tent' (the fuller τοῦ μαρτυρίου is not added, a sign of the verse's compression).
33

καὶ ἔστησεν τὴν αὐλὴν κύκλῳ τῆς σκηνῆς καὶ τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου καὶ συνετέλεσεν Μωυσῆς πάντα τὰ ἔργα

And he set up the court around the tabernacle and the altar, and Moses finished all the works.

Narrative completion (the court erected; all the works finished)καὶ ἔστησεν τὴν αὐλήν
Moses erects the surrounding court (fulfilling v. 8) and the narrative crowns the whole obedience-account with συνετέλεσεν Μωυσῆς πάντα τὰ ἔργα ('Moses finished all the works'). The completion-language deliberately echoes Gen 2:1–2 (συνετελέσθησαν … τὰ ἔργα), framing the tabernacle as a new creation — a divinely-patterned cosmos in miniature — and setting the stage for the glory-filling that follows.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστησενset up / erectedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (erecting the court)→ constative aorist (completed act)ἵστημι (aor. ἔστησεν): 'set up / erect'; fulfils the command περιθήσεις (v. 8); Moses raises the courtyard hangings around the precinct.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐλὴνcourt / courtyardAccusativedirect object of ἔστησεν→ object specificationαὐλή: 'court / courtyard / enclosure'; renders חָצֵר; the enclosed courtyard surrounding the tabernacle and altar (Exod 27:9–19); the same noun for the high priest's 'courtyard' in the passion narrative (Matt 26:69).
κύκλῳaround / round aboutDativeadverbial dative (spatial: 'around')→ sphere or referenceκύκλος (dat. κύκλῳ): 'round about / around'; renders סָבִיב; here governing the genitives that follow ('around the tabernacle and the altar'), enclosing the whole sacred precinct.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῆςtabernacleGenitivegenitive governed by κύκλῳ (what the court surrounds)→ relational specificationσκηνή: the tabernacle, enclosed by the court.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive governed by κύκλῳ (coordinate with σκηνῆς)→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: the bronze altar of burnt offering (v. 29), now enclosed with the tabernacle inside the court.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the completion-statement)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνετέλεσενfinished / completedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντελέωmain verb (the completion of all the work)→ constative aorist (climactic completion)συντελέω: 'complete / finish / bring to an end'; renders כִּלָּה; the deliberate verbal echo of Gen 2:1–2 (καὶ συνετελέσθησαν … συνετέλεσεν ὁ θεὸς … τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ) presents the finished tabernacle as a counterpart to the finished creation — the sanctuary as a microcosm in which God will dwell.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject of συνετέλεσεν→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: the human builder who, like the Creator at Gen 2:2, brings the work to completion; the parallel dignifies Moses' obedient labor.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying τὰ ἔργα)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of the construction-works, none left undone — answering the πάντα ὅσα ἐνετείλατο of v. 16.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργαworksAccusativedirect object of συνετέλεσεν→ object specificationἔργον: 'work / deed'; renders מְלָאכָה; πάντα τὰ ἔργα ('all the works') echoes the creation-completion of Gen 2:2 (τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ), reinforcing the creation-tabernacle typology.
34

καὶ ἐκάλυψεν ἡ νεφέλη τὴν σκηνὴν τοῦ μαρτυρίου καὶ δόξης κυρίου ἐπλήσθη ἡ σκηνή

And the cloud covered the tent of meeting, and the glory of the LORD filled the tabernacle.

Climax: the descent of the glory-cloud (the goal of the book)καὶ ἐκάλυψεν ἡ νεφέλη
This is the headline crux and the climax of the whole book. The cloud that led Israel from Egypt (13:21–22) and descended at Sinai (24:15–18) now covers (ἐκάλυψεν) the finished tent, and the glory of the LORD fills (ἐπλήσθη) the tabernacle — the indwelling presence toward which Exodus has moved from the burning bush onward. The genitive δόξης with the passive ἐπλήσθη ('was filled with the glory') makes the glory the filling content. Cf. the parallel glory-filling at the temple's dedication (1 Kgs 8:10–11) and the NT fulfilments: the Word who 'tabernacled' among us (John 1:14), the temple of his body, and the eschatological dwelling of God with humanity (Rev 21:3).
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάλυψενcoveredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλύπτωmain verb (the cloud's covering of the tent)→ constative aorist (the decisive theophanic act)καλύπτω: 'cover / conceal / envelop'; renders כִּסָּה; the cloud 'covers' the tent as the glory-cloud covered Sinai (Exod 24:15–16, ἐκάλυψεν αὐτὸ ἡ νεφέλη); the verb marks the theophanic descent of the divine presence upon the completed sanctuary.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεφέληcloudNominativesubject of ἐκάλυψεν→ participant prominenceνεφέλη: 'cloud'; renders עָנָן; the pillar-cloud of the exodus and Sinai (13:21; 24:16), the visible token of YHWH's guiding and indwelling presence; in the NT the cloud reappears at the Transfiguration (Matt 17:5) and Ascension (Acts 1:9), and as the vehicle of the Son of Man's coming (Dan 7:13; Rev 1:7).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνὴνtentAccusativedirect object of ἐκάλυψεν→ object specificationσκηνή: the tent of meeting, now overshadowed by the glory-cloud — the dwelling becomes the dwelling-place of God among his people.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουof meeting / of testimonyGenitivegenitive of definition (with σκηνήν)→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: completing σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου, 'tent of meeting' — now manifestly the place where YHWH meets Israel.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (parallel theophanic clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δόξηςof gloryGenitivegenitive of content (what the tabernacle was filled with)→ relational specificationδόξα: 'glory / splendor'; renders כָּבוֹד; the genitive of content with ἐπλήσθη ('was filled with glory'); δόξα κυρίου is the LXX rendering of כְּבוֹד יהוה, the radiant manifestation of the divine presence (cf. Exod 16:10; 24:16–17); the cornerstone of the biblical glory-theology, fulfilled in the δόξα of the incarnate Word (John 1:14).
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive (possessive: the glory belonging to YHWH)→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; δόξα κυρίου = 'the glory of the LORD', YHWH's own visible self-manifestation now resident in the tabernacle.
ἐπλήσθηwas filledAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πίμπλημι / πληρόωmain verb (the glory fills the tabernacle)→ constative aorist passive (the decisive filling)πίμπλημι (aor. pass. ἐπλήσθη): 'fill / be filled'; renders מָלֵא; the passive with the genitive of content δόξης κυρίου = 'was filled with the glory of the LORD'; the verb of the climactic indwelling, repeated for emphasis in v. 35; the same construction at 1 Kgs 8:10–11 LXX of the temple.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνήtabernacleNominativesubject of ἐπλήσθη→ participant prominenceσκηνή: the tabernacle, now filled with the glory — the realization of YHWH's purpose announced at 25:8 (ὀφθήσομαι ἐν ὑμῖν / 'I will dwell among them', 29:45); the dwelling of God with his people, the telos of the whole exodus.
35

καὶ οὐκ ἠδυνάσθη Μωυσῆς εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν σκηνὴν τοῦ μαρτυρίου ὅτι ἐπεσκίαζεν ἐπ᾿ αὐτὴν ἡ νεφέλη καὶ δόξης κυρίου ἐπλήσθη ἡ σκηνή

And Moses could not enter into the tent of meeting, because the cloud was overshadowing it, and the glory of the LORD filled the tabernacle.

Consequence of the glory-filling (the inaccessibility of the presence)καὶ οὐκ ἠδυνάσθη Μωυσῆς
The overwhelming consequence of the descent: even Moses — who had entered the Sinai cloud (24:18) and spoken with God face to face — cannot now enter the tent. The ὅτι-clause gives the cause: the cloud was overshadowing (ἐπεσκίαζεν, imperfect of continuing state) and the glory filled the tent. The verb ἐπισκιάζω reappears at the annunciation (Luke 1:35) and Transfiguration (Luke 9:34), linking this glory-overshadowing to the NT presence of God.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἠδυνάσθη)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ before vowel): the negative of fact; here negates Moses' ability to enter.
ἠδυνάσθηwas able / couldAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb (Moses' incapacity)→ constative aorist (the settled inability)δύναμαι (aor. pass. ἠδυνάσθη): 'be able / can'; renders יָכֹל; the negated aorist states that Moses was unable to enter; the deponent aorist passive form ἠδυνάσθη (alongside ἠδυνήθη) is regular in the LXX; the same incapacity befell the priests at 1 Kgs 8:11.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject of ἠδυνάσθη→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: even Moses, the mediator who built the tent, is now excluded — the glory is too overwhelming; the bar is removed at Lev 1:1, where YHWH calls to Moses from the tent.
εἰσελθεῖνto enterAor Act Inf · εἰσέρχομαιcomplementary infinitive (with ἠδυνάσθη)→ aorist infinitive (the act Moses cannot perform)εἰσέρχομαι (aor. inf. εἰσελθεῖν): 'enter / go in'; the complementary infinitive completing 'was not able'; the inability to 'enter' the glory-filled tent dramatizes the holiness and otherness of the indwelling presence.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction of entry)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of entry).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνὴνtentAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the place Moses cannot enter)→ object specificationσκηνή: the tent of meeting, now inaccessible because of the glory.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουof meeting / of testimonyGenitivegenitive of definition (with σκηνήν)→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: completing 'tent of meeting.'
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (introducing the reason)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; renders כִּי; introduces the cause of Moses' inability — the overshadowing cloud and indwelling glory.
ἐπεσκίαζενwas overshadowingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπισκιάζωverb of the causal clause (durative theophanic state)→ imperfect (continuing/ongoing overshadowing)ἐπισκιάζω: 'overshadow / cast a shadow upon'; renders שָׁכַן (settle/abide upon); the imperfect ἐπεσκίαζεν presents the cloud's overshadowing as an enduring state; the verb is theologically loaded — used of the Spirit's overshadowing of Mary (Luke 1:35) and the cloud at the Transfiguration (Mark 9:7; Luke 9:34), linking the tabernacle-glory to the incarnation and the manifested presence of God.
ἐπ᾿upon / overpreposition + accusative (position over, elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position over, elided before vowel).
αὐτὴνitAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπ᾿ (the tent)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'it'; the feminine αὐτήν refers to the tent (σκηνή), over which the cloud rests.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεφέληcloudNominativesubject of ἐπεσκίαζεν→ participant prominenceνεφέλη: the glory-cloud (cf. v. 34), here overshadowing the tent as the sign of YHWH's settled presence.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (parallel to the cloud-clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δόξηςof gloryGenitivegenitive of content (with ἐπλήσθη)→ relational specificationδόξα: 'glory'; the genitive of content; the clause δόξης κυρίου ἐπλήσθη ἡ σκηνή repeats v. 34 verbatim, a refrain-like restatement underscoring the totality of the indwelling glory.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive (possessive: YHWH's glory)→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; δόξα κυρίου, 'the glory of the LORD.'
ἐπλήσθηwas filledAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πίμπλημιmain verb (the glory fills the tent, restated)→ constative aorist passive (the decisive filling, repeated)πίμπλημι (aor. pass. ἐπλήσθη): 'be filled'; with the genitive δόξης ('was filled with glory'); the verbatim repetition of v. 34b frames the climax with an emphatic inclusio — the glory both covers (cloud) and fills (glory) the sanctuary.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνήtabernacleNominativesubject of ἐπλήσθη→ participant prominenceσκηνή: the tabernacle, filled with the glory — the consummation of the divine indwelling that began the chapter's climax.
36

ἡνίκα δ᾿ ἂν ἀνέβη ἡ νεφέλη ἀπὸ τῆς σκηνῆς ἀνεζεύγνυσαν οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ σὺν τῇ ἀπαρτίᾳ αὐτῶν

And whenever the cloud went up from the tabernacle, the sons of Israel would set out with their baggage.

Transition to the guiding-function of the cloud (iterative wilderness practice)ἡνίκα δ᾿ ἂν ἀνέβη
The narrative shifts from the singular inaugural event to the ongoing wilderness practice: the cloud becomes Israel's travel-signal. The construction ἡνίκα … ἂν + aorist with the imperfect ἀνεζεύγνυσαν expresses iterative custom ('whenever … they would set out'). The cloud that fills the tent also guides the people — presence and guidance unite (cf. Num 9:15–23).
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ἡνίκαwhen / whenevertemporal conjunction (with ἄν: iterative)→ discourse linkage or contrastἡνίκα: 'when / at the time when'; renders the temporal of the Hebrew; with ἄν and the aorist it gives an iterative/generalizing sense, 'whenever.'
δ᾿and / nownarrative continuative (post-positive, elided)→ clausal contributionδέ: post-positive particle; here a mild continuative marking the transition to the recurring travel-practice; one of the few δέ-connectives in this otherwise καί-paratactic chapter.
ἂν(particle of contingency)modal particle (with ἡνίκα + aorist: iterative/indefinite)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: the modal particle; with ἡνίκα and the aorist indicative it generalizes the temporal clause into a recurring condition, 'whenever it happened that.'
ἀνέβηwent up / roseAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωverb of the temporal clause (the cloud's lifting)→ iterative aorist (with ἄν: each occasion of rising)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up / ascend / rise'; renders עָלָה; the cloud's 'going up' from the tent is the signal to break camp; the iterative aorist with ἄν denotes the repeated lifting of the cloud throughout the wilderness journey.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεφέληcloudNominativesubject of ἀνέβη→ participant prominenceνεφέλη: the glory-cloud, now functioning as the divine travel-signal regulating Israel's marches.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source: lifting from the tent)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source: lifting from the tent).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῆςtabernacleGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (the place the cloud rises from)→ relational specificationσκηνή: the tabernacle, from which the cloud lifts when it is time to journey.
ἀνεζεύγνυσανwould set out / would break campImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀναζεύγνυμιmain verb (Israel's customary departure)→ iterative imperfect (customary, repeated action)ἀναζεύγνυμι: 'break camp / set out / decamp' (lit. 'yoke up again' for the march); the iterative imperfect ἀνεζεύγνυσαν denotes the people's repeated practice of setting out whenever the cloud rose; cognate with the noun ἀναζυγή ('decampment / journey', v. 38).
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject of ἀνεζεύγνυσαν→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ('the sons/children of Israel') is the standard LXX designation of the covenant people (בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל).
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable in the LXX; the patriarch's name standing for the people descended from him.
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingσύν: 'with / together with'; introduces what Israel takes along on the march.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπαρτίᾳbaggage / belongingsDativedative object of σύν (what they carried)→ sphere or referenceἀπαρτία: 'baggage / equipment / belongings'; a relatively rare term for the movable goods of a traveling people; renders the Hebrew sense of all that is packed up for the journey; the people set out fully provisioned, the cloud their guide.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (Israel's baggage)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'their'; the belongings of the Israelites.
37

εἰ δὲ μὴ ἀνέβη ἡ νεφέλη οὐκ ἀνεζεύγνυσαν ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ἧς ἀνέβη ἡ νεφέλη

But if the cloud did not go up, they would not set out, until the day on which the cloud went up.

Counterpart of v. 36 (the negative case of the travel-signal)εἰ δὲ μὴ ἀνέβη
The complementary rule: when the cloud did not lift, Israel did not march, but waited until the day it rose. The antithetical pair (vv. 36–37) frames Israel's whole wilderness movement as governed entirely by the cloud — that is, by the LORD's direct, moment-by-moment direction; the people neither advance nor halt on their own initiative.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
εἰifconditional conjunction (with μή: negative condition)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: 'if'; introduces the negative-case condition complementary to ἡνίκα ἄν of v. 36.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive; here adversative, contrasting the non-lifting of the cloud with its lifting in v. 36.
μὴnotnegative particle (in the conditional clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: the negative used in conditional/non-indicative contexts; here negating the cloud's rising.
ἀνέβηwent up / roseAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωverb of the conditional clause (the cloud's non-lifting)→ iterative aorist (the recurring case of non-rising)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; the negated condition εἰ … μὴ ἀνέβη ('if it did not go up') states the alternative to v. 36.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεφέληcloudNominativesubject of ἀνέβη→ participant prominenceνεφέλη: the cloud; its remaining on the tent signals that Israel must stay encamped.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἀνεζεύγνυσαν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ): the negative of fact; negates the people's setting out.
ἀνεζεύγνυσανwould set out / break campImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀναζεύγνυμιmain verb (apodosis: the people's staying put)→ iterative imperfect (customary non-departure)ἀναζεύγνυμι: 'break camp / set out'; the negated iterative imperfect οὐκ ἀνεζεύγνυσαν, 'they would not set out' — the people stayed encamped as long as the cloud stayed.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until / up to'; here with the genitive τῆς ἡμέρας, marking the term of the waiting.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdayGenitivegenitive object of ἕως (the day awaited)→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ('until the day') sets the term of the encampment — the people wait however long the cloud remains.
ἧςon whichGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive by attraction; temporal: 'on which')→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; the genitive ἧς is attracted to the case of its antecedent ἡμέρας ('the day on which'); a common Greek relative-attraction.
ἀνέβηwent up / roseAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωverb of the relative clause (the cloud's eventual rising)→ constative aorist (the moment of departure-signal)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; the cloud's eventual rising ends the wait — the third occurrence of ἀνέβη/ἀναβαίνω in two verses, hammering the point that all movement waits on the cloud.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεφέληcloudNominativesubject of ἀνέβη→ participant prominenceνεφέλη: the cloud, whose rising releases the people to journey on.
38

νεφέλη γὰρ ἦν ἐπὶ τῆς σκηνῆς ἡμέρας καὶ πῦρ ἦν ἐπ᾿ αὐτῆς νυκτὸς ἐναντίον παντὸς Ισραηλ ἐν πάσαις ταῖς ἀναζυγαῖς αὐτῶν

For a cloud was on the tabernacle by day, and fire was on it by night, in the sight of all Israel throughout all their journeyings.

Explanatory conclusion: the abiding cloud-and-fire (the book's closing word)νεφέλη γὰρ ἦν
The explanatory γάρ ('for') grounds vv. 36–37: the cloud was a permanent fixture — cloud by day, fire by night — visible to all Israel throughout every stage of their journeys. This closes the Book of Exodus on the note of the LORD's abiding, visible presence guiding his redeemed people (cf. 13:21–22). The cloud/fire dwelling 'in the sight of all Israel' is the book's final image: the God who delivered them now dwells among them and goes before them.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
νεφέληcloudNominativesubject of ἦν (predicate-fronted for emphasis)→ participant prominenceνεφέλη: the cloud, now described as a permanent daytime fixture over the tent; the fronting of νεφέλη throws emphasis on the abiding presence that closes the book.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: 'for / because'; post-positive; grounds the travel-practice of vv. 36–37 in the permanent presence of the cloud and fire.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (durative state: the cloud's permanence)→ durative imperfect (continuous, abiding state)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'was'; the imperfect denotes the cloud's continuous, abiding presence over the tent — not an occasional but a permanent theophanic fixture throughout the wilderness years.
ἐπὶon / overpreposition + genitive (position over)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position over).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῆςtabernacleGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (what the cloud rests on)→ relational specificationσκηνή: the tabernacle, over which the cloud abides by day.
ἡμέραςby dayGenitivegenitive of time (within which: 'during the day')→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the genitive of time ἡμέρας ('by day / during the daytime') contrasts with νυκτός; the cloud is the daytime sign, the fire the nighttime sign.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the night counterpart)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πῦρfireNominativesubject of the second ἦν→ participant prominenceπῦρ: 'fire'; renders אֵשׁ; the nighttime form of the theophanic pillar (cf. 13:21, στῦλος πυρός); the same cloud appears as luminous fire by night, the visible guarantee of the LORD's protective presence.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (durative state: the fire's permanence)→ durative imperfect (continuous, abiding state)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'was'; the repeated imperfect underscores the constancy of the nighttime fire, parallel to the daytime cloud.
ἐπ᾿on / overpreposition + genitive (position over, elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position over, elided before vowel).
αὐτῆςitGenitivegenitive object of ἐπ᾿ (the tabernacle)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'it'; the feminine αὐτῆς refers to the tent (σκηνή), over which the fire rests by night.
νυκτὸςby nightGenitivegenitive of time (within which: 'during the night')→ relational specificationνύξ: 'night'; the genitive of time νυκτός ('by night') balances ἡμέρας; the day/night merism conveys the unbroken, round-the-clock presence of God with Israel.
ἐναντίονbefore / in the sight ofimproper preposition + genitive (perspective: 'in the sight of')→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before / in the sight of'; renders לְעֵינֵי; the cloud-and-fire is visible to the whole people — a public, communal sign of the divine presence, not a private vision.
παντὸςallGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying Ισραηλ)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all / whole'; παντὸς Ισραηλ ('all Israel') stresses the universal visibility of the sign to the entire covenant community.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive object of ἐναντίον (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; the whole people in whose sight the abiding presence stands.
ἐνin / throughoutpreposition + dative (temporal/circumstantial)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal/circumstantial).
πάσαιςallDativeattributive adjective (modifying ἀναζυγαῖς)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all'; ἐν πάσαις ταῖς ἀναζυγαῖς ('throughout all their journeyings') gives the presence a comprehensive temporal scope — every stage of the wilderness wandering.
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀναζυγαῖςjourneyings / decampmentsDativedative object of ἐν (the occasions throughout which)→ sphere or referenceἀναζυγή: 'breaking of camp / journey / departure'; cognate with the verb ἀναζεύγνυμι (vv. 36–37); renders מַסַּע ('setting-out / stage of the journey'); the word ends the book on the note of movement — the indwelling God travels with his people through every stage of the way.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (Israel's journeyings)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'their'; the journeyings of the Israelites; the final word of the Book of Exodus, leaving the people on the move under the guiding presence of the LORD.