Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Exodus, Chapter 9ΕΞΟΔΟΣ Θ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

The fifth through seventh of the ten plagues fill the chapter — the pestilence on livestock (vv.1–7), the plague of boils (vv.8–12), and the plague of hail (vv.13–35) — making it the theological and rhetorical climax of the plague cycle before the final three.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of Exodus 9 follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. Versification follows the LXX throughout; in Exodus 9 the LXX and MT chapter boundaries coincide exactly, running verses 1–35 in both traditions. The chapter contains the fifth through seventh of the ten plagues — the pestilence on livestock (vv.1–7), the plague of boils (vv.8–12), and the plague of hail (vv.13–35) — and is the theological and rhetorical climax of the plague cycle before the final three. The divine-name convention follows the standard LXX practice: יהוה is rendered κύριος throughout. The divine messenger formula εἰσελθὼν δὲ Μωυσῆς καὶ Ααρων … εἶπεν κύριος / λέγει κύριος marks each plague commission. Μωυσῆς is fully declinable; Ααρων and Φαραω are indeclinable proper nouns, as is Γοσομ (Goshen, the region of Israel's settlement). The crown of the chapter is verse 16. The LXX reads: καὶ ἕνεκεν τούτου διετηρήθης, ἵνα ἐνδείξωμαι ἐν σοὶ τὴν ἰσχύν μου, καὶ ὅπως διαγγελῇ τὸ ὄνομά μου ἐν πάσῃ τῇ γῇ — 'and for this very reason you were PRESERVED, that I might display in you my strength, and that my name might be proclaimed in all the earth.' The Hebrew MT at this point reads הֶעֱמַדְתִּיךָ, hiphil of עמד, 'I caused you to stand / I raised you up / I established you' — a verb of active divine causation applied to Pharaoh, suggesting God set him on the throne or sustained him in it for this purpose. The LXX chose a completely different semantic register: διετηρήθης (aorist passive of διατηρέω, 'preserve, keep safe') — 'you were preserved.' This shifts the nuance from God actively raising Pharaoh up to God preserving him alive through the plagues long enough to demonstrate divine power. Paul at Romans 9:17 quotes this verse, but his form is ἐξήγειρά σε ('I raised you up'), which is far closer to the MT hiphil of עמד and diverges significantly from the LXX διετηρήθης. This creates a notable LXX/MT/NT triangle: the LXX translator went one direction ('preserved'), Paul's citation went another ('raised up' — perhaps from a different Greek recension, from the Hebrew directly, or from a mixed text), and the MT underlies Paul's form more closely than the LXX does. The theological stakes are high: Paul's argument in Rom 9:17 is about God's sovereign freedom in hardening (v.18), and the verb ἐξήγειρά ('raised up for this purpose') is stronger divine initiative language than the LXX's 'preserved.' The Romans 9 intertext thus requires the reader to hold the LXX form and Paul's citation in productive tension — neither is simply 'wrong,' but they represent different Greek textual traditions of the same Hebrew Vorlage. A second major image is the hail pericope (vv.13–35). The LXX of 9:24 describes ἡ χάλαζα καὶ τὸ πῦρ φλογίζον ἐν τῇ χαλάζῃ — 'the hail and the fire blazing within the hail' — a spectacular natural-supernatural image whose precise wording echoes in Revelation 8:7, where the first trumpet brings χάλαζα καὶ πῦρ μεμιγμένα ἐν αἵματι ('hail and fire mixed with blood'). The Revelation author clearly draws on the Exodus plague vocabulary, repurposing it for eschatological judgment. Verses 19–20 contain the remarkable note that those among Pharaoh's servants who feared the word of the LORD (οἱ φοβηθέντες τὸν λόγον κυρίου) brought their servants and livestock inside to shelter from the coming hail — the first mention of Egyptians who believed and acted on the divine word. These are, in effect, the first Egyptian believers named in the Exodus narrative, an exegetical detail the church fathers noted with interest. Pharaoh's first confession at verse 27 — ἡμάρτηκα τὸ νῦν, ὁ κύριος δίκαιος, ἐγὼ δὲ καὶ ὁ λαός μου ἀσεβεῖς — 'I have sinned this time; the LORD is righteous, and I and my people are wicked' — is the most theologically significant speech Pharaoh makes in the entire plague narrative. The perfect ἡμάρτηκα ('I have sinned / stand guilty') signals acknowledgement; the predicate ὁ κύριος δίκαιος ('the LORD is righteous') is a remarkable doxological formula on a pagan king's lips. Its sincerity is immediately undercut by the hardening notice of vv.34–35. Verses 31–32 contain the agronomic note about the flax (λίνον) and barley (κριθή) being destroyed because they were in ear (ἐπὶ σπερματίσει / ἐν κάλαμι), while the wheat (πυρός) and spelt (ὄλυρα) were not damaged because they were late crops (ὄψιμα ἦν). This agricultural-calendar detail anchors the narrative chronologically and is a characteristic feature of the Exodus plague accounts' realism. The chapter closes (v.35) with the hardening formula: ἐσκληρύνθη ἡ καρδία Φαραω, καὶ οὐκ ἐξαπέστειλεν τοὺς υἱοὺς Ἰσραήλ, καθὰ ἐλάλησεν κύριος διὰ χειρὸς Μωυσῆ — 'and the heart of Pharaoh was hardened, and he did not send away the sons of Israel, as the LORD had spoken by the hand of Moses.' The phrase διὰ χειρὸς Μωυσῆ ('through the hand of Moses') is a Hebraism of בְּיַד מֹשֶׁה, the standard formula for mediated divine speech.

1

Εἶπεν δὲ κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν· εἴσελθε πρὸς Φαραω καὶ ἐρεῖς αὐτῷ· τάδε λέγει κύριος ὁ θεὸς τῶν Ἑβραίων· ἐξαπόστειλον τὸν λαόν μου, ἵνα μοι λατρεύσωσιν.

And the LORD said to Moses: Go in to Pharaoh and you shall say to him: Thus says the LORD God of the Hebrews: Send away my people, that they may serve me.

Sequence / new commissionδέ
δέ marks the transition to a new plague commission. The verse follows the standard formula: divine address to Moses → command to Moses → embedded oracle introduced by τάδε λέγει κύριος. The divine title 'God of the Hebrews' (ὁ θεὸς τῶν Ἑβραίων) is the covenant-identity marker used when addressing Pharaoh throughout the plague cycle; it asserts YHWH's claim over Israel against Pharaoh's counter-claim.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ΕἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (narrative)→ constative aorist (single speech act)λέγω: standard narrative verb of speech; introduces the divine commission. The aorist is the default narrative tense in LXX historical books.
δὲand / nowpostpositive particle (sequential / transitional)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: connective or particle rendered 'and / now' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: LXX rendering of יהוה (the divine name); used without article here as a proper name. The anarthrous nominative is standard when κύριος is the subject of a speech-verb in narrative.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (addressee)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: preposition rendered 'to' here, functioning according to its local construction.
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (indirect addressee)→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: declinable LXX form of the name מֹשֶׁה; the accusative Μωυσῆν is the standard form after πρός throughout Exodus.
εἴσελθεgo inAor Act Impv 2 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιimperative (divine command to Moses)→ ingressive aorist imperative (enter the presence of Pharaoh)εἰσέρχομαι: 'enter, go in'; the idiom εἴσελθε πρὸς Φαραω ('go in to Pharaoh') reflects the Hebrew בֹּא אֶל פַּרְעֹה; going before Pharaoh is a formal act requiring divine authorization.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (goal of entry)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: preposition rendered 'to' here, functioning according to its local construction.
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun, object of πρός→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliteration of פַּרְעֹה; indeclinable in LXX Greek. The Pharaoh of the exodus is unnamed in the biblical text.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (sequential command)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐρεῖςyou shall sayFut Act Indic 2 Sg · λέγωfuture indicative (command with imperatival force)→ futuristic (imperatival future: commissioned speech)λέγω: the future ἐρεῖς after an aorist imperative is a common Hebraism for a subsequent commanded action — 'go in … and you shall say'; renders וְאָמַרְתָּ.
αὐτῷto himDativedative of indirect object (addressee of speech)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: pronominal or article form rendered 'to him' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
τάδεthusdemonstrative adverb (messenger formula opener)→ clausal contributionτάδε λέγει κύριος: the standard LXX rendering of כֹּה אָמַר יְהוָה, the prophetic messenger formula. τάδε is a neuter plural of ὅδε used adverbially; the formula introduces direct divine speech.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of messenger formula (historic present)→ historic present (vivid prophetic formula)λέγω: the present tense in τάδε λέγει κύριος is a fixed formulaic present, not a narrative tense; it gives the oracle the quality of a timeless, authoritative word.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of messenger formula→ participant prominenceκύριος: lexical item rendered 'the LORD' here in the immediate context.
theNominativearticle (with θεός in apposition to κύριος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
θεὸςGodNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεός: in apposition to κύριος, expanding the divine title to 'the LORD, the God of the Hebrews.' This full form אֱלֹהֵי הָעִבְרִים identifies YHWH as the national deity of the Israelites specifically — a claim made to Pharaoh.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: pronominal or article form rendered 'of the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἙβραίωνHebrewsGenitivegenitive of relation / possession (people-identity)→ relational specificationἙβραῖος: 'Hebrew'; in the LXX Exodus it transliterates עִבְרִי, the ethnic designation used (especially when addressing non-Israelites) to identify the Israelites; cf. 5:3; 7:16. The term may carry the sense of 'wanderers' or 'those from across' (עֵבֶר).
ἐξαπόστειλονsend awayAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωimperative (the plague-commission demand)→ ingressive aorist imperative (decisive act of release)ἐξαποστέλλω: compound of ἐξ + ἀπό + στέλλω, 'send out away from'; the compounding intensifies the idea of complete release — not merely 'let go' but 'dispatch, send out.' This is the recurring demand-verb throughout the plague cycle, rendering שַׁלַּח.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
λαόνpeopleAccusativedirect object of ἐξαπόστειλον→ object specificationλαός: 'people / nation'; in LXX Exodus consistently renders עַם when speaking of Israel as YHWH's covenant people; the possessive μου identifies them as God's own.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (divine ownership)→ relational specificationμου: pronominal or article form rendered 'my' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἵναthat / so thatsubordinating conjunction (purpose clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα + subjunctive: purpose clause; the purpose of the release is not flight but worship — λατρεύσωσιν. The demand is theological, not merely political.
μοιmeDativedative of advantage / indirect object of λατρεύσωσιν→ participant reference or interestμοι: pronominal or article form rendered 'me' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
λατρεύσωσινthey may serveAor Act Subj 3 Pl · λατρεύωaorist subjunctive in purpose clause (ἵνα + subj.)→ constative aorist subjunctive (worship as the goal-event)λατρεύω: 'serve, worship' — specifically cultic service; renders עָבַד in its religious sense. The word denotes the formal service due to a deity and is the opposite of the slave-service Israel renders to Pharaoh. This same tension (λατρεύω God vs. δουλεύω Pharaoh) structures the theological argument of the plague cycle.
2

εἰ μὲν οὖν μὴ βούλει ἐξαποστεῖλαι τὸν λαόν μου, ἀλλ᾿ ἔτι κατέχεις αὐτούς,

If then you are not willing to send away my people, but still hold them back,

Conditional protasisasyndeton
Asyndeton within the oracle; this verse is the protasis of a conditional sentence whose apodosis follows in v.3. The particle μέν with the following ἀλλά structures a concessive-adversative contrast: 'if on the one hand you are not willing … but on the other hand you still hold them.' The conditional assumes Pharaoh's refusal as the expected outcome and presents the plague as its direct consequence.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
εἰifconditional particle (protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: introduces first-class conditional (assumed for argument); the plague threat is the apodosis of this conditional.
μὲνindeedparticle (correlative: μέν … ἀλλά)→ discourse linkage or contrastμὲν: connective or particle rendered 'indeed' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
οὖνtherefore / theninferential / transitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὖν: draws the consequence from the repeated demands of the plague cycle; 'given all that has been said, if you still refuse…'
μὴnotnegation (with βούλει in conditional)→ clausal qualification or emphasisμὴ: connective or particle rendered 'not' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
βούλειyou are willingPres Mid Indic 2 Sg · βούλομαιmain verb of protasis (volitional)→ progressive present (ongoing unwillingness)βούλομαι: 'wish, will, be willing'; a stronger term of deliberate volition than θέλω; the use here underscores that Pharaoh's refusal is not mere incapacity but willful rejection.
ἐξαποστεῖλαιto send awayAor Act Inf · ἐξαποστέλλωinfinitive complementing βούλει (object infinitive)→ constative aorist infinitive (the refused act viewed as a whole)ἐξαποστέλλω: same compound as in v.1; the repetition of the demand-verb reinforces the legal consistency of the plague formula.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
λαόνpeopleAccusativedirect object of ἐξαποστεῖλαι→ object specificationλαόν: lexical item rendered 'people' here in the immediate context.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: pronominal or article form rendered 'my' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἀλλ᾿butadversative conjunction (μέν … ἀλλά contrast)→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλ᾿: connective or particle rendered 'but' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἔτιstilladverb of time (continuative: 'still / yet')→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'still, yet'; emphasises persistent refusal despite repeated plagues; a small but significant word that marks Pharaoh's intransigence as ongoing.
κατέχειςhold backPres Act Indic 2 Sg · κατέχωmain verb of apodosis-within-protasis (circumstantial)→ progressive present (continuous detaining)κατέχω: 'hold fast, restrain, detain'; renders הֶחֱזַקְתָּ or כָּלָא; the compound κατά + ἔχω gives the sense of holding down by force — Pharaoh's grip on Israel as slaves.
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object of κατέχεις→ participant referenceαὐτούς: pronominal or article form rendered 'them' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
3

ἰδοὺ χεὶρ κυρίου ἐπέσται ἐν τοῖς κτήνεσίν σου τοῖς ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις, ἔν τε τοῖς ἵπποις καὶ ἐν τοῖς ὑποζυγίοις καὶ ταῖς καμήλοις καὶ ἐν τοῖς βουσὶν καὶ ἐν τοῖς προβάτοις θάνατος μέγας.

Behold, the hand of the LORD will be upon your livestock that are in the fields — upon the horses, and upon the pack-animals, and upon the camels, and upon the cattle, and upon the sheep — a great death.

Apodosis / threat announcementἰδοὺ
ἰδοὺ introduces the apodosis of the conditional begun in v.2; the particle is a Hebraism of הִנֵּה, the attention-marker. The verse is a solemn plague announcement: the 'hand of the LORD' (χεὶρ κυρίου) is the standard OT expression for direct divine power in judgment (cf. 1 Sam 5:6, 9, 11). The list of five categories of livestock — horses, pack-animals, camels, cattle, sheep — is comprehensive, cataloguing the breadth of the disaster.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle (attention-marker, Hebraism of הִנֵּה)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδοὺ: fossilized imperative of ὁράω used as an interjection; calques הִנֵּה, the Hebrew attention-caller; in prophetic speech it signals an imminent divine act.
χεὶρhandNominativesubject (anarthrous — the idiomatic divine-hand formula)→ participant prominenceχείρ: 'hand'; in the phrase χεὶρ κυρίου ('hand of the LORD') = divine power exercised directly; a Hebraism of יַד יְהוָה, the standard expression for devastating divine intervention (cf. 1 Sam 5:6; Isa 59:1). Anarthrous here in the predicate-nominative position of the formula.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source / agent (divine ownership)→ relational specificationκυρίου: lexical item rendered 'of the LORD' here in the immediate context.
ἐπέσταιwill be uponFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔπειμιmain verb (future threat / apodosis)→ predictive future (imminent divine action)ἔπειμι: 'come upon, be upon'; a compound of ἐπί + εἰμί; the future middle ἐπέσται expresses the hand of the LORD 'coming to rest upon' or 'being set against' the livestock — a threatening presence.
ἐνupon / amongpreposition + dative (the affected group)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: preposition rendered 'upon / among' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
κτήνεσίνlivestockDativedative (the object of the divine plague)→ sphere or referenceκτῆνος: 'livestock, beast of burden'; the general term for domesticated animals, rendering בְּהֵמָה; the specific categories follow as an elaborating list.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (Pharaoh's livestock)→ relational specificationσου: pronominal or article form rendered 'your' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (relative clause antecedent)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: location of livestock)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: preposition rendered 'in' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
πεδίοιςfieldsDativedative of place (locative: 'in the open fields')→ sphere or referenceπεδίον: 'plain, open field'; renders הַשָּׂדֶה; the livestock in the open fields, as opposed to those brought inside for shelter (cf. v.19), are the target of the plague.
ἔνuponpreposition + dative (resuming the list)→ spatial or relational framingἔν: preposition rendered 'upon' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τεbothenclitic conjunction (marks start of elaborating list)→ discourse linkage or contrastτε: enclitic conjunction correlating with the following καί clauses; ἔν τε … καὶ … καὶ … structures the list of livestock categories.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἵπποιςhorsesDativedative (item in list)→ sphere or referenceἵππος: 'horse'; horses were a mark of Egyptian military and economic power; their death is a strike against Pharaoh's might. The horse appears prominently in the victory song of Exod 15 ('horse and rider thrown into the sea').
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (list)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐνuponpreposition + dative (list continuation)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: preposition rendered 'upon' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ὑποζυγίοιςpack-animalsDativedative (item in list)→ sphere or referenceὑποζύγιον: lit. 'under-yoke animal'; commonly the donkey (cf. Matt 21:5 LXX quote); renders חֲמֹר. Pack-animals were essential for transport and agriculture.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (list)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
καμήλοιςcamelsDativedative (item in list)→ sphere or referenceκάμηλος: 'camel'; renders גָּמָל; camels were beasts of trade and long-distance travel. Their inclusion here is notable; Egypt was not primarily camel country, but they appear in the Joseph narrative (Gen 37:25).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (list)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐνuponpreposition + dative (list continuation)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: preposition rendered 'upon' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
βουσὶνcattle / oxenDativedative (item in list)→ sphere or referenceβοῦς: 'ox, cow'; renders בָּקָר; cattle were the primary agricultural and sacrificial animals; their loss is economically devastating.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (list)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐνuponpreposition + dative (list continuation)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: preposition rendered 'upon' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
προβάτοιςsheepDativedative (item in list)→ sphere or referenceπρόβατον: 'sheep' (also used collectively for small livestock); renders צֹאן; the loss of sheep would decimate wool production and sacrificial supply.
θάνατοςdeathNominativesubject (predicate nominative: the plague is named)→ participant prominenceθάνατος: 'death, plague'; renders דֶּבֶר ('pestilence, plague'); the LXX frequently uses θάνατος for דֶּבֶר (cf. Jer 21:6, 7, 9), giving the term a double register — both 'death' the event and 'plague' the agent.
μέγαςgreatNominativepredicate adjective (modifying θάνατος)→ participant prominenceμέγας: 'great, severe'; intensifies θάνατος — a great / severe plague/death. The combination θάνατος μέγας matches the Hebrew דֶּבֶר כָּבֵד ('heavy/severe pestilence').
4

καὶ παραδοξάσω ἐγὼ ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ τὴν γῆν Γοσομ, ἐφ᾿ ἧς ὁ λαός μου ἔστιν ἐπ᾿ αὐτῆς, ὥστε μὴ τελευτῆσαι ἐκεῖ ἀπὸ τῶν κτηνῶν τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραὴλ οὐθέν· ἵνα εἰδῆτε ὅτι ἐγώ εἰμι κύριος ὁ κύριος ἐν μέσῳ τῆς γῆς.

And I will deal wondrously with the land of Goshen, on which my people are, in that day, so that not one animal of the sons of Israel will die there — so that you may know that I, the LORD, am lord in the midst of the earth.

Contrast / divine differentiationκαὶ
The καί introduces the contrasting divine act: while Egypt's livestock die, Goshen is set apart by a miracle of discrimination. The verb παραδοξάσω ('I will deal wondrously') is the key theological term — the land of Israel's settlement will be made an object of wonder/marvel. The purpose clause ἵνα εἰδῆτε ('so that you may know') articulates the epistemological goal of the plague: Pharaoh's knowledge of YHWH's sovereign lordship.
Word-by-word analysis· 41 words
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (contrast / addition)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
παραδοξάσωI will deal wondrously withFut Act Indic 1 Sg · παραδοξάζωmain verb (divine differentiation promise)→ predictive future (the miracle of distinction as a future certainty)παραδοξάζω: 'treat as paradoxical / distinguish wonderfully / set apart as marvelous'; from παρά + δοξάζω; the compound carries the sense of 'treat differently / make exceptional.' Renders הִפְלָה (hiphil of פלה, 'to make distinct, to separate, to treat wonderfully'). The same root underlies the noun פֶּלֶא ('wonder'). The LXX rendering is theologically rich: YHWH does not merely spare Goshen; he makes it a demonstration of wonder.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun — divine self-assertion)→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic personal pronoun; the explicit subject alongside the first-person verb underscores divine agency — 'I myself will distinguish.' The emphatic ἐγώ here and in the closing formula marks the verse's theological center.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal: 'on / in that day')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: preposition rendered 'in' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (the appointed day of the plague)→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the 'that day' (ἡμέρα ἐκείνη) is the day set in v.5 — 'tomorrow'; the definite article + demonstrative makes it the specific scheduled moment of judgment.
ἐκείνῃthatDativedemonstrative adjective (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceἐκείνῃ: lexical item rendered 'that' here in the immediate context.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of παραδοξάσω→ object specificationγῆ: 'land / ground'; the land of Goshen (γῆ Γοσομ) is the specific territory of Israel's settlement in Egypt, roughly the Wadi Tumilat region of the eastern Nile Delta.
ΓοσομGoshenindeclinable proper noun (qualifying γῆν)→ participant identificationΓοσομ: LXX transliteration of גֹּשֶׁן (Goshen); the fertile eastern Delta region where the Israelites settled (Gen 45:10; 47:4, 6). In the plague cycle, Goshen's exemption from plagues is the sign of YHWH's distinction between his people and Egypt.
ἐφ᾿upon / onpreposition + genitive (with relative clause: 'on which')→ spatial or relational framingἐφ᾿: preposition rendered 'upon / on' here, functioning according to its local construction.
ἧςwhichGenitivegenitive relative pronoun (antecedent: γῆν Γοσομ)→ relational specificationἧς: lexical item rendered 'which' here in the immediate context.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
λαόςpeopleNominativesubject of relative clause (ἔστιν)→ participant prominenceλαός: lexical item rendered 'people' here in the immediate context.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: pronominal or article form rendered 'my' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἔστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopulative verb in relative clause (existential / locative)→ progressive present (continuous dwelling)εἰμί: 'be, exist, dwell'; locative use here — 'my people is upon it / dwells on it.'
ἐπ᾿onpreposition + genitive (pleonastic resumption of ἐφ᾿ ἧς — Hebraism)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿ αὐτῆς: 'on it / upon it'; the pleonastic resumptive pronoun after a relative clause (ἐφ᾿ ἧς … ἐπ᾿ αὐτῆς) is a Hebraism of the relative + resumptive pronoun construction common in Hebrew (אֲשֶׁר … שָׁם / עָלֶיהָ).
αὐτῆςitGenitivegenitive with ἐπ᾿ (resumptive of ἧς — Hebraism)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: lexical item rendered 'it' here in the immediate context.
ὥστεso thatsubordinating conjunction (result clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastὥστε + infinitive: result clause; the result of God's wondrous distinction is that no Israelite animal will die.
μὴnotnegation in infinitive clause→ clausal qualification or emphasisμὴ: connective or particle rendered 'not' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
τελευτῆσαιto dieAor Act Inf · τελευτάωinfinitive in result clause (ὥστε + inf.)→ constative aorist infinitive (the single non-event: no death)τελευτάω: 'come to an end, die'; a softer synonym for ἀποθνήσκω; used here of the animals. The result is stated with elegant understatement: 'so that not one would die.'
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place (in Goshen)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: indeclinable form rendered 'there' here, used according to its local clause function.
ἀπὸfrom / ofpreposition + genitive (partitive: 'of the livestock')→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: preposition rendered 'from / of' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
κτηνῶνlivestockGenitivepartitive genitive (with ἀπό + οὐθέν)→ relational specificationκτηνῶν: lexical item rendered 'livestock' here in the immediate context.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: pronominal or article form rendered 'of the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive of relation (ownership: Israel's livestock)→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; in the phrase 'sons of Israel' (υἱοὶ Ἰσραήλ) = the Israelites collectively; a standard LXX rendering of בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל.
ἸσραὴλIsraelindeclinable proper noun (genitive function by position)→ participant identificationἸσραήλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; the national name given to Jacob (Gen 32:28) and by extension to the covenant people.
οὐθένnothing / not oneNominativesubject of τελευτῆσαι (with μή: 'not a single one')→ participant prominenceοὐθέν: stronger Hellenistic form of οὐδέν ('nothing / not one'); with the preceding μή in an infinitive clause, it produces emphatic negation — 'not even one will die.'
ἵναthat / so thatsubordinating conjunction (purpose clause: epistemological goal)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: connective or particle rendered 'that / so that' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
εἰδῆτεyou may knowPerf Act Subj 2 Pl · οἶδαperfect subjunctive in purpose clause (ἵνα + subj.)→ extensive perfect subjunctive (the knowledge-state arrived at by the event)οἶδα: 'know'; the perfect subjunctive εἰδῆτε ('that you may have come to know / may know') reflects the stative nature of the οἶδα perfect: the purpose of the plague is the permanent acquisition of knowledge about YHWH's nature. The recurring plague-formula 'that you may know that I am the LORD' (ἵνα εἰδῆτε ὅτι ἐγώ εἰμι κύριος) is the hermeneutical key to the entire Exodus plague cycle.
ὅτιthatconjunction (content clause introducing the knowledge-object)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: connective or particle rendered 'that' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐγώINominativesubject (emphatic: the divine self-identification formula)→ participant referenceἐγώ: lexical item rendered 'I' here in the immediate context.
εἰμιamPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίcopulative verb in divine self-identification formula→ gnomic present (timeless divine self-description)εἰμί: 'be'; in ἐγώ εἰμι κύριος = 'I am the LORD,' the standard divine self-identification formula of Exodus and Leviticus, rendering אֲנִי יְהוָה. The formula is itself a mini-creed: YHWH's identity is being revealed through the plagues.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceκύριος: lexical item rendered 'the LORD' here in the immediate context.
theNominativearticle (with second κύριος, emphatic)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
κύριοςlord / masterNominativepredicate nominative (in apposition / elaboration: 'the lord over')→ participant prominenceκύριος: the second κύριος with article (ὁ κύριος) here functions as a title — 'the lord/master' — distinguishing YHWH's sovereign dominion over the earth. The phrase ἐγώ εἰμι κύριος ὁ κύριος ἐν μέσῳ τῆς γῆς may render אֲנִי יְהוָה בְּקֶרֶב הָאָרֶץ ('I am YHWH in the midst of the earth'), emphasizing territorial sovereignty.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: domain of lordship)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: preposition rendered 'in' here, functioning according to its local construction.
μέσῳmidstDativedative of place (ἐν μέσῳ = 'in the midst of')→ sphere or referenceμέσος: 'middle, midst'; ἐν μέσῳ τῆς γῆς = 'in the midst of the earth' — YHWH's lordship is not merely over Israel but over the whole earth, including Egypt.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
γῆςearth / landGenitivegenitive with ἐν μέσῳ (complement of locative phrase)→ relational specificationγῆς: lexical item rendered 'earth / land' here in the immediate context.
5

καὶ ἔταξεν κύριος ὁρον λέγων· ἐν τῇ αὔριον ποιήσει κύριος τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς.

And the LORD set a fixed time, saying: Tomorrow the LORD will do this thing upon the earth.

Sequence / divine time-settingκαὶ
The LORD specifies the exact timing of the plague — 'tomorrow' — an act of sovereign scheduling that heightens both the theological claim (YHWH controls the moment) and the dramatic tension. The word ὅρον ('boundary, fixed limit') is used in a temporal sense — God sets the boundary-point in time when the plague will fall.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἔταξενset / appointedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τάσσωmain verb (divine appointment of time)→ constative aorist (single decisive act of scheduling)τάσσω: 'arrange, appoint, fix'; here used of fixing a time; renders שִׂים ('set, place'). The aorist records the definite divine act of scheduling the plague.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: lexical item rendered 'the LORD' here in the immediate context.
ὁρονa fixed limit / timeAccusativedirect object of ἔταξεν→ object specificationὅρος / ὅρον: 'boundary, limit, fixed point'; used temporally here — a fixed time boundary. Renders מוֹעֵד ('appointed time') or the implied temporal הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה idiom. The word underscores divine precision over the plague's moment.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · λέγωcircumstantial participle (attendant manner: introducing speech)→ progressive participle (speech accompanying the act)λέγω: the participle λέγων is the standard LXX introductory formula for direct speech following a verb of action; a Hebraism of לֵאמֹר.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (temporal: 'on the morrow')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: preposition rendered 'on' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
αὔριονtomorrowtemporal adverb (the appointed day)→ clausal contributionαὔριον: 'tomorrow'; here as a substantive with the article τῇ αὔριον ('on the morrow'); the LORD's pinpoint scheduling of the plague is a sign of sovereign control.
ποιήσειwill doFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (predictive future: divine act)→ predictive future (certain imminent divine action)ποιέω: 'do, make'; the LORD himself is the agent of the plague — it is a direct divine act, not a secondary natural event.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ποιήσει→ participant prominenceκύριος: lexical item rendered 'the LORD' here in the immediate context.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ῥῆμαword / thingAccusativedirect object of ποιήσει→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word, saying, thing'; a Hebraism of דָּבָר, which means both 'word' and 'thing/deed.' The LXX τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο thus means 'this word/deed' — the thing just announced; the oracle and its execution are identified.
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrative adjective (modifying ῥῆμα)→ participant referenceτοῦτο: lexical item rendered 'this' here in the immediate context.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (locative: 'upon the land')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: preposition rendered 'upon' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
γῆςearth / landGenitivegenitive with ἐπί (the land upon which the plague falls)→ relational specificationγῆς: lexical item rendered 'earth / land' here in the immediate context.
6

καὶ ἐποίησεν κύριος τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο τῇ ἐπαύριον, καὶ ἀπέθανεν πάντα τὰ κτήνη τῶν Αἰγυπτίων· ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν κτηνῶν τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραὴλ οὐκ ἐτελεύτησεν οὐδέν.

And the LORD did this thing on the next day, and all the livestock of the Egyptians died; but from the livestock of the sons of Israel not one died.

Execution / contrastκαὶ
The plague falls exactly as announced. The verse has the classic LXX plague-execution structure: divine act + general effect (all Egyptian livestock die) + the contrastive exception (Israel's livestock untouched). The δέ marks the adversative contrast. The exactness of execution confirms divine word-and-act correspondence.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (execution follows commission)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (execution of the announced plague)→ constative aorist (single completed divine act)ποιέω: the same verb as in v.5 (ποιήσει); word-deed correspondence: what God announced he does. The repetition is the LXX's way of signalling fulfilment.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: lexical item rendered 'the LORD' here in the immediate context.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ῥῆμαword / thingAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationῥῆμα: lexical item rendered 'word / thing' here in the immediate context.
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrative adjective (the very thing announced in v.5)→ participant referenceτοῦτο: lexical item rendered 'this' here in the immediate context.
τῇon theDativearticle (dative of time)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: lexical item rendered 'on the' here in the immediate context.
ἐπαύριονnext daytemporal adverb (the appointed time now arrived)→ clausal contributionἐπαύριον: 'on the morrow, the next day'; fulfils the τῇ αὔριον of v.5 — the appointed time is kept exactly.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (result follows)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἀπέθανενdiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνήσκωmain verb (the plague's effect: mass death)→ constative aorist (comprehensive past event)ἀποθνήσκω: 'die'; renders וַיָּמָת; the singular verb with collective subject (πάντα τὰ κτήνη) is standard LXX usage.
πάνταallNominativequantifier adjective (modifying τὰ κτήνη)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all, every'; emphasizes the totality of the plague on Egyptian livestock.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
κτήνηlivestockNominativesubject of ἀπέθανεν→ participant prominenceκτήνη: lexical item rendered 'livestock' here in the immediate context.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: pronominal or article form rendered 'of the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ΑἰγυπτίωνEgyptiansGenitivegenitive of possession / relation (the Egyptian livestock)→ relational specificationΑἰγύπτιος: 'Egyptian'; in contrast to the Israelites below; the distinction between Egypt and Israel is the theological pivot of the plague cycle.
ἀπὸfrom / ofpreposition + genitive (partitive: 'of the livestock of Israel')→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: preposition rendered 'from / of' here, functioning according to its local construction.
δὲbutpostpositive particle (adversative contrast: Egypt vs. Israel)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: connective or particle rendered 'but' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
κτηνῶνlivestockGenitivepartitive genitive (with ἀπό + οὐδέν)→ relational specificationκτηνῶν: lexical item rendered 'livestock' here in the immediate context.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: pronominal or article form rendered 'of the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive of relation→ relational specificationυἱῶν: lexical item rendered 'sons' here in the immediate context.
ἸσραὴλIsraelindeclinable proper noun→ participant identificationἸσραὴλ: indeclinable form rendered 'Israel' here, used according to its local clause function.
οὐκnotnegation (with ἐτελεύτησεν)→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: connective or particle rendered 'not' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐτελεύτησενdiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τελευτάωmain verb of contrast clause (negated: not one died)→ constative aorist (the non-event: total survival)τελευτάω: 'die' (softer than ἀποθνήσκω); the change from ἀπέθανεν to ἐτελεύτησεν for Israel's animals may be stylistic variation or a softer framing.
οὐδένnothing / not oneNominativesubject of ἐτελεύτησεν (emphatic negation: zero loss)→ participant prominenceοὐδέν: 'nothing, not one'; the emphatic negation οὐκ … οὐδέν is rhetorically strong — 'not a single one died.'
7

Ἰδὼν δὲ Φαραω ὅτι οὐκ ἐτελεύτησεν ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραὴλ οὐδέν, ἐβαρύνθη ἡ καρδία Φαραω, καὶ οὐκ ἐξαπέστειλεν τὸν λαόν.

But Pharaoh, having seen that not one of all the livestock of the sons of Israel had died, the heart of Pharaoh was weighed down, and he did not send away the people.

Result / hardeningδέ
The verse is structurally ironic: Pharaoh investigates, confirms the miracle of Israel's exemption, and this very confirmation — far from moving him to repentance — results in hardening. The idiom ἐβαρύνθη ἡ καρδία ('the heart was weighed down / became heavy') is the LXX rendering of כָּבֵד לֵב, the hardening formula. Here it is passive — the hardening is described as happening to Pharaoh without specifying the agent (contrast v.12 where κύριος is explicit agent).
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
Ἰδὼνhaving seenAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ὁράωtemporal/causal participle (antecedent action: Pharaoh's investigation)→ constative aorist participle (completed act of seeing/investigating)ὁράω: 'see, observe'; the aorist participle implies Pharaoh sent to look and verified the fact — an act of deliberate investigation, not incidental observation.
δὲbut / andpostpositive particle (narrative transition)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: connective or particle rendered 'but / and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun (subject of the participial phrase)→ participant identificationΦαραω: indeclinable form rendered 'Pharaoh' here, used according to its local clause function.
ὅτιthatconjunction (content clause: what Pharaoh saw)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: connective or particle rendered 'that' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
οὐκnotnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: connective or particle rendered 'not' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐτελεύτησενdiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τελευτάωmain verb of content clause (the confirmed miracle)→ constative aorist (confirmed past non-event)ἐτελεύτησεν: verbal form rendered 'died' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ἀπὸofpreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: preposition rendered 'of' here, functioning according to its local construction.
πάντωνallGenitivequantifier adjective (modifying κτηνῶν)→ relational specificationπάντων: lexical item rendered 'all' here in the immediate context.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
κτηνῶνlivestockGenitivepartitive genitive→ relational specificationκτηνῶν: lexical item rendered 'livestock' here in the immediate context.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: pronominal or article form rendered 'of the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive of relation→ relational specificationυἱῶν: lexical item rendered 'sons' here in the immediate context.
ἸσραὴλIsraelindeclinable proper noun→ participant identificationἸσραὴλ: indeclinable form rendered 'Israel' here, used according to its local clause function.
οὐδένnot oneNominativesubject of ἐτελεύτησεν (the confirmed fact)→ participant prominenceοὐδέν: lexical item rendered 'not one' here in the immediate context.
ἐβαρύνθηwas weighed down / hardenedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · βαρύνωmain verb (the hardening of Pharaoh's heart)→ ingressive aorist passive (the heart becomes/is weighed down)βαρύνω: 'make heavy, weigh down'; passive ἐβαρύνθη renders כָּבֵד ('was heavy / became heavy'); this is one of three LXX hardening-formula verbs: βαρύνω (ἐβαρύνθη, v.7, passive — no agent named), σκληρύνω (active or passive, with κύριος as agent), and θωπεύω (rare). The passive here is deliberate: Pharaoh's hardening is described without assigning blame to the LORD (cf. v.12 where κύριος actively hardens — ἐσκλήρυνεν κύριος).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
καρδίαheartNominativesubject of ἐβαρύνθη (the locus of hardening)→ participant prominenceκαρδία: 'heart'; in the LXX/Hebrew worldview, the heart (לֵב) is the seat of will, intellect, and decision, not merely of emotion. Pharaoh's heart = Pharaoh's will and judgment. The 'hardening of the heart' is thus a hardening of the will to refuse God.
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun (genitive function: 'of Pharaoh')→ participant identificationΦαραω: indeclinable form rendered 'Pharaoh' here, used according to its local clause function.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (result of hardening)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
οὐκnotnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: connective or particle rendered 'not' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐξαπέστειλενsent awayAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωmain verb (negated: the refused act of release)→ constative aorist (the sustained refusal viewed as a unit)ἐξαποστέλλω: the demand-verb of the plague cycle (vv.1, 2); its negation here is the hardening formula's conclusion — the demand issued, the miracle performed, the heart hardened, the release refused.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
λαόνpeopleAccusativedirect object of ἐξαπέστειλεν→ object specificationλαόν: lexical item rendered 'people' here in the immediate context.
8

Εἶπεν δὲ κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν καὶ Ααρων· λάβετε ὑμεῖς πλήρεις τὰς χεῖρας αἴθαλον καμίνου καὶ πασάτω Μωυσῆς εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν ἐναντίον Φαραω καὶ ἐναντίον τῶν θεραπόντων αὐτοῦ.

And the LORD said to Moses and Aaron: Take yourselves handfuls of furnace soot, and let Moses scatter it toward heaven before Pharaoh and before his servants.

New commission / transition to sixth plagueδέ
δέ marks the transition from the fifth plague to the sixth (boils). The commission is addressed to both Moses and Aaron but the action is assigned to Moses alone (v.10 they both act; the text has a slight tension). The use of furnace-soot (αἴθαλον καμίνου) as the plague-trigger is unique in the plague cycle and may carry ironic resonance: Egypt's furnaces (a symbol of slave-labor, cf. Deut 4:20) become the instrument of Egypt's own affliction.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ΕἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (divine commission speech)→ constative aoristΕἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δὲandpostpositive particle (narrative transition)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: lexical item rendered 'the LORD' here in the immediate context.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (addressees)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: preposition rendered 'to' here, functioning according to its local construction.
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationΜωυσῆν: proper name rendered 'Moses' in this chapter's immediate context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (joining two addressees)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ΑαρωνAaronindeclinable proper noun (second addressee)→ participant identificationΑαρων: transliteration of אַהֲרֹן; indeclinable in LXX Greek. Aaron is Moses' brother and spokesman (Exod 4:14–16); in this plague he is co-commissioned but Moses executes.
λάβετεtakeAor Act Impv 2 Pl · λαμβάνωimperative (command to both Moses and Aaron)→ ingressive aorist imperative (take/grab the soot)λαμβάνω: 'take, receive'; the plural imperative addresses both; the action of taking is a singular moment preceding the scattering.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun (stressing both are commanded)→ participant referenceὑμεῖς: pronominal or article form rendered 'you' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
πλήρειςfull / handfulsAccusativeobject complement (quantifying the soot taken)→ object specificationπλήρης: 'full'; in the phrase πλήρεις τὰς χεῖρας = 'with hands full of'; renders מְלֹא חָפְנֵיהֶם ('a full double-handful'). The fullness suggests a substantial, visible action, not a token gesture.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
χεῖραςhandsAccusativedirect object of λάβετε (in the idiom πλήρεις τὰς χεῖρας)→ object specificationχείρ: 'hand'; here in the accusative of specification with πλήρεις — 'take [with] hands full of soot.' A Hebraism.
αἴθαλονsootAccusativedirect object (the substance to be taken)→ object specificationαἴθαλος: 'soot, smoke-residue'; renders פִּיחַ ('soot, ash'); the word occurs rarely in the LXX; the furnace soot becoming plague-agent is the ironic inversion: Egypt's industrial kilns (associated with slave labor) become the source of disease.
καμίνουof a furnaceGenitivegenitive of source (soot from the furnace)→ relational specificationκάμινος: 'furnace, kiln'; renders כִּבְשָׁן ('kiln/furnace'); the same word used of Sodom's destruction in Gen 19:28 (smoke like a furnace) and of the smoking furnace of Abraham's covenant vision (Gen 15:17).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (second command)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
πασάτωlet him scatterAor Act Impv 3 Sg · πάσσωimperative 3rd person (command: Moses to scatter)→ ingressive aorist imperative (the singular, decisive act of scattering)πάσσω: 'scatter, sprinkle, strew'; renders זָרַק ('throw, scatter'); the act of scattering the soot toward heaven is a ritual gesture whose smoke-like dispersal becomes the plague-vector over all Egypt. The transition from plural λάβετε to singular πασάτω Μωυσῆς focuses the primary agent on Moses.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject of πασάτω (named explicitly)→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: proper name rendered 'Moses' in this chapter's immediate context.
εἰςtowardpreposition + accusative (directional: upward into heaven)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: preposition rendered 'toward' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
οὐρανὸνheaven / skyAccusativeaccusative (directional goal of scattering)→ object specificationοὐρανός: 'heaven, sky'; scattering toward heaven is the ritual gesture that makes the local act universal — the soot disperses from the sky over all Egypt.
ἐναντίονbefore / in the presence ofpreposition + genitive (witness/audience: before Pharaoh)→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before, in the sight of'; renders לִפְנֵי ('before'); the public, witnessed nature of the act is important — Pharaoh and his court watch, yet the plague still falls.
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun (object of ἐναντίον)→ participant identificationΦαραω: indeclinable form rendered 'Pharaoh' here, used according to its local clause function.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐναντίονbeforepreposition + genitive (second audience: the servants)→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: preposition rendered 'before' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
θεραπόντωνservants / attendantsGenitivegenitive object of ἐναντίον (Pharaoh's court)→ relational specificationθεράπων: 'servant, attendant, minister'; a more honorific term than δοῦλος; renders עֶבֶד but with the nuance of a royal official. Pharaoh's θεράποντες are his court ministers.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: pronominal or article form rendered 'his' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
9

καὶ ἔσται κονιορτὸς ἐπὶ πᾶσαν γῆν Αἰγύπτου, καὶ ἔσονται ἐπὶ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους καὶ ἐπὶ τὰ τετράποδα ἕλκη φλυκτίδες ἀναζέουσαι ἔν τε τοῖς Αἰγυπτίοις καὶ ἐν πάσῃ γῇ Αἰγύπτου.

And it will be dust over all the land of Egypt, and there will be on men and on the four-footed animals sores — blisters bubbling up — among the Egyptians and in all the land of Egypt.

Consequence / plague descriptionκαὶ
The predicted transformation: the scattered soot becomes κονιορτός ('dust') spread over Egypt, then φλυκτίδες ('blisters') on humans and animals. The two-stage mechanism (soot → dust → blisters) makes this plague a wonder of visible causation. φλυκτίδες is a medical term for fluid-filled blisters; ἀναζέουσαι ('bubbling up, boiling') vividly describes their active eruption.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἔσταιit will beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential future: the plague-effect)→ predictive future (the guaranteed transformation)εἰμί: 'be, become'; the future ἔσται introduces what the scattered soot will become — dust covering all Egypt.
κονιορτὸςdustNominativesubject of ἔσται (what the soot becomes)→ participant prominenceκονιορτός: 'dust, fine powder'; renders אָבָק ('fine dust'); the soot scattered toward heaven disperses and falls as dust over the entire land — a supernatural amplification.
ἐπὶover / uponpreposition + accusative (extent: over all Egypt)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: preposition rendered 'over / upon' here, functioning according to its local construction.
πᾶσανallAccusativequantifier adjective (modifying γῆν)→ object specificationπᾶσαν: lexical item rendered 'all' here in the immediate context.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationγῆν: lexical item rendered 'land' here in the immediate context.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of specification (the land in question)→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος: 'Egypt'; LXX rendering of מִצְרַיִם; indeclinable proper noun functioning here as a genitive.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (second result: the blisters)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἔσονταιthere will beFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίexistential future (blisters appearing on people and animals)→ predictive future (the plague's physical effect)ἔσονται: verbal form rendered 'there will be' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ἐπὶon / uponpreposition + accusative (those afflicted)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: preposition rendered 'on / upon' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἀνθρώπουςmen / peopleAccusativeaccusative with ἐπί (the human victims)→ object specificationἄνθρωπος: 'human being, man'; the sixth plague afflicts both humans and animals — unlike the fifth plague which targeted only livestock.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (extending the victims: animals too)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (animals affected)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: preposition rendered 'on' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
τετράποδαfour-footed animalsAccusativeaccusative with ἐπί (the animal victims)→ object specificationτετράπους: 'four-footed'; renders בְּהֵמָה ('livestock/beast'); a more general term than κτῆνος, encompassing all quadrupeds.
ἕλκηsores / ulcersNominativesubject of ἔσονται (in apposition with φλυκτίδες)→ participant prominenceἕλκος: 'sore, ulcer, wound'; the general medical term for an open sore; in combination with φλυκτίδες it gives a compound description: oozing ulcers that are specifically fluid-filled blisters. The two terms together render שְׁחִין אֲבַעְבֻּעֹת ('boils / festering blisters').
φλυκτίδεςblisters / pustulesNominativesubject nominative (in apposition with ἕλκη: the specific plague-form)→ participant prominenceφλυκτίς: 'blister, pustule, vesicle'; from φλύω ('bubble up'); a medical term for fluid-filled blisters — the specific dermatological form of the plague. This word occurs in the LXX here and at Deut 28:27 (among the covenant curses); its medical precision distinguishes it from the vaguer ἕλκος.
ἀναζέουσαιbubbling up / boilingPres Act Ptcp Nom Pl Fem · ἀναζέωattributive participle (modifying φλυκτίδες: their active character)→ progressive participle (continuously erupting blisters)ἀναζέω: 'boil up, bubble up'; from ἀνά + ζέω ('boil'); the compound suggests upward boiling, active eruption — the blisters are not static but are in active, angry eruption. A vivid and medically accurate term for pustular eruption.
ἔνamongpreposition + dative (locative: among the Egyptians)→ spatial or relational framingἔν: preposition rendered 'among' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τεbothenclitic conjunction (correlative: τε … καὶ)→ discourse linkage or contrastτε: connective or particle rendered 'both' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ΑἰγυπτίοιςEgyptiansDativedative with ἐν (among the Egyptian people)→ sphere or referenceΑἰγυπτίοις: proper name rendered 'Egyptians' in this chapter's immediate context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (geographic extension)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (geographic: all the land of Egypt)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: preposition rendered 'in' here, functioning according to its local construction.
πάσῃallDativequantifier adjective (modifying γῇ)→ sphere or referenceπάσῃ: lexical item rendered 'all' here in the immediate context.
γῇlandDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceγῇ: lexical item rendered 'land' here in the immediate context.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of specification→ relational specificationΑἰγύπτου: proper name rendered 'of Egypt' in this chapter's immediate context.
10

καὶ ἔλαβεν τὸν αἴθαλον τῆς καμίνου ἐναντίον Φαραω, καὶ ἔπασεν αὐτὸν Μωυσῆς εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν· καὶ ἐγένετο ἕλκη φλυκτίδων ἀναζεόντων ἔν τε τοῖς ἀνθρώποις καὶ ἐν τοῖς τετράποσιν.

And he took the soot from the furnace before Pharaoh, and Moses scattered it toward heaven; and there came blisters of boiling pustules on both the men and the four-footed animals.

Executionκαὶ
Execution exactly follows commission. The verse reports Moses scattering the soot (ἔπασεν) and the immediate outbreak of blisters, described now in a genitive construction (ἕλκη φλυκτίδων). The subject of ἔλαβεν is unspecified — presumably Moses (and/or Aaron), completing the action of the plural λάβετε in v.8.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (execution follows)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (first action: taking the soot)→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: executes the λάβετε command of v.8; the singular verb (unnamed subject) likely refers to Moses (or Moses-and-Aaron acting as a unit).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
αἴθαλονsootAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationαἴθαλον: lexical item rendered 'soot' here in the immediate context.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: pronominal or article form rendered 'of the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
καμίνουfurnaceGenitivegenitive of source→ relational specificationκαμίνου: lexical item rendered 'furnace' here in the immediate context.
ἐναντίονbeforepreposition + genitive (in the sight of Pharaoh)→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: preposition rendered 'before' here, functioning according to its local construction.
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun→ participant identificationΦαραω: indeclinable form rendered 'Pharaoh' here, used according to its local clause function.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (second action: scattering)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἔπασενscatteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πάσσωmain verb (the plague-initiating gesture)→ constative aorist (single decisive act)πάσσω: executes the command πασάτω of v.8; now the active aorist records the completion of the gesture.
αὐτὸνitAccusativedirect object of ἔπασεν (the soot)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: lexical item rendered 'it' here in the immediate context.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject of ἔπασεν (named explicitly as primary agent)→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: proper name rendered 'Moses' in this chapter's immediate context.
εἰςtowardpreposition + accusative (directional: toward heaven)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: preposition rendered 'toward' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
οὐρανόνheavenAccusativeaccusative (directional goal)→ object specificationοὐρανόν: lexical item rendered 'heaven' here in the immediate context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (result follows immediately)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐγένετοthere came / there wereAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (existential: the plague breaks out)→ ingressive aorist (the sudden onset of the boils)γίνομαι: 'come to be, arise'; the ingressive aorist marks the sudden appearance of the blisters — they erupt immediately upon Moses' act.
ἕλκηsoresNominativesubject of ἐγένετο→ participant prominenceἕλκη: lexical item rendered 'sores' here in the immediate context.
φλυκτίδωνof blistersGenitivegenitive of quality / apposition (sores characterized by blisters)→ relational specificationφλυκτίς: now in the genitive, giving 'sores of/as blisters'; a genitive of quality or content.
ἀναζεόντωνbubbling up / boilingPres Act Ptcp Gen Pl · ἀναζέωattributive participle (genitive, modifying φλυκτίδων)→ progressive participle (actively erupting)ἀναζεόντων: participial form rendered 'bubbling up / boiling' here; its local force is specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ἔνon / amongpreposition + dative (those afflicted)→ spatial or relational framingἔν: preposition rendered 'on / among' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τεbothenclitic conjunction (τε … καὶ: correlative pair)→ discourse linkage or contrastτε: connective or particle rendered 'both' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἀνθρώποιςmenDativedative with ἐν→ sphere or referenceἀνθρώποις: lexical item rendered 'men' here in the immediate context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐνonpreposition + dative→ spatial or relational framingἐν: preposition rendered 'on' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
τετράποσινfour-footed animalsDativedative with ἐν→ sphere or referenceτετράποσιν: lexical item rendered 'four-footed animals' here in the immediate context.
11

καὶ οὐκ ἠδύναντο οἱ φαρμακοὶ στῆναι ἐναντίον Μωυσῆ διὰ τὰ ἕλκη· ἐγένετο γὰρ τὰ ἕλκη ἐν τοῖς φαρμακοῖς καὶ ἐν πάσῃ γῇ Αἰγύπτου.

And the magicians were not able to stand before Moses because of the sores; for the sores came upon the magicians and upon all the land of Egypt.

Climactic consequenceκαὶ
The incapacitation of the magicians (φαρμακοί) is the narrative climax of the sixth plague and, implicitly, the climax of the entire contest between Moses and Pharaoh's sorcerous court. The magicians had previously attempted to replicate or counter the plagues (7:22; 8:3, 14–15 LXX); now they cannot even remain standing. Their defeat is complete. The explanatory γάρ clause explains why: the boils are on them too.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (consequence of the plague)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
οὐκnotnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: connective or particle rendered 'not' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἠδύναντοwere ableImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · δύναμαιmain verb (the magicians' incapacity: imperfect = ongoing inability)→ progressive imperfect (continuous inability to stand)δύναμαι: 'be able'; the imperfect tense here is significant — it describes the magicians' ongoing, sustained inability to stand, not a single failed attempt. The plague had comprehensively disabled them.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
φαρμακοὶmagicians / sorcerersNominativesubject of ἠδύναντο→ participant prominenceφαρμακός: 'sorcerer, magician'; renders חַרְטֻמִּים (ḥarṭummîm), the Egyptian priestly-magic specialists who had previously attempted to match Moses' signs. The LXX word φαρμακός (from φάρμακον, 'drug, charm, magic') is more negative in connotation than the Hebrew — it positions them as drug-using sorcerers. The same root underlies NT φαρμακεία (Gal 5:20; Rev 9:21), 'sorcery.'
στῆναιto standAor Act Inf · ἵστημιcomplementary infinitive (with ἠδύναντο: what they were unable to do)→ constative aorist infinitive (the act of standing: incapable)ἵστημι: 'stand, stand firm'; to 'stand before' (ἐναντίον) someone in this context = to remain in one's position of opposition/contest before a superior. The magicians can no longer maintain their stance before Moses — physically broken by the very plague they could not prevent.
ἐναντίονbeforepreposition + genitive (in the presence of / facing)→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: preposition rendered 'before' here, functioning according to its local construction.
ΜωυσῆMosesGenitivegenitive object of ἐναντίον→ relational specificationΜωυσῆ: proper name rendered 'Moses' in this chapter's immediate context.
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (cause/reason)→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: preposition rendered 'because of' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἕλκηsoresAccusativeaccusative with διά (the cause of incapacity)→ object specificationἕλκη: lexical item rendered 'sores' here in the immediate context.
ἐγένετοcame uponAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb of explanatory clause→ constative aoristἐγένετο: verbal form rendered 'came upon' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
γὰρforexplanatory particle (γάρ: gives the reason for incapacity)→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: 'for, because'; explanatory — the reason the magicians could not stand is that the sores afflicted them personally. They were not exempt from the plague they had watched with contempt.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἕλκηsoresNominativesubject of ἐγένετο→ participant prominenceἕλκη: lexical item rendered 'sores' here in the immediate context.
ἐνon / amongpreposition + dative (those afflicted: the magicians themselves)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: preposition rendered 'on / among' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
φαρμακοῖςmagiciansDativedative with ἐν (the plague's victims include the magicians)→ sphere or referenceφαρμακοῖς: lexical item rendered 'magicians' here in the immediate context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (extending the plague's reach)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (geographic: all Egypt)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: preposition rendered 'in' here, functioning according to its local construction.
πάσῃallDativequantifier adjective→ sphere or referenceπάσῃ: lexical item rendered 'all' here in the immediate context.
γῇlandDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceγῇ: lexical item rendered 'land' here in the immediate context.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of specification→ relational specificationΑἰγύπτου: proper name rendered 'of Egypt' in this chapter's immediate context.
12

ἐσκλήρυνεν δὲ κύριος τὴν καρδίαν Φαραω, καὶ οὐκ εἰσήκουσεν αὐτῶν, καθάπερ ἐλάλησεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ.

But the LORD hardened the heart of Pharaoh, and he did not listen to them, just as the LORD had spoken to Moses.

Divine hardening / fulfillmentδέ
The hardening formula now explicitly names κύριος as the agent: ἐσκλήρυνεν κύριος ('the LORD hardened') — contrast v.7 where the passive ἐβαρύνθη left the agent unstated. The verb σκληρύνω ('make hard/stiff') renders חִזַּק (hiphil of חזק, 'make strong/firm') in many occurrences or קָשָׁה. The clause καθάπερ ἐλάλησεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ ('just as the LORD had spoken to Moses') anchors the hardening in prior divine prediction, underscoring that Pharaoh's obstinacy fulfils a divine word.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἐσκλήρυνενhardenedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · σκληρύνωmain verb (divine hardening: active, agent named)→ constative aorist (the decisive divine act of hardening)σκληρύνω: 'make hard, harden'; from σκληρός ('hard, stiff, harsh'); renders חִזַּק or קָשָׁה in the hiphil. The active voice with κύριος as subject is theologically significant: here the LORD is explicitly the agent of hardening, not merely Pharaoh's self-hardening. This is the form that underlies Paul's use at Rom 9:18 (σκληρύνει, 'he hardens whom he will').
δὲbut / andpostpositive particle (transition / mild contrast with the plague)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: connective or particle rendered 'but / and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject (explicitly named agent of hardening)→ participant prominenceκύριος: lexical item rendered 'the LORD' here in the immediate context.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
καρδίανheartAccusativedirect object of ἐσκλήρυνεν→ object specificationκαρδία: 'heart' = the seat of will and judgment in Hebrew-LXX anthropology; the LORD hardens the heart of Pharaoh = the LORD stiffens Pharaoh's will against releasing Israel.
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun (genitive function: 'of Pharaoh')→ participant identificationΦαραω: indeclinable form rendered 'Pharaoh' here, used according to its local clause function.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (result of hardening)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
οὐκnotnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: connective or particle rendered 'not' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
εἰσήκουσενlistened to / heededAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσακούωmain verb (Pharaoh's non-response: he did not obey)→ constative aorist (the sustained refusal summarized)εἰσακούω: 'hear, heed, obey'; compound of εἰς + ἀκούω — to hear in the direction of = to respond obediently. Renders שָׁמַע ('hear/obey'); the negation οὐκ εἰσήκουσεν = 'he did not heed/obey' is the formula for royal refusal.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of εἰσήκουσεν (Moses and Aaron)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: pronominal or article form rendered 'them' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
καθάπερjust ascomparative conjunction (fulfilment formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθάπερ: 'just as, even as'; introduces the fulfilment notice — what happens is exactly as the LORD had previously said. The word appears here in a closing formula anchoring the hardening in divine foreknowledge and purpose.
ἐλάλησενhad spokenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb of comparison clause (prior divine speech)→ constative aorist (the completed prior word of the LORD)λαλέω: 'speak'; here the fulfilment verb — the LORD's word, spoken earlier (Exod 4:21; 7:3), is being realized. The word-deed correspondence is the theological backbone of the plague cycle.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἐλάλησεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: lexical item rendered 'the LORD' here in the immediate context.
τῷtoDativearticle (dative with proper name)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: lexical item rendered 'to' here in the immediate context.
ΜωυσῇMosesDativedative of indirect object (the recipient of the prior divine word)→ sphere or referenceΜωυσῇ: proper name rendered 'Moses' in this chapter's immediate context.
13

Εἶπεν δὲ κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν· ὄρθρισον τὸ πρωὶ καὶ στῆθι ἐναντίον Φαραω· λέγε δὲ αὐτῷ· τάδε λέγει κύριος ὁ θεὸς τῶν Ἑβραίων· ἐξαπόστειλον τὸν λαόν μου, ἵνα λατρεύσωσίν μοι.

And the LORD said to Moses: Rise early in the morning and stand before Pharaoh; and say to him: Thus says the LORD God of the Hebrews: Send away my people, that they may serve me.

New commission / hail plague introductionδέ
The commission formula for the seventh plague (hail) is the most elaborated in the cycle. The command ὄρθρισον τὸ πρωί ('rise at dawn / rise early in the morning') renders הַשְׁכֵּם בַּבֹּקֶר, the early-rising formula that signals urgency. The standard plague-demand formula follows (τάδε λέγει κύριος / ἐξαπόστειλον τὸν λαόν μου / ἵνα λατρεύσωσίν μοι), unchanged from earlier plagues, emphasizing the consistency of the divine demand.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
ΕἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (plague commission speech)→ constative aoristΕἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δὲandpostpositive particle (transitional)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: lexical item rendered 'the LORD' here in the immediate context.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (addressee)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: preposition rendered 'to' here, functioning according to its local construction.
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationΜωυσῆν: proper name rendered 'Moses' in this chapter's immediate context.
ὄρθρισονrise earlyAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ὀρθρίζωimperative (urgency command: at dawn)→ ingressive aorist imperative (begin early — a punctual dawn-action)ὀρθρίζω: 'rise at dawn, rise early'; from ὄρθρος ('dawn, early morning'); renders הַשְׁכֵּם (hiphil of שָׁכַם, 'rise early'). The dawn-rising command appears at key confrontation moments in Exodus; it frames the plague-message as urgent and divinely time-sensitive.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with πρωί as adverbial accusative)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
πρωὶmorningtemporal adverb / accusative of time (early morning)→ clausal contributionπρωί: 'early, in the morning'; together with ὀρθρίζω = 'rise at early morning' — a redundant emphasis on the dawn hour.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (second command)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
στῆθιstandAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἵστημιimperative (position before Pharaoh)→ ingressive aorist imperative (take your position)ἵστημι: 'stand'; to stand ἐναντίον Φαραω = to present oneself formally before the king. The posture of standing signals official address.
ἐναντίονbeforepreposition + genitive (in the presence of)→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: preposition rendered 'before' here, functioning according to its local construction.
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun→ participant identificationΦαραω: indeclinable form rendered 'Pharaoh' here, used according to its local clause function.
λέγεsayPres Act Impv 2 Sg · λέγωimperative (command to deliver the oracle)→ progressive present imperative (continue saying / deliver the whole message)λέγω: the present imperative λέγε implies sustained, deliberate delivery of the whole oracle — contrast the aorist imperatives for single acts.
δὲandpostpositive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
αὐτῷto himDativedative of indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: pronominal or article form rendered 'to him' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
τάδεthusdemonstrative adverb (messenger formula opener)→ clausal contributionτάδε: indeclinable form rendered 'thus' here, used according to its local clause function.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of messenger formula→ historic present (formulaic)λέγει: verbal form rendered 'says' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of messenger formula→ participant prominenceκύριος: lexical item rendered 'the LORD' here in the immediate context.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
θεὸςGodNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεὸς: lexical item rendered 'God' here in the immediate context.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: pronominal or article form rendered 'of the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἙβραίωνHebrewsGenitivegenitive of relation (divine title: God of the Hebrews)→ relational specificationἙβραίων: proper name rendered 'Hebrews' in this chapter's immediate context.
ἐξαπόστειλονsend awayAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωimperative (the plague-cycle demand, here repeated for the seventh time)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἐξαποστέλλω: the demand-verb of the plague cycle; its repetition across every plague commission makes it the leitmotif of the whole Exodus liberation.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
λαόνpeopleAccusativedirect object→ object specificationλαόν: lexical item rendered 'people' here in the immediate context.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: pronominal or article form rendered 'my' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἵναthatsubordinating conjunction (purpose clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: connective or particle rendered 'that' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
λατρεύσωσίνthey may serveAor Act Subj 3 Pl · λατρεύωaorist subjunctive in purpose clause→ constative aorist subjunctiveλατρεύσωσίν: verbal form rendered 'they may serve' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
μοιmeDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestμοι: pronominal or article form rendered 'me' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
14

ἐν γὰρ τῷ νῦν καιρῷ ἐγὼ ἐξαποστέλλω πάντα τὰ ἐπιτηδεύματά μου εἰς τὴν καρδίαν σου καὶ τῶν θεραπόντων σου καὶ τοῦ λαοῦ σου, ἵνα εἰδῇς ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν ἄλλος πλὴν ἐμοῦ ἐν πάσῃ τῇ γῇ.

For at this present time I am sending all my plagues against your heart and against your servants and your people, so that you may know that there is none other besides me in all the earth.

Ground / theological rationaleγάρ
γάρ introduces the theological rationale for the hail plague: the comprehensive plague (πάντα τὰ ἐπιτηδεύματά μου — 'all my plagues/practices') is directed not merely against Egypt's economy but against Pharaoh's heart (εἰς τὴν καρδίαν σου). The purpose clause ἵνα εἰδῇς ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν ἄλλος πλὴν ἐμοῦ ('so that you may know that there is none other besides me') is the most explicit monotheistic claim in the plague cycle — YHWH's incomparability in all the earth.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
ἐνat / inpreposition + dative (temporal: at this time)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: preposition rendered 'at / in' here, functioning according to its local construction.
γὰρforexplanatory particle (grounds the command in theology)→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: connective or particle rendered 'for' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
νῦνnow / presenttemporal adverb (modifying καιρῷ: 'this present time')→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; together with καιρῷ ('the now time') — emphasizes the urgency and significance of this specific historical moment in the plague cycle.
καιρῷtime / momentDativedative of time (ἐν τῷ νῦν καιρῷ = 'at this present moment')→ sphere or referenceκαιρός: 'opportune time, season, moment'; not merely chronological time (χρόνος) but the decisive appointed moment — the culmination of the plague sequence.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronoun (divine first-person emphasis)→ participant referenceἐγὼ: lexical item rendered 'I' here in the immediate context.
ἐξαποστέλλωam sendingPres Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωmain verb (present: the ongoing divine action)→ futuristic present (the divine action imminent but certain)ἐξαποστέλλω: the same verb used in the plague demand (ἐξαπόστειλον), now used of God sending his plagues — an ironic echo: Pharaoh will not send Israel, so God sends all his plagues against Pharaoh.
πάνταallAccusativequantifier adjective (modifying ἐπιτηδεύματά)→ object specificationπάντα: lexical item rendered 'all' here in the immediate context.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἐπιτηδεύματάplagues / practices / actsAccusativedirect object of ἐξαποστέλλω→ object specificationἐπιτήδευμα: 'practice, pursuit, device, act'; an unusual word here — it literally means 'things pursued / deeds' and renders Hebrew מַגֵּפֹתַי ('my plagues / my blows'). The LXX's ἐπιτηδεύματα is deliberately broader — 'all my acts/measures' — making the divine action more comprehensive than a narrowly plague-specific term.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: pronominal or article form rendered 'my' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
εἰςagainst / intopreposition + accusative (directional: aimed at the heart)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: preposition rendered 'against / into' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
καρδίανheartAccusativeaccusative with εἰς (the target of the plagues: Pharaoh's will)→ object specificationκαρδία: the plagues are not merely physical disasters; they are sent against the heart — Pharaoh's will and understanding — with the aim of producing knowledge and submission.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: pronominal or article form rendered 'your' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (extending the target: servants and people too)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
θεραπόντωνservantsGenitivegenitive (parallel target: the court)→ relational specificationθεραπόντων: lexical item rendered 'servants' here in the immediate context.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: pronominal or article form rendered 'your' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive (parallel target: the population at large)→ relational specificationλαοῦ: lexical item rendered 'people' here in the immediate context.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: pronominal or article form rendered 'your' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἵναso thatsubordinating conjunction (purpose clause: the epistemological goal)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: connective or particle rendered 'so that' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
εἰδῇςyou may knowPerf Act Subj 2 Sg · οἶδαperfect subjunctive in purpose clause→ extensive perfect subjunctive (knowledge to be acquired and held)οἶδα: 'know'; the goal of all the plagues directed at Pharaoh is his personal knowledge — ἵνα εἰδῇς — of YHWH's incomparability.
ὅτιthatconjunction (content of the knowledge)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: connective or particle rendered 'that' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
οὐκnotnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: connective or particle rendered 'not' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἔστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίexistential verb (the incomparability claim)→ gnomic present (timeless truth about divine incomparability)εἰμί: existential — 'there is no other'; the formula οὐκ ἔστιν ἄλλος πλὴν ἐμοῦ ('there is no other besides me') is the Exodus statement of monotheistic exclusivity (cf. Deut 4:39; Isa 45:6).
ἄλλοςanother / otherNominativesubject of ἔστιν (the negated other: no rival deity or power)→ participant prominenceἄλλος: 'another, different one'; in context, another god or power equal to YHWH. The claim is that YHWH alone is sovereign in all the earth.
πλὴνexcept / besidesexclusive particle (besides me: the sole exception is God himself)→ discourse linkage or contrastπλήν: 'except, besides'; with the genitive ἐμοῦ — 'except me / besides me'; renders בִּלְעָדַי ('apart from me'). The exclusive particle makes the claim total: no exception outside God himself.
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive with πλήν (the one exception: YHWH alone)→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: pronominal or article form rendered 'me' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (domain of YHWH's incomparability)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: preposition rendered 'in' here, functioning according to its local construction.
πάσῃallDativequantifier adjective→ sphere or referenceπάσῃ: lexical item rendered 'all' here in the immediate context.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
γῇearthDativedative of place (universal: all the earth, not just Egypt)→ sphere or referenceγῇ: lexical item rendered 'earth' here in the immediate context.
15

νῦν γὰρ ἀποστείλας τὴν χεῖρά μου πατάξω σε καὶ τὸν λαόν σου θανάτῳ, καὶ ἐκτριβήσῃ ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς.

For now, having stretched out my hand, I could strike you and your people with death, and you would be blotted out from the earth.

Counterfactual / divine restraintγάρ
This verse is the counterfactual premise: God could already have destroyed Pharaoh entirely ('having stretched out my hand, I could strike you with death'). The aorist participle ἀποστείλας + future πατάξω forms a conditional-counterfactual: 'had I stretched out my hand, I would have struck.' The statement sets up v.16: the reason Pharaoh still exists is not because God lacked power to destroy him but because God had a different purpose (preservation for display).
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (at this point in the plague sequence)→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: indeclinable form rendered 'now' here, used according to its local clause function.
γὰρforexplanatory particle (reasons for what preceded)→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: connective or particle rendered 'for' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἀποστείλαςhaving sent / stretched outAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ἀποστέλλωconditional/temporal participle (antecedent to πατάξω: 'having stretched out [my hand]')→ constative aorist participle (the hypothetical prior act)ἀποστέλλω: 'send, stretch out'; the phrase ἀποστείλας τὴν χεῖρά μου renders שָׁלַחְתִּי אֶת יָדִי ('I stretched out my hand'); divine power expressed as a reaching/striking hand.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
χεῖράhandAccusativedirect object of ἀποστείλας→ object specificationχεῖρά: lexical item rendered 'hand' here in the immediate context.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (the divine hand)→ relational specificationμου: pronominal or article form rendered 'my' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
πατάξωI would strikeFut Act Indic 1 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (hypothetical future / apodosis of implicit conditional)→ predictive future (with counterfactual force: 'I could/would strike')πατάσσω: 'strike, smite'; the classic verb for divine smiting in the plague cycle and in the OT broadly (cf. 'the LORD struck Egypt'). The counterfactual frame means: 'I could already have struck you dead.'
σεyouAccusativedirect object of πατάξω (Pharaoh personally)→ participant referenceσε: pronominal or article form rendered 'you' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (extending the strike to the people)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
λαόνpeopleAccusativedirect object (parallel with σε: Pharaoh and his people)→ object specificationλαόν: lexical item rendered 'people' here in the immediate context.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: pronominal or article form rendered 'your' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
θανάτῳwith deathDativedative of means / instrument→ sphere or referenceθάνατος: 'death'; as an instrument of divine smiting — 'strike with death' = kill. The dative of instrument θανάτῳ reinforces the total destruction Pharaoh would have suffered.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (second consequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐκτριβήσῃyou will be blotted out / wiped outFut Pass Indic 2 Sg · ἐκτρίβωfuture passive (the result of divine destruction)→ predictive future passive (the consequence: total elimination)ἐκτρίβω: 'rub out, wipe out, destroy utterly'; from ἐκ + τρίβω ('rub, crush'); renders הַכָּחֵד (hiphil of כחד, 'destroy completely, blot out'). A strong term for total eradication — Pharaoh would have been completely eliminated from history.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation: removed from the earth)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: preposition rendered 'from' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive with ἀπό (the realm from which Pharaoh would be blotted)→ relational specificationγῆς: lexical item rendered 'earth' here in the immediate context.
16

καὶ ἕνεκεν τούτου διετηρήθης, ἵνα ἐνδείξωμαι ἐν σοὶ τὴν ἰσχύν μου, καὶ ὅπως διαγγελῇ τὸ ὄνομά μου ἐν πάσῃ τῇ γῇ.

And for this very reason you were preserved, that I might display in you my strength, and that my name might be proclaimed in all the earth.

Ground / divine purpose statement — the theological crown of the chapterκαὶ
This is the theological crown of the chapter and one of the most significant verses in the entire plague cycle. The divine rationale for Pharaoh's survival through the plagues is stated: not weakness on God's part, but deliberate preservation for display. LXX διετηρήθης ('you were preserved') diverges markedly from both the MT and Paul's citation. See word-level notes and the text_note for the full LXX/MT/NT triangle. The two purpose clauses (ἵνα ἐνδείξωμαι … καὶ ὅπως διαγγελῇ) state the double divine goal: demonstration of strength in Pharaoh, and proclamation of the divine name in all the earth — a universalistic missionary purpose.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (introduces the divine purpose behind v.15)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἕνεκενfor the sake of / on account ofpreposition + genitive (causal: 'for this reason')→ spatial or relational framingἕνεκεν: 'for the sake of, on account of, because of'; with the genitive τούτου = 'for this very reason.' Renders בַּעֲבוּר זֹאת ('for this reason/for this purpose'). The preposition is slightly stronger than διά — it specifies the purpose more precisely.
τούτουthisGenitivegenitive with ἕνεκεν (referent: the divine purpose about to be stated)→ relational specificationτούτου: lexical item rendered 'this' here in the immediate context.
διετηρήθηςyou were preservedAor Pass Indic 2 Sg · διατηρέωmain verb (the LXX crux: divine preservation of Pharaoh)→ constative aorist passive (the completed divine act of preservation through the plagues)διατηρέω: 'preserve, keep, maintain, protect'; from διά + τηρέω ('keep/guard'); the compound suggests preservation through a period of danger — 'kept safe through.' The aorist passive διετηρήθης = 'you were preserved [by God, implied agent].' THIS IS THE CENTRAL LXX/MT/NT CRUX OF THE CHAPTER. The Hebrew MT has הֶעֱמַדְתִּיךָ, hiphil of עמד ('cause to stand, establish, set up, raise up') — a verb of divine active causation: 'I caused you to stand / I raised you up.' The MT idea is that God positioned/established Pharaoh (perhaps on the throne, or sustained him in existence) for this purpose. The LXX translator chose an entirely different semantic field: not 'raised up' or 'established' but 'preserved, kept safe.' This may reflect a Hebrew Vorlage reading the root שמר ('keep/preserve') — perhaps הֻשְׁמַרְתָּ — or it may be the translator's interpretive paraphrase of the standing/preservation idea. Now compare Paul at Romans 9:17: εἰς αὐτὸ τοῦτο ἐξήγειρά σε ('for this very purpose I raised you up'). Paul's verb ἐξήγειρα is the aorist of ἐξεγείρω ('raise up, rouse, wake up') — a completely different verb from either the LXX διετηρήθης or the MT עמד, though semantically closer to the MT hiphil of עמד than to the LXX. Paul's quotation does not follow the LXX here; it either renders the MT independently, uses a different Greek recension (perhaps a proto-Aquilan or proto-Theodotion text), or draws on a conflated tradition. The theological triangle is: (1) MT: God actively raised Pharaoh up / caused him to stand — strong divine causation language; (2) LXX: Pharaoh was preserved — milder, passive, focusing on survival through the plagues rather than on God's initiative in establishing him; (3) Paul (Rom 9:17): I raised you up — closest to the MT active causation, supporting the broader Pauline argument about divine sovereignty in election and hardening (Rom 9:18). The reading of v.16 thus illuminates Rom 9's broader argument: Paul's version grounds God's sovereignty more strongly in active divine raising-up (closer to the MT) than the LXX's more passive 'preserving.' A reader of both texts must hold all three forms.
ἵναthat / so thatsubordinating conjunction (first purpose clause: demonstration)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: connective or particle rendered 'that / so that' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐνδείξωμαιI might display / showAor Mid Subj 1 Sg · ἐνδείκνυμιaorist middle subjunctive in purpose clause→ constative aorist subjunctive (the display as a single complete act)ἐνδείκνυμι: 'display, demonstrate, show forth'; middle voice emphasizes that God is displaying for his own purposes / displaying in a self-serving way (vindicating his own character). The display is of God's ἰσχύς ('strength/power') — not in Pharaoh but in/through Pharaoh (ἐν σοί). Renders לְהַרְאֹתְךָ ('to show you') or a related causative form; the LXX's ἐν σοί is key — Pharaoh is the medium of display, not its recipient.
ἐνin / throughpreposition + dative (medium of display: Pharaoh as the showcase)→ spatial or relational framingἐν σοί: 'in you / through you'; Pharaoh is the medium through whom divine power is made visible — his obstinacy, the plagues upon him, and his ultimate defeat all serve as the arena of divine demonstration.
σοὶyouDativedative with ἐν (Pharaoh as medium)→ participant reference or interestσοὶ: pronominal or article form rendered 'you' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἰσχύνstrength / powerAccusativedirect object of ἐνδείξωμαι (what is displayed: divine power)→ object specificationἰσχύς: 'strength, power, might'; renders כֹּחִי ('my power/might'); the display of divine power through the plagues is the driving purpose — not punishment per se but demonstration. The word is used of God's incomparable might (Isa 40:26; LXX).
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: pronominal or article form rendered 'my' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (second purpose clause: proclamation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ὅπωςthat / so thatsubordinating conjunction (second purpose clause: name-proclamation)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅπως: 'so that, in order that'; synonymous with ἵνα in purpose clauses; the variety of conjunction (ἵνα … ὅπως) is stylistic. The second goal is the universal proclamation of the divine name.
διαγγελῇmight be proclaimed / announced throughoutAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · διαγγέλλωaorist passive subjunctive in purpose clause→ constative aorist subjunctive (the proclamation viewed as a complete missionary event)διαγγέλλω: 'proclaim throughout, announce far and wide'; διά + ἀγγέλλω — the compound's διά suggests propagation in all directions. Renders סַפֵּר ('recount, tell, declare'); the LXX's διαγγέλλω amplifies the missionary universalism: not just 'tell' but 'proclaim throughout all the earth.'
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ὄνομάnameNominativesubject of διαγγελῇ (the divine name as the content of proclamation)→ participant prominenceὄνομα: 'name'; in the ancient Near East, the 'name' of a god = the god's reputation, character, and power. The proclamation of the divine name throughout all the earth is a missionary-universalist statement: the purpose of the Exodus is not just Israel's liberation but the worldwide knowledge of YHWH.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: pronominal or article form rendered 'my' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (domain of proclamation: all the earth)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: preposition rendered 'in' here, functioning according to its local construction.
πάσῃallDativequantifier adjective→ sphere or referenceπάσῃ: lexical item rendered 'all' here in the immediate context.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
γῇearthDativedative of place (the universal scope of the proclamation)→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'earth'; ἐν πάσῃ τῇ γῇ = 'in all the earth' — the proclamation is not merely to Egypt or Israel but universally. This universalistic note explains Rahab's confession (Josh 2:10–11), Jethro's (Exod 18:11), and Naaman's (2 Kgs 5:15), all of which cite God's deeds in Egypt.
17

ἔτι οὖν σὺ ἐμποιῇ τοῦ λαοῦ μου τοῦ μὴ ἐξαποστεῖλαι αὐτούς;

Do you still then set yourself against my people, refusing to send them away?

Rhetorical question / accusationasyndeton
Asyndeton; a sharp rhetorical question addressed to Pharaoh. After the theological declaration of vv.14–16, the oracle turns to direct accusation: 'Still yet you act proudly / set yourself against my people?' The verb ἐμποιῇ carries the sense of 'act proudly, exalt yourself, set yourself in the way' — Pharaoh's obstinacy is cast as arrogance in the face of the revealed divine purpose.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἔτιstill / yettemporal adverb (persistent continuation of refusal)→ clausal contributionἔτι: indeclinable form rendered 'still / yet' here, used according to its local clause function.
οὖνthen / thereforeinferential particle (drawing the question from vv.14–16)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὖν: connective or particle rendered 'then / therefore' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
σὺyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun (accusatory: you, Pharaoh, of all people)→ participant referenceσὺ: pronominal or article form rendered 'you' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἐμποιῇset yourself against / act proudlyPres Mid Indic 2 Sg · ἐμποιέωmain verb (rhetorical question: the accusation)→ progressive present (ongoing arrogant obstruction)ἐμποιέω: 'set oneself against, make oneself an obstacle, exalt oneself'; middle voice is key — Pharaoh is making himself an impediment. Renders מִתְנַשֵּׂא (hitpael of נשא, 'exalt oneself, act arrogantly against'). The LXX ἐμποιῇ captures the reflexive arrogance of Pharaoh's stance.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: pronominal or article form rendered 'of the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive object (the people against whom Pharaoh sets himself)→ relational specificationλαοῦ: lexical item rendered 'people' here in the immediate context.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (YHWH's people)→ relational specificationμου: pronominal or article form rendered 'my' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
τοῦofGenitivearticle with genitive infinitive (complementary purpose/result: 'refusing to send them away')→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: lexical item rendered 'of' here in the immediate context.
μὴnotnegation (with the genitive infinitive)→ clausal qualification or emphasisμὴ: connective or particle rendered 'not' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐξαποστεῖλαιto send awayAor Act Inf · ἐξαποστέλλωgenitive articular infinitive (content of the arrogant opposition: the refusal to release)→ constative aorist infinitive (the refused act)ἐξαποστέλλω: the demand-verb of the cycle; its appearance in the infinitive here within the accusation completes the verbal loop — Pharaoh was asked to ἐξαποστεῖλαι (vv.1, 13) and still refuses.
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object of ἐξαποστεῖλαι→ participant referenceαὐτούς: pronominal or article form rendered 'them' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
18

ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ ὕω ταύτην τὴν ὥραν αὔριον χάλαζαν πολλὴν σφόδρα, ἥτις τοιαύτη οὐ γέγονεν ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ ἀφ᾿ ἧς ἡμέρας ἔκτισται ἕως τῆς νῦν.

Behold, I am raining at this very hour tomorrow a very great hail, such as has never been in Egypt from the day it was founded until now.

Announcement / plague declarationἰδοὺ
ἰδοὺ introduces the plague announcement with dramatic immediacy. The present ὕω ('I am raining') renders the divine act as already in motion — prophetic present. The superlative characterization — 'such as has never been from Egypt's founding until now' — uses the perfect ἔκτισται ('has been founded') to root the unprecedented nature of the hail in all of Egypt's history.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle (attention-marker: the plague announced)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδοὺ: connective or particle rendered 'behold' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronoun (divine first-person: I myself am doing this)→ participant referenceἐγὼ: lexical item rendered 'I' here in the immediate context.
ὕωam raining / will rainPres Act Indic 1 Sg · ὕωmain verb (prophetic/futuristic present: the imminent divine act)→ futuristic present (the announcement as already-in-motion)ὕω: 'rain (transitively), cause to rain'; renders מַמְטִיר (hiphil participle of מטר, 'cause rain to fall'). The divine raining of hail — YHWH as the storm-sender — is a claim over the weather and therefore over Egyptian deities associated with the sky and storms.
ταύτηνthisAccusativedemonstrative adjective (modifying ὥραν: 'this very hour')→ participant referenceταύτην: lexical item rendered 'this' here in the immediate context.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ὥρανhour / timeAccusativeaccusative of time (at this very hour / time)→ object specificationὥρα: 'hour, time, season'; ταύτην τὴν ὥραν αὔριον = 'at this very hour tomorrow' — specific divine scheduling of the hail event.
αὔριονtomorrowtemporal adverb (the day of the plague)→ clausal contributionαὔριον: indeclinable form rendered 'tomorrow' here, used according to its local clause function.
χάλαζανhailAccusativedirect object of ὕω (what God rains: hail)→ object specificationχάλαζα: 'hail, hailstone'; renders בָּרָד; the word that will recur throughout the hail narrative (vv.19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 33, 34). The same word appears in Rev 8:7 (χάλαζα καὶ πῦρ), linking the seventh plague to the first trumpet of Revelation.
πολλὴνgreat / muchAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying χάλαζαν: quantity of hail)→ object specificationπολλὴν: lexical item rendered 'great / much' here in the immediate context.
σφόδραvery / exceedinglyadverb (intensifier: very great hail)→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'exceedingly, very much'; a Hebraism of מְאֹד ('very, exceedingly'); the LXX frequently uses σφόδρα to render מְאֹד, giving superlative intensity — χάλαζαν πολλὴν σφόδρα = 'a very great and severe hail.'
ἥτιςsuch as / the kind whichNominativerelative pronoun (introducing a qualitative relative: characterizing the hail)→ participant referenceἥτις: qualitative relative pronoun ('of which kind / such as'); used to introduce the unprecedented nature of the hail.
τοιαύτηsuch / of this kindNominativepredicate adjective (correlative with ἥτις: 'such has never been')→ participant prominenceτοιοῦτος: 'of such a kind'; τοιαύτη οὐ γέγονεν = 'such has not come to be' — the unprecedented severity formula.
οὐnotnegation→ participant referenceοὐ: connective or particle rendered 'not' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
γέγονενhas been / occurredPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb of relative clause (perfect: states an enduring absence)→ extensive perfect (no such thing has ever occurred — the record is clear up to now)γίνομαι: 'come to be, occur'; the perfect γέγονεν states that no such hail has ever existed in Egypt's history — a permanent record of absence that this plague will now overturn.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: in Egypt)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: preposition rendered 'in' here, functioning according to its local construction.
ΑἰγύπτῳEgyptDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceΑἰγύπτῳ: proper name rendered 'Egypt' in this chapter's immediate context.
ἀφ᾿frompreposition + genitive (temporal: from the day of founding)→ spatial or relational framingἀφ᾿: preposition rendered 'from' here, functioning according to its local construction.
ἧςwhichGenitivegenitive relative pronoun (antecedent: ἡμέρας — 'from the day which')→ relational specificationἧς: lexical item rendered 'which' here in the immediate context.
ἡμέραςdayGenitivegenitive of time (ἀφ᾿ ἧς ἡμέρας = 'from the day that')→ relational specificationἡμέρας: lexical item rendered 'day' here in the immediate context.
ἔκτισταιit was founded / createdPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · κτίζωmain verb of temporal clause (perfect: the founding as a permanent fact)→ extensive perfect passive (Egypt was founded and continues as a nation — that whole time has been hail-free)κτίζω: 'found, create, establish'; renders יָסַד ('found, establish'). The perfect ἔκτισται frames Egypt's founding as a completed act from which time is reckoned: 'from the day Egypt was established.' The use of κτίζω ('create/found') implies a kind of founding-act, giving Egypt's history a narrative beginning before which the comparison cannot go further.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal limit: up to the present moment)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: preposition rendered 'until' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (substantival with article: 'the present [moment]')→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; ἕως τῆς νῦν = 'until the present'; the phrase spans all of Egypt's history to the moment of the announcement.
19

νῦν οὖν κατάσπευσον συναγαγεῖν τὰ κτήνη σου καὶ ὅσα σοί ἐστιν ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ· πάντες γὰρ οἱ ἄνθρωποι καὶ τὰ κτήνη, ὅσα ἂν εὑρεθῇ ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ καὶ μὴ εἰσέλθῃ εἰς οἰκίαν, πεσεῖται δὲ ἐπ᾿ αὐτὰ ἡ χάλαζα, καὶ τελευτήσει.

Now therefore make haste to gather your livestock and whatever you have in the field; for all the men and the livestock, as many as are found in the field and do not go into a house — the hail will fall upon them and they will die.

Exhortation / warningνῦν οὖν
νῦν οὖν ('now therefore') draws the practical implication from the plague announcement. The merciful warning — shelter your animals and servants — is itself remarkable: YHWH gives Pharaoh's household advance notice before the plague falls. Those who heed the warning are the first Egyptian believers (v.20).
Word-by-word analysis· 40 words
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (urgency: act now)→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: indeclinable form rendered 'now' here, used according to its local clause function.
οὖνthereforeinferential particle (draws the practical consequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὖν: connective or particle rendered 'therefore' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
κατάσπευσονmake haste / hurryAor Act Impv 2 Sg · κατασπεύδωimperative (urgent command: shelter livestock immediately)→ ingressive aorist imperative (get moving at once)κατασπεύδω: 'hasten, hurry'; renders שְׁלַח ('send') or הַעֵז ('hasten'); the compound κατά + σπεύδω ('hurry forward') conveys urgency. The warning is genuine — God gives Pharaoh's household time to act before the plague.
συναγαγεῖνto gatherAor Act Inf · συνάγωcomplementary infinitive (what to hasten to do: gather the livestock)→ constative aorist infinitive (the action to be completed: full gathering)συνάγω: 'gather together, collect, bring in'; renders אָסַף ('gather, bring in'); the livestock must be gathered into shelter before the hail falls.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
κτήνηlivestockAccusativedirect object of συναγαγεῖν→ object specificationκτήνη: lexical item rendered 'livestock' here in the immediate context.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: pronominal or article form rendered 'your' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (extending the command to all possessions)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ὅσαwhatever / as many asNominativerelative pronoun (all that is in the field)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as many as, all that'; inclusive relative — everything in the open field must be brought in.
σοίyouDativedative of possession (whatever belongs to you)→ participant reference or interestσοί: pronominal or article form rendered 'you' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopulative verb (existential: 'is in your possession in the field')→ gnomic presentἐστιν: verbal form rendered 'is' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: in the open field)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: preposition rendered 'in' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
πεδίῳfield / plainDativedative of place (the exposed location)→ sphere or referenceπεδίον: 'plain, field'; the open field is the danger zone for the hail — anything exposed outside will die.
πάντεςallNominativesubject (the people and animals in the field)→ participant prominenceπάντες: lexical item rendered 'all' here in the immediate context.
γὰρforexplanatory particle (explains the urgency: the reason for sheltering)→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: connective or particle rendered 'for' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἄνθρωποιmen / peopleNominativesubject (those at risk in the field)→ participant prominenceἄνθρωποι: lexical item rendered 'men / people' here in the immediate context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
κτήνηlivestockNominativesubject (parallel: animals also at risk)→ participant prominenceκτήνη: lexical item rendered 'livestock' here in the immediate context.
ὅσαas many asNominativerelative pronoun (restrictive: those found in the field)→ participant referenceὅσα: lexical item rendered 'as many as' here in the immediate context.
ἂνwouldmodal particle (indefinite / generalizing with ἂν + subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: the modal particle with the subjunctive (εὑρεθῇ / εἰσέλθῃ) makes the relative clause general/indefinite — 'whatever is found.' It signals a general condition rather than a specific individual.
εὑρεθῇare foundAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωaorist passive subjunctive in general condition (ὅσα ἂν + subj.)→ constative aorist subjunctive (the condition: being caught in the open)εὑρίσκω: 'find'; passive 'are found' = are still there when the hail falls. The passive is impersonal — 'whatever turns up / is discovered' in the field.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (the location of danger)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: preposition rendered 'in' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
πεδίῳfieldDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceπεδίῳ: lexical item rendered 'field' here in the immediate context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (second condition: failure to take shelter)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
μὴnotnegation (with εἰσέλθῃ)→ clausal qualification or emphasisμὴ: connective or particle rendered 'not' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
εἰσέλθῃenters / goes inAor Act Subj 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιaorist subjunctive in general condition (parallel with εὑρεθῇ)→ constative aorist subjunctiveεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter, go in'; the one who does not go inside a house is the one at risk. The choice — shelter or exposure — is the moral/practical decision the warning creates.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (the shelter)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: preposition rendered 'into' here, functioning according to its local construction.
οἰκίανa houseAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the place of safety)→ object specificationοἰκία: 'house, dwelling'; the house is the shelter that protects from the hail — a detail that echoes the Passover's house-protection motif.
πεσεῖταιwill fallFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · πίπτωmain verb of apodosis (the hail falls on the exposed)→ predictive future (the certain result of exposure)πίπτω: 'fall'; the future πεσεῖται ('will fall upon them') names the danger: the hail strikes everything in the open.
δὲandpostpositive particle (mild transition in apodosis)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + accusative (the hail descends onto them)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: preposition rendered 'upon' here, functioning according to its local construction.
αὐτὰthemAccusativeaccusative with ἐπ᾿ (those caught in the field)→ participant referenceαὐτὰ: pronominal or article form rendered 'them' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
χάλαζαhailNominativesubject of πεσεῖται→ participant prominenceχάλαζα: lexical item rendered 'hail' here in the immediate context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (result: they die)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
τελευτήσειwill dieFut Act Indic 3 Sg · τελευτάωfuture indicative (the lethal outcome)→ predictive future (the certain death of the exposed)τελευτάω: 'die'; the singular τελευτήσει with the collective ὅσα subject is grammatically the subject shifted to singular for dramatic focus.
20

ὁ φοβούμενος τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου τῶν θεραπόντων Φαραω συνήγαγεν τὰ κτήνη αὐτοῦ εἰς τοὺς οἴκους·

Those among Pharaoh's servants who feared the word of the LORD gathered their livestock into the houses,

Response — the first Egyptian believersasyndeton
Asyndeton; the verse is a quiet but theologically charged observation. Within Pharaoh's own court, some servants feared the word of the LORD (οἱ φοβούμενοι τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου) and obeyed the warning. These are the first Egyptians in the Exodus narrative described as responding in faith to the divine word. The participle φοβούμενος ('fearing') recalls the 'fear of the LORD' language of wisdom tradition and the implicit conversion of Gentiles (cf. Jethro, Rahab, Ruth). The contrast with v.21 (those who did not fear) makes this a narrative bifurcation: believer/unbeliever within Pharaoh's own household.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
the one whoNominativearticle (substantivizing the participle φοβούμενος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: lexical item rendered 'the one who' here in the immediate context.
φοβούμενοςfearingPres Mid Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · φοβέομαιsubstantival participle (the one fearing = those who feared)→ progressive participle (the ongoing disposition of reverence)φοβέομαι: 'fear, reverence, be afraid of'; in the wisdom tradition, fear of YHWH (φόβος κυρίου) is the beginning of wisdom (Prov 1:7 LXX). Here, φοβούμενος τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου describes Pharaoh's servants who treated the divine word with reverence and acted on it. This is the closest to an explicit 'conversion' formula applied to Egyptians in Exodus. The church fathers (Origen, Chrysostom) noted these unnamed believers as types of Gentile faith.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ῥῆμαwordAccusativedirect object of φοβούμενος (what they feared: the divine word)→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word'; here the divine warning-word just spoken; fearing it = treating it as authoritative and acting accordingly. The word-and-deed pattern: God speaks (ῥῆμα), some fear and act.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source / author (the word belongs to the LORD)→ relational specificationκυρίου: lexical item rendered 'of the LORD' here in the immediate context.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (partitive genitive: some of the servants)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: pronominal or article form rendered 'of the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
θεραπόντωνservants / attendantsGenitivepartitive genitive (those who feared = a subset of Pharaoh's court)→ relational specificationθεραπόντων: lexical item rendered 'servants / attendants' here in the immediate context.
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun (genitive function)→ participant identificationΦαραω: indeclinable form rendered 'Pharaoh' here, used according to its local clause function.
συνήγαγενgatheredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συνάγωmain verb (the faith-response: gathering livestock to safety)→ constative aorist (the completed act of sheltering)συνάγω: 'gather together, bring in'; the same verb as συναγαγεῖν in v.19 (the command) — those who feared executed exactly the commanded action. Faith here is expressed in practical obedience.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
κτήνηlivestockAccusativedirect object of συνήγαγεν→ object specificationκτήνη: lexical item rendered 'livestock' here in the immediate context.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: pronominal or article form rendered 'his' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (the place of safety: into the houses)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: preposition rendered 'into' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
οἴκουςhousesAccusativeaccusative with εἰς (the shelter from the plague)→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house, household, building'; the same semantic space as οἰκία in v.19; going inside is the act of obedience and salvation.
21

ὁ δὲ μὴ προσέσχεν τῇ διανοίᾳ τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου, ἀφῆκεν τὰ κτήνη αὐτοῦ ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις.

But he who did not take the word of the LORD to heart left his livestock in the fields.

Contrast — unbelieving/disobedient responseδέ
The contrast with v.20 is sharply drawn by δέ. ὁ μὴ προσέσχεν τῇ διανοίᾳ ('he who did not pay heed in understanding / did not take to heart') describes those who heard the word but did not internalize it. The phrase τῇ διανοίᾳ ('in understanding/mind') renders לִבּוֹ ('his heart') — the cognitive-volitional organ. Indifference to the divine word here leads to the loss of livestock.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
the one whoNominativearticle (substantivizing the negated verb: 'the one who did not heed')→ noun-phrase markingὁ: lexical item rendered 'the one who' here in the immediate context.
δὲbutpostpositive particle (adversative: contrast with v.20)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: connective or particle rendered 'but' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
μὴnotnegation (with the substantival aorist participle / aorist verb)→ clausal qualification or emphasisμὴ: connective or particle rendered 'not' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
προσέσχενheeded / paid attentionAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσέχωmain verb (negated: did not attend to the word)→ constative aorist (the completed failure to attend)προσέχω: 'pay attention, heed, apply the mind'; renders שִׂים לֵב ('set the heart / take to heart'). The verb + τῇ διανοίᾳ is a double-dative of sphere — 'did not attend with the understanding.' Inattention to the divine word is the root of disobedience here.
τῇtheDativearticle (dative of sphere: 'with the understanding')→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
διανοίᾳunderstanding / mindDativedative of sphere (the cognitive faculty: did not heed in his mind)→ sphere or referenceδιάνοια: 'understanding, intellect, mind, thought'; renders לֵב ('heart') in its cognitive sense. The LXX uses διάνοια for the inner cognitive-volitional faculty; not heeding with the διάνοια = failing to process the divine word seriously.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ῥῆμαwordAccusativedirect object of προσέσχεν (the divine word not heeded)→ object specificationῥῆμα: lexical item rendered 'word' here in the immediate context.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source→ relational specificationκυρίου: lexical item rendered 'of the LORD' here in the immediate context.
ἀφῆκενleft / abandonedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίημιmain verb (the consequence of not heeding: leaving livestock exposed)→ constative aorist (the completed act of leaving animals in the field)ἀφίημι: 'leave, abandon, let go, forsake'; the irony: the servant who would not heed the divine word to bring in his livestock, left (ἀφῆκεν) them in the field — the same leaving that led to their destruction.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
κτήνηlivestockAccusativedirect object of ἀφῆκεν→ object specificationκτήνη: lexical item rendered 'livestock' here in the immediate context.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: pronominal or article form rendered 'his' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: the danger zone)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: preposition rendered 'in' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
πεδίοιςfieldsDativedative of place (the open field where the hail will fall)→ sphere or referenceπεδίοις: lexical item rendered 'fields' here in the immediate context.
22

εἶπεν δὲ κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν· ἔκτεινον τὴν χεῖρά σου εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν, καὶ ἔσται χάλαζα ἐπὶ πᾶσαν γῆν Αἰγύπτου, ἐπί τε τοὺς ἀνθρώπους καὶ τὰ κτήνη καὶ ἐπὶ πᾶσαν βοτάνην τὴν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς.

And the LORD said to Moses: Stretch out your hand toward heaven, and there will be hail over all the land of Egypt — over both the men and the livestock and over all the vegetation that is upon the earth.

Commission / command to release the plagueδέ
The command to stretch out the hand (ἔκτεινον τὴν χεῖρά σου εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν) is the standard plague-activation gesture. The hail is described in advance as falling on people, animals, and all vegetation (βοτάνη) — the comprehensive scope of the seventh plague.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say'.
δὲandpostpositive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: lexical item rendered 'the LORD' here in the immediate context.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (addressee)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: preposition rendered 'to' here, functioning according to its local construction.
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationΜωυσῆν: proper name rendered 'Moses' in this chapter's immediate context.
ἔκτεινονstretch outAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐκτείνωimperative (the plague-activation gesture)→ ingressive aorist imperative (the decisive act of raising the hand)ἐκτείνω: 'stretch out, extend'; renders נָטָה ('stretch out, extend'); the outstretched hand of Moses (ἐκτείνω τὴν χεῖρα) is the signature gesture of the plague cycle, channeling divine power through the human agent.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
χεῖράhandAccusativedirect object of ἔκτεινον→ object specificationχεῖρά: lexical item rendered 'hand' here in the immediate context.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: pronominal or article form rendered 'your' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
εἰςtowardpreposition + accusative (direction: heavenward)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: preposition rendered 'toward' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
οὐρανόνheaven / skyAccusativeaccusative with εἰς (the gesture goes heavenward)→ object specificationοὐρανόν: lexical item rendered 'heaven / sky' here in the immediate context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (result of the gesture)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἔσταιthere will beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίfuture existential (the plague will come into being)→ predictive futureἔσται: verbal form rendered 'there will be' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
χάλαζαhailNominativesubject of ἔσται→ participant prominenceχάλαζα: lexical item rendered 'hail' here in the immediate context.
ἐπὶover / uponpreposition + accusative (scope of hail)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: preposition rendered 'over / upon' here, functioning according to its local construction.
πᾶσανallAccusativequantifier adjective→ object specificationπᾶσαν: lexical item rendered 'all' here in the immediate context.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative with ἐπί→ object specificationγῆν: lexical item rendered 'land' here in the immediate context.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of specification→ relational specificationΑἰγύπτου: proper name rendered 'of Egypt' in this chapter's immediate context.
ἐπίover / uponpreposition + accusative (listing the victims)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί: preposition rendered 'over / upon' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τεbothenclitic conjunction (τε … καὶ: correlative pair)→ discourse linkage or contrastτε: connective or particle rendered 'both' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἀνθρώπουςmenAccusativeaccusative with ἐπί (the human victims)→ object specificationἀνθρώπους: lexical item rendered 'men' here in the immediate context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
κτήνηlivestockAccusativeaccusative (the animal victims)→ object specificationκτήνη: lexical item rendered 'livestock' here in the immediate context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (third victim category: vegetation)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: preposition rendered 'upon' here, functioning according to its local construction.
πᾶσανallAccusativequantifier adjective→ object specificationπᾶσαν: lexical item rendered 'all' here in the immediate context.
βοτάνηνvegetation / plantAccusativeaccusative with ἐπί (the agricultural victims)→ object specificationβοτάνη: 'grass, vegetation, plant, herb'; renders עֵשֶׂב ('herbage, vegetation'). The destruction of vegetation by hail completes the agricultural devastation — crops, trees, and grasses are all stripped. This agricultural destruction is the context for the barley/flax note in vv.31–32.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with participle: attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἐπὶupon / onpreposition + genitive (locative: growing on the earth)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: preposition rendered 'upon / on' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive with ἐπί (the earth on which the vegetation grows)→ relational specificationγῆς: lexical item rendered 'earth' here in the immediate context.
23

ἐξέτεινεν δὲ Μωυσῆς τὴν χεῖρα εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν, καὶ κύριος ἔδωκεν φωνὰς καὶ χάλαζαν, καὶ διέτρεχεν πῦρ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς· καὶ ἔβρεξεν κύριος χάλαζαν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν Αἰγύπτου.

And Moses stretched out his hand toward heaven, and the LORD sent forth thunder and hail, and fire ran along the ground; and the LORD rained hail upon the land of Egypt.

Execution / plague fallsδέ
The plague falls in three simultaneous manifestations: thunder (φωναί — literally 'voices' = thunder), hail (χάλαζα), and fire running on the ground (πῦρ διατρέχον ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς). The three elements combine into a terrifying storm of supernatural violence. The divine subject appears twice (κύριος ἔδωκεν … κύριος ἔβρεξεν), emphasizing YHWH as direct agent of the storm.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
ἐξέτεινενstretched outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκτείνωmain verb (Moses executes the command of v.22)→ constative aorist (the completed plague-activation gesture)ἐκτείνω: the execution of the command ἔκτεινον; word-deed correspondence.
δὲandpostpositive particle (transitional)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: proper name rendered 'Moses' in this chapter's immediate context.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
χεῖραhandAccusativedirect object→ object specificationχεῖρα: lexical item rendered 'hand' here in the immediate context.
εἰςtowardpreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: preposition rendered 'toward' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
οὐρανόνheavenAccusativeaccusative with εἰς→ object specificationοὐρανόν: lexical item rendered 'heaven' here in the immediate context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (divine response to Moses' gesture)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject (the LORD acts in response)→ participant prominenceκύριος: lexical item rendered 'the LORD' here in the immediate context.
ἔδωκενgave / sent forthAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (the divine sending of thunder and hail)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; ἔδωκεν φωνάς = 'gave sounds / sent forth thunder'; a Hebraism of נָתַן קֹלוֹת ('gave voices = produced thunderclaps'). The LXX φωναί (voices) for thunder is a Hebraism of קֹלוֹת (voices/thunderclaps), the standard OT term.
φωνὰςvoices / thunderclapsAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν (thunder = the 'voices' of God)→ object specificationφωνή: 'voice, sound'; plural φωναί in the context of a storm = thunderclaps; a Hebraism of קֹלוֹת; YHWH's 'voice' thundering is the classic theophany language (Ps 29 LXX).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
χάλαζανhailAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν (parallel with φωνάς)→ object specificationχάλαζαν: lexical item rendered 'hail' here in the immediate context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (third element: the fire)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
διέτρεχενran along / spread throughImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · διατρέχωimperfect (the fire's continuous running: sustained action)→ progressive imperfect (fire continuously moving across the ground)διατρέχω: 'run through, run along'; from διά + τρέχω ('run'). The imperfect tense vividly captures the continuous, sweeping nature of the fire racing across the ground — not a single burst but a sustained flow of fire running through the hail. This is the LXX's rendering of תִּתְהַלֵּךְ אֵשׁ אַרְצָה ('fire walked/went on the earth') — the compound verb διατρέχω intensifies the image.
πῦρfireNominativesubject of διέτρεχεν→ participant prominenceπῦρ: 'fire'; the fire running within the hail is the verse 24 image (πῦρ φλογίζον ἐν τῇ χαλάζῃ); fire and ice combined is the supernatural character of the plague, echoed in Rev 8:7.
ἐπὶupon / alongpreposition + genitive (the surface on which fire moves)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: preposition rendered 'upon / along' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
γῆςearth / groundGenitivegenitive with ἐπί (the earth as the fire's surface)→ relational specificationγῆς: lexical item rendered 'earth / ground' here in the immediate context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (summarizing action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἔβρεξενrainedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βρέχωmain verb (the completed act of hailing upon Egypt)→ constative aoristβρέχω: 'rain, cause rain to fall'; renders וַיַּמְטֵר ('and he caused to rain'); YHWH is the explicit rain-sender — the plague is a direct divine act of weather control.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject (repeated for emphasis: the LORD himself rains the hail)→ participant prominenceκύριος: lexical item rendered 'the LORD' here in the immediate context.
χάλαζανhailAccusativedirect object of ἔβρεξεν→ object specificationχάλαζαν: lexical item rendered 'hail' here in the immediate context.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (the land targeted)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: preposition rendered 'upon' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative with ἐπί→ object specificationγῆν: lexical item rendered 'land' here in the immediate context.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of specification→ relational specificationΑἰγύπτου: proper name rendered 'of Egypt' in this chapter's immediate context.
24

ἦν δὲ ἡ χάλαζα καὶ τὸ πῦρ φλογίζον ἐν τῇ χαλάζῃ· ἡ δὲ χάλαζα πολλὴ σφόδρα, ἥτις οὐ γεγένηται ἐν ὅλῃ γῇ Αἰγύπτου, ἀφ᾿ οὗ γεγένηται ἐπ᾿ αὐτῆς ἄνθρωπος.

And the hail was, and the fire blazing within the hail; and the hail was very great, such as had not been in all the land of Egypt since man had come to be upon it.

Description / the unprecedented stormδέ
The verse is the narrative description of the plague in action. The spectacular image — τὸ πῦρ φλογίζον ἐν τῇ χαλάζῃ ('fire blazing within the hail') — describes the simultaneous presence of fire and hail, a combination defying natural law. This image is the one that echoes in Rev 8:7 ('hail and fire mixed with blood'). The superlative formula ἥτις οὐ γεγένηται ἐν ὅλῃ γῇ Αἰγύπτου ἀφ᾿ οὗ γεγένηται ἐπ᾿ αὐτῆς ἄνθρωπος — 'such as had not been since man came upon it' — extends the precedent back before Egypt's founding to the advent of human habitation.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopulative/existential verb (describing the storm in progress)→ progressive imperfect (the ongoing storm: the hail continued)ἦν: verbal form rendered 'was' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δὲandpostpositive particle (transitional/descriptive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
χάλαζαhailNominativesubject of ἦν→ participant prominenceχάλαζα: lexical item rendered 'hail' here in the immediate context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (the co-presence of fire with hail)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
πῦρfireNominativesubject (co-subject with ἡ χάλαζα: both were present simultaneously)→ participant prominenceπῦρ: lexical item rendered 'fire' here in the immediate context.
φλογίζονblazing / flamingPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Neut · φλογίζωattributive participle (modifying τὸ πῦρ: the fire that blazes)→ progressive participle (the fire continuously blazing)φλογίζω: 'set ablaze, cause to flame'; from φλόξ ('flame'); the active attributive participle φλογίζον describes fire actively blazing. The combination τὸ πῦρ φλογίζον ἐν τῇ χαλάζῃ — 'the fire blazing within the hail' — is the image that Rev 8:7 draws upon: χάλαζα καὶ πῦρ μεμιγμένα ἐν αἵματι ('hail and fire mixed with blood'). The Revelation author clearly takes this plague as the template for the first eschatological trumpet, repurposing the hail-and-fire image as an end-time judgment. James 3:6 uses φλογίζω of the tongue set on fire by Gehenna.
ἐνwithin / inpreposition + dative (the location of the fire: within the hail)→ spatial or relational framingἐν τῇ χαλάζῃ: 'within the hail' — the fire was not separate from but embedded in the hail itself. This is the paradox of the plague: opposing elements (fire and ice) exist simultaneously, a mark of the supernatural.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
χαλάζῃhailDativedative with ἐν (the medium containing the fire)→ sphere or referenceχαλάζῃ: lexical item rendered 'hail' here in the immediate context.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
δὲandpostpositive particle (resuming the description)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
χάλαζαhailNominativesubject (the hail resumed as subject: its severity)→ participant prominenceχάλαζα: lexical item rendered 'hail' here in the immediate context.
πολλὴgreat / severeNominativepredicate adjective (modifying ἡ χάλαζα)→ participant prominenceπολλὴ: lexical item rendered 'great / severe' here in the immediate context.
σφόδραexceedinglyadverb (intensifier: very great)→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: indeclinable form rendered 'exceedingly' here, used according to its local clause function.
ἥτιςsuch asNominativequalitative relative pronoun (introducing the unprecedented-severity formula)→ participant referenceἥτις: lexical item rendered 'such as' here in the immediate context.
οὐnotnegation→ participant referenceοὐ: connective or particle rendered 'not' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
γεγένηταιhas been / occurredPerf Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιperfect in relative clause (no such hail has ever occurred — enduring absence)→ extensive perfect (the whole of Egypt's history has been hail-free at this level)γίνομαι (perf. γεγένηται): 'come about / happen / be done'; the perfect indicates a settled, accomplished fact — 'this abomination has [actually] been committed among you'; the perfect stresses the abiding defilement that warrants the ban.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: in all the land of Egypt)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: preposition rendered 'in' here, functioning according to its local construction.
ὅλῃall / wholeDativequantifier adjective (stronger than πᾶσαν: the whole totality)→ sphere or referenceὅλος: 'whole, entire'; slightly stronger in scope than πᾶς ('all'); ἐν ὅλῃ γῇ Αἰγύπτου = 'throughout the entire land of Egypt.'
γῇlandDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceγῇ: lexical item rendered 'land' here in the immediate context.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of specification→ relational specificationΑἰγύπτου: proper name rendered 'of Egypt' in this chapter's immediate context.
ἀφ᾿from / sincepreposition + genitive (temporal: from the time of human habitation)→ spatial or relational framingἀφ᾿: preposition rendered 'from / since' here, functioning according to its local construction.
οὗwhichGenitivegenitive relative pronoun (temporal: ἀφ᾿ οὗ = 'from the time when')→ relational specificationἀφ᾿ οὗ: temporal relative construction — 'from the [time] when'; extends the comparison back to the origin of human civilization in Egypt.
γεγένηταιcame to bePerf Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιperfect in temporal clause ('since man came upon it')→ extensive perfect (man's presence on the land as an enduring state)γίνομαι (perf. γεγένηται): 'come about / happen / be done'; the perfect indicates a settled, accomplished fact — 'this abomination has [actually] been committed among you'; the perfect stresses the abiding defilement that warrants the ban.
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + genitive (locative: upon the land)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: preposition rendered 'upon' here, functioning according to its local construction.
αὐτῆςitGenitivegenitive with ἐπ᾿ (the land: Egypt)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: lexical item rendered 'it' here in the immediate context.
ἄνθρωποςman / humanityNominativesubject of γεγένηται (man's first presence on the land)→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'human being'; the phrase ἀφ᾿ οὗ γεγένηται ἐπ᾿ αὐτῆς ἄνθρωπος = 'since man came upon it' = since the first human settlement of Egypt — pushing the unprecedented character of the hail back to the dawn of Egyptian civilization.
25

ἐπάταξεν δὲ ἡ χάλαζα ἐν πάσῃ γῇ Αἰγύπτου ἀπὸ ἀνθρώπου ἕως κτήνους· καὶ πᾶσαν βοτάνην τὴν ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ ἐπάταξεν ἡ χάλαζα, καὶ πάντα τὰ ξύλα τὰ ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις συνέτριψεν ἡ χάλαζα.

And the hail struck throughout all the land of Egypt, from man to animal; and all the vegetation in the field the hail struck, and all the trees in the fields the hail shattered.

Effect / comprehensive destructionδέ
The verse catalogues the hail's comprehensive devastation: people, animals, vegetation, trees. The threefold subject ἡ χάλαζα ('the hail') repeated as agent of each clause gives a relentless, hammer-blow rhythm. ἐπάταξεν … ἐπάταξεν … συνέτριψεν — struck … struck … shattered — escalates the destruction.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
ἐπάταξενstruckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (the plague's destructive act)→ constative aorist (the comprehensive striking of the hail)πατάσσω: 'strike, smite'; the plague verb of the Exodus cycle; here with the hail as subject — personified divine instrument of destruction.
δὲandpostpositive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
χάλαζαhailNominativesubject of ἐπάταξεν→ participant prominenceχάλαζα: lexical item rendered 'hail' here in the immediate context.
ἐνthroughoutpreposition + dative (geographic scope: all Egypt)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: preposition rendered 'throughout' here, functioning according to its local construction.
πάσῃallDativequantifier adjective→ sphere or referenceπάσῃ: lexical item rendered 'all' here in the immediate context.
γῇlandDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceγῇ: lexical item rendered 'land' here in the immediate context.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of specification→ relational specificationΑἰγύπτου: proper name rendered 'of Egypt' in this chapter's immediate context.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (merism: 'from … to …' = the whole range)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: preposition rendered 'from' here, functioning according to its local construction.
ἀνθρώπουmanGenitivegenitive with ἀπό (beginning of the merism: humans)→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: 'man'; ἀπὸ ἀνθρώπου ἕως κτήνους ('from man to beast') is a merism encompassing all living creatures — the totality of organic life in the open field.
ἕωςto / untilpreposition + genitive (limit of the merism)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: preposition rendered 'to / until' here, functioning according to its local construction.
κτήνουςanimalGenitivegenitive with ἕως (end of the merism: animals)→ relational specificationκτήνους: lexical item rendered 'animal' here in the immediate context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (second category of destruction: vegetation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
πᾶσανallAccusativequantifier adjective→ object specificationπᾶσαν: lexical item rendered 'all' here in the immediate context.
βοτάνηνvegetationAccusativedirect object (fronted: emphatic position before the verb)→ object specificationβοτάνην: lexical item rendered 'vegetation' here in the immediate context.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with relative clause: vegetation in the field)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: in the field)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: preposition rendered 'in' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
πεδίῳfieldDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceπεδίῳ: lexical item rendered 'field' here in the immediate context.
ἐπάταξενstruckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (repeated: the hail strikes vegetation)→ constative aoristἐπάταξεν: verbal form rendered 'struck' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
χάλαζαhailNominativesubject (repeated for rhythmic emphasis)→ participant prominenceχάλαζα: lexical item rendered 'hail' here in the immediate context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (third category: trees)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
πάνταallAccusativequantifier adjective (modifying τὰ ξύλα)→ object specificationπάντα: lexical item rendered 'all' here in the immediate context.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ξύλαtrees / woodAccusativedirect object of συνέτριψεν (fronted: emphatic)→ object specificationξύλον: 'tree, wood, timber'; renders עֵץ ('tree, wood'). The trees of the field were shattered — συνέτριψεν implies violent fragmentation.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with locative phrase)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: trees in the open fields)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: preposition rendered 'in' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
πεδίοιςfieldsDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceπεδίοις: lexical item rendered 'fields' here in the immediate context.
συνέτριψενshattered / broke in piecesAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντρίβωmain verb (the climactic destructive act: trees broken apart)→ constative aorist (the completed violent shattering of the trees)συντρίβω: 'crush together, shatter, break into pieces'; the compound συν + τρίβω ('rub, grind') with συν-intensifying gives the sense of complete, violent fracturing. The hail did not merely damage the trees — it shattered them. This word is used of bones broken (John 19:36) and of satanic defeat (Rom 16:20 LXX resonance).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
χάλαζαhailNominativesubject (repeated a third time: the relentless agent)→ participant prominenceχάλαζα: lexical item rendered 'hail' here in the immediate context.
26

μόνον δὲ ἐν γῇ Γοσομ, οὗ ἦσαν οἱ υἱοὶ Ἰσραήλ, οὐκ ἐγένετο ἡ χάλαζα.

Only in the land of Goshen, where the sons of Israel were, the hail did not come.

Contrast / exemption of Israelδέ
The exemption notice (μόνον ἐν γῇ Γοσομ οὐκ ἐγένετο) is the counterpoint to the comprehensive destruction of v.25. The adverb μόνον ('only') sharpens the distinction: hail fell everywhere in Egypt, but only Goshen was exempt. The relative clause οὗ ἦσαν οἱ υἱοὶ Ἰσραήλ identifies the reason for exemption — the covenant people of God live there. This is the sixth time in the plague cycle that Goshen's exemption is noted or implied.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
μόνονonlyadverb (restrictive: the sole exception to universal destruction)→ clausal contributionμόνον: 'only, alone'; the adverb sharply restricts the exemption to Goshen alone — no other region of Egypt was spared.
δὲbutpostpositive particle (adversative: contrast with vv.24–25)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: connective or particle rendered 'but' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: in the land of Goshen)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: preposition rendered 'in' here, functioning according to its local construction.
γῇlandDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceγῇ: lexical item rendered 'land' here in the immediate context.
ΓοσομGoshenindeclinable proper noun (qualifying γῇ)→ participant identificationΓοσομ: indeclinable form rendered 'Goshen' here, used according to its local clause function.
οὗwheregenitive relative adverb (locative relative: 'where')→ participant referenceοὗ: lexical item rendered 'where' here in the immediate context.
ἦσανwereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίimperfect (Israel's continuous dwelling in Goshen)→ progressive imperfect (the ongoing presence of the Israelites there)ἦσαν: verbal form rendered 'were' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject of ἦσαν→ participant prominenceυἱοὶ: lexical item rendered 'sons' here in the immediate context.
ἸσραήλIsraelindeclinable proper noun (genitive function: 'of Israel')→ participant identificationἸσραήλ: indeclinable form rendered 'Israel' here, used according to its local clause function.
οὐκnotnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: connective or particle rendered 'not' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐγένετοcame / occurredAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (the hail did not come = the miracle of exemption)→ constative aorist (the non-event in Goshen)ἐγένετο: verbal form rendered 'came / occurred' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
χάλαζαhailNominativesubject of ἐγένετο (the hail that did not come to Goshen)→ participant prominenceχάλαζα: lexical item rendered 'hail' here in the immediate context.
27

ἀποστείλας δὲ Φαραω ἐκάλεσεν Μωυσῆν καὶ Ααρων καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· ἡμάρτηκα τὸ νῦν· ὁ κύριος δίκαιος, ἐγὼ δὲ καὶ ὁ λαός μου ἀσεβεῖς.

And Pharaoh sent and called Moses and Aaron and said to them: I have sinned this time; the LORD is righteous, and I and my people are wicked.

Response — Pharaoh's confessionδέ
This is the theological climax of the chapter's human response: Pharaoh's first genuine, articulated confession of sin. Three short clauses structure the confession: (1) ἡμάρτηκα τὸ νῦν — 'I have sinned this time'; (2) ὁ κύριος δίκαιος — 'the LORD is righteous'; (3) ἐγὼ δὲ καὶ ὁ λαός μου ἀσεβεῖς — 'I and my people are wicked.' The perfect ἡμάρτηκα ('I have sinned / stand as one who has sinned') marks a completed-but-still-relevant act; the predicate ὁ κύριος δίκαιος is a doxological formula — a pagan king's acknowledgement of YHWH's justice. The contrast ἐγὼ δέ ('but I') after the LORD-is-righteous clause heightens the personal confession. The subsequent hardening (v.34) reveals the confession as ultimately superficial.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ἀποστείλαςhaving sentAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ἀποστέλλωtemporal/attendant participle (Pharaoh sent messengers, then called Moses)→ constative aorist participle (completed prior act of sending)ἀποστέλλω: 'send'; the participle indicates Pharaoh dispatched messengers to summon Moses and Aaron — a royal summons.
δὲandpostpositive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun (subject of ἐκάλεσεν)→ participant identificationΦαραω: indeclinable form rendered 'Pharaoh' here, used according to its local clause function.
ἐκάλεσενcalledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb (royal summons)→ constative aoristκαλέω: 'call, summon'; the royal summons — Pharaoh sends for Moses during the plague rather than waiting for Moses to come to him. The reversal of initiative signals Pharaoh's desperation.
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativedirect object of ἐκάλεσεν→ object specificationΜωυσῆν: proper name rendered 'Moses' in this chapter's immediate context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ΑαρωνAaronindeclinable proper noun (second object of ἐκάλεσεν)→ participant identificationΑαρων: indeclinable form rendered 'Aaron' here, used according to its local clause function.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (introduces the speech)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of speech→ constative aoristλέγω: standard LXX verb of speech; the aorist regularly introduces direct discourse.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative of indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: lexical item rendered 'to them' here in the immediate context.
ἡμάρτηκαI have sinnedPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωmain verb of confession (perfect: completed sin with ongoing relevance)→ intensive perfect (I stand as one who has sinned: the present state of guilt)ἁμαρτάνω: 'miss the mark, sin'; the perfect ἡμάρτηκα ('I have sinned / I am guilty') is the intensive or resultative perfect — Pharaoh does not merely say 'I sinned' (aorist ἥμαρτον) but 'I stand as one who has sinned' — acknowledging his current state of guilt before God. This is the standard form for confessional acknowledgement. The same perfect appears in Luke 15:18, 21 (the prodigal son's confession: 'I have sinned against heaven and before you'). Pharaoh's confession here is the OT's most extensive pagan-king acknowledgement of sin before YHWH — yet the subsequent hardening (vv.34–35) shows it was only situationally motivated, not a true conversion.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (accusative of respect / time: 'this time')→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
νῦνnow / this timetemporal adverb (accusative of time: 'this time / at this moment')→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now, this time'; τὸ νῦν = 'this time' — Pharaoh's qualification 'I have sinned this time' (τὸ νῦν) may ironically imply that he recognizes he had not sinned in this way before, or it limits his confession to the present occasion.
theNominativearticle (with κύριος as predicate subject: definiteness)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of verbless predicate (ὁ κύριος δίκαιος)→ participant prominenceκύριος: Pharaoh uses the divine name κύριος — a remarkable acknowledgement of YHWH's identity by a pagan king. That Pharaoh names YHWH as 'the LORD' who is 'righteous' (δίκαιος) is the theological climax of his confession.
δίκαιοςrighteous / justNominativepredicate adjective in verbless clause (ὁ κύριος δίκαιος = 'the LORD is righteous')→ participant prominenceδίκαιος: 'righteous, just, upright'; the predicate ὁ κύριος δίκαιος ('the LORD is righteous') is a doxological formula (cf. Ps 11:7 LXX; Deut 32:4). Pharaoh acknowledges that the plagues are a just judgment — YHWH is in the right. The absence of a verb (verbless clause) gives the statement the quality of a creed or confession. Renders צַדִּיק יְהוָה ('YHWH is righteous').
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronoun (the contrastive: I vs. the LORD)→ participant referenceἐγὼ: lexical item rendered 'I' here in the immediate context.
δὲbutpostpositive particle (adversative: the LORD is righteous / but I am wicked)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: connective or particle rendered 'but' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (extending confession to Pharaoh's people)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
λαόςpeopleNominativesubject co-subject with ἐγώ in verbless clause→ participant prominenceλαός: lexical item rendered 'people' here in the immediate context.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: pronominal or article form rendered 'my' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἀσεβεῖςwicked / impiousNominativepredicate adjective (verbless clause: 'I and my people are impious')→ participant prominenceἀσεβής: 'impious, ungodly, wicked'; from ἀ (privative) + σέβω ('revere, worship') — 'the one who does not revere [God]'; renders רְשָׁעִים ('wicked ones'). The contrast δίκαιος (the LORD) vs. ἀσεβεῖς (we) is rhetorically sharp: Pharaoh acknowledges the ontological moral inversion — divine righteousness vs. human wickedness. This is the closest the Exodus narrative comes to a genuine theology of sin in Pharaoh's mouth.
28

εὔξασθε οὖν πρὸς κύριον, καὶ παυσάσθω τοῦ γενηθῆναι φωνὰς θεοῦ καὶ χάλαζαν καὶ πῦρ, καὶ ἐξαποστελῶ ὑμᾶς, καὶ οὐκέτι προσθήσεσθε μένειν.

Pray therefore to the LORD, and let there cease to be the thunder of God and the hail and the fire, and I will send you away, and you shall remain no longer.

Request / negotiation after confessionοὖν
The confession of v.27 is immediately followed by a request for intercession — the two are bound by οὖν ('therefore'). Pharaoh asks Moses to pray (εὔξασθε) for the cessation of the storm. He promises to release Israel (ἐξαποστελῶ ὑμᾶς). The phrase φωνὰς θεοῦ ('voices of God' = thunder of God) applies the divine title to the theophanic storm. The request to cease μένειν ('remaining') echoes the plague-demand in reverse.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
εὔξασθεprayAor Mid Impv 2 Pl · εὔχομαιimperative (the request for intercession: addressed to Moses and Aaron)→ ingressive aorist imperative (begin to pray)εὔχομαι: 'pray, vow, wish'; renders הַעְתִּירוּ ('entreat, pray'); the aorist imperative requests a specific act of intercession. Pharaoh is now asking the very people he enslaved to intercede for him before their God.
οὖνthereforeinferential particle (draws the practical request from the confession of v.27)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὖν: connective or particle rendered 'therefore' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (the addressee of prayer)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: preposition rendered 'to' here, functioning according to its local construction.
κύριονthe LORDAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the one to be prayed to)→ object specificationκύριον: lexical item rendered 'the LORD' here in the immediate context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (what Pharaoh hopes will result from the prayer)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
παυσάσθωlet it ceaseAor Mid Impv 3 Sg · παύωjussive imperative (the desired result: cessation of the storm)→ ingressive aorist imperative (the storm should stop)παύω: 'stop, cease'; middle/passive imperative = 'let it cease' (3rd person jussive). Pharaoh asks for the thunder, hail, and fire to stop — the reverse of what Moses commanded to begin.
τοῦofGenitivearticle with genitive infinitive (complementary to παυσάσθω)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: lexical item rendered 'of' here in the immediate context.
γενηθῆναιto be / to occurAor Pass Inf · γίνομαιgenitive articular infinitive (complementary with παυσάσθω: 'cease from occurring')→ constative aorist infinitive (the ceased occurrences viewed as a complete stop)γίνομαι: 'come to be, occur'; παυσάσθω τοῦ γενηθῆναι = 'let it cease from occurring' — an idiom for 'let there be no more [of this].'
φωνὰςthunder / voicesAccusativedirect object of γενηθῆναι (what should cease: the thunder)→ object specificationφωνὰς: lexical item rendered 'thunder / voices' here in the immediate context.
θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive of source (thunder of God — theophanic storm)→ relational specificationθεός: φωνὰς θεοῦ = 'the voices/thunder of God'; Pharaoh uses the title θεός (God) rather than κύριος — perhaps a more generic divine reference, or the LXX's rendering of אֱלֹהִים. The 'voices of God' = the thunderclaps of a divine storm.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (second element to cease: hail)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
χάλαζανhailAccusativedirect object (parallel with φωνάς: hail should also cease)→ object specificationχάλαζαν: lexical item rendered 'hail' here in the immediate context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (third element: fire)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
πῦρfireAccusativedirect object (the third element of the storm to cease)→ object specificationπῦρ: lexical item rendered 'fire' here in the immediate context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (Pharaoh's promise follows)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐξαποστελῶI will send awayFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωfuture indicative (Pharaoh's promised response: release of Israel)→ predictive future (the promised act of release)ἐξαποστέλλω: the demand-verb of the entire plague cycle, now spoken by Pharaoh himself as a promise — 'I will send you away.' The irony is complete: the word God commanded Pharaoh to do, Pharaoh now promises to do — under duress.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object of ἐξαποστελῶ→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: pronominal or article form rendered 'you' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (the further promise: they shall stay no longer)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
οὐκέτιno longertemporal adverb (negated continuation: they will remain no longer)→ clausal contributionοὐκέτι: 'no longer, no more'; the temporal negation frames Pharaoh's promise as permanent — Israel will 'remain no longer' in Egypt.
προσθήσεσθεwill continue / will add toFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · προστίθημιmain verb of final clause (Hebraism: 'add to staying' = continue to stay)→ predictive futureπροστίθημι: 'add, add to'; in the LXX idiom προσθήσεσθε + infinitive renders the Hebrew יָסַף + infinitive, 'continue to do [something].' This is a characteristic LXX Hebraism: οὐκέτι προσθήσεσθε μένειν = 'you will add no more to remaining' = 'you will remain no longer.' The same construction appears across LXX narratives.
μένεινto remain / to stayPres Act Inf · μένωcomplementary infinitive (with προσθήσεσθε in the Hebraism)→ progressive infinitive (the ongoing staying that will cease)μένω: 'remain, stay, abide'; renders שֶׁבֶת ('staying, dwelling'); Israel's long remaining (dwelling as slaves in Egypt) will end with Pharaoh's promised release.
29

εἶπεν δὲ αὐτῷ Μωυσῆς· ὡς ἂν ἐξέλθω τὴν πόλιν, ἐκπετάσω τὰς χεῖράς μου πρὸς κύριον, καὶ αἱ φωναὶ παύσονται καὶ ἡ χάλαζα καὶ ὁ ὑετὸς οὐκέτι ἔσται, ἵνα γνῷς ὅτι τοῦ κυρίου ἡ γῆ.

And Moses said to him: As soon as I go out of the city, I will spread out my hands to the LORD, and the thunder will cease and the hail and the rain will be no more, so that you may know that the earth belongs to the LORD.

Moses' response / promise of intercessionδέ
Moses agrees to intercede but frames the cessation as a demonstration of divine ownership: ἵνα γνῷς ὅτι τοῦ κυρίου ἡ γῆ ('so that you may know that the earth belongs to the LORD'). The intercession is not merely a favor to Pharaoh but a further revelatory act. The gesture of spreading the hands (ἐκπετάσω τὰς χεῖράς μου) is the priestly prayer-posture.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say'.
δὲandpostpositive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
αὐτῷto himDativedative of indirect object (addressee: Pharaoh)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: pronominal or article form rendered 'to him' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: proper name rendered 'Moses' in this chapter's immediate context.
ὡςas / whentemporal conjunction (temporal clause: 'as soon as I go out')→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: connective or particle rendered 'as / when' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἂνwouldmodal particle (with ἂν + subjunctive: indefinite temporal clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: the modal particle with the subjunctive (ὡς ἂν ἐξέλθω) creates an indefinite temporal clause — 'as soon as / whenever I go out.'
ἐξέλθωI go outAor Act Subj 1 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιaorist subjunctive in temporal clause→ constative aorist subjunctive (the moment of exiting the city)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out, exit'; Moses will exit the city before spreading his hands — he does not intercede before Pharaoh but goes outside.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
πόλινcityAccusativeaccusative of extent (direction of exit: 'out of the city')→ object specificationπόλις: 'city'; refers to Memphis or another city where Pharaoh's court is; the intercession will take place outside the city, in the open, before the LORD.
ἐκπετάσωI will spread outFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐκπετάννυμιmain verb of apodosis (the promised act of intercession)→ predictive future (the certain act of prayer)ἐκπετάννυμι: 'spread out, extend'; ἐκπετάσω τὰς χεῖράς μου = 'I will spread out my hands'; the orante prayer posture (hands spread wide and upward) is the standard LXX gesture for prayer (cf. 1 Kgs 8:22, 38, 54; Isa 1:15). Renders פָּרַשְׁתִּי כַפַּי ('I spread out my palms').
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
χεῖράςhandsAccusativedirect object of ἐκπετάσω (the orante prayer gesture)→ object specificationχεῖράς: lexical item rendered 'hands' here in the immediate context.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: pronominal or article form rendered 'my' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
πρὸςto / towardpreposition + accusative (directed toward the LORD in prayer)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: preposition rendered 'to / toward' here, functioning according to its local construction.
κύριονthe LORDAccusativeaccusative with πρός (the recipient of the prayer)→ object specificationκύριον: lexical item rendered 'the LORD' here in the immediate context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (the result of the prayer)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
φωναὶthunder / voicesNominativesubject of παύσονται→ participant prominenceφωναὶ: lexical item rendered 'thunder / voices' here in the immediate context.
παύσονταιwill ceaseFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · παύωfuture middle (the thunder will stop: the cessation promised)→ predictive future (the intercession's guaranteed result)παύω: 'cause to stop, stop'; middle future παύσονται = 'they will stop themselves / will cease.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
χάλαζαhailNominativesubject (the hail will also cease)→ participant prominenceχάλαζα: lexical item rendered 'hail' here in the immediate context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ὑετὸςrainNominativesubject (the rain will also cease)→ participant prominenceὑετός: 'rain'; the hail storm also brought torrential rain; Moses names it alongside the hail and thunder as what will cease.
οὐκέτιno longertemporal adverb (negated continuation: 'will be no more')→ clausal contributionοὐκέτι: indeclinable form rendered 'no longer' here, used according to its local clause function.
ἔσταιwill beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίfuture existential (negative: the storm will no longer exist)→ predictive futureἔσται: verbal form rendered 'will be' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ἵναso thatsubordinating conjunction (purpose clause: epistemological goal)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: connective or particle rendered 'so that' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
γνῷςyou may knowAor Act Subj 2 Sg · γινώσκωaorist subjunctive in purpose clause→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (come to know: the knowledge Pharaoh should acquire)γινώσκω: 'know, come to know'; contrast with οἶδα (stative knowledge) — γινώσκω here is the ingressive knowing of coming to recognize a truth. The intercession's purpose is not mere relief but Pharaoh's acquisition of knowledge about YHWH.
ὅτιthatconjunction (content of knowledge)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: connective or particle rendered 'that' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (genitive of possession in verbless predicate: 'the LORD's is the earth')→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: pronominal or article form rendered 'of the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
κυρίουLORDGenitivegenitive of possession (predicate: 'the earth belongs to the LORD')→ relational specificationκύριος: the possessive genitive τοῦ κυρίου ἡ γῆ ('the earth is the LORD's') renders לַיהוָה הָאָרֶץ (Ps 24:1 LXX = Ps 23:1; 1 Cor 10:26). The statement of divine territorial sovereignty — 'the earth belongs to the LORD' — is Moses' theological purpose for the intercession: not merely to stop the storm but to declare YHWH's ownership of all creation, including Egypt.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
γῆearthNominativesubject of verbless predicate (the earth is the LORD's)→ participant prominenceγῆ: lexical item rendered 'earth' here in the immediate context.
30

οἶδα δὲ ὅτι οὐδέπω πεφόβησθε τὸν κύριον.

But I know that you do not yet fear the LORD.

Counter-qualification / pastoral honestyδέ
Moses qualifies his promise of intercession with a frank assessment of Pharaoh's spiritual condition. The perfect πεφόβησθε ('you have not yet come to fear / you do not yet truly fear') is intensively perfect — Pharaoh's confession (v.27) was situational, not genuine fear of the LORD. Moses' statement anticipates the subsequent hardening (v.34). This verse is an extraordinary window into Moses' prophetic discernment of Pharaoh's heart.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
οἶδαI knowPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · οἶδαmain verb (prophetic knowledge: Moses sees through Pharaoh's confession)→ intensive perfect (Moses stands in the state of knowing: certain knowledge)οἶδα: 'know'; the perfect form is inherently stative — Moses does not arrive at this knowledge in the moment but stands in its possession. The contrast with γνῷς in v.29 is deliberate: Moses prays so that Pharaoh may γνῷς (come to know), while Moses himself already οἶδα (knows). The prophetic clarity of Moses' self-certainty here underscores his authority.
δὲbutpostpositive particle (mild adversative: the qualification on the promised intercession)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: connective or particle rendered 'but' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ὅτιthatconjunction (content of Moses' knowledge)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: connective or particle rendered 'that' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
οὐδέπωnot yettemporal adverb (negated: 'not yet' — leaves open the possibility of future fear)→ clausal contributionοὐδέπω: 'not yet'; a stronger and more specific negation than οὐ alone — it allows for the possibility that Pharaoh might eventually fear the LORD, while making clear he does not yet. This 'not yet' frames the plague narrative as pedagogical (the plagues are still teaching).
πεφόβησθεyou have feared / you fearPerf Mid Indic 2 Pl · φοβέομαιperfect middle (the state of fearing: not yet arrived at)→ intensive perfect (the enduring disposition of true fear not yet present in Pharaoh and his court)φοβέομαι: 'fear, revere'; the perfect middle πεφόβησθε describes the state of reverence — not a single act of being afraid but the stable disposition of 'the fear of the LORD.' Moses diagnoses that this stable reverence is not yet present in Pharaoh. The contrast with the servants who φοβούμενος (v.20) makes the point sharp.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
κύριονLORDAccusativedirect object of πεφόβησθε (the one not yet feared by Pharaoh)→ object specificationκύριον: lexical item rendered 'LORD' here in the immediate context.
31

τὸ δὲ λίνον καὶ ἡ κριθὴ ἐπλήγη· ἡ γὰρ κριθὴ παρεστηκυῖα καὶ τὸ λίνον σπερματίζον.

Now the flax and the barley were struck; for the barley was in ear and the flax was in seed.

Agricultural note / chronological anchorδέ
An agricultural-calendar note explaining which crops were destroyed. The narrator inserts the explanation using γάρ: the barley was παρεστηκυῖα ('standing [in ear]') and the flax was σπερματίζον ('seeding / forming seed'). These were the early spring crops, harvested in late March to April in Egypt. The chronological precision anchors the narrative in the real agricultural calendar and explains why the barley and flax suffer but the wheat and spelt (v.32) do not.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
δὲand / nowpostpositive particle (transitional / introducing the agricultural note)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: connective or particle rendered 'and / now' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
λίνονflax / linenNominativesubject of ἐπλήγη→ participant prominenceλίνον: 'flax' (the plant), 'linen' (the product); renders פִּשְׁתָּה; flax was a major Egyptian crop, used for linen production. Its destruction would devastate the linen-weaving industry, a key Egyptian economic activity.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
κριθὴbarleyNominativesubject (parallel with λίνον)→ participant prominenceκριθή: 'barley'; renders שְׂעֹרָה; barley was the earlier grain crop, harvested in late March/early April in Egypt; its being 'in ear' (παρεστηκυῖα) made it vulnerable to the hail.
ἐπλήγηwas struckAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πλήσσωmain verb (the agricultural destruction: both crops struck)→ constative aorist passive (completed act of destruction)πλήσσω: 'strike, smite'; passive ἐπλήγη ('was struck') — by the hail, obviously.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
γὰρforexplanatory particle (explains why barley and flax were destroyed)→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: connective or particle rendered 'for' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
κριθὴbarleyNominativesubject of implicit ἦν (the barley's state: in ear)→ participant prominenceκριθὴ: lexical item rendered 'barley' here in the immediate context.
παρεστηκυῖαstanding / in earPerf Act Ptcp Nom Sg Fem · παρίστημιpredicative participle (the state of the barley: standing, i.e. in ear)→ extensive perfect participle (barley stood in an established state of ripeness)παρίστημι: 'stand beside, present'; the perfect participle παρεστηκυῖα here means 'standing, at the standing stage' — the barley was in its upright, ear-bearing stage of growth. Renders אָבִיב (abîb, 'in the ear/green ear'), the name of the month (Abib = March/April) when barley ripens in Egypt.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
λίνονflaxNominativesubject of implicit ἦν (the flax's state)→ participant prominenceλίνον: lexical item rendered 'flax' here in the immediate context.
σπερματίζονseeding / forming seedPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Neut · σπερματίζωpredicative participle (the state of the flax: in seed-formation)→ progressive participle (the flax was in the ongoing process of forming seed)σπερματίζω: 'form seed, go to seed, produce grain'; a rare verb; the flax was in its seeding/bolling stage — at this stage the boll contains the seed and the plant is vulnerable. Renders גִּבְעֹל ('bud/bolled'), referring to the boll-forming stage of the flax plant.
32

ὁ δὲ πυρὸς καὶ ἡ ὄλυρα οὐκ ἐπλήγησαν· ὄψιμα γὰρ ἦν.

But the wheat and the spelt were not struck; for they were late crops.

Contrast / agricultural exemptionδέ
The contrast with v.31 is concise and precise: wheat (πυρός) and spelt (ὄλυρα) survived because they were late crops (ὄψιμα). This agricultural realism is one of several details in Exodus that has been used to argue for historical anchoring; flax and barley ripen in early spring, wheat and spelt later. The verse also implies that Egypt's agricultural catastrophe was not total — there would still be some harvest, but depleted.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
δὲbutpostpositive particle (adversative: contrast with v.31)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: connective or particle rendered 'but' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
πυρὸςwheatNominativesubject of ἐπλήγησαν (negated)→ participant prominenceπυρός: 'wheat'; renders חִטָּה; the primary grain crop, ripening later in the Egyptian agricultural calendar (April/May). The wheat survived the hail because it had not yet grown tall.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ὄλυραspelt / emmer wheatNominativesubject (parallel with πυρός)→ participant prominenceὄλυρα: 'spelt, emmer wheat'; renders כֻּסֶּמֶת (kussemeth), a variety of wheat (emmer or spelt) that was a standard Egyptian crop. The LXX ὄλυρα is a specific botanical term for a variety of wheat cultivated in Egypt and known to Greek agricultural writers.
οὐκnotnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: connective or particle rendered 'not' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐπλήγησανwere struckAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · πλήσσωmain verb (negated: wheat and spelt were not hit)→ constative aorist passive (the non-event: they escaped)ἐπλήγησαν: verbal form rendered 'were struck' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ὄψιμαlate / later-ripeningNominativepredicate nominative (verbless clause with implied ἦν: 'they were late crops')→ participant prominenceὄψιμος: 'late, late-season'; the neuter plural ὄψιμα refers to late-ripening crops; renders אֲפִלֹת ('late ones, dark ones' — the later-ripening grain). The sparseness of this explanation (three words: ὄψιμα γὰρ ἦν = 'for they were late') is characteristic of the text's realism.
γὰρforexplanatory particle→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: connective or particle rendered 'for' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἦνwere / wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopulative verb (imperfect: their ongoing state as late crops)→ progressive imperfectἦν: verbal form rendered 'were / was' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
33

ἐξῆλθεν δὲ Μωυσῆς ἀπὸ Φαραω ἐκ τῆς πόλεως καὶ ἐξεπέτασεν τὰς χεῖρας πρὸς κύριον, καὶ αἱ φωναὶ ἐπαύσαντο καὶ ἡ χάλαζα καὶ ὁ ὑετὸς οὐκ ἔσταξεν ἔτι ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν.

And Moses went out from Pharaoh out of the city and spread out his hands to the LORD, and the thunder ceased and the hail and the rain dripped no more upon the earth.

Execution / intercession fulfilledδέ
Moses fulfils his promise of v.29 exactly: he exits the city (ἐξῆλθεν ἐκ τῆς πόλεως), spreads his hands (ἐξεπέτασεν τὰς χεῖρας), and the storm ceases (αἱ φωναὶ ἐπαύσαντο καὶ ἡ χάλαζα). The word-deed correspondence is perfect. The specific detail 'the rain dripped no more' (ὁ ὑετὸς οὐκ ἔσταξεν ἔτι) uses a more delicate verb (στάζω = drip) for the cessation of rain.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
ἐξῆλθενwent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (Moses exits: executes v.29 promise)→ constative aoristἐξῆλθεν: verbal form rendered 'went out' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δὲandpostpositive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: proper name rendered 'Moses' in this chapter's immediate context.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation: from Pharaoh's presence)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: preposition rendered 'from' here, functioning according to its local construction.
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun (genitive function: Moses leaves Pharaoh)→ participant identificationΦαραω: indeclinable form rendered 'Pharaoh' here, used according to its local clause function.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (directional: out of the city)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: preposition rendered 'out of' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive with ἐκ (Moses goes outside the city for his intercession)→ relational specificationπόλεως: lexical item rendered 'city' here in the immediate context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐξεπέτασενspread outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκπετάννυμιmain verb (the prayer gesture: spreading hands as promised in v.29)→ constative aoristἐκπετάννυμι: executes the promise ἐκπετάσω of v.29; the word-deed fulfilment.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
χεῖραςhandsAccusativedirect object of ἐξεπέτασεν→ object specificationχεῖρας: lexical item rendered 'hands' here in the immediate context.
πρὸςto / towardpreposition + accusative (directed to the LORD in prayer)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: preposition rendered 'to / toward' here, functioning according to its local construction.
κύριονthe LORDAccusativeaccusative with πρός→ object specificationκύριον: lexical item rendered 'the LORD' here in the immediate context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (the result: the storm stops)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
φωναὶthunderNominativesubject of ἐπαύσαντο→ participant prominenceφωναὶ: lexical item rendered 'thunder' here in the immediate context.
ἐπαύσαντοceasedAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · παύωmain verb (the thunder stops: fulfilment of v.29 promise)→ constative aorist middle (the thunder stopped itself / was caused to stop)παύω: middle ἐπαύσαντο = 'they stopped'; the word used in v.28 (παυσάσθω) as Pharaoh's request is now fulfilled.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (the hail also ceased — implied)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
χάλαζαhailNominativesubject (parallel co-cessation: hail also ceased — implied verb from context)→ participant prominenceχάλαζα: lexical item rendered 'hail' here in the immediate context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ὑετὸςrainNominativesubject of ἔσταξεν (negated: the rain dripped no more)→ participant prominenceὑετὸς: lexical item rendered 'rain' here in the immediate context.
οὐκnotnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: connective or particle rendered 'not' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἔσταξενdrippedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · στάζωmain verb (the rain ceased to drip)→ constative aorist (the completed cessation of rain)στάζω: 'drip, trickle, drop'; a delicate word for rain — emphasizing the utter end of even the smallest drops. After the massive hailstorm, even a drip has stopped. The verb renders no longer falling.
ἔτιmore / longertemporal adverb (negated: no more / no longer)→ clausal contributionἔτι: indeclinable form rendered 'more / longer' here, used according to its local clause function.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (the rain fell no more upon the earth)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: preposition rendered 'upon' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
γῆνearthAccusativeaccusative with ἐπί→ object specificationγῆν: lexical item rendered 'earth' here in the immediate context.
34

ἰδὼν δὲ Φαραω ὅτι πέπαυται ὁ ὑετὸς καὶ ἡ χάλαζα καὶ αἱ φωναί, καὶ προσέθετο τοῦ ἁμαρτάνειν· καὶ ἐβαρύνθη ἡ καρδία αὐτοῦ καὶ ἡ καρδία τῶν θεραπόντων αὐτοῦ.

And Pharaoh, seeing that the rain and the hail and the thunder had ceased, sinned again; and his heart was weighed down, and the heart of his servants.

Reversal / renewed hardeningδέ
The structural irony is complete: when the storm stops, Pharaoh sins again (προσέθετο τοῦ ἁμαρτάνειν — the Hebraism 'added to sinning' = sinned again/further). The seeing (ἰδὼν) that triggers hardening is the same action as in v.7 — Pharaoh observes, confirms, and then hardens. The passive ἐβαρύνθη (the heart was weighed down) again leaves the agent unstated (contrast v.12 where the LORD actively hardened). The servants' hearts are now included in the hardening — the court shared Pharaoh's re-hardening.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
ἰδὼνseeing / having seenAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ὁράωtemporal/causal participle (antecedent: Pharaoh saw the storm was over)→ constative aorist participle (the completed act of observation)ὁράω: echoes v.7 (ἰδὼν δὲ Φαραω); the same observational trigger produces the same hardening. The narrative pattern is deliberate.
δὲand / butpostpositive particle (transitional, slight adversative)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: connective or particle rendered 'and / but' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun (subject of the participial phrase and main clause)→ participant identificationΦαραω: indeclinable form rendered 'Pharaoh' here, used according to its local clause function.
ὅτιthatconjunction (content of Pharaoh's observation)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: connective or particle rendered 'that' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
πέπαυταιhas ceasedPerf Mid Indic 3 Sg · παύωperfect middle (the storm's cessation as a completed, present state)→ intensive perfect (the storm stands as fully ceased: complete relief)παύω: the perfect middle πέπαυται frames the storm's cessation as a present state of completion — 'it has stopped and stays stopped.' This is what Pharaoh observes.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ὑετὸςrainNominativesubject of πέπαυται→ participant prominenceὑετὸς: lexical item rendered 'rain' here in the immediate context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
χάλαζαhailNominativeco-subject of πέπαυται→ participant prominenceχάλαζα: lexical item rendered 'hail' here in the immediate context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
φωναίthunderNominativeco-subject of πέπαυται (the three elements of the storm all ceased)→ participant prominenceφωναί: lexical item rendered 'thunder' here in the immediate context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (result of the observation: the renewed sin)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
προσέθετοadded / continuedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · προστίθημιmain verb (Hebraism: 'added to sinning' = sinned again/further)→ constative aorist (the renewed act of sin viewed as a whole)προστίθημι: 'add'; the idiom προσέθετο τοῦ ἁμαρτάνειν (= 'added to sinning') renders וַיֹּסֶף לַחֲטֹא, the Hebrew idiom יָסַף + infinitive = 'to continue doing / to do again.' The LXX replicates this Hebraism: ἐπροσθήσεσθε in v.28 (positive) and here (negative — Pharaoh 'added to' his sinning).
τοῦofGenitivearticle with genitive articular infinitive→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: lexical item rendered 'of' here in the immediate context.
ἁμαρτάνεινsinningPres Act Inf · ἁμαρτάνωgenitive articular infinitive (complementary with προσέθετο: 'added to sinning')→ progressive infinitive (the ongoing sin)ἁμαρτάνω: 'sin, miss the mark'; the present infinitive ἁμαρτάνειν frames sin as an ongoing action — Pharaoh returned to a pattern of sinning. The verbal echo of ἡμάρτηκα (v.27, his confession) is sharp: he confessed ἡμάρτηκα and then προσέθετο τοῦ ἁμαρτάνειν — adding sin upon acknowledged sin.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (the hardening that follows renewed sin)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐβαρύνθηwas weighed downAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · βαρύνωmain verb (the hardening: same passive as in v.7)→ ingressive aorist passive (the renewed onset of hardening)βαρύνω: passive ἐβαρύνθη — as in v.7, the passive leaves the agent unstated. The alternation between passive βαρύνω (agent unstated: vv.7, 34) and active σκληρύνω with κύριος as agent (v.12) is theologically significant: the text uses both forms, preserving the mystery of hardening while asserting both Pharaoh's own responsibility and the LORD's sovereign agency.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
καρδίαheartNominativesubject of ἐβαρύνθη→ participant prominenceκαρδία: lexical item rendered 'heart' here in the immediate context.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Pharaoh's heart)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: pronominal or article form rendered 'his' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (the servants' hearts are also hardened)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
καρδίαheartNominativeco-subject of ἐβαρύνθη (the servants' hearts likewise hardened)→ participant prominenceκαρδία: lexical item rendered 'heart' here in the immediate context.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: pronominal or article form rendered 'of the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
θεραπόντωνservantsGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationθεραπόντων: lexical item rendered 'servants' here in the immediate context.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Pharaoh's servants)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: pronominal or article form rendered 'his' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
35

καὶ ἐσκληρύνθη ἡ καρδία Φαραω, καὶ οὐκ ἐξαπέστειλεν τοὺς υἱοὺς Ἰσραήλ, καθὰ ἐλάλησεν κύριος διὰ χειρὸς Μωυσῆ.

And the heart of Pharaoh was hardened, and he did not send away the sons of Israel, as the LORD had spoken by the hand of Moses.

Closing hardening formula / chapter conclusionκαὶ
The chapter closes with the standard hardening-conclusion formula, now using ἐσκληρύνθη (aorist passive of σκληρύνω — a different hardening verb from ἐβαρύνθη in v.34, and different voice), which in LXX usage can be either self-hardening (middle) or divinely-caused (passive). The non-release formula οὐκ ἐξαπέστειλεν τοὺς υἱοὺς Ἰσραήλ reprises the demand of v.1. The closing phrase καθὰ ἐλάλησεν κύριος διὰ χειρὸς Μωυσῆ — 'as the LORD had spoken by the hand of Moses' — anchors the outcome in prior divine word: everything happened according to what the LORD had prophesied. The phrase διὰ χειρὸς Μωυσῆ ('by the hand of Moses') is a Hebraism of בְּיַד מֹשֶׁה, the mediated-prophet formula.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (conclusion to the chapter)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐσκληρύνθηwas hardenedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · σκληρύνωmain verb (the closing hardening formula)→ constative aorist passive (the hardening as a completed event)σκληρύνω: 'harden, make hard'; the passive ἐσκληρύνθη ('was hardened') without an explicit agent here — contrast v.12 (active ἐσκλήρυνεν κύριος, with the LORD as agent). The passive is the standard form of the closing formula in this chapter (cf. Exod 8:19, 32). The closing use of σκληρύνω after the preceding ἐβαρύνθη (v.34) — two different hardening-vocabulary terms — reflects the range of the LXX's hardening language: σκληρύνω (σκληρός, 'hard, stiff'), βαρύνω (βαρύς, 'heavy'), and the occasional πωρόω in later usage. Paul draws on ἐσκλήρυνεν at Rom 9:18.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
καρδίαheartNominativesubject of ἐσκληρύνθη→ participant prominenceκαρδία: lexical item rendered 'heart' here in the immediate context.
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun (genitive function: 'of Pharaoh')→ participant identificationΦαραω: indeclinable form rendered 'Pharaoh' here, used according to its local clause function.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (the consequence: refusal to release Israel)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
οὐκnotnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: connective or particle rendered 'not' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐξαπέστειλενsent awayAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωmain verb (negated: the plague-cycle demand refused one final time in this chapter)→ constative aorist (the completed refusal)ἐξαποστέλλω: the demand-verb of the plague cycle, now negated in the closing formula — he did NOT send away. The full circle: commanded to ἐξαπόστειλον (v.1, v.13), Pharaoh promised ἐξαποστελῶ (v.28), but ultimately οὐκ ἐξαπέστειλεν.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativedirect object of ἐξαπέστειλεν (those not sent away: Israel)→ object specificationυἱοὺς: lexical item rendered 'sons' here in the immediate context.
ἸσραήλIsraelindeclinable proper noun (genitive function: 'of Israel')→ participant identificationἸσραήλ: indeclinable form rendered 'Israel' here, used according to its local clause function.
καθὰjust ascomparative conjunction (fulfilment formula: as the LORD had spoken)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθά: contracted form of καθ᾿ ἅ ('according to what / just as'); introduces the fulfilment notice: the hardening and non-release occurred exactly as the LORD had spoken. The word καθά (vs. the earlier καθάπερ in v.12) is a stylistic variant of the same formula.
ἐλάλησενhad spokenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb of comparison clause (the prior divine word now fulfilled)→ constative aorist (the completed prior word)λαλέω: 'speak'; the closing fulfilment formula — the LORD's word has been fulfilled in the hardening and refusal. Every plague chapter closes with this formula.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἐλάλησεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: lexical item rendered 'the LORD' here in the immediate context.
διὰthrough / bypreposition + genitive (instrumental: through the hand of Moses)→ spatial or relational framingδιά: 'through, by means of'; with genitive χειρός — 'by the hand of'; the phrase διὰ χειρὸς Μωυσῆ = 'through/by the hand of Moses' is the standard LXX formula for mediated prophetic speech, rendering בְּיַד ('by the hand of'). The 'hand' idiom (cf. בְּיַד הַנְּבִיאִים, 'by the hand of the prophets') frames Moses as the LORD's prophetic agent.
χειρὸςhandGenitivegenitive with διά (instrumental: by Moses' hand = through Moses)→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand'; in the idiom διὰ χειρός, 'hand' is metonymic for the person as agent — 'by the hand of Moses' = 'through Moses' mediating agency.'
ΜωυσῆMosesGenitivegenitive (the prophetic mediator: 'by the hand of Moses')→ relational specificationΜωυσῆς: the dative/genitive form Μωυσῆ; Moses as the divinely appointed channel through whom the LORD's word came to Pharaoh — and through whom, in fulfilment, the hardening-formula is anchored in prior divine speech.