Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Exodus, Chapter 8ΕΞΟΔΟΣ Η′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Versification: the four frog-plague verses English assigns to 8:1–4 are numbered 7:26–29 in the LXX and have been authored separately; LXX 8:1 = English 8:5, and the offset of four is constant throughout — LXX 8:28 = English 8:32.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of Exodus 8 follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. Versification: the four frog-plague verses English assigns to 8:1–4 are numbered 7:26–29 in the LXX and have been authored separately; LXX 8:1 = English 8:5, and the offset of four is constant throughout — LXX 8:28 = English 8:32. The chapter covers three plague units: completion of the frog plague (vv.1–11), the gnat plague σκνῖπες (vv.12–15), and the dog-fly plague κυνόμυια (vv.16–28), together with two Pharaoh-bargaining scenes. At 8:5 τάξαι πρός με renders the unusual Hebrew הִתְפָּאֵר עָלַי ('take the glory over me / appoint for me a time'); the nuance is debated and some witnesses read δόξασαι. The theological apex of the chapter is at 8:15 LXX: the Egyptian magicians, having failed to replicate the gnats, confess δάκτυλος θεοῦ ἐστιν τοῦτο ('this is the finger of God'). This phrase is taken up verbatim at Luke 11:20, where Jesus interprets his exorcisms by the finger of God; Matthew's parallel (12:28) substitutes πνεύματι θεοῦ, making the Exodus phrase a Christological crux of first importance — what Exodus ascribes to the divine finger defeating Egypt's counter-magic, Luke ascribes to Jesus. At 8:18 παραδοξάσω marks the Goshen exemption: the Lord will 'do something marvellous / distinguish' the land where his people dwell, introducing the theological motif of divine discrimination between peoples. The fourth plague introduces κυνόμυια (8:17–27 LXX), the 'dog-fly' (κύων + μυῖα), the LXX's distinctive rendering of Hebrew עָרֹב; the precise species — gadfly, stable-fly, or biting gnat — is debated in antiquity and modernity. At 8:22 τὰ βδελύγματα τῶν Αἰγυπτίων ('the abominations of the Egyptians') alludes to the ritual incompatibility of Israelite animal-sacrifice with Egyptian sacred-animal veneration. The chapter closes at 8:28 with ἐβάρυνεν (βαρύνω, 'weigh down') as the hardening verb, contrasting with the 'stiffening' ἐσκληρύνθη at vv.11 and 15; the field of heaviness reflects Hebrew כָּבֵד.

1

εἶπεν δὲ κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν· εἰπὸν Ααρων ἔκτεινον τῇ χειρί σου τὴν ῥάβδον ἐπὶ τοὺς ποταμοὺς καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς διώρυγας καὶ ἐπὶ τὰ ἕλη καὶ ἀνάγαγε τοὺς βατράχους ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν Αἰγύπτου.

And the Lord said to Moses: 'Say to Aaron, Stretch out your hand with the rod over the rivers and over the canals and over the marshes, and bring up the frogs over the land of Egypt.'

Divine command — plague initiationεἶπεν δέ
Opens the second phase of the frog plague (LXX 8:1 = Eng 8:5). Moses receives and relays the command to Aaron — establishing the double-mediation structure (Lord → Moses → Aaron → rod) that characterises the plague series. The three-fold ἐπί (rivers, canals, marshes) covers all Egyptian freshwater domains comprehensively.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (divine speech formula)→ constative aorist (inaugurates new divine speech unit)λέγω: the standard LXX plague-introduction formula; the aorist marks the punctiliar onset of a new divine command.
δέandpostpositive connective (continuation)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: weak continuative; sequential, linking to the preceding plague-narrative context.
κύριοςthe LordNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: renders יהוה; the standard LXX convention of representing the divine name with the title 'Lord.'
πρόςtopreposition + accusative (addressee of divine speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (addressee of divine speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (recipient of divine command)→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: Hebrew מֹשֶׁה; the mediator of the divine will to Pharaoh and to Aaron.
εἰπόνsayAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb of sub-command (Moses instructed to relay to Aaron)→ ingressive aorist imperative (begin speaking)λέγω: the double-mediation structure enacted here — Lord commands Moses, Moses commands Aaron; Moses is messenger, not actor.
ΑαρώνAaronAccusativeaccusative of address (quasi-vocative: named recipient of sub-command)→ participant identificationΑαρών: Hebrew אַהֲרֹן; Moses' brother and rod-bearer, the immediate agent of the plague signs; indeclinable proper name, kind 'x'.
ἔκτεινονstretch outAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐκτείνωmain verb of Aaron's command→ ingressive aorist imperative (single decisive gesture)ἐκτείνω: 'stretch out'; the technical plague-initiation formula ἔκτεινον τὴν χεῖρα ἐπί recurs at 8:12 LXX (gnats); renders Hebrew נְטֵה יָדְךָ.
τῇtheDativearticle (with instrumental dative)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρίhandDativedative of instrument ('with your hand')→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand'; the outstretched hand wielding the rod is the instrument of divine judgment; the motif culminates in 8:15 LXX with the magicians' δάκτυλος θεοῦ ('finger of God').
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
τήνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτήν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥάβδονrodAccusativeaccusative direct object (instrument wielded)→ object specificationῥάβδος: 'rod / staff'; renders Hebrew מַטֶּה; Aaron's rod is the material instrument of divine power in the plague series; introduced at 7:9–12 LXX.
ἐπίoverpreposition + accusative (spatial — first water-domain of three)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (spatial — first water-domain of three).
τούςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτούς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποταμούςriversAccusativeaccusative complement of ἐπί (first water-domain)→ object specificationποταμός: 'river'; primarily the Nile and its branches; renders Hebrew נְהָרֹת.
καίandcoordinate conjunction (expanding scope)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπίoverpreposition + accusative (second water-domain)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (second water-domain).
τάςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτάς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διώρυγαςcanalsAccusativeaccusative complement of ἐπί (second water-domain)→ object specificationδιῶρυξ: 'canal / channel dug for irrigation'; renders Hebrew יְאֹרִים (pl. of יְאֹר, the Nile-canal system).
καίandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπίoverpreposition + accusative (third water-domain)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (third water-domain).
τάtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτά: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἕληmarshesAccusativeaccusative complement of ἐπί (third water-domain)→ object specificationἕλος: 'marsh / swamp'; renders Hebrew אֲגַמֵּיהֶם ('their pools'); the triadic list — rivers, canals, marshes — comprehensively designates every Egyptian freshwater domain.
καίandcoordinate conjunction (adding the result-command)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνάγαγεbring upAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀνάγωsecond main verb of Aaron's command (the purpose of rod-extension)→ ingressive aorist imperative (begin the upward movement of frogs)ἀνάγω: 'lead up / bring up'; ἀνά- marks upward movement from water to land; the verb recurs in vv.2–3 as the compliance-word, binding command to execution.
τούςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτούς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βατράχουςfrogsAccusativeaccusative direct object of ἀνάγαγε→ object specificationβάτραχος: 'frog'; renders Hebrew צְפַרְדֵּעַ; frogs are native to the Nile — the plague turns Egypt's own ecosystem against it.
ἐπίoverpreposition + accusative (destination of upward movement)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination of upward movement).
τήνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτήν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative complement of ἐπί (destination)→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; the whole land of Egypt to be overrun.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of definition→ participant identificationΑἴγυπτος: renders Hebrew מִצְרַיִם; indeclinable proper name, kind 'x'.
2

καὶ ἐξέτεινεν Ααρων τὴν χεῖρα ἐπὶ τὰ ὕδατα Αἰγύπτου, καὶ ἀνήγαγεν τοὺς βατράχους, καὶ ἀνέβησαν οἱ βάτραχοι καὶ ἐκάλυψαν τὴν γῆν Αἰγύπτου.

And Aaron stretched out his hand over the waters of Egypt and brought up the frogs; and the frogs came up and covered the land of Egypt.

Immediate compliance — plague executionκαί
Aaron executes the command of v.1 without delay; the plague accounts emphasise obedience-without-interval. Three verbs cascade (ἐξέτεινεν → ἀνήγαγεν → ἀνέβησαν): the stretching brings the frogs up; the frogs themselves then ascend and cover the land. Causative ἀνάγω shifts to intransitive ἀναβαίνω, signalling autonomous spread beyond Aaron's act. ἐκάλυψαν is the standard inundation totality-verb.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καίandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξέτεινενstretched outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκτείνωmain verb (act of compliance)→ constative aorist (single decisive act of obedience)ἐκτείνω: Aaron enacts the command of v.1; the command–compliance pattern (impv. → indic.) is structurally characteristic of the LXX plague accounts.
ΑαρώνAaronNominativesubject (indeclinable proper name)→ participant identificationΑαρών: the subject shifts from God (v.1) to Aaron, completing the chain of mediation.
τήνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτήν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραhandAccusativeaccusative direct object of ἐξέτεινεν→ object specificationχείρ: the outstretched hand recurs from v.1; see δάκτυλος θεοῦ at v.15 for the theological culmination.
ἐπίoverpreposition + accusative (spatial)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (spatial).
τάtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτά: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδαταwatersAccusativeaccusative complement of ἐπί→ object specificationὕδωρ: plural τὰ ὕδατα designates all Egyptian water-bodies collectively — broader than the triadic rivers/canals/marshes of v.1.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive attributive→ participant identificationΑἰγύπτου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive attributive.
καίandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνήγαγενbrought upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνάγωmain verb (causative plague-execution)→ constative aoristἀνάγω: picks up the command-verb ἀνάγαγε from v.1; Aaron brings up the frogs causatively through the rod's power.
τούςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτούς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βατράχουςfrogsAccusativeaccusative direct object of ἀνήγαγεν→ object specificationβατράχους: meaning 'frogs'; it serves as accusative direct object of ἀνήγαγεν.
καίandresultative conjunction (frogs now spread autonomously)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέβησανcame upAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (spontaneous ascent of frogs)→ ingressive aorist (onset of autonomous ascending movement)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up / ascend'; distinct from causative ἀνάγω — the frogs themselves ascend, signalling unstoppable spread beyond Aaron's direct act.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βάτραχοιfrogsNominativesubject of ἀνέβησαν→ participant prominenceβάτραχοι: meaning 'frogs'; it serves as subject of ἀνέβησαν.
καίandresultative conjunction (total inundation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάλυψανcoveredAor Act Indic 3 Pl · καλύπτωmain verb (plague totality — covering the land)→ constative aorist (comprehensive, completed covering)καλύπτω: 'cover / conceal'; the inundation totality-verb; compare the locust plague (10:5 LXX ἐκάλυψεν τὴν ὄψιν τῆς γῆς).
τήνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτήν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative direct object of ἐκάλυψαν→ object specificationγῆν: meaning 'land'; it serves as accusative direct object of ἐκάλυψαν.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive attributive→ participant identificationΑἰγύπτου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive attributive.
3

ἐποίησαν δὲ ὡσαύτως καὶ οἱ ἐπαοιδοὶ τοῖς φαρμακοῖς αὐτῶν καὶ ἀνήγαγον τοὺς βατράχους ἐπὶ γῆν Αἰγύπτου.

And the sorcerers also did likewise with their enchantments and brought up the frogs over the land of Egypt.

Foil: magicians replicate the plagueἐποίησαν δέ
Third panel of the triad: command (v.1) → execution (v.2) → magicians' response (v.3). Their replication adds frogs rather than removing them, compounding Egypt's misery. φαρμακοῖς (dative of instrument) and ἐπαοιδοί are the LXX's standard vocabulary for Egyptian priestly magic; the triad here sets up the contrast with the magicians' failure at the gnats (8:14–15 LXX).
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ἐποίησανdidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (act of mimicry)→ constative aorist (single mirroring act)ποιέω: 'do / make'; the magicians can only imitate, not innovate, and their imitation here worsens the plague.
δέandpostpositive connective (mild adversative foil)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡσαύτωςlikewiseadverb of manner→ clausal contributionὡσαύτως: 'in the same way / likewise'; underscores exact mimicry; renders Hebrew כֵּן.
καίalsoadjunctive ('also / even')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'also'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπαοιδοίsorcerersNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἐπαοιδός: 'enchanter / one who sings incantations over' (ἐπί + ᾠδή); renders Hebrew חַרְטֻמִּים (ḥarṭummîm), the Egyptian priestly-magical specialists; introduced at 7:11 LXX.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with instrumental dative)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φαρμακοῖςenchantmentsDativedative of instrument ('with their enchantments')→ sphere or referenceφαρμακόν: 'drug / potion / charm / spell'; covers material substances and recited formulae; renders Hebrew לְהָטֵיהֶם ('their secret arts'); Hebraizing dative of means.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καίandnarrative conjunction (result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνήγαγονbrought upAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀνάγωmain verb (plague-replication act)→ constative aoristἀνάγω: same verb as in v.2; the magicians duplicate the frog-raising, adding to rather than relieving Egypt's burden.
τούςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτούς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βατράχουςfrogsAccusativeaccusative direct object of ἀνήγαγον→ object specificationβατράχους: meaning 'frogs'; it serves as accusative direct object of ἀνήγαγον.
ἐπίoverpreposition + accusative (destination)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination).
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative complement (anarthrous: formulaic ellipsis)→ object specificationγῆ: anarthrous here in contrast to v.1's articular τὴν γῆν.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive attributive→ participant identificationΑἰγύπτου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive attributive.
4

ἐκάλεσεν δὲ Φαραω Μωυσῆν καὶ Ααρων καὶ εἶπεν· εὔξασθε περὶ ἐμοῦ πρὸς κύριον, καὶ περιελέτω τοὺς βατράχους ἀπ᾿ ἐμοῦ καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ λαοῦ μου, καὶ ἐξαποστελῶ τὸν λαόν, καὶ θύσουσιν κυρίῳ.

And Pharaoh called Moses and Aaron and said: 'Pray on my behalf to the Lord and let him remove the frogs from me and from my people, and I will send the people away, and they shall sacrifice to the Lord.'

Pharaoh's first capitulation (conditional bargain)ἐκάλεσεν δέ
Pharaoh breaks under the plague and initiates the first bargaining scene (cf. 8:21, 8:24 LXX). His formula εὔξασθε περὶ ἐμοῦ uses Israelite religious vocabulary, implicitly acknowledging that κύριος controls the frogs. The conditional ἐξαποστελῶ ('I will send away') is the first promise to release Israel — a promise he will break at v.11. The verse establishes the chapter's dialectic: plague → capitulation → conditional promise → hardening.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
ἐκάλεσενcalledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb (Pharaoh summons)→ constative aorist (single act of summoning)καλέω: Pharaoh, who earlier resisted, now summons Moses and Aaron — a mark of his weakened position under the plague.
δέandpostpositive connective→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΦαραώPharaohNominativesubject (indeclinable royal title)→ participant identificationΦαραώ: Hebrew פַּרְעֹה; the Egyptian royal title pr-ꜥꜣ ('great house'); indeclinable throughout the LXX, kind 'x'.
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative direct object (first summonee)→ object specificationΜωυσῆν: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as accusative direct object (first summonee).
καίandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑαρώνAaronAccusativeaccusative direct object (second summonee)→ participant identificationΑαρών: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative direct object (second summonee).
καίandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (introducing Pharaoh's direct speech)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
εὔξασθεprayAor Mid Impv 2 Pl · εὔχομαιmain verb of Pharaoh's petition→ ingressive aorist imperative (begin the prayer-act)εὔχομαι: 'pray / vow'; middle voice (personal involvement: on my behalf); renders Hebrew הַעְתִּירוּ; the formula εὔξασθε περὶ ἐμοῦ reappears at 8:24 LXX — Pharaoh's characteristic plea.
περίon behalf ofpreposition + genitive (benefactive)→ spatial or relational framingπερί: meaning 'on behalf of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (benefactive).
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'me'; it serves as genitive object of περί.
πρόςtopreposition + accusative (addressee of prayer)→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (addressee of prayer).
κύριονthe LordAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the one prayed to)→ object specificationκύριος: Pharaoh addresses YHWH by his cultic title — a remarkable implied acknowledgement that the Lord alone controls the plague.
καίandcoordinate conjunction (linking the two petitions)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιελέτωlet him removeAor Act Impv 3 Sg · περιαιρέωjussive imperative (Pharaoh petitions for divine action)→ constative aorist (complete removal)περιαιρέω: 'take away / remove all around'; the περί-compound suggests total removal from every side; renders Hebrew וְיָסֵר.
τούςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτούς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βατράχουςfrogsAccusativeaccusative direct object of περιελέτω→ object specificationβατράχους: meaning 'frogs'; it serves as accusative direct object of περιελέτω.
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπ᾿: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'me'; it serves as genitive object of ἀπό.
καίandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπόfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationλαός: Pharaoh includes all his subjects — the frog plague afflicts all of Egypt, not only Israel.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καίandcoordinate conjunction (Pharaoh's conditional promise)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαποστελῶI will send awayFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωmain verb (conditional promise of release)→ predictive future (contingent on frog-removal)ἐξαποστέλλω: 'send away / release fully'; ἐξ- intensifies ('send them out completely'); the key release-verb of the Exodus narrative — Pharaoh's promise that he will repeatedly break.
τόνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτόν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόνpeopleAccusativeaccusative direct object of ἐξαποστελῶ→ object specificationλαός: the possessive shift from 'my people' (Pharaoh's subjects) to 'the people' is loaded — the Exodus narrative asserts they are God's people.
καίandresultative conjunction (the purpose of release)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θύσουσινthey will sacrificeFut Act Indic 3 Pl · θύωmain verb (anticipated result: the Israelites' stated purpose)→ predictive futureθύω: 'sacrifice'; θύσουσιν κυρίῳ frames the Exodus journey as liturgical pilgrimage; the formula recurs at 8:23 and 8:27 LXX.
κυρίῳto the LordDativedative of indirect object (beneficiary of sacrifice)→ sphere or referenceκύριος: dative κυρίῳ is the standard LXX formulation for sacrifice 'to the Lord.'
5

εἶπεν δὲ Μωυσῆς πρὸς Φαραω· τάξαι πρός με, πότε εὔξωμαι περὶ σοῦ καὶ περὶ τῶν θεραπόντων σου καὶ περὶ τοῦ λαοῦ σου ἀφανίσαι τοὺς βατράχους ἀπὸ σοῦ καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ λαοῦ σου καὶ ἐκ τῶν οἰκιῶν ὑμῶν, πλὴν ἐν τῷ ποταμῷ ὑπολειφθήσονται.

And Moses said to Pharaoh: 'Appoint for me when I shall pray for you and for your servants and for your people, to remove the frogs from you and from your people and from your houses — only in the river shall they remain.'

Moses sets a test: Pharaoh names the timeεἶπεν δέ
Moses' counter-move is theologically pointed: he invites Pharaoh to set the time for prayer, so that when the frogs die at that exact moment there can be no doubt that the Lord controls nature. τάξαι πρός με renders the difficult Hebrew הִתְפָּאֵר עָלַי ('take glory over me / appoint for me'); the crux is flagged in the text_note. The clause πλὴν ἐν τῷ ποταμῷ ὑπολειφθήσονται ('only in the river shall they remain') previews the partial victory — the Nile retains its frogs, Egypt's gods are not fully defeated.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (introduces Moses' counter-response)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δέandpostpositive connective (continues dialogue)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as subject.
πρόςtopreposition + accusative (addressee)→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (addressee).
ΦαραώPharaohAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant identificationΦαραώ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of πρός.
τάξαιappointAor Mid Impv 2 Sg · τάσσωmain verb of Moses' invitation (Pharaoh invited to designate a time)→ ingressive aorist imperative (name the moment)τάσσω: 'appoint / designate / assign'; τάξαι πρός με renders Hebrew הִתְפָּאֵר עָלַי ('take the glory over me / boast over me'); the LXX chooses a time-designating sense ('appoint for me a time'). The theological point: if Pharaoh names the moment, the precise divine fulfillment cannot be coincidence. A major crux: see text_note.
πρόςforpreposition + accusative (benefactive: 'designate for me')→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (benefactive: 'designate for me').
μεmeAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός.
πότεwheninterrogative adverb (introduces indirect question: the content of the appointment)→ clausal contributionπότε: 'when'; the indirect question specifies the content of τάξαι — designate the time when I shall pray.
εὔξωμαιI shall prayAor Mid Subj 1 Sg · εὔχομαιverb of indirect question (deliberative subjunctive: 'when am I to pray?')→ ingressive aorist subjunctiveεὔχομαι: the prayer-verb from v.4; Moses refers back to Pharaoh's request, turning it into a theologically diagnostic test.
περίforpreposition + genitive (benefactive — repeated three times)→ spatial or relational framingπερί: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (benefactive — repeated three times).
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive object of περί (first beneficiary)→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of περί (first beneficiary).
ἀφανίσαιto removeAor Act Inf · ἀφανίζωinfinitive of purpose (the goal of the prayer)→ constative aorist infinitive (complete elimination)ἀφανίζω: 'make invisible / destroy / eliminate'; a stronger word than mere 'removal' — the frogs will be made to disappear; renders Hebrew לְהַכְרִית.
τούςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτούς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βατράχουςfrogsAccusativeaccusative direct object of ἀφανίσαι→ object specificationβατράχους: meaning 'frogs'; it serves as accusative direct object of ἀφανίσαι.
πλήνonlyadversative particle (exceptive: 'except / only')→ discourse linkage or contrastπλήν: 'except / only'; introduces the one exception — frogs in the river will remain; the Nile retains its own.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποταμῷriverDativedative of place (locative: in the Nile)→ sphere or referenceποταμός: 'river'; the Nile (ὁ ποταμός = the river par excellence in the Egyptian context); the frogs remain there — a partial exemption suggesting limits even to the plague's scope.
ὑπολειφθήσονταιthey will remainFut Pass Indic 3 Pl · ὑπολείπωmain verb (predictive promise of partial retention)→ predictive future (state that will obtain after the plague)ὑπολείπω: 'leave behind / leave remaining'; passive 'they will be left behind'; the prefix ὑπο- suggests something left over beneath the general removal.
6

ὁ δὲ εἶπεν· εἰς αὔριον. εἶπεν δέ· ὡς εἴρηκας, ἵνα εἰδῇς ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν ἄλλος πλὴν κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ ἡμῶν.

He said: 'Tomorrow.' And he said: 'As you have said — that you may know that there is none other than the Lord our God.'

Exchange: Pharaoh names the time; Moses accepts and declaresὁ δέ / εἶπεν δέ
A compressed dialogue: Pharaoh names the time ('Tomorrow'), then Moses accepts it and appends the theological declaration — the knowledge formula ἵνα εἰδῇς ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν ἄλλος πλὴν κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ ἡμῶν. This formula ('that you may know that there is none like the Lord our God') is the epistemological refrain of the plague narrative (cf. 7:17; 8:18; 9:14, 29) — each plague is designed to produce recognition of YHWH's incomparability.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
heNominativedemonstrative pronoun functioning as subject ('that one / he')→ participant referenceὁ δέ: the standard LXX/classical Greek formula for shifting speakers in dialogue — 'and he [= Pharaoh] said.'
δέandpostpositive (speaker-shift marker in dialogue)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Pharaoh's one-word answer)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
εἰςonpreposition + accusative (temporal: 'for / on tomorrow')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (temporal: 'for / on tomorrow').
αὔριονtomorrowAccusativeaccusative of time (adverbial: 'tomorrow')→ object specificationαὔριον: 'tomorrow'; Pharaoh's one-word answer; by naming a specific future date he makes the coming fulfillment undeniable.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Moses' acceptance-with-declaration)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δέandpostpositive (speaker-shift: now Moses speaks)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςascomparative conjunction ('as / according to what')→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / just as'; Moses accepts Pharaoh's timing — 'it shall be as you have said'; the acceptance seals the divine test.
εἴρηκαςyou have saidPrf Act Indic 2 Sg · λέγωverb of comparison (perfect: the settled fact of Pharaoh's stated wish)→ intensive perfect (the word once spoken stands in full effect)λέγω: perfect εἴρηκας — 'you have said [and it stands]'; the perfect records Pharaoh's choice as a fixed datum against which the fulfillment will be measured.
ἵναso thatconjunction of purpose (the theological rationale for naming the time)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: purpose conjunction; Moses appends the divine rationale — the whole exercise is designed for Pharaoh's recognition of the Lord.
εἰδῇςyou may knowPrf Act Subj 2 Sg · οἶδαverb of purpose clause (subjunctive after ἵνα)→ resultative perfect subjunctive (knowing as a achieved state)οἶδα: 'know'; the knowledge-formula ἵνα εἰδῇς ὅτι is the epistemological leitmotif of the plague series: each plague aims to produce Pharaoh's acknowledgement of YHWH's incomparability.
ὅτιthatconjunction (recitative: introduces the content of knowledge)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔστινthere isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential: 'there is none')→ gnomic present (timeless truth)εἰμί: the existential copula in the incomparability formula; the gnomic present expresses a universal, timeless claim about YHWH's uniqueness.
ἄλλοςotherNominativepredicate nominative (no other god / power exists like the Lord)→ participant prominenceἄλλος: 'another / other'; the incomparability declaration — there is no other like the Lord.
πλήνexceptadversative particle (exceptive: sole exception to 'none other')→ discourse linkage or contrastπλήν: here 'except / beside'; the formula 'there is none other except the Lord our God' renders Hebrew אֵין כַּיהוָה אֱלֹהֵינוּ — the central monotheistic claim of the Shema tradition.
κυρίουof the LordGenitivegenitive after πλήν (the one who is truly Lord)→ relational specificationκύριος: YHWH; the entire plague series culminates in this recognition — that κύριος alone is God.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (attributive with θεοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive in apposition to κυρίου ('the Lord — our God')→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; in apposition to κύριος — the Lord who is our God.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
7

καὶ περιαιρεθήσονται οἱ βάτραχοι ἀπὸ σοῦ καὶ ἐκ τῶν οἰκιῶν σου καὶ ἐκ τῶν αὐλῶν καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν θεραπόντων σου καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ λαοῦ σου· πλὴν ἐν τῷ ποταμῷ ὑπολειφθήσονται.

And the frogs shall be removed from you and from your houses and from your courts and from your servants and from your people; only in the river shall they remain.

Moses announces the terms of the coming reliefκαί
Moses details where the frogs will depart — an ascending list from person (σοῦ) outward to houses, courts, servants, people — closing with the exception clause (ἐν τῷ ποταμῷ ὑπολειφθήσονται) that previews v.5's limitation. The four-fold ἀπό (from you / from houses / from servants / from people) mirrors the comprehensiveness of v.1's ἐπί list, marking the reversal structurally.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καίandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιαιρεθήσονταιshall be removedFut Pass Indic 3 Pl · περιαιρέωmain verb (predictive: the coming removal of frogs)→ predictive future (divine promise of complete removal)περιαιρέω: 'take away all around / remove completely'; passive voice — the divine actor (God through Moses' prayer) removes them; the same verb as Pharaoh's petition at v.4, now promised in Moses' prophetic voice.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βάτραχοιfrogsNominativesubject of περιαιρεθήσονται (passive: the frogs being removed)→ participant prominenceβάτραχοι: meaning 'frogs'; it serves as subject of περιαιρεθήσονται (passive: the frogs being removed).
ἀπόfrompreposition + genitive (separation — first of four)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation — first of four).
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (Pharaoh: first domain of removal)→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἀπό (Pharaoh: first domain of removal).
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (separation — second domain)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation — second domain).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκιῶνhousesGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (second domain)→ relational specificationοἰκία: 'house / dwelling'; the frogs had invaded even bedchambers and kneading-troughs (7:28 LXX); the comprehensive removal now mirrors the comprehensive invasion.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (third domain)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (third domain).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐλῶνcourtsGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (third domain)→ relational specificationαὐλή: 'courtyard / open court'; renders Hebrew חֲצֵרֹתֶיךָ; the forecourts attached to Egyptian houses.
ἀπόfrompreposition + genitive (fourth domain: servants)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (fourth domain: servants).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεραπόντωνservantsGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (fourth domain)→ relational specificationθεράπων: 'servant / attendant'; renders Hebrew עֲבָדֶיךָ.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἀπόfrompreposition + genitive (fifth domain: people)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (fifth domain: people).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (fifth domain)→ relational specificationλαοῦ: meaning 'people'; it serves as genitive object of ἀπό (fifth domain).
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
πλήνonlyadversative particle (exceptive: the sole retention)→ discourse linkage or contrastπλήν: 'except / only'; the exception-clause recurs from v.5; the Nile retains its frogs.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποταμῷriverDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceποταμός: the Nile; frogs remain in it even after the plague — the Nile is never fully reclaimed from the plague series.
ὑπολειφθήσονταιthey will remainFut Pass Indic 3 Pl · ὑπολείπωmain verb (predictive: the residual frogs in the Nile)→ predictive futureὑπολείπω: 'leave remaining'; same word as v.5; forms an inclusio with v.5's exception clause.
8

ἐξῆλθεν δὲ Μωυσῆς καὶ Ααρων ἀπὸ Φαραω καὶ ἔβοησεν Μωυσῆς πρὸς κύριον περὶ τοῦ ὁρισμοῦ τῶν βατράχων, ὡς ἔταξεν Φαραω.

And Moses and Aaron went out from Pharaoh, and Moses cried to the Lord concerning the appointed time of the frogs, as Pharaoh had set.

Moses exits and prays: the test now runsἐξῆλθεν δέ
The narrative bridge: Moses and Aaron leave Pharaoh and Moses immediately prays, invoking the exact term ὁρισμός ('boundary / appointed time / determination') — the same root as τάξαι from v.5, tying prayer to the agreed appointment. ὡς ἔταξεν Φαραω ('as Pharaoh had set') is the narrative's confirmation that Moses holds Pharaoh to the test. The prayer is not reported in direct speech — the narrator moves straight to the result (v.9).
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ἐξῆλθενwent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (departure from Pharaoh's presence)→ constative aorist (single departure act)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out / depart'; Moses and Aaron leave Pharaoh's court — the exit formula marks the end of the dialogue unit and the beginning of the divine action.
δέandpostpositive connective (narrative continuation)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject (first of compound subject)→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as subject (first of compound subject).
καίandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑαρώνAaronNominativesubject (second of compound subject; indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑαρών: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (second of compound subject; indeclinable).
ἀπόfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
ΦαραώPharaohGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ participant identificationΦαραώ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive object of ἀπό.
καίandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔβοησενcried outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βοάωmain verb (Moses' urgent prayer)→ ingressive aorist (onset of urgent prayer-cry)βοάω: 'cry out / shout'; a word of urgent vocal appeal; renders Hebrew וַיִּצְעַק (from צָעַק, to cry out in distress or urgent petition); the word signals the urgency and earnestness of Moses' intercession.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject (Moses now acts alone as intercessor)→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as subject (Moses now acts alone as intercessor).
πρόςtopreposition + accusative (addressee of prayer)→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (addressee of prayer).
κύριονthe LordAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationκύριον: meaning 'the Lord'; it serves as accusative object of πρός.
περίconcerningpreposition + genitive (subject matter of prayer)→ spatial or relational framingπερί: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (subject matter of prayer).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁρισμοῦappointed timeGenitivegenitive object of περί (the content of prayer: the agreed appointment)→ relational specificationὁρισμός: 'boundary / definition / appointed time / determination'; from ὁρίζω ('set a boundary / appoint'); the word recalls τάξαι ('appoint') of v.5 — Moses prays for the Lord to act at the time Pharaoh himself designated. NT echo: ὁρίζω is used in Acts 17:31 of the day God has 'appointed' for judgment.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βατράχωνfrogsGenitivegenitive of reference (the frogs that are the subject of the appointed time)→ relational specificationβατράχων: meaning 'frogs'; it serves as genitive of reference (the frogs that are the subject of the appointed time).
ὡςascomparative conjunction (conformity to Pharaoh's appointment)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / just as'; Moses acts in precise conformity with the appointment — ὡς ἔταξεν Φαραω ('as Pharaoh had set').
ἔταξενhad setAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τάσσωverb of comparison (Pharaoh's prior appointment)→ constative aorist (the fixing of tomorrow as the appointed time)τάσσω: the same root as τάξαι (v.5); the verbal inclusio binds Moses' prayer to Pharaoh's appointment, confirming the test is being run on Pharaoh's own terms.
ΦαραώPharaohNominativesubject of ἔταξεν→ participant identificationΦαραώ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject of ἔταξεν.
9

ἐποίησεν δὲ κύριος καθάπερ εἶπεν Μωυσῆς· καὶ ἀπέθανον οἱ βάτραχοι ἐκ τῶν οἰκιῶν καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἐπαύλεων καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἀγρῶν.

And the Lord did just as Moses had said; and the frogs died out of the houses and out of the courtyards and out of the fields.

Divine fulfillment — God acts at the appointed timeἐποίησεν δέ
The plague is reversed on schedule: καθάπερ εἶπεν Μωυσῆς ('just as Moses said') is the standard fulfillment formula, confirming that Moses' prophetic word was reliable. The frogs die ἐκ (from within) three domains — houses, courtyards, fields — mirroring the five domains of v.7 but collapsing them into three, perhaps for rhythmic brevity. ἐπαύλεων ('enclosed courtyards / farm enclosures') is a slightly different word from αὐλῶν (v.7), adding specificity.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (divine fulfillment of prophetic word)→ constative aorist (single act of divine faithfulness)ποιέω: the fulfillment-verb par excellence in the plague accounts; God 'does / makes' what Moses announced.
δέandpostpositive connective (continuing narrative)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κύριοςthe LordNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'the Lord'; it serves as subject.
καθάπερjust ascomparative conjunction (precise conformity to Moses' word)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθάπερ: 'just as / exactly as'; a stronger form than ὡς — emphasises exact correspondence between prophecy and event.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb of comparison (Moses' prior prophetic word)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject of εἶπεν (Moses as prophet whose word the Lord fulfills)→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as subject of εἶπεν (Moses as prophet whose word the Lord fulfills).
καίandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέθανονdiedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (the death of the frogs)→ ingressive aorist (onset and completion of mass death)ἀποθνῄσκω: 'die / perish'; the frogs die in situ — in the houses, courts, fields where they had invaded; the ἀπό-prefix marks completion (died away/off).
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βάτραχοιfrogsNominativesubject of ἀπέθανον→ participant prominenceβάτραχοι: meaning 'frogs'; it serves as subject of ἀπέθανον.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (provenance: from within the houses)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (provenance: from within the houses).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκιῶνhousesGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (first domain of death)→ relational specificationοἰκιῶν: meaning 'houses'; it serves as genitive object of ἐκ (first domain of death).
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (second domain)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (second domain).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπαύλεωνcourtyardsGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (second domain)→ relational specificationἔπαυλις: 'enclosed courtyard / farmstead / outbuilding'; slightly more specific than αὐλή (v.7); renders Hebrew חֲצֵרֹתֶיךָ.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (third domain)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (third domain).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγρῶνfieldsGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (third domain: the outdoor spaces)→ relational specificationἀγρός: 'field / open country'; renders Hebrew הַשָּׂדֶה; the triad houses → courtyards → fields moves from domestic interior to open countryside.
10

καὶ συνήγαγον αὐτοὺς θιμωνιὰς θιμωνιάς, καὶ ὤζεσεν ἡ γῆ.

And they gathered them in heaps upon heaps, and the land stank.

Result: mass death produces stenchκαί
A vivid sensory closeup: the Egyptians collect the dead frogs into piles (the reduplication θιμωνιὰς θιμωνιάς = 'heaps and heaps' is a Hebraism for superlative quantity), and the rotting mass makes the land stink. ὤζεσεν (from ὄζω, 'reek / smell') underscores the totality of the defeat — Egypt's promised 'relief' is not relief at all but a new dimension of misery.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καίandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνήγαγονgatheredAor Act Indic 3 Pl · συνάγωmain verb (Egyptians collect dead frogs)→ constative aorist (comprehensive gathering)συνάγω: 'gather / collect together'; the Egyptians must clear up the plague's aftermath themselves; the irony is marked — those who oppressed Israel now gather frog-corpses.
αὐτούςthemAccusativeaccusative direct object (the dead frogs)→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative direct object (the dead frogs).
θιμωνιὰςheapsAccusativeaccusative of manner / adverbial accusative (reduplication: 'heap upon heap')→ object specificationθιμωνιά: 'heap / pile / mound'; the LXX hapax-style reduplication θιμωνιὰς θιμωνιάς renders Hebrew חֳמָרִם חֳמָרִם ('heaps upon heaps'); Hebraism — distributive/intensive reduplication.
θιμωνιάςheapsAccusativeaccusative (second element of reduplicated Hebraism — distributive intensification)→ object specificationθιμωνιά: repeated for the distributive/intensive sense: 'heaps and heaps / pile after pile'; a Hebraism calquing the Hebrew distributive repetition.
καίandresultative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὤζεσενstankAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὄζωmain verb (sensory result of rotting frog-heaps)→ ingressive aorist (onset of stench)ὄζω: 'reek / stink / smell'; renders Hebrew וַתִּבְאַשׁ; the same verb-root underlies the stench of the Nile after the blood plague (7:18 LXX); Egypt's plague-cycle is marked by successive ecological defilement.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandNominativesubject of ὤζεσεν→ participant prominenceγῆ: 'the land'; the whole land of Egypt stinks from the rotting heaps — the ecological reversal is complete.
11

ἰδὼν δὲ Φαραω ὅτι γέγονεν ἀναψυχή, ἐβαρύνθη ἡ καρδία αὐτοῦ καὶ οὐκ εἰσήκουσεν αὐτῶν, καθάπερ ἐλάλησεν κύριος.

But Pharaoh, seeing that there had come a respite, hardened his heart and did not listen to them, just as the Lord had said.

Pharaoh's hardening — the first named hardening after a plagueἰδὼν δέ
The structural pivot of section B: the moment relief arrives (ἀναψυχή = 'breathing-space / respite', a word for relief from oppressive heat or burden) Pharaoh hardens. ἐβαρύνθη ἡ καρδία αὐτοῦ is the passive form — 'his heart was/became heavy' — in contrast to the active ἐβάρυνεν Φαραω τὴν καρδίαν αὐτοῦ at 8:28 LXX. The καθάπερ ἐλάλησεν κύριος ('just as the Lord had spoken') fulfillment-tag frames Pharaoh's hardening as itself part of the divine plan — an observation the reader must hold in tension with Pharaoh's moral agency.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ἰδώνseeingAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ὁράωadverbial participle (temporal/causal: 'when / because he saw')→ constative aorist participle (the seeing precedes the hardening)ὁράω: 'see'; the aorist participle is temporal — 'having seen, he hardened'; Pharaoh's perception of relief (ἀναψυχή) is the occasion of his hardening, not repentance.
δέbutpostpositive connective (mild adversative: expected repentance gives way to hardening)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΦαραώPharaohNominativesubject (also subject of participle ἰδών)→ participant identificationΦαραώ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (also subject of participle ἰδών).
ὅτιthatconjunction (recitative: content of his seeing)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γέγονενthere had comePrf Act Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of perception-clause (perfect: the relief has settled into a state)→ resultative perfect (the respite as an achieved, experienced state)γίνομαι: 'come to be / happen'; the perfect indicates Pharaoh perceives the ἀναψυχή as a settled present reality — relief has arrived and is in effect.
ἀναψυχήrespiteNominativesubject of γέγονεν→ participant prominenceἀναψυχή: 'breathing-space / respite / refreshment'; from ἀναψύχω ('cool / refresh'); renders Hebrew רְוָחָה ('relief / breathing-room'); a powerful word for the cessation of oppressive burden; NT: ἀνάψυξις in Acts 3:20 ('times of refreshing from the presence of the Lord').
ἐβαρύνθηwas hardenedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · βαρύνωmain verb (Pharaoh's heart is weighed down — passive hardening)→ ingressive aorist (onset of the hardened state)βαρύνω: 'weigh down / make heavy'; passive ἐβαρύνθη = 'was made heavy / was weighed down'; here passive, contrasting with the active ἐβάρυνεν Φαραω at v.28 — the shift from passive to active across the chapter marks increasing moral agency. Hebrew כָּבֵד.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίαheartNominativesubject of ἐβαρύνθη (metonymy: the seat of will and decision)→ participant prominenceκαρδία: 'heart'; renders Hebrew לֵב; in biblical anthropology the heart is the organ of decision, intention, and will — Pharaoh's whole volitional self is 'weighed down' against release.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καίandcoordinate conjunction (result of hardening)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
εἰσήκουσενlistenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσακούωmain verb (Pharaoh's refusal to hear)→ constative aorist (categorical non-listening)εἰσακούω: 'hear / heed / obey'; with εἰς ('hear into' = heed fully); οὐκ εἰσήκουσεν = he refused to heed Moses and Aaron — the standard formula for Pharaoh's disobedience in the LXX plague accounts.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of εἰσήκουσεν (Moses and Aaron)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of εἰσήκουσεν (Moses and Aaron).
καθάπερjust ascomparative conjunction (the fulfillment-tag)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθάπερ: 'just as / exactly as'; the fulfillment-formula applied to the hardening itself — Pharaoh's stubbornness was announced by God in advance.
ἐλάλησενhad spokenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωverb of comparison (the Lord's prior prophetic announcement)→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak'; the fulfillment-tag καθάπερ ἐλάλησεν κύριος frames Pharaoh's hardening as itself fulfilling the divine word — a theological statement that does not remove Pharaoh's moral responsibility but contextualises it within the divine purpose.
κύριοςthe LordNominativesubject of ἐλάλησεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'the Lord'; it serves as subject of ἐλάλησεν.
12

εἶπεν δὲ κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν· εἰπὸν Ααρων· ἔκτεινον τῇ ῥάβδῳ τὴν χεῖρά σου καὶ πάταξον τὸ χῶμα τῆς γῆς· καὶ ἔσονται σκνῖπες ἔν τε τοῖς ἀνθρώποις καὶ ἐν τοῖς τετράποσιν καὶ ἐν πάσῃ γῇ Αἰγύπτου.

And the Lord said to Moses: 'Say to Aaron: Stretch out your hand with the rod and strike the dust of the earth, and there shall be gnats on both humans and four-footed animals and in all the land of Egypt.'

New divine command — the third plague (gnats) announcedεἶπεν δέ
The command structure of v.1 is reprised (εἶπεν δὲ κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν· εἰπὸν Ααρων — the double-mediation formula). The new element is the target: not water but dust of the earth (τὸ χῶμα τῆς γῆς), and the new instrument is striking rather than extending. σκνῖπες ('gnats / lice / sand-fleas') renders Hebrew כִּנִּים; the LXX's specific insect-term is unique in Greek literature for this plague. The scope ἔν τε ἀνθρώποις καὶ ἐν τοῖς τετράποσιν ('on both humans and four-footed animals') marks this as a plague affecting all living things on land.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (divine speech formula — third plague initiated)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δέandpostpositive connective→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κύριοςthe LordNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'the Lord'; it serves as subject.
πρόςtopreposition + accusative (addressee)→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (addressee).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationΜωυσῆν: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as accusative object of πρός.
εἰπόνsayAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb of sub-command (double-mediation formula)→ ingressive aorist imperativeλέγω (aor. impv. εἰπόν): 'speak / say'; the irregular aorist imperative εἰπόν (= εἰπέ) opens the quoted divine saying; the LXX renders an obscure Hebrew clause, construing it as a command to speak/declare concerning the human ruler.
ΑαρώνAaronAccusativeaccusative of address (quasi-vocative)→ participant identificationΑαρών: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative of address (quasi-vocative).
ἔκτεινονstretch outAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐκτείνωmain verb of Aaron's command (plague-initiation formula, as in v.1)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἐκτείνω: the plague-initiation formula recurs from v.1; the rod's extension is the constant gesture.
τῇtheDativearticle (with instrumental dative)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥάβδῳrodDativedative of instrument ('with the rod')→ sphere or referenceῥάβδος: the rod again as the instrument; note here the order is τῇ ῥάβδῳ τὴν χεῖρά (rod first), inverted from v.1's τῇ χειρί … τὴν ῥάβδον (hand first).
τήνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτήν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖράhandAccusativeaccusative direct object of ἔκτεινον→ object specificationχεῖρά: meaning 'hand'; it serves as accusative direct object of ἔκτεινον.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καίandcoordinate conjunction (second action commanded)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάταξονstrikeAor Act Impv 2 Sg · πατάσσωsecond main verb of Aaron's command→ ingressive aorist imperative (a single decisive blow)πατάσσω: 'strike / smite'; the violence-verb of the plague accounts; renders Hebrew וְהַךְ; the dust is struck, not the water — a new medium, signalling a new plague-category.
τόtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτό: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χῶμαdustAccusativeaccusative direct object of πάταξον→ object specificationχῶμα: 'heap of earth / mound / dust'; renders Hebrew עֲפַר הָאָרֶץ ('dust of the earth'); the strike transforms the dust of the land itself into gnats — a metamorphosis that the magicians cannot replicate (v.14).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive of source/material ('the dust that is of the earth')→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'earth'; it serves as genitive of source/material ('the dust that is of the earth').
καίandresultative conjunction (the plague result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσονταιthere will beFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (predictive: the gnats as result of the strike)→ predictive future (prophetic announcement)εἰμί: existential future — 'there will be gnats'; the announcement-form that the LXX uses throughout the plague predictions.
σκνῖπεςgnatsNominativesubject of ἔσονται→ participant prominenceσκνίψ: 'gnat / louse / sand-flea'; renders Hebrew כִּנִּים; the LXX's specific entomological identification (σκνῖπες) is otherwise rare in extant Greek and marks the translators' effort to name the pest precisely. The magicians cannot replicate this plague (v.14) — the only plague in the series they fail to duplicate.
ἔνonpreposition + dative (locative on / among)→ spatial or relational framingἔν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative on / among).
τεbothcoordinating particle (correlative with καί: 'both … and')→ discourse linkage or contrastτε … καί: the correlative pair ('both … and') extends the scope to all animate beings on land; rare in LXX narrative but here used for precision.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνθρώποιςhumansDativedative complement of ἔν (first category)→ sphere or referenceἄνθρωπος: 'human being'; renders Hebrew בָּאָדָם — gnats afflict people directly on their skin, not merely their environment.
καίandcoordinate conjunction (with τε above)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (second category)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (second category).
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τετράποσινfour-footed animalsDativedative complement of ἐν (second category: all livestock and animals)→ sphere or referenceτετράπους: 'four-footed / quadruped'; renders Hebrew וּבַבְּהֵמָה; a comprehensive term for all domesticated and wild animals.
καίandcoordinate conjunction (extending scope geographically)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (geographical scope)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (geographical scope).
πάσῃallDativeadjective attributive (total scope: the whole land)→ sphere or referenceπάσῃ: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjective attributive (total scope: the whole land).
γῇlandDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceγῇ: meaning 'land'; it serves as dative of place.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive attributive→ participant identificationΑἰγύπτου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive attributive.
13

καὶ ἐξέτεινεν Ααρων τῇ χειρὶ τὴν ῥάβδον καὶ ἐπάταξεν τὸ χῶμα τῆς γῆς, καὶ ἐγένοντο οἱ σκνῖπες ἔν τε τοῖς ἀνθρώποις καὶ ἐν τοῖς τετράποσιν· πᾶν τὸ χῶμα τῆς γῆς ἐγένετο σκνῖπες ἐν πάσῃ γῇ Αἰγύπτου.

And Aaron stretched out his hand with the rod and struck the dust of the earth; and the gnats came on both humans and four-footed animals — all the dust of the earth became gnats in all the land of Egypt.

Immediate compliance — gnat plague executedκαί
Aaron's execution follows the command of v.12 exactly (ἐξέτεινεν… ἐπάταξεν mirrors ἔκτεινον… πάταξον). The closing summary sentence — πᾶν τὸ χῶμα τῆς γῆς ἐγένετο σκνῖπες ἐν πάσῃ γῇ Αἰγύπτου — is striking: the totality formula identifies the dust itself with the gnats. Every particle of Egypt's earth has become an insect; the land itself attacks its own inhabitants.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καίandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξέτεινενstretched outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκτείνωmain verb (compliance with v.12 command)→ constative aoristἐκτείνω: the plague-initiation gesture; compliance echoes v.2.
ΑαρώνAaronNominativesubject→ participant identificationΑαρών: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρίhandDativedative of instrument→ sphere or referenceχειρί: meaning 'hand'; it serves as dative of instrument.
τήνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτήν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥάβδονrodAccusativeaccusative direct object of ἐξέτεινεν→ object specificationῥάβδον: meaning 'rod'; it serves as accusative direct object of ἐξέτεινεν.
καίandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstruckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (the blow that produces the gnats)→ constative aorist (single decisive blow)πατάσσω: 'strike / smite'; compliance with the πάταξον command of v.12.
τόtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτό: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χῶμαdustAccusativeaccusative direct object of ἐπάταξεν→ object specificationχῶμα: the dust/earth that becomes gnats; picks up the χῶμα of v.12.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive of material→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'earth'; it serves as genitive of material.
καίandresultative conjunction (plague erupts)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένοντοcameAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · γίνομαιmain verb (onset of the plague)→ ingressive aorist (the gnats suddenly come into being)γίνομαι: 'come to be / arise'; the gnats come into being spontaneously upon the strike.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκνῖπεςgnatsNominativesubject of ἐγένοντο→ participant prominenceσκνῖπες: meaning 'gnats'; it serves as subject of ἐγένοντο.
πᾶνallNominativesubject (nominative totality adjective: the totality-formula)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all / every'; the totality formula πᾶν τὸ χῶμα τῆς γῆς ἐγένετο σκνῖπες is hyperbolic for total infestation — every particle of dust is transformed into a gnat.
τόtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτό: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χῶμαdustNominativesubject of ἐγένετο (predicate: dust → gnats)→ participant prominenceχῶμα: the dust is identified with the gnats — an identification that baffles the magicians who cannot reverse it.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive of material→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'earth'; it serves as genitive of material.
ἐγένετοbecameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb of totality-clause (predicate: transformation of dust into gnats)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: the dust 'became' gnats — a metamorphosis the magicians cannot reverse.
σκνῖπεςgnatsNominativepredicate nominative (what the dust became)→ participant prominenceσκνῖπες: meaning 'gnats'; it serves as predicate nominative (what the dust became).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (spatial scope)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (spatial scope).
πάσῃallDativeadjective attributive (total scope)→ sphere or referenceπάσῃ: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjective attributive (total scope).
γῇlandDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceγῇ: meaning 'land'; it serves as dative of place.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive attributive→ participant identificationΑἰγύπτου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive attributive.
14

ἐποίησαν δὲ ὡσαύτως καὶ οἱ ἐπαοιδοὶ τοῖς φαρμακοῖς αὐτῶν ἐξαγαγεῖν τὸν σκνῖπα καὶ οὐκ ἠδύναντο· καὶ ἦσαν οἱ σκνῖπες ἔν τε τοῖς ἀνθρώποις καὶ ἐν τοῖς τετράποσιν.

And the sorcerers also tried likewise with their enchantments to bring out the gnats, but they could not; and the gnats were on both the humans and the four-footed animals.

Foil: magicians attempt and fail for the first timeἐποίησαν δέ
This verse marks the structural hinge of the entire plague series: for the first time (cf. 7:11, 7:22, 8:3 where they succeeded) the magicians οὐκ ἠδύναντο ('could not'). Their attempt is noted with the same ἐποίησαν δὲ ὡσαύτως formula as v.3, but now the result is failure. The infinitive ἐξαγαγεῖν ('to bring out') implies they attempt to produce gnats on their own — and the verb shifts from ἀνάγω ('bring up from water') to ἐξάγω ('bring out from earth'), matching the new element. Their failure publicly announces the limit of Egyptian counter-magic, preparing the confession of v.15.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἐποίησανtriedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (attempted mimicry — this time unsuccessful)→ constative aorist (the attempt as a single failed action)ποιέω: the same mimicry-verb as in v.3; now the same act yields a different result — failure rather than success.
δέandpostpositive connective→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡσαύτωςlikewiseadverb of manner (attempted mimicry)→ clausal contributionὡσαύτως: meaning 'likewise'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
καίalsoadjunctive→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'also'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπαοιδοίsorcerersNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἐπαοιδός: the Egyptian magicians who successfully replicated the first two plagues (7:22, 8:3) now fail for the first time.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with instrumental dative)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φαρμακοῖςenchantmentsDativedative of instrument→ sphere or referenceφαρμακοῖς: meaning 'enchantments'; it serves as dative of instrument.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐξαγαγεῖνto bring outAor Act Inf · ἐξάγωinfinitive of purpose (the failed goal of their attempt)→ constative aorist infinitiveἐξάγω: 'lead out / bring out'; matches the new earth-medium — the magicians try to 'bring out' gnats from the dust as Aaron had done; the ἐξ- matches the earth-context.
τόνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτόν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκνῖπαgnatAccusativeaccusative direct object of ἐξαγαγεῖν (collective singular)→ object specificationσκνίψ: collective singular τὸν σκνῖπα ('the gnat' = the plague of gnats); the singular marks the plague as a category, not individual insects.
καίandadversative conjunction (expected success gives way to failure)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἠδύναντοthey were ableImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · δύναμαιmain verb (imperfect of inability — sustained failure)→ conative imperfect (ongoing attempt that kept failing)δύναμαι: 'be able'; the imperfect ἠδύναντο marks sustained, repeated inability — they kept trying and kept failing; contrasts with the aorist of successful past attempts. This is the structural climax of the magicians' subplot.
καίandnarrative conjunction (closing summary: gnats persist)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦσανwereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (imperfect: the gnats continue to be present despite the attempt)→ progressive imperfect (the gnats remain throughout)εἰμί: the progressive imperfect ἦσαν marks the gnats as an ongoing, persistent presence — the magicians' failure changes nothing about the reality of the plague.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκνῖπεςgnatsNominativesubject of ἦσαν→ participant prominenceσκνῖπες: meaning 'gnats'; it serves as subject of ἦσαν.
15

εἶπον δὲ οἱ ἐπαοιδοὶ τῷ Φαραω· δάκτυλος θεοῦ ἐστιν τοῦτο. ἐσκληρύνθη δὲ ἡ καρδία Φαραω, καὶ οὐκ εἰσήκουσεν αὐτῶν, καθάπερ ἐλάλησεν κύριος.

And the sorcerers said to Pharaoh: 'This is the finger of God.' But the heart of Pharaoh was hardened, and he did not listen to them, just as the Lord had said.

Theological climax: magicians' confession and Pharaoh's hardeningεἶπον δέ
The theological apex of the chapter and of the plague cycle to this point. Egypt's own magical specialists — the agents of the counter-divine — confess that the gnat plague exceeds any human or demonic power: δάκτυλος θεοῦ ἐστιν τοῦτο ('This is the finger of God'). The anarthrous δάκτυλος (no article) may be emphatic or simply Hebraizing; θεοῦ is genitive of the one to whom the 'finger' belongs. The phrase enters NT tradition verbatim at Luke 11:20, where Jesus declares that his exorcisms are ἐν δακτύλῳ θεοῦ ('by the finger of God') and that this proves the kingdom of God has arrived. Matthew's parallel (12:28) has πνεύματι θεοῦ ('by the Spirit of God'), creating a major Christological-pneumatological crux — what the LXX calls the divine finger, Luke applies to Jesus' ministry, and Matthew identifies with the Spirit. The magicians' confession ends their role in the plague narrative; Pharaoh's hardening (ἐσκληρύνθη, 'was hardened / stiffened' — from σκληρύνω, 'make hard/stiff'; a different verb from βαρύνω, 'weigh down', used at vv.11 and 28) nonetheless nullifies the confession's potential impact.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
εἶπονsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (the magicians' formal report to Pharaoh)→ constative aoristλέγω: the magicians address Pharaoh in their official capacity — the report is institutional, not a private opinion.
δέandpostpositive connective→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπαοιδοίsorcerersNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἐπαοιδός: the magicians who now make their famous confession; their official identity makes the concession all the more significant.
τῷtoDativearticle (dative of indirect address)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΦαραώPharaohDativedative indirect object (the addressee of the report)→ participant identificationΦαραώ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative indirect object (the addressee of the report).
δάκτυλοςfingerNominativepredicate nominative (anarthrous: emphatic or Hebraizing — 'it is a finger-of-God thing')→ participant prominenceδάκτυλος: 'finger'; the anarthrous form may be emphatic ('a real finger of God') or reflect Hebraizing omission of the article; in the context of the plague series, 'finger' (the smallest, most precise divine instrument) signifies that even the least divine effort surpasses all human power. CENTRAL NT ECHO: Luke 11:20 takes up ἐν δακτύλῳ θεοῦ verbatim; Matthew 12:28 has πνεύματι θεοῦ — one of the most theologically rich Synoptic parallels, equating the Spirit and the finger as the instrument of divine power operative in both the Exodus plagues and in Jesus' exorcisms. The phrase originates here.
θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive of possession ('the finger that belongs to God')→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; the magicians do not specify which god — in context they acknowledge a deity of a different order from their own resources.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (predicate: 'this is [the finger of God]')→ gnomic present (statement of fact)εἰμί: the present-tense copula makes the confession a direct, unqualified statement of present reality.
τοῦτοthisNominativesubject (demonstrative pronoun: 'this [plague / thing]')→ participant referenceτοῦτο: 'this'; the near demonstrative points to the gnat plague directly present; it is this specific act of divine power that exceeds their art.
ἐσκληρύνθηwas hardenedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · σκληρύνωmain verb (Pharaoh's hardening — passive: heart was stiffened)→ ingressive aorist (onset of the hardened state)σκληρύνω: 'make hard / stiffen'; from σκληρός ('hard / stiff / harsh'); a different metaphor from βαρύνω ('weigh down') used at vv.11 and 28. ἐσκληρύνθη is the passive: his heart was stiffened (by what agency the LXX leaves unstated — the divine sovereignty question). The confession of the magicians paradoxically precedes and is nullified by this hardening.
δέbutpostpositive connective (adversative: confession given, but Pharaoh hardens)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίαheartNominativesubject of ἐσκληρύνθη (the seat of will)→ participant prominenceκαρδία: the volitional centre; the heart of Pharaoh is stiffened, as if calcified against the evidence.
Φαραώof PharaohGenitivegenitive of possession (Pharaoh's heart)→ participant identificationΦαραώ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of possession (Pharaoh's heart).
καίandcoordinate conjunction (result of hardening)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
εἰσήκουσενlistenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσακούωmain verb (Pharaoh's categorical refusal to heed)→ constative aorist (total refusal)εἰσακούω: 'heed / obey'; the standard non-compliance formula of the plague accounts.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of εἰσήκουσεν→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of εἰσήκουσεν.
καθάπερjust ascomparative conjunction (fulfillment-tag)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθάπερ: meaning 'just as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησενhad spokenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωverb of comparison (the Lord's prior word, now fulfilled in hardening)→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak'; renders דִּבֶּר; 'all that the LORD spoke' refers to the ḥērem command of v. 3; the same verb recurs at vv. 16 (ἐλάλησεν κύριος).
κύριοςthe LordNominativesubject of ἐλάλησεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'the Lord'; it serves as subject of ἐλάλησεν.
16

εἶπεν δὲ κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν· ὄρθρισον τὸ πρωὶ καὶ στῆθι ἐναντίον Φαραω· καὶ ἰδοὺ αὐτὸς ἐξελεύσεται ἐπὶ τὸ ὕδωρ· καὶ ἐρεῖς πρὸς αὐτόν· τάδε λέγει κύριος· ἐξαπόστειλον τὸν λαόν μου, ἵνα λατρεύσωσίν μοι.

And the Lord said to Moses: 'Rise early in the morning and stand before Pharaoh — and behold, he will come out to the water — and say to him: Thus says the Lord: Send my people away, that they may serve me.

New divine command — fourth plague (dog-fly) announcedεἶπεν δέ
The herald commission formula for the dog-fly plague: Moses is to intercept Pharaoh at the Nile bank (Pharaoh's morning visit to the water is a recurring narrative detail — cf. 7:15 LXX). The messenger formula τάδε λέγει κύριος ('Thus says the Lord') is the standard prophetic introductory formula (Hebrew כֹּה אָמַר יְהוָה), framing Moses as the divine herald. ἐξαπόστειλον τὸν λαόν μου ('Send my people away') is the Exodus-demand formula that runs through every plague announcement; ἵνα λατρεύσωσίν μοι ('that they may serve / worship me') makes the whole Exodus a liturgical act.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (new divine speech unit)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δέandpostpositive connective→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κύριοςthe LordNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'the Lord'; it serves as subject.
πρόςtopreposition + accusative (addressee)→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (addressee).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationΜωυσῆν: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as accusative object of πρός.
ὄρθρισονrise earlyAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ὀρθρίζωmain verb of command (Moses instructed to intercept Pharaoh at dawn)→ ingressive aorist imperative (get up at dawn)ὀρθρίζω: 'rise at dawn / go early in the morning'; from ὄρθρος ('dawn'); renders Hebrew הַשְׁכֵּם בַּבֹּקֶר ('rise early in the morning'); the dawn-meeting at the river is a recurring confrontation motif in the plague narratives.
τόtheAccusativearticle (temporal accusative with πρωί)→ noun-phrase markingτό: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρωίmorningAccusativeaccusative of time ('in the early morning')→ object specificationπρωί: 'early morning'; adverbial accusative; reinforces ὄρθρισον — a double temporal marking of the dawn hour.
καίandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
στῆθιstandAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἵστημιsecond main verb of command (positional instruction: take your stand)→ ingressive aorist imperative (take up position)ἵστημι: 'stand / take a stand'; the posture of formal confrontation; Moses takes an authoritative position before Pharaoh.
ἐναντίονbeforepreposition + genitive (positional: 'in front of / facing')→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'opposite / before / in front of'; renders Hebrew לִפְנֵי ('before the face of'); the posture of the prophet before the king.
ΦαραώPharaohGenitivegenitive object of ἐναντίον→ participant identificationΦαραώ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive object of ἐναντίον.
καίandnarrative conjunction (descriptive aside)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδούbeholdattention-particle (draws focus to what follows)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold / look'; renders Hebrew הִנֵּה; the presentative particle that focuses attention on the following disclosure — Pharaoh will be at the water.
αὐτόςhe himselfNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun: Pharaoh himself)→ participant referenceαὐτός: intensive use ('he himself'); the pronoun singles out Pharaoh's personal appearance at the water.
ἐξελεύσεταιwill come outFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (predictive: Pharaoh's anticipated morning routine)→ predictive futureἐξέρχομαι: 'go out / come out'; Pharaoh's morning visit to the Nile — a recurring narrative detail (cf. 7:15 LXX) — is foreknown by the Lord.
ἐπίtopreposition + accusative (directional: to the water)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (directional: to the water).
τόtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτό: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδωρwaterAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the Nile bank)→ object specificationὕδωρ: the Nile; Pharaoh's dawn walk to the river may be a royal ritual — inspection, bathing, or worship.
καίandnarrative conjunction (continuing the commission)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρεῖςyou shall sayFut Act Indic 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Moses commissioned to deliver the herald formula)→ predictive future (instructional: what Moses is to do)λέγω: the future is instructional ('you will say') — Moses is instructed to use the messenger formula.
πρόςtopreposition + accusative (addressee of the message)→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (addressee of the message).
αὐτόνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (Pharaoh)→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (Pharaoh).
τάδεthusAccusativedemonstrative pronoun (accusative: 'these things' = the following message)→ participant referenceὅδε: 'this / the following'; τάδε λέγει κύριος is the standard Hebrew prophetic messenger formula כֹּה אָמַר יְהוָה ('Thus says the LORD'); the LXX calque becomes the standard form in the prophetic books.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of messenger formula (herald formula: divine present)→ historical present (immediate divine speech)λέγω: the present tense in the messenger formula gives the divine word immediacy and authority — the Lord speaks now.
κύριοςthe LordNominativesubject of λέγει→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'the Lord'; it serves as subject of λέγει.
ἐξαπόστειλονsend awayAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωmain verb of the divine demand (the Exodus formula)→ ingressive aorist imperative (begin the act of release)ἐξαποστέλλω: 'send away / release fully'; the recurrent Exodus-demand verb; Pharaoh has promised this repeatedly (v.4) and broken it; the demand recurs with each new plague.
τόνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτόν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόνpeopleAccusativeaccusative direct object of ἐξαπόστειλον→ object specificationλαός: 'my people' (μου below) — the possessive asserts Israel's belonging to God, not to Pharaoh.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (divine possessive: 'my people')→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (divine possessive: 'my people').
ἵναso thatconjunction of purpose (the goal of the release)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λατρεύσωσίνthey may serveAor Act Subj 3 Pl · λατρεύωverb of purpose clause (the Exodus's liturgical goal)→ constative aorist subjunctive (the act of worship as the whole purpose)λατρεύω: 'serve / worship / render religious service'; renders Hebrew עָבַד; the word is specifically cultic — service to a deity, not general servitude. The Exodus is fundamentally a transfer of λατρεία from Pharaoh to YHWH.
μοιmeDativedative of indirect object (beneficiary of worship: the Lord)→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of indirect object (beneficiary of worship: the Lord).
17

ἐὰν δὲ μὴ βούλῃ ἐξαποστεῖλαι τὸν λαόν μου, ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ ἐπαποστέλλω ἐπὶ σὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς θεράποντάς σου καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν λαόν σου καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς οἴκους ὑμῶν κυνόμυιαν· καὶ πλησθήσονται αἱ οἰκίαι τῶν Αἰγυπτίων τῆς κυνομυίας καὶ εἰς τὴν γῆν, ἐφ᾿ ἧς εἰσιν ἐπ᾿ αὐτῆς.

But if you will not send my people away, behold, I am about to send against you and against your servants and against your people and against your houses the dog-fly; and the houses of the Egyptians shall be filled with the dog-fly, and also the land upon which they stand.

Conditional threat — the dog-fly plague announcedἐάν δέ
The conditional structure ἐὰν… μή ('if you will not') introduces the dog-fly threat as contingent on Pharaoh's refusal; the sequence 'if not obedient → plague' is the standard plague-announcement pattern. κυνόμυια ('dog-fly'; κύων + μυῖα) is the LXX's distinctive rendering of Hebrew עָרֹב. The four-fold scope ἐπὶ σέ / θεράποντάς / λαόν / οἴκους mirrors the comprehensiveness of the frog-removal of v.7 but in reverse — now affliction spreads where before removal was promised.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ἐάνifconditional conjunction (third-class condition: open to fulfilment or not)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if' (+ subjunctive); the conditional threat: if Pharaoh refuses, the dog-fly comes.
δέbutpostpositive adversative (contrasting with the release-demand of v.16)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μήnotnegation (with subjunctive in conditional)→ clausal qualification or emphasisμή: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
βούλῃyou are willingPres Mid Subj 2 Sg · βούλομαιverb of conditional protasis (willingness/volition)→ progressive present subjunctive (ongoing refusal of will)βούλομαι: 'wish / be willing'; the verb of deliberate will — Pharaoh's refusal to release Israel is a matter of will, not ignorance.
ἐξαποστεῖλαιto send awayAor Act Inf · ἐξαποστέλλωinfinitive of object (complementary: 'willing to send away')→ constative aorist infinitiveἐξαποστέλλω: the release-verb of vv.4, 16; its repetition here marks the repeated refusal.
τόνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτόν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόνpeopleAccusativeaccusative direct object of ἐξαποστεῖλαι→ object specificationλαόν: meaning 'people'; it serves as accusative direct object of ἐξαποστεῖλαι.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (divine: 'my people')→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (divine: 'my people').
ἰδούbeholdattention-particle (draws focus to the divine response)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: renders Hebrew הִנְנִי ('behold me / here I am'); the presentative marks the imminence of the divine action.
ἐγώINominativesubject (emphatic first person: 'I myself')→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic pronoun — it is God who directly sends the κυνόμυια.
ἐπαποστέλλωam about to sendPres Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐπαποστέλλωmain verb (futuristic present: imminent divine action)→ futuristic present (imminence: the sending is as good as done)ἐπαποστέλλω: 'send upon'; the double-prepositional compound (ἐπι- + ἀπο-) intensifies the directional force — the dog-fly is sent directly upon / against its targets.
ἐπίagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction — first target)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (hostile direction — first target).
σέyouAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (Pharaoh personally: first target)→ participant referenceσέ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ἐπί (Pharaoh personally: first target).
κυνόμυιανdog-flyAccusativeaccusative direct object of ἐπαποστέλλω (the plague agent)→ object specificationκυνόμυια: 'dog-fly' (κύων 'dog' + μυῖα 'fly'); the LXX's specific compound renders Hebrew עָרֹב ('swarm / mixture'); ancient commentators debated whether the species is a gadfly, stable-fly, dog-fly, or even scarab beetle. The specificity of the LXX's entomological identification (not paralleled in the MT) is itself an interpretive act. FIRST OCCURRENCE of a term that dominates vv.17–27.
καίandresultative conjunction (the plague's effect)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλησθήσονταιshall be filledFut Pass Indic 3 Pl · πλήθωmain verb (predictive: houses filled with κυνόμυια)→ predictive futureπλήθω: 'fill'; the passive 'shall be filled' has the dog-fly as implicit agent; the houses of Egypt will be swarming-full.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίαιhousesNominativesubject of πλησθήσονται→ participant prominenceοἰκίαι: meaning 'houses'; it serves as subject of πλησθήσονται.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑἰγυπτίωνEgyptiansGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationΑἰγύπτιος: 'Egyptian'; the plague targets specifically Egyptian houses — a narrative detail that will be contrasted with the Goshen exemption of v.18.
τῆςwith theGenitivearticle (genitive of content: filled with the dog-fly)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυνομυίαςdog-flyGenitivegenitive of content (filled with κυνόμυια)→ relational specificationκυνόμυια: here genitive singular after πλησθήσονται; the sing. is collective.
18

καὶ παραδοξάσω ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ τὴν γῆν Γεσεμ, ἐφ᾿ ἧς ὁ λαός μου ἔστιν ἐπ᾿ αὐτῆς, ἐφ᾿ ἧς οὐκ ἔσται ἐκεῖ κυνόμυια· ἵνα εἰδῇς ὅτι ἐγώ εἰμι κύριος ὁ κύριος πάσης τῆς γῆς.

And I will do something marvellous in that day with the land of Goshen, upon which my people stand — there shall be no dog-fly there — that you may know that I am the Lord, the Lord of all the earth.

The Goshen exemption: divine discrimination introducedκαί
The theological novelty of the fourth plague: a spatial distinction between Egypt and Goshen. παραδοξάσω ('I will do something marvellous / I will distinguish') is a LXX hapax formation — παρά + δοξάζω — meaning 'act in a way that overturns expectation / distinguish gloriously'; renders Hebrew וְהִפְלֵיתִי ('and I will set apart / make wonderful'). The exemption introduces the principle that divine judgment is selective — a principle that intensifies through the remaining plagues (darkness, death of firstborn) and reaches its climax at Passover. The knowledge formula ἵνα εἰδῇς ὅτι ἐγώ εἰμι κύριος ὁ κύριος πάσης τῆς γῆς ('that you may know that I am the Lord, Lord of all the earth') asserts universal sovereignty.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καίandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παραδοξάσωI will do something marvellousFut Act Indic 1 Sg · παραδοξάζωmain verb (the divine discrimination: the Goshen exemption)→ predictive future (divine commitment to distinguish)παραδοξάζω: 'do something marvellous / act paradoxically / distinguish gloriously'; a LXX coinage or hapax formation from παρά ('beside / beyond') + δοξάζω ('glorify'); renders Hebrew וְהִפְלֵיתִי ('set apart / make wonderful / distinguish'); the παρά-prefix implies that the act overturns ordinary expectation — God will do something unprecedented in setting apart Goshen. Theological crux: the exemption is not arbitrary but demonstrates divine sovereignty over geography and nature.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (temporal: on that day)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal: on that day).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (the appointed day of the plague)→ sphere or referenceἡμέρᾳ: meaning 'day'; it serves as dative of time (the appointed day of the plague).
ἐκείνῃthatDativeattributive demonstrative (the promised day of plague)→ sphere or referenceἐκείνῃ: meaning 'that'; it serves as attributive demonstrative (the promised day of plague).
τήνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτήν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative direct object of παραδοξάσω→ object specificationγῆ: the land of Goshem; the object of divine distinguishing — the land itself is set apart, not merely its people.
ΓεσεμGoshenGenitivegenitive of apposition (specifying which land)→ participant identificationΓεσεμ: the LXX rendering of Hebrew גֹּשֶׁן (Goshen); the region in the eastern Nile delta where the Israelites settled (Gen 45:10, 46:28); indeclinable, kind 'x'.
ἐφ᾿uponpreposition + genitive (relative: 'upon which')→ spatial or relational framingἐφ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (relative: 'upon which').
ἧςwhichGenitivegenitive relative pronoun (referring to γῆν Γεσεμ)→ relational specificationἧς: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive relative pronoun (referring to γῆν Γεσεμ).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόςpeopleNominativesubject of ἔστιν→ participant prominenceλαός: 'my people' — Israel's presence in Goshen is the ground of Goshen's exemption; the land is protected because God's people dwell there.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἔστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential: my people exist/dwell there)→ gnomic present (the settled fact of Israel's dwelling in Goshen)εἰμί: 'be'; οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτοῖς = 'which do not have.'
ἵναso thatconjunction of purpose (the theological goal of the Goshen exemption)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰδῇςyou may knowPrf Act Subj 2 Sg · οἶδαverb of purpose clause (the knowledge-formula: epistemic goal)→ resultative perfect subjunctiveοἶδα: the knowledge-formula ἵνα εἰδῇς ὅτι recurs from v.6; the Goshen exemption, like the plague, is designed to produce Pharaoh's acknowledgement of YHWH's lordship.
ὅτιthatconjunction (recitative: the content of knowledge)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγώINominativesubject (emphatic: the divine self-disclosure formula)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic 'I' of divine self-disclosure; ἐγώ εἰμι κύριος is the LXX form of the divine self-identification formula אֲנִי יְהוָה.
εἰμιamPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίcopula (divine self-disclosure: 'I am the Lord')→ gnomic present (eternal, constant identity)εἰμί: the ἐγώ εἰμι formula is the LXX rendering of the divine self-identification; it will become a theologically charged formula in the Fourth Gospel (John 8:58 etc.).
κύριοςthe LordNominativepredicate nominative (divine title: 'I am [the] Lord')→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'the Lord'; it serves as predicate nominative (divine title: 'I am [the] Lord').
theNominativearticle (with second κύριος: 'the Lord [over] all the earth')→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριοςLordNominativepredicate in apposition (ὁ κύριος πάσης τῆς γῆς = 'the Lord of all the earth')→ participant prominenceκύριος: repeated — 'I am Lord, the Lord of all the earth'; the genitival phrase asserts universal sovereignty as the ground of the Goshen exemption.
πάσηςof allGenitivegenitive of extent (scope of lordship: all the earth)→ relational specificationπάσης: meaning 'of all'; it serves as genitive of extent (scope of lordship: all the earth).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive object of κύριος (the Lord is Lord of the whole earth)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'earth'; the declaration that YHWH is Lord of the whole earth — not just Israel's land — is the theological climax of the verse and the ground for his authority to distinguish between Goshen and Egypt.
19

καὶ δώσω διαστολὴν ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ λαοῦ μου καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ λαοῦ σου· ἐν δὲ τῇ αὔριον ἔσται τὸ σημεῖον τοῦτο ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς.

And I will put a distinction between my people and your people; and tomorrow this sign shall come upon the land.

The distinction formalised — sign announced for tomorrowκαί
Two additions beyond the Goshen exemption of v.18: (1) the theological vocabulary of separation — διαστολή ('distinction / interval / gap') — renders Hebrew פְדֻת ('redemption / separation'; a term unique in the Pentateuch), making the Goshen exemption simultaneously a sign of Israel's redemption; (2) the appointment of 'tomorrow' as the time of the sign (τὸ σημεῖον τοῦτο ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς), repeating the diagnostic test-pattern of vv.5–6. The verse closes the threat-oracle; v.20 records its fulfilment.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καίandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώσωI will putFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (God establishes the distinction)→ predictive futureδίδωμι: 'give / put / establish'; δώσω διαστολήν ('I will put a distinction') renders Hebrew וְשַׂמְתִּי פְדֻת ('and I will put a ransom/separation'); the Hebrew פְדֻת can also mean 'redemption' — the distinction between peoples is simultaneously an act of redemption.
διαστολήνdistinctionAccusativeaccusative direct object of δώσω→ object specificationδιαστολή: 'distinction / separation / interval'; from διαστέλλω ('separate / distinguish'); renders Hebrew פְדֻת which can also mean 'ransom / redemption'; the LXX makes this a word of categorical separation rather than specifically of redemption, though the redemptive nuance is present in the Hebrew.
ἀνάbetweenpreposition + genitive (distributive: 'in the midst of / between')→ spatial or relational framingἀνά: meaning 'between'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (distributive: 'in the midst of / between').
μέσονmidstAccusativeaccusative complement of ἀνά (the space between the two peoples)→ object specificationμέσον: 'middle / between'; ἀνὰ μέσον = 'between / in the midst'; the idiom renders Hebrew בֵּין … וּבֵין.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive of reference (the first group: Israel)→ relational specificationλαός: 'my people' = Israel; the divine possessive 'my' makes Israel's belonging to God the theological basis of the distinction.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive of reference (the second group: Egypt)→ relational specificationλαός: 'your people' = Egypt; the contrast my people / your people is the Exodus narrative's fundamental anthropological distinction.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
δέandpostpositive connective→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιwill beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predictive: the sign at the appointed time)→ predictive futureεἰμί: the sign shall come into being at the appointed time.
τόtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτό: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σημεῖονsignNominativesubject of ἔσται→ participant prominenceσημεῖον: 'sign'; renders Hebrew הָאֹת; the dog-fly plague is explicitly called a sign — pointing beyond itself to the identity of YHWH and to the covenant distinction between Israel and Egypt.
τοῦτοthisNominativedemonstrative adjective (attributive: 'this sign')→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative adjective (attributive: 'this sign').
ἐπίuponpreposition + genitive (spatial: the sign on / over the land)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (spatial: the sign on / over the land).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationγῆ: the land of Egypt; the sign is visible across the whole land, confirming divine authority over all the earth (cf. v.18 κύριος πάσης τῆς γῆς).
20

ἐποίησεν δὲ κύριος οὕτως· καὶ παρεγένετο ἡ κυνόμυια πλῆθος εἰς τοὺς οἴκους Φαραω καὶ εἰς τοὺς οἴκους τῶν θεραπόντων αὐτοῦ καὶ εἰς πᾶσαν γῆν Αἰγύπτου· καὶ ἐξωλεθρεύθη ἡ γῆ ἀπὸ τῆς κυνομυίας.

And the Lord did so; and the dog-fly came in great swarms into the houses of Pharaoh and into the houses of his servants and into all the land of Egypt; and the land was ruined by the dog-fly.

Fulfillment — the dog-fly plague executedἐποίησεν δέ
The fulfilment formula ἐποίησεν δὲ κύριος οὕτως ('and the Lord did so') matches the flat compliance-report of v.9 (καθάπερ εἶπεν Μωυσῆς), confirming exact divine correspondence with the prophecy of vv.17–19. The plague's magnitude is stated in πλῆθος ('a great mass / swarm') and in the land-ruin formula ἐξωλεθρεύθη ἡ γῆ ἀπὸ τῆς κυνομυίας ('the land was utterly destroyed by the dog-fly'). ἐξολεθρεύω ('destroy utterly / make desolate') is the strong ruin-verb, escalating the ecological devastation beyond the frog-stench (v.10).
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (divine fulfilment of the announcement)→ constative aoristποιέω: the fulfillment-verb as in v.9.
δέandpostpositive connective→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κύριοςthe LordNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'the Lord'; it serves as subject.
οὕτωςsoadverb of manner (exact correspondence: 'in this way / just so')→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'so / in this way'; the brief formula ἐποίησεν δὲ κύριος οὕτως ('the Lord did so') is a classic fulfillment-report, signalling total correspondence between divine word and event.
καίandnarrative conjunction (beginning the description of the event)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρεγένετοcameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · παραγίνομαιmain verb (arrival of the plague)→ ingressive aorist (onset of the plague's arrival)παραγίνομαι: 'come / arrive / appear'; renders Hebrew וַיָּבֹא ('and it came'); the dog-fly arrives en masse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυνόμυιαdog-flyNominativesubject of παρεγένετο (collective singular: the swarm)→ participant prominenceκυνόμυια: now the collective singular subject — the dog-fly swarm arrives as a single plague-force.
πλῆθοςin great quantityAccusativeaccusative of extent (adverbial: 'in a great mass / swarm')→ object specificationπλῆθος: 'multitude / great mass'; adverbial accusative describing the scale of the κυνόμυια arrival.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (directional: into the houses)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (directional: into the houses).
τούςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτούς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουςhousesAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (first target)→ object specificationοἴκους: meaning 'houses'; it serves as accusative object of εἰς (first target).
Φαραώof PharaohGenitivegenitive of possession→ participant identificationΦαραώ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καίandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (second target)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (second target).
τούςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτούς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουςhousesAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationοἴκους: meaning 'houses'; it serves as accusative object of εἰς.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεραπόντωνservantsGenitivegenitive of possession (the servants' houses: second target)→ relational specificationθεραπόντων: meaning 'servants'; it serves as genitive of possession (the servants' houses: second target).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καίandcoordinate conjunction (expanding scope)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (total scope: all the land)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (total scope: all the land).
πᾶσανallAccusativeadjective attributive→ object specificationπᾶσαν: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjective attributive.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationγῆν: meaning 'land'; it serves as accusative object of εἰς.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive attributive→ participant identificationΑἰγύπτου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive attributive.
καίandresultative conjunction (the land ruined)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξωλεθρεύθηwas ruinedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐξολεθρεύωmain verb (the total devastation of the land)→ constative aorist (complete devastation)ἐξολεθρεύω: 'destroy utterly / devastate / exterminate'; the ἐξ-prefix intensifies: 'the land was utterly destroyed'; renders Hebrew וַתִּשָּׁחֵת ('and it was corrupted / ruined'); the ecological ruin-word escalates beyond the frog-stench of v.10.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandNominativesubject of ἐξωλεθρεύθη→ participant prominenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as subject of ἐξωλεθρεύθη.
ἀπόbypreposition + genitive (agent / cause: 'on account of / by means of')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: here causal/agentive ('ruined by / on account of'); the dog-fly is the instrument of the land's ruin.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυνομυίαςdog-flyGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (the agent of ruin)→ relational specificationκυνόμυια: the genitive closes the plague description; the land ruined 'by the dog-fly' frames the whole plague as ecological catastrophe.
21

ἐκάλεσεν δὲ Φαραω Μωυσῆν καὶ Ααρων λέγων· πορευθέντες θύσατε τῷ θεῷ ὑμῶν ἐν τῇ γῇ.

And Pharaoh called Moses and Aaron saying: 'Go and sacrifice to your God in the land.'

Pharaoh's second capitulation — compromise offer (within the land)ἐκάλεσεν δέ
Pharaoh summons Moses and Aaron for the second bargaining scene (cf. v.4). His offer — θύσατε τῷ θεῷ ὑμῶν ἐν τῇ γῇ ('sacrifice to your God in the land') — is a strategic compromise: let Israel worship, but without leaving Egyptian territory. Moses will refuse this on two grounds: ritual incompatibility (v.22) and the divine requirement of a three-day journey (v.23). The λέγων participial formula introduces Pharaoh's direct speech in a characteristically LXX narrative transition.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἐκάλεσενcalledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb (Pharaoh summons)→ constative aoristκαλέω: Pharaoh summons again (cf. v.4) — the second bargaining scene in the chapter.
δέandpostpositive connective→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΦαραώPharaohNominativesubject→ participant identificationΦαραώ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject.
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative direct object (first summonee)→ object specificationΜωυσῆν: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as accusative direct object (first summonee).
καίandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑαρώνAaronAccusativeaccusative direct object (second summonee)→ participant identificationΑαρών: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative direct object (second summonee).
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · λέγωadverbial participle (modal: introduces the direct speech)→ progressive present participle (accompanying action: 'calling … saying')λέγω: the participial introduction of direct speech (λέγων) is a Hebraism — calquing the Hebrew participle לֵאמֹר ('saying') that regularly follows verbs of speaking.
πορευθέντεςgoingAor Pass Ptcp Nom Pl Masc · πορεύομαιadverbial participle (modal/attendant circumstance: 'go and [then] sacrifice')→ ingressive aorist participle (the going precedes/accompanies the sacrificing)πορεύομαι: 'go / travel'; the participle is a Hebraizing idiom — 'going, sacrifice' where the going accompanies the main command. The deponent passive form is standard.
θύσατεsacrificeAor Act Impv 2 Pl · θύωmain verb of Pharaoh's command (his compromise: sacrifice in the land)→ ingressive aorist imperativeθύω: 'sacrifice'; Pharaoh grants the request to sacrifice, but confines it ἐν τῇ γῇ ('in the land') — the strategic limitation Moses will refuse.
τῷto theDativearticle (with θεῷ: dative of indirect object)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεῷGodDativedative of indirect object (beneficiary of sacrifice)→ sphere or referenceθεός: Pharaoh says 'your God' — he acknowledges YHWH but distances himself ('your God', not 'the Lord').
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession ('your God' = YHWH as Israel's God)→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('your God' = YHWH as Israel's God).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: the strategic limitation)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: the strategic limitation).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῇlandDativedative of place ('in the land' = within Egypt)→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'in the land' = within Egypt; Pharaoh's concession is half-hearted — he will not release Israel into the wilderness. Moses' counter-argument in vv.22–23 meets this limitation point by point.
22

εἶπεν δὲ Μωυσῆς· οὐ δυνατὸν γενέσθαι οὕτως· τὰ γὰρ βδελύγματα τῶν Αἰγυπτίων θύσομεν κυρίῳ τῷ θεῷ ἡμῶν· ἐὰν γὰρ θύσωμεν τὰ βδελύγματα τῶν Αἰγυπτίων ἐναντίον αὐτῶν, λιθοβοληθησόμεθα.

And Moses said: 'It is not possible to do so, for we will be sacrificing the abominations of the Egyptians to the Lord our God; for if we sacrifice the abominations of the Egyptians before them, they will stone us.'

Moses refuses the compromise: the abomination argumentεἶπεν δέ
Moses' refusal introduces the key term τὰ βδελύγματα τῶν Αἰγυπτίων ('the abominations of the Egyptians') — the ritually offensive character of Israelite animal sacrifice in Egyptian eyes. βδέλυγμα ('abomination / detestable thing') renders Hebrew תּוֹעֵבָה, the standard OT term for cultic or moral violation; its use here refers to the sacred status of animals (cattle, sheep) in Egyptian religion, whose public slaughter as sacrifice would provoke violent Egyptian reaction (λιθοβοληθησόμεθα, 'we will be stoned'). The term βδέλυγμα is central to Deuteronomy's covenant theology and to Revelation's vision of Babylon.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Moses' refusal)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δέbutpostpositive adversative→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as subject.
οὐnotnegation (strong denial)→ participant referenceοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negation (strong denial).
δυνατόνpossibleNominativepredicate adjective (impersonal: 'it is not possible')→ participant prominenceδυνατός: 'possible / able'; the impersonal οὐ δυνατόν γενέσθαι = 'it is not able to come about'; Moses states an impossibility, not merely an unwillingness.
γενέσθαιto happenAor Mid Inf · γίνομαιinfinitive (subject of impersonal δυνατόν: 'for this to come about')→ constative aorist infinitiveγίνομαι: 'become / happen / come to be'; complementary infinitive in the 'do-again' idiom.
οὕτωςthusadverb of manner (referring to Pharaoh's proposal in v.21)→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'in this way / so'; referring back to Pharaoh's proposal of sacrifice within the land.
τάtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτά: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γάρforpostpositive causal conjunction (gives the reason for impossibility)→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: 'for / because'; introduces Moses' first argument: what we sacrifice is what Egyptians consider abominable.
βδελύγματαabominationsAccusativeaccusative direct object of θύσομεν→ object specificationβδέλυγμα: 'abomination / detestable thing'; renders Hebrew תּוֹעֵבָה; the sacred animals of Egypt (cattle, rams) are the very animals Israel would sacrifice to YHWH. This is a term of cultic incompatibility; it also figures prominently in Deuteronomy's covenant laws and in Revelation's 'abomination of desolation.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑἰγυπτίωνEgyptiansGenitivegenitive of perspective ('what the Egyptians consider abominable')→ relational specificationΑἰγύπτιος: the abomination is defined by Egyptian religious sensibility — what is sacred to Egypt is sacrificial to Israel.
θύσομενwe will sacrificeFut Act Indic 1 Pl · θύωmain verb (Israel's sacrifice described as 'abomination' from Egyptian view)→ predictive futureθύω: 'sacrifice'; the future describes what would inevitably happen if Israel sacrificed publicly in Egypt — the action is presented as a fait accompli given YHWH's commands.
κυρίῳto the LordDativedative of indirect object (the recipient of sacrifice)→ sphere or referenceκυρίῳ: meaning 'to the Lord'; it serves as dative of indirect object (the recipient of sacrifice).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεῷGodDativedative in apposition to κυρίῳ→ sphere or referenceθεῷ: meaning 'God'; it serves as dative in apposition to κυρίῳ.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession (Moses claims YHWH as Israel's God)→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Moses claims YHWH as Israel's God).
ἐναντίονbeforepreposition + genitive (spatial: in the presence of, in front of)→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before / in the presence of'; the public character of the sacrifice before Egyptians makes it provocative.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of ἐναντίον (the Egyptians watching)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἐναντίον (the Egyptians watching).
λιθοβοληθησόμεθαwe will be stonedFut Pass Indic 1 Pl · λιθοβολέωmain verb (predicted violent consequence of public sacrifice in Egypt)→ predictive future (the inevitable result of the ritual clash)λιθοβολέω: 'stone / throw stones at'; the punishment of death by stoning for desecrating sacred animals — Moses' argument is pragmatic: public sacrifice of sacred animals in Egypt would incite a riot. Stoning is also the biblical punishment for blasphemy and apostasy (Lev 24:14), so the word resonates across both legal traditions.
23

ὁδὸν τριῶν ἡμερῶν πορευσόμεθα εἰς τὴν ἔρημον καὶ θύσομεν κυρίῳ τῷ θεῷ ἡμῶν, καθὰ ἐρεῖ ἡμῖν.

A journey of three days we will travel into the wilderness and sacrifice to the Lord our God, as he will command us.

Moses states the divine requirement: three days and the wildernessὁδόν (fronted)
The fronting of ὁδὸν τριῶν ἡμερῶν ('a three-days' journey') is emphatic — the geographical and temporal distance is non-negotiable. The three-day journey into the wilderness is the demand Moses has made since 3:18 LXX; its repetition here underscores that Pharaoh's 'in-the-land' compromise is simply incompatible with the divine command. The qualification καθὰ ἐρεῖ ἡμῖν ('as he will tell us / as he will command') shows that even the specifics of the sacrifice depend on ongoing divine direction — Israel is not autonomous but responsive to YHWH's commands at the worship site.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ὁδόνa journeyAccusativeaccusative of extent (fronted for emphasis: 'a three-days' journey we will travel')→ object specificationὁδός: 'way / road / journey'; the accusative of extent ('a journey of three days') is fronted for rhetorical emphasis — the distance is the non-negotiable element.
τριῶνthreeGenitivegenitive of measure (three days' worth)→ relational specificationτρεῖς: 'three'; the three-day journey into the wilderness is the divine requirement stated from the beginning (3:18 LXX); Pharaoh's compromise offer of staying in the land is incompatible with this.
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitivegenitive of measure (of how many days' journey)→ relational specificationἡμερῶν: meaning 'days'; it serves as genitive of measure (of how many days' journey).
πορευσόμεθαwe will travelFut Mid Indic 1 Pl · πορεύομαιmain verb (Israel's stated intention: three-day journey is required)→ predictive future (Israel's firm commitment)πορεύομαι: 'go / travel'; the inclusive 'we' (Moses and the people) travel together — the journey is corporate and liturgical.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (directional: into the wilderness)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (directional: into the wilderness).
τήνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτήν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔρημονwildernessAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (destination of worship-journey)→ object specificationἔρημος: 'wilderness / desert / uninhabited region'; renders Hebrew הַמִּדְבָּר; the wilderness is both the geographical destination and the theological space of the covenant encounter between Israel and YHWH.
καίandcoordinate conjunction (the purpose of the journey)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θύσομενwe will sacrificeFut Act Indic 1 Pl · θύωmain verb (the goal of the journey: sacrifice)→ predictive futureθύω: the sacrificial goal of the Exodus journey recurs from v.4.
κυρίῳto the LordDativedative indirect object→ sphere or referenceκυρίῳ: meaning 'to the Lord'; it serves as dative indirect object.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεῷGodDativedative in apposition to κυρίῳ→ sphere or referenceθεῷ: meaning 'God'; it serves as dative in apposition to κυρίῳ.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καθάascomparative conjunction (conformity to divine direction)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθά: 'as / just as' (contracted from καθὸ ἄν or καθ᾿ ἅ); the qualification 'as he will command us' signals Israel's ongoing dependence on divine instruction even in worship.
ἐρεῖhe will sayFut Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (the Lord's future command: worship subject to ongoing divine direction)→ predictive futureλέγω: 'say / command'; Moses reserves the details of the sacrifice to divine direction — even the manner of Israelite worship is not self-determined but responsive to YHWH's ongoing speech.
ἡμῖνusDativedative indirect object (Israel as recipient of divine instruction)→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (Israel as recipient of divine instruction).
24

εἶπεν δὲ Φαραω· ἐγὼ ἀποστέλλω ὑμᾶς, καὶ θύσατε κυρίῳ τῷ θεῷ ὑμῶν ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ· ἀλλὰ μὴ μακρὰν ἀποτρέχητε· εὔξασθε δὲ περὶ ἐμοῦ πρὸς κύριον.

And Pharaoh said: 'I am sending you away; sacrifice to the Lord your God in the wilderness — but do not go far away; pray for me to the Lord.'

Pharaoh partially capitulates with conditionsεἶπεν δέ
Pharaoh accepts the wilderness requirement but attaches two conditions: (1) μὴ μακρὰν ἀποτρέχητε ('do not go far away') — an attempt to keep Israel within reach; (2) εὔξασθε δὲ περὶ ἐμοῦ πρὸς κύριον ('pray for me to the Lord') — the same formula as v.4, Pharaoh's recurring plea for intercession. Both conditions reveal his partial submission: he accepts the divine demand in principle but tries to impose limits. Moses' response in v.25 implicitly accepts the concession while warning against the bad faith that undid the earlier agreement.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Pharaoh's conditional concession)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δέandpostpositive connective→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΦαραώPharaohNominativesubject→ participant identificationΦαραώ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject.
ἐγώINominativesubject (emphatic: Pharaoh's personal grant)→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic — 'I myself am sending you'; Pharaoh positions the grant as his personal royal concession.
ἀποστέλλωam sendingPres Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (futuristic present: Pharaoh's decision)→ futuristic present (commitment as though already in effect)ἀποστέλλω: 'send away / dispatch'; the futuristic present ἀποστέλλω (without the ἐξ- prefix of the divine demand ἐξαποστέλλω) may subtly weaken Pharaoh's concession — he sends them but not fully out.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeaccusative direct object (Israel)→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative direct object (Israel).
καίandcoordinate conjunction (the content of the concession)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θύσατεsacrificeAor Act Impv 2 Pl · θύωmain verb of Pharaoh's permission (he grants the sacrifice)→ ingressive aorist imperativeθύω: Pharaoh now grants the sacrifice in the wilderness — the demand has been won, but his conditions follow.
κυρίῳto the LordDativedative indirect object→ sphere or referenceκυρίῳ: meaning 'to the Lord'; it serves as dative indirect object.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεῷGodDativedative in apposition to κυρίῳ→ sphere or referenceθεῷ: meaning 'God'; it serves as dative in apposition to κυρίῳ.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession ('your God')→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('your God').
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμῳwildernessDativedative of place (Pharaoh now accepts the wilderness requirement)→ sphere or referenceἔρημος: Pharaoh accepts the wilderness — a step beyond his offer of v.21 (in the land). He concedes the geographical requirement.
ἀλλάbutstrong adversative conjunction (Pharaoh's condition begins)→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλά: strong adversative; the concession is qualified by the condition that follows.
μήnotnegation (with subjunctive in prohibition)→ clausal qualification or emphasisμή: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
μακράνfarAccusativeadverb of distance (predicative: 'do not go far')→ object specificationμακράν: 'far away'; Pharaoh tries to keep Israel within reach — the condition is impossible to guarantee and Moses' response ignores it, accepting the concession and warning against deceit.
ἀποτρέχητεyou go awayPres Act Subj 2 Pl · ἀποτρέχωverb of prohibition (present subjunctive with μή: ongoing departure)→ conative present subjunctive (don't keep running away)ἀποτρέχω: 'run away / depart'; the compound ἀπο- adds the nuance of 'running off / escaping'; Pharaoh fears Israel will not return.
εὔξασθεprayAor Mid Impv 2 Pl · εὔχομαιmain verb of Pharaoh's second condition (his intercession request)→ ingressive aorist imperativeεὔχομαι: 'pray'; the formula εὔξασθε περὶ ἐμοῦ πρὸς κύριον reappears verbatim from v.4 — Pharaoh's characteristic plea; his appeal for intercession reveals that he acknowledges YHWH's power but refuses personal submission.
δέandpostpositive connective (second condition added)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περίforpreposition + genitive (benefactive)→ spatial or relational framingπερί: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (benefactive).
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'me'; it serves as genitive object of περί.
πρόςtopreposition + accusative (addressee of prayer)→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (addressee of prayer).
κύριονthe LordAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationκύριος: Pharaoh again acknowledges YHWH by title while continuing to resist full obedience.
25

εἶπεν δὲ Μωυσῆς· ἐγὼ δὲ ἐξελθὼν ἀπὸ σοῦ εὔξομαι πρὸς τὸν θεόν, καὶ ἀπελεύσεται ἡ κυνόμυια ἀπὸ Φαραω καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν θεραπόντων αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ λαοῦ αὐτοῦ αὔριον· μὴ δὲ προσθῇς, Φαραω, ἐξαπατῆσαι ἔτι τοῦ μὴ ἐξαποστεῖλαι τὸν λαὸν θῦσαι κυρίῳ.

And Moses said: 'I myself, going out from you, will pray to God, and the dog-fly will depart from Pharaoh and from his servants and from his people tomorrow — but do not deal deceitfully again, Pharaoh, by not sending the people to sacrifice to the Lord.'

Moses accepts Pharaoh's concession and warns against deceitεἶπεν δέ
Moses accepts Pharaoh's partial concession without debating the 'not far' condition — his focus is on the prayer and its result (κυνόμυια gone by tomorrow). The closing warning μὴ προσθῇς Φαραω ἐξαπατῆσαι ἔτι is remarkably direct: 'do not add again to deceiving' — the verb ἐξαπατάω ('deceive completely / defraud') is the harshest word yet used about Pharaoh's conduct, recalling the broken promise after the frogs (v.11). τοῦ μὴ ἐξαποστεῖλαι is an articular infinitive of result/purpose ('by not sending away') specifying the content of the deceit.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δέandpostpositive connective→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as subject.
ἐγώINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun: personal commitment)→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic — Moses personally commits to the prayer-act.
δέandpostpositive connective (mild contrast: in response to Pharaoh's words)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξελθώνgoing outAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ἐξέρχομαιadverbial participle (temporal: 'upon leaving you')→ constative aorist participle (the exit precedes the prayer)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out'; the exit-formula recurs from v.8 (ἐξῆλθεν); Moses' departure is the prerequisite of the prayer.
ἀπόfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (leaving Pharaoh's presence)→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἀπό (leaving Pharaoh's presence).
εὔξομαιI will prayFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · εὔχομαιmain verb (Moses' commitment to intercede)→ predictive future (firm promise)εὔχομαι: 'pray'; Moses honours Pharaoh's request for intercession (v.24) — he will pray, but the prayer is to God, not to Pharaoh.
πρόςtopreposition + accusative (addressee of prayer)→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (addressee of prayer).
τόνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτόν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόνGodAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationθεός: Moses prays to 'God' (τὸν θεόν) rather than to 'the Lord' (κύριον) as in v.8; both refer to YHWH.
καίandresultative conjunction (the predicted result of the prayer)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπελεύσεταιwill departFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb (predictive: the κυνόμυια will leave)→ predictive future (prophetic certainty)ἀπέρχομαι: 'depart / go away'; the dog-fly will depart just as the frogs departed; the prediction is a test on the same model as vv.5–6.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυνόμυιαdog-flyNominativesubject of ἀπελεύσεται (the collective plague-swarm)→ participant prominenceκυνόμυια: meaning 'dog-fly'; it serves as subject of ἀπελεύσεται (the collective plague-swarm).
αὔριονtomorrowAccusativeadverb of time (the specific tomorrow — the appointed time)→ object specificationαὔριον: 'tomorrow'; the time-appointment mirrors the frog-plague's testing pattern (v.6); tomorrow the dog-fly will be gone.
μήnotnegation (with subjunctive in prohibition)→ clausal qualification or emphasisμή: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
δέbutpostpositive adversative (strong shift: warning follows concession)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσθῇςyou addAor Act Subj 2 Sg · προστίθημιverb of prohibition (μή + aor. subj.: do not add to what you did before)→ ingressive aorist subjunctiveπροστίθημι: 'add / do again'; the construction μὴ προσθῇς + inf. is a Hebraism for 'do not again' (Hebrew לֹא יֹסֶף + inf.); it accuses Pharaoh of past deceit and warns against repetition.
ΦαραώPharaohVocativevocative address (Moses addresses Pharaoh directly by name — remarkable directness)→ participant identificationΦαραώ: the rare vocative address by name underscores the directness of Moses' warning.
ἐξαπατῆσαιto deceiveAor Act Inf · ἐξαπατάωinfinitive complementing προσθῇς (the content of the prohibition)→ constative aorist infinitiveἐξαπατάω: 'deceive completely / defraud'; the ἐξ- prefix intensifies ('thoroughly / completely deceive'); the harshest word yet used of Pharaoh's conduct; renders Hebrew הָתֵל ('to mock / delude'); Moses calls Pharaoh's previous behaviour deception.
ἔτιagainadverb (temporal: 'again / any more')→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'still / again'; the adverb acknowledges prior deceit — Pharaoh has already deceived once (the frog episode, v.11).
τοῦtoGenitivearticle (with articular infinitive of negated purpose/result)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μήnotnegation (within the articular infinitive)→ clausal qualification or emphasisμή: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐξαποστεῖλαιto send awayAor Act Inf · ἐξαποστέλλωarticular infinitive (the content of the deceit: not sending the people)→ constative aorist infinitiveἐξαποστέλλω: the release-verb recurs; τοῦ μὴ ἐξαποστεῖλαι = 'by not sending away fully' — the articular infinitive specifies the manner of Pharaoh's deceit.
τόνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτόν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόνpeopleAccusativeaccusative direct object of ἐξαποστεῖλαι→ object specificationλαόν: meaning 'people'; it serves as accusative direct object of ἐξαποστεῖλαι.
θῦσαιto sacrificeAor Act Inf · θύωinfinitive of purpose (the goal of the sending: to sacrifice)→ constative aorist infinitiveθύω: 'sacrifice'; the ultimate purpose of the release echoes the refrain from v.4 onwards.
κυρίῳto the LordDativedative indirect object→ sphere or referenceκυρίῳ: meaning 'to the Lord'; it serves as dative indirect object.
26

ἐξῆλθεν δὲ Μωυσῆς ἀπὸ Φαραω καὶ ηὔξατο πρὸς τὸν θεόν.

And Moses went out from Pharaoh and prayed to God.

Moses acts: exit and prayer (brief narrative bridge)ἐξῆλθεν δέ
The shortest verse in the chapter — a crisp narrative bridge: exit (ἐξῆλθεν ἀπὸ Φαραω, picking up the identical formula from v.8) and immediate prayer (ηὔξατο πρὸς τὸν θεόν). The prayer is again not reported in direct speech; the narrator moves directly from prayer to result (v.27). The brevity is itself expressive: Moses' intercession is unhesitating and unelaborated.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ἐξῆλθενwent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (Moses departs Pharaoh's court)→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: the exit-formula recurs from v.8; Moses departs as he said he would.
δέandpostpositive connective→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as subject.
ἀπόfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
ΦαραώPharaohGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ participant identificationΦαραώ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive object of ἀπό.
καίandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ηὔξατοprayedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · εὔχομαιmain verb (Moses' intercessory prayer)→ constative aorist (single act of prayer)εὔχομαι: 'pray'; the aorist middle (deponent) ηὔξατο marks prayer as a completed act; Moses' prayer is immediate and unhesitating. The middle voice here suggests personal engagement in the prayer-act.
πρόςtopreposition + accusative (addressee of prayer)→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (addressee of prayer).
τόνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτόν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόνGodAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationθεός: 'God'; as in v.25, Moses prays to 'God' (τὸν θεόν) — the same YHWH who is κύριος throughout the chapter.
27

ἐποίησεν δὲ κύριος καθάπερ εἶπεν Μωυσῆς· καὶ περιεῖλεν τὴν κυνόμυιαν ἀπὸ Φαραω καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν θεραπόντων αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ λαοῦ αὐτοῦ· οὐ κατελείφθη οὐδεμία.

And the Lord did just as Moses had said; and he removed the dog-fly from Pharaoh and from his servants and from his people — not one was left behind.

Divine fulfillment — κυνόμυια completely removedἐποίησεν δέ
The fulfillment formula ἐποίησεν δὲ κύριος καθάπερ εἶπεν Μωυσῆς recurs from v.9 with identical wording, forming a structural parallel: the frogs-removed (v.9) / κυνόμυια-removed (v.27) are structurally identical, reinforcing the pattern of divine faithfulness to Moses' word. The closing clause οὐ κατελείφθη οὐδεμία ('not one was left behind') is the totality formula for complete removal — a deliberate echo of the Goshen exemption's not-one-there; the removal is as total as the infestation. The stage is now set for Pharaoh's hardening (v.28).
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (divine fulfillment)→ constative aoristποιέω: fulfillment-verb recurs; God does exactly what Moses predicted.
δέandpostpositive connective→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κύριοςthe LordNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'the Lord'; it serves as subject.
καθάπερjust ascomparative conjunction (exact fulfillment)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθάπερ: 'just as / exactly as'; recurs from vv.9 and 11 — the fulfillment-formula.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb of comparison (Moses' prophecy)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject of εἶπεν→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as subject of εἶπεν.
καίandnarrative conjunction (describing the fulfilled act)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιεῖλενremovedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · περιαιρέωmain verb (the total removal of the dog-fly)→ constative aorist (complete removal)περιαιρέω: 'take away all around / remove completely'; the same verb Pharaoh petitioned for in v.4 (περιελέτω) is now enacted by God; the verbal inclusio is deliberate.
τήνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτήν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυνόμυιανdog-flyAccusativeaccusative direct object of περιεῖλεν→ object specificationκυνόμυιαν: meaning 'dog-fly'; it serves as accusative direct object of περιεῖλεν.
ἀπόfrompreposition + genitive (separation — three-fold)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation — three-fold).
ΦαραώPharaohGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ participant identificationΦαραώ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive object of ἀπό.
καίandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπόfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεραπόντωνservantsGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationθεραπόντων: meaning 'servants'; it serves as genitive object of ἀπό.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καίandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπόfrompreposition + genitive (third target of removal)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (third target of removal).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationλαοῦ: meaning 'people'; it serves as genitive object of ἀπό.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
οὐnotnegation (strong: not one)→ participant referenceοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negation (strong: not one).
κατελείφθηwas left behindAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · καταλείπωmain verb (the totality of removal: not one remained)→ constative aorist (total elimination)καταλείπω: 'leave behind'; passive κατελείφθη = 'was left behind'; the totality-formula οὐ κατελείφθη οὐδεμία ('not one was left behind') is the maximum removal-formula: total, without remainder.
οὐδεμίαnot oneNominativesubject (negative indefinite: 'not even one [dog-fly]')→ participant prominenceοὐδεμία: 'not even one / none at all' (feminine: modifying κυνόμυια implied); the emphatic double negation οὐ … οὐδεμία is the LXX's strongest totality formula for absence — the removal is complete.
28

καὶ ἐβάρυνεν Φαραω τὴν καρδίαν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ καιροῦ τούτου καὶ οὐκ ἐξαπέστειλεν τὸν λαόν.

And Pharaoh weighted his heart at this time also, and did not send the people away.

Chapter-closing hardening: Pharaoh's active self-weighingκαί
The chapter's final verse is its theological statement. ἐβάρυνεν Φαραω τὴν καρδίαν αὐτοῦ ('Pharaoh weighted his heart') is the active form of the hardening verb: Pharaoh is the grammatical and moral subject, and the heart is his direct object. This contrasts with the passive ἐβαρύνθη ἡ καρδία αὐτοῦ at v.11 and the passive ἐσκληρύνθη at v.15; the shift from passive to active across the chapter marks the progression from a state imposed upon Pharaoh to a deliberate self-hardening. βαρύνω ('weigh down / make heavy') renders Hebrew כָּבֵד — the heaviness metaphor as moral weight, obstinacy. καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ καιροῦ τούτου ('also at this time / even now') adds the temporal note — this time too; the pattern repeats. οὐκ ἐξαπέστειλεν τὸν λαόν ('and he did not send the people away') closes the chapter with the Exodus-demand denied — the word Pharaoh promised (v.4, v.24) he now refuses to keep.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καίandnarrative conjunction (the final event)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβάρυνενweightedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βαρύνωmain verb (Pharaoh's active, deliberate hardening of his own heart)→ constative aorist (the completed act of self-hardening)βαρύνω: 'weigh down / make heavy'; the ACTIVE form here (contrast passive ἐβαρύνθη at v.11 and ἐσκληρύνθη at v.15) marks Pharaoh as the subject and agent of his own hardening — a deliberate, culpable act. The semantic field of 'heaviness' (Hebrew כָּבֵד) denotes not merely stubbornness but a morally weighted conscience pressing down against the divine demand. This is the theological and narrative climax of the chapter.
ΦαραώPharaohNominativesubject (Pharaoh as active agent of his own hardening)→ participant identificationΦαραώ: for the first time in the chapter's hardening-statements, Pharaoh is the explicit grammatical subject of the hardening verb in active form — the culmination of the chapter's theological progression.
τήνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτήν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίανheartAccusativeaccusative direct object of ἐβάρυνεν (Pharaoh weighs down his own heart)→ object specificationκαρδία: 'heart'; the seat of will and decision; in the active construction Pharaoh deliberately weighs down his own heart against the divine demand — a reflexive act of self-determination against God.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (reflexive: his own heart)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (reflexive: his own heart).
καίalsoadjunctive ('also / even at this time')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: adjunctive here — 'even at this time also'; the καί before ἐπὶ τοῦ καιροῦ τούτου marks the recurrence of the pattern.
ἐπίatpreposition + genitive (temporal: 'at the time of / on the occasion of')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (temporal: 'at the time of / on the occasion of').
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καιροῦtimeGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (the occasion / appointed time)→ relational specificationκαιρός: 'appointed time / opportune moment'; renders Hebrew בַּפַּעַם הַזֹּאת ('at this time / this occasion'); the word recalls the ὁρισμός ('appointed time') of v.8 — Pharaoh had the opportunity to know the Lord, yet hardens.
τούτουthisGenitivegenitive demonstrative (attributive: 'this time / even this occasion')→ relational specificationτοῦτο: 'this'; the demonstrative underscores recurrence — even this time, after the dog-fly signs and the complete removal, Pharaoh still hardens.
καίandnarrative conjunction (result: the refusal)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐξαπέστειλενsent awayAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωmain verb (Pharaoh's final refusal: he did not send the people away)→ constative aorist (categorical, completed act of non-release)ἐξαποστέλλω: 'send away / release fully'; the ἐξ-compound is the full release-verb of the Exodus demand; oὐκ ἐξαπέστειλεν = he did not release fully. The chapter ends on this word — the Exodus demand denied, the chapter's dialectic unresolved, and the plague cycle continuing.
τόνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτόν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόνpeopleAccusativeaccusative direct object of ἐξαπέστειλεν (the people God called his own)→ object specificationλαός: 'the people' — the Exodus narrative's central contested possession; the chapter closes with them still held in Egypt, the demand of v.16 unmet, and the next plague cycle about to begin.