Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Genesis, Chapter 39ΓΕΝΕΣΙΣ ΛΘ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

The chapter is architecturally framed by the fourfold refrain ἦν κύριος μετὰ Ιωσηφ (39:2, 3, 21, 23), which functions as the chapter's theological spine — an Immanuel-pattern that Acts 7:9 explicitly cites (ὁ θεὸς ἦν μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ), reading Joseph's story as a type of divine accompaniment in unjust suffering.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of Genesis 39 follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. The chapter is architecturally framed by the fourfold refrain ἦν κύριος μετὰ Ιωσηφ (39:2, 3, 21, 23), which functions as the chapter's theological spine — an Immanuel-pattern that Acts 7:9 explicitly cites (ὁ θεὸς ἦν μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ), reading Joseph's story as a type of divine accompaniment in unjust suffering. The prosperity vocabulary centers on εὐοδόω ('prosper, give success', 39:3, 23) and the participial phrase ἀνὴρ ἐπιτυγχάνων (39:2, 'a man who succeeds'), rendering Hebrew אִישׁ מַצְלִיחַ — a LXX hapax in this combination. At 39:6 Joseph's beauty is described in the exact phrasing used of Rachel in 29:17: καλὸς τῷ εἴδει καὶ ὡραῖος τῇ ὄψει σφόδρα — a deliberate narratological echo linking mother and son by the same beauty formula. The advance of Potiphar's wife is marked by the Hebraistic temporal idiom ἡμέραν ἐξ ἡμέρας (39:10, 'day from day'), calquing Hebrew יוֹם יוֹם. Joseph's refusal peaks at 39:9 with ἁμαρτήσομαι ἐναντίον τοῦ θεοῦ — 'I shall sin before God' — where the future indicative carries deliberative-moral force. The seized ἱμάτιον ('cloak', 39:12–18) is the second garment-deception against a son of Jacob: the ornamented coat of Gen 37:31–33 was the first; now the cloak becomes false evidence, binding chs 37 and 39 by the motif of clothing-as-false-witness. The prison is rendered ὀχύρωμα ('stronghold, fortress', 39:20) — the LXX's striking rendering of Hebrew מִשְׁמָר, flagging a militarized confinement. Ps 104(103):18 LXX retrospects on the imprisonment: 'the iron went through his soul' (ἦλθεν ἐν σιδήρῳ ἡ ψυχὴ αὐτοῦ), a suffering-text the early church read as a type of Christ's passion.

1

Ιωσηφ δὲ κατήχθη εἰς Αἴγυπτον· καὶ ἐκτήσατο αὐτὸν Πετεφρης ὁ εὐνοῦχος Φαραω ὁ ἀρχιμάγειρος, ἀνὴρ Αἰγύπτιος, ἐκ χειρὸς τῶν Ισμαηλιτῶν, οἳ κατήγαγον αὐτὸν ἐκεῖ.

Joseph was brought down to Egypt; and Petephres the eunuch of Pharaoh, the chief cook, an Egyptian man, acquired him from the hand of the Ishmaelites who had brought him down there.

Narrative resumption (topic shift back to Joseph)δέ
The chapter opens with Ιωσηφ fronted before the verb for topic focus — 'Joseph, on his part' — resuming his story after the Gen 38 Judah-digression (cf. 37:36 where his sale to Πετεφρης is first noted). δέ marks the narrative pivot. κατήχθη (Aor Pass) preserves a possible divine-passive nuance: the descent to Egypt is providentially ordered, not merely contingent.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
ΙωσηφJosephsubject (fronted indeclinable proper noun — topic focus)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: LXX transliteration of Hebrew יוֹסֵף (Yōsēp̄), indeclinable in Greek; fronted before the verb to signal topic-resumption after the Gen 38 digression. The name recurs eleven times in this chapter, marking Joseph as the sustained narrative subject throughout.
δὲnow / andnarrative particle (topic resumption after digression)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατήχθηwas brought downAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κατάγωmain verb (narrative event — Joseph's arrival in Egypt)→ constative aorist (single completed descent)κατάγω: 'lead / bring down'; the passive renders Hebrew הוּרַד (Hophal of יָרַד, 'go down'), with a possible divine-passive nuance — Joseph's descent is providentially ordered. The same verb (active) recurs in the relative clause (κατήγαγον) to trace the full chain of agency.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal of motion)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal of motion).
ΑἴγυπτονEgyptAccusativeaccusative of goal (destination)→ object specificationΑἴγυπτος: standard LXX rendering of Hebrew מִצְרַיִם (Miṣrayim); the journey to Egypt inaugurates the descent-narrative of Gen 39–50 that culminates in the Exodus. The country name takes a singular Greek form for the Hebrew dual.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκτήσατοacquired / boughtAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · κτάομαιmain verb (commercial acquisition of Joseph)→ constative aorist (single purchase transaction)κτάομαι: 'acquire, purchase, gain possession of'; the middle voice emphasizes acquisition for one's own benefit. Renders Hebrew קָנָה, the standard term for purchasing a slave. The subject is withheld until after the verb — Potiphar's name arriving as new information.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object (Joseph as the person acquired)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (Joseph as the person acquired).
ΠετεφρηςPotipharsubject (belated proper-noun subject — new information after verb)→ participant identificationΠετεφρης: LXX transliteration of Hebrew פּוֹטִיפַר (Pōṭîp̄ar), itself from Egyptian P-di-p-Rᶜ ('he whom Re has given'); indeclinable in Greek. The name appears at Gen 37:36 and here; Gen 41:45 introduces a different Potiphera, priest of On, who becomes Joseph's father-in-law.
theNominativearticle (modifying εὐνοῦχος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐνοῦχοςeunuch / officialNominativepredicate nominative (apposition to Πετεφρης — court title)→ participant prominenceεὐνοῦχος: literally 'guardian of the bed'; renders Hebrew סָרִיס (sārîs), which can mean either a physical eunuch or a court official in a broader sense. Since Potiphar has a wife (v.7), 'official' is likely the intended sense here — the LXX preserves the Hebrew ambiguity.
ΦαραωPharaohgenitive of relationship (indeclinable — 'of Pharaoh')→ participant identificationΦαραω: LXX transliteration of Hebrew פַּרְעֹה, from Egyptian pr-ʿꜣ ('great house'); indeclinable throughout the LXX. The genitive relationship ('eunuch of Pharaoh') identifies Potiphar as a member of the royal court.
theNominativearticle (modifying ἀρχιμάγειρος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχιμάγειροςchief cook / chief of the guardNominativepredicate nominative (second apposition — office title)→ participant prominenceἀρχιμάγειρος: compound of ἀρχι- ('chief') + μάγειρος ('cook / slaughterer'); renders Hebrew רַב-טַבָּחִים (rab-ṭabbāḥîm), literally 'chief of the slaughterers/executioners.' The LXX's 'chief cook' domesticates a title that in Hebrew implies something closer to 'captain of the guard' or 'chief executioner' (cf. 2 Kgs 25:8 LXX where the same Hebrew title belongs to Nebuzaradan).
ἀνὴρa manNominativepredicate nominative (ethnic apposition)→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man / husband'; here in an identificatory apposition — 'an Egyptian man' — establishing Potiphar's ethnicity and the cross-cultural dimension of Joseph's service under a pagan master.
ΑἰγύπτιοςEgyptianNominativepredicate adjective (ethnic identification)→ participant prominenceΑἰγύπτιος: 'Egyptian'; the ethnic label is theologically significant — divine blessing flowing through Joseph to an Egyptian household (vv.3–5) anticipates the cross-cultural mission of the Joseph story and ultimately the sojourn-redemption pattern of the Exodus.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (means / source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (means / source).
χειρὸςhandGenitivegenitive of means (idiomatic: 'from the hand of')→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand'; the idiom ἐκ χειρός + genitive calques Hebrew מִיַּד, meaning 'from the possession/power of.' The 'hand' as locus of authority and possession is the chapter's pervasive motif — recurring at vv.4, 6, 12, 22, 23 to trace the arc of delegated authority.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (modifying Ισμαηλιτῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσμαηλιτῶνIshmaelitesgenitive of source (indeclinable proper-noun — 'from the Ishmaelites')→ participant identificationΙσμαηλῖται: 'Ishmaelites'; transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׁמְעֵאלִים; the traders who carried Joseph from Dothan to Egypt (Gen 37:25–28). The LXX does not harmonize the Ishmaelite/Midianite oscillation of Gen 37 but preserves it as in the Hebrew.
οἳwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of explanatory relative clause)→ participant referenceοἳ: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (subject of explanatory relative clause).
κατήγαγονhad brought downAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κατάγωverb of relative clause (narrating the prior transport to Egypt)→ constative aorist (explaining the completed transport)κατάγω: 'bring down'; same root as κατήχθη (v.1a), creating a verbal bracket — Joseph 'was brought down' (divine passive) by those who 'brought him down' (human active). The two voices together trace both the human agency and the providential frame.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of κατήγαγον→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of κατήγαγον.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place (locative — 'there' = Egypt)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
2

Καὶ ἦν κύριος μετὰ Ιωσηφ, καὶ ἦν ἀνὴρ ἐπιτυγχάνων· καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ παρὰ τῷ κυρίῳ αὐτοῦ τῷ Αἰγυπτίῳ.

And the LORD was with Joseph, and he was a man who succeeds; and he came to be in the house alongside his Egyptian master.

Theological statement (first sounding of the divine-presence refrain)Καὶ
The first sounding of the chapter's fourfold refrain: ἦν κύριος μετὰ Ιωσηφ. The imperfect ἦν marks continuous, habitual divine accompaniment — not a momentary intervention but a sustained covenantal presence. The double ἦν structure (LORD with him / he a man who succeeds) presents the theological and empirical sides of Joseph's prosperity as inseparable: divine presence produces observable success.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction (καί-parataxis — Hebraizing connective)→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (theological refrain — divine presence)→ progressive imperfect (continuous, unbroken divine accompaniment)εἰμί: 'be'; the imperfect ἦν marks ongoing divine presence throughout Joseph's Egyptian sojourn — not a punctiliar event but a permanent accompaniment. This is the first of four occurrences of the ἦν κύριος μετὰ Ιωσηφ refrain (vv.2, 3, 21, 23), framing the entire chapter with divine-presence theology.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject (the divine name — first sounding of the refrain)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the LXX's standard rendering of the divine name יהוה (YHWH). Crucially, the same Greek word κύριος serves double duty throughout this chapter — both as the divine name (vv.2, 3, 21, 23) and as 'master' referring to Potiphar and the jailer (vv.2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 16, 19, 20) — a deliberate lexical ambiguity that weaves Joseph's divine Lord and human masters into a single narrative thread.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment — covenantal presence)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment — covenantal presence).
ΙωσηφJosephgenitive of accompaniment (indeclinable proper noun, object of μετά)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: the refrain ἦν κύριος μετὰ Ιωσηφ is cited verbatim in Acts 7:9 (ὁ θεὸς ἦν μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ) by Stephen, who explicitly identifies it as the pattern of divine accompaniment through unjust suffering — making it an Immanuel-type deployed in early Christian apologetics.
καὶandconnective (introducing empirical consequence of divine presence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (habitual state — human-observable success)→ progressive imperfect (habitual, ongoing condition)εἰμί: the second ἦν introduces the human-observable consequence of the divine presence: Joseph was a 'succeeding man.' The parallelism (LORD with him / he a success) is the LXX's way of showing that εὐοδόω is not magic but covenantal faithfulness made visible.
ἀνὴρa manNominativepredicate nominative (subject complement after εἶναι)→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; predicate nominative after ἦν; the phrase ἀνὴρ ἐπιτυγχάνων ('a man who succeeds') renders Hebrew אִישׁ מַצְלִיחַ, itself from the root צָלַח (succeed, prosper) — cognate to the εὐοδόω-vocabulary of vv.3, 23.
ἐπιτυγχάνωνwho succeedsPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · ἐπιτυγχάνωattributive participle (predicate — 'a succeeding man')→ progressive / habitual (continuous success across all situations)ἐπιτυγχάνω: 'succeed, attain, hit the mark'; a relatively rare verb in the LXX; the participial noun phrase ἀνὴρ ἐπιτυγχάνων is the chapter's first lexical marker of the prosperity-theme. The root τυγχάνω ('hit the mark, attain') suggests not mere good fortune but purposeful attainment — Joseph is not lucky but divinely guided.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (result: he was settled in the household)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοhe came to beAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (established state — Joseph settled in the household)→ constative aorist (completed establishment in the household)γίνομαι: 'become, come to be'; ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ means he was established / installed in the house — not merely that he was present but that he became a fixture of the household.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκῳhouse / householdDativedative of place (locative — 'in the house')→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: 'house / household'; the term recurs as the central spatial locus of authority in ch. 39 — Potiphar's house (vv.2, 4, 5, 6, 11, 14) and then the prison-house (vv.20–23) — Joseph's authority being delegated over each in turn.
παρὰalongside / in the service ofpreposition + dative (proximity — service relationship)→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'alongside'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (proximity — service relationship).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳmasterDativedative after παρά (human master — 'in the service of his master')→ sphere or referenceκύριος: here in its non-divine sense of 'master / lord'; the double sense of κύριος (divine LORD / human master) is felt throughout the chapter as a studied ambiguity — Joseph's service to his human master is simultaneously framed by the divine Lord's superintendence.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession ('his master')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('his master').
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑἰγυπτίῳEgyptianDativedative adjective (apposition to κυρίῳ — ethnic identification of the master)→ sphere or referenceΑἰγύπτιος: the ethnic label reemphasized from v.1; the pagan Egyptian master perceiving divine favor is a cross-cultural theological motif — the God of Israel's blessing is visible even to, and operative through, a foreign court official.
3

εἶδεν δὲ ὁ κύριος αὐτοῦ ὅτι κύριος μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ καὶ ὅτι πάντα ὅσα αὐτὸς ποιεῖ κύριος εὐοδοῖ ἐν ταῖς χερσὶν αὐτοῦ.

And his master saw that the LORD was with him, and that everything that he himself did the LORD gave success to in his hands.

Observation (Potiphar perceives the divine presence through its effects)εἶδεν δέ
Potiphar (ὁ κύριος αὐτοῦ) observes two things by means of double ὅτι-clauses: (1) κύριος is with Joseph, and (2) κύριος εὐοδοῖ all his works. The pagan master perceives the divine presence through its empirical effects — a missional-theological motif: the God of Israel is visible even to Egyptians through the prosperity He causes. The verb εὐοδοῖ (present indicative of εὐοδόω) introduces the chapter's key prosperity-vocabulary.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (Potiphar's perception of divine favor)→ constative aorist (completed act of recognition)ὁράω: 'see, perceive, observe'; the aorist marks the moment of recognition — Potiphar comes to see and understand what is happening. The object is a double ὅτι-clause: he saw (1) that the LORD was with Joseph and (2) that the LORD was prospering his work.
δὲandnarrative particle (continuation)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle (modifying κύριος — human master)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριοςmasterNominativesubject (Potiphar — human κύριος as perceiving agent)→ participant prominenceκύριος: here referring to Potiphar as human master; within the same verse the word then appears twice more as the divine name — the lexical double entendre is at its densest in this verse: the human master (ὁ κύριος αὐτοῦ) perceives that the divine LORD (κύριος) prospers Joseph's work.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession ('his master' — Potiphar)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('his master' — Potiphar).
ὅτιthatcomplementizer (introducing first ὅτι-clause: object of εἶδεν)→ clausal contributionὅτι: meaning 'that'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of first ὅτι-clause (divine name)→ participant prominenceκύριος: now the divine name יהוה — the third occurrence in three verses, reinforcing the theological motif. The ὅτι recitative construction makes this a direct content-report of what Potiphar saw: he recognized divine presence.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment — elided form of μετά)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment — elided form of μετά).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive of accompaniment (object of μετά — referring to Joseph)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of accompaniment (object of μετά — referring to Joseph).
καὶandconnective (introducing second ὅτι-clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅτιthatcomplementizer (introducing second ὅτι-clause: object of εἶδεν)→ clausal contributionὅτι: meaning 'that'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
πάνταall things / everythingAccusativeaccusative object of εὐοδοῖ (anticipated — fronted for emphasis)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all, every'; πάντα ὅσα is a correlative construction — 'all [things] as many as' — emphasizing the comprehensive scope of divine blessing on Joseph's work: nothing excepted.
ὅσαas many as / whateverAccusativerelative pronoun (correlative with πάντα — 'all things that')→ participant referenceὅσα: meaning 'as many as'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (correlative with πάντα — 'all things that').
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (emphatic subject — Joseph as the agent)→ participant referenceαὐτός: intensive pronoun emphasizing Joseph as the personal subject of the work — 'whatever he himself does.' The emphasis distinguishes Joseph's personal agency from the divine agency that prospers it.
ποιεῖdoesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause (Joseph's ongoing work)→ progressive present (habitual, ongoing activity)ποιέω: 'do, make'; the present tense within the indirect-statement clause marks Joseph's work as habitual and ongoing — Potiphar observes a pattern, not a single event.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of main verb εὐοδοῖ (divine name — third occurrence in this verse)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the divine name, third time in this verse, the subject of εὐοδοῖ — the LORD is the ultimate agent of Joseph's success, acting through Joseph's own deeds.
εὐοδοῖgives success to / prospersPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εὐοδόωmain verb of second ὅτι-clause (divine prospering of all Joseph's work)→ gnomic / habitual present (characteristic divine activity)εὐοδόω: 'give a good road to, cause to prosper'; from εὖ ('well') + ὁδός ('road') — to make someone's way smooth and successful. Renders Hebrew הִצְלִיחַ (Hiphil of צָלַח, 'cause to succeed'). This verb is the chapter's central prosperity-term, returning at v.23 (εὐώδου) to close the theological frame.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative — sphere of prospering)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative — sphere of prospering).
ταῖςtheDativearticle (modifying χερσίν)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χερσὶνhandsDativedative of sphere / locative (the hands as locus of Joseph's delegated authority)→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand'; ἐν ταῖς χερσὶν αὐτοῦ ('in his hands') renders Hebrew בְּיָדוֹ, signifying the sphere of Joseph's delegated responsibility. The phrase recurs at v.23 (the final verse) to create a structural envelope: the chapter opens with Joseph's hands under divine blessing and closes the same way.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession ('his hands' — Joseph's)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('his hands' — Joseph's).
4

καὶ εὗρεν Ιωσηφ χάριν ἐναντίον τοῦ κυρίου αὐτοῦ καὶ εὐηρέστει αὐτῷ· καὶ κατέστησεν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τοῦ οἴκου αὐτοῦ, καὶ πάντα ὅσα ἦν αὐτῷ ἔδωκεν διὰ χειρὸς Ιωσηφ.

And Joseph found favor before his master, and he was pleasing to him; and he appointed him over his house, and everything that was his he gave into the hand of Joseph.

Result (divine favor translates into human recognition and promotion)καὶ
The finding of χάριν before a human master is the standard LXX pattern for divine blessing mediated through human relationship (cf. v.21 with the jailer; Gen 6:8 Noah). The imperfect εὐηρέστει marks Joseph's ongoing pleasing of his master as habitual. Full administrative delegation follows in three stages: appointment over the household, then the comprehensive 'everything' delivered 'through the hand of Joseph' — the hand-idiom echoing v.1 and anticipating vv.6, 12, 22, 23.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (result of divine favor)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὗρενfoundAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb (Joseph finds favor — idiomatic expression)→ constative aorist (completed finding — Joseph came to have favor)εὑρίσκω: 'find'; εὑρεῖν χάριν ἐναντίον ('find favor before') renders Hebrew מָצָא חֵן בְּעֵינֵי, the standard OT idiom for gaining another's goodwill; cf. Gen 6:8 (Noah before God); 18:3 (Abraham). The idiom recurs at 39:21 with the jailer.
ΙωσηφJosephsubject (indeclinable proper noun — belated for rhythm)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun — belated for rhythm).
χάρινfavor / graceAccusativedirect object of εὗρεν (what Joseph found)→ object specificationχάρις: 'grace, favor, goodwill'; renders Hebrew חֵן — the unearned goodwill or approval that one party grants another. In the Joseph narrative, χάρις is the visible fruit of divine accompaniment: the LORD's presence with Joseph generates favor in human eyes. The word recurs at 39:21 as the parallel gift in prison.
ἐναντίονbefore / in the eyes ofpreposition + genitive (reference: 'before / in the sight of')→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before, in the presence of'; renders Hebrew לִפְנֵי / בְּעֵינֵי; a Hebraism frequently used in the LXX to express standing before a superior or within someone's sphere of regard.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (modifying κυρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουmasterGenitivegenitive after ἐναντίον (the human master whose favor Joseph found)→ relational specificationκύριος: human master (Potiphar) — the fourth occurrence of this word in three verses; the lexical double-sense (divine LORD / human master) continues to reverberate.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession ('his master')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('his master').
καὶandnarrative conjunction (continuing result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐηρέστειwas pleasing / servedImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εὐαρεστέωmain verb (ongoing pleasing service)→ progressive imperfect (habitual, continuing service)εὐαρεστέω: 'please, be pleasing to'; renders Hebrew שָׁרַת ('serve, minister'). The imperfect marks ongoing, habitual service — Joseph was continually pleasing his master. The verb is also used in the NT for pleasing God (Heb 11:5–6, citing Enoch), connecting faithful service of a human master with the theological category of pleasing God.
αὐτῷhimDativedative of person (indirect object — 'pleasing to him')→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of person (indirect object — 'pleasing to him').
καὶandnarrative conjunction (first stage of promotion)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέστησενappointed / setAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καθίστημιmain verb (Potiphar's act of promotion)→ constative aorist (decisive appointment)καθίστημι: 'appoint, set over, place in charge'; renders Hebrew פָּקַד עַל ('appoint over'). The word is the chapter's administrative-authority term — Potiphar appoints Joseph, and subsequently Joseph administers the prison (v.22).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of κατέστησεν (Joseph as the one appointed)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of κατέστησεν (Joseph as the one appointed).
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive (authority: 'over, in charge of')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (authority: 'over, in charge of').
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (modifying οἴκου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουhouse / householdGenitivegenitive after ἐπί (sphere of Joseph's appointment — the household)→ relational specificationοἶκος: the household as an administrative unit — steward over the whole establishment. The same appointment structure will be replicated in the prison (vv.21–23): find favor → appointment over the facility → comprehensive authority.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession ('his house' — Potiphar's)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('his house' — Potiphar's).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (second, comprehensive stage of delegation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταeverything / all thingsAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν (fronted for emphasis — total delegation)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the fronted πάντα ὅσα emphatic phrase (cf. v.3) marks the comprehensive scope of the delegation — nothing is withheld except the master's own food (v.6).
ὅσαas many as / whateverAccusativerelative pronoun (correlative — 'all that was his')→ participant referenceὅσα: meaning 'as many as'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (correlative — 'all that was his').
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of relative clause (Potiphar's possessions — what was his)→ progressive imperfect (all that he habitually had — his entire estate)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): the copula of the name-gloss.
αὐτῷhis / to himDativedative of possession (Potiphar's possessions)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of possession (Potiphar's possessions).
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (act of comprehensive delegation)→ constative aorist (single decisive act of handing over authority)δίδωμι: 'give, hand over'; the act of giving authority διὰ χειρός ('through the hand') is the technical administrative idiom for delegated stewardship — recalling ἐκ χειρός of v.1 and anticipating διὰ χειρὸς Ιωσηφ at v.22.
διὰthrough / intopreposition + genitive (means / agency — 'through the hand of')→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (means / agency — 'through the hand of').
χειρὸςhandGenitivegenitive after διά (idiomatic — into Joseph's stewardship)→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand'; the idiom διὰ χειρός ('through the hand of') renders Hebrew בְּיַד, the standard term for delegated authority or agency. This is the third 'hand' reference in the chapter (cf. ἐκ χειρὸς v.1; χερσίν v.3) — the motif of the hand as locus of authority and trust is becoming structural.
ΙωσηφJosephgenitive of agency (indeclinable proper noun — into whose hand things were given)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of agency (indeclinable proper noun — into whose hand things were given).
5

ἐγένετο δὲ μετὰ τὸ κατασταθῆναι αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τοῦ οἴκου αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐπὶ πάντα ὅσα ἦν αὐτῷ, καὶ εὐλόγησεν κύριος τὸν οἶκον τοῦ Αἰγυπτίου διὰ Ιωσηφ· καὶ ἐγένετο εὐλογία κυρίου ἐν πᾶσιν τοῖς ὑπάρχουσιν αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ καὶ ἐν τῷ ἀγρῷ.

And it came to pass after he had been appointed over his house and over all that was his, that the LORD blessed the house of the Egyptian for Joseph's sake; and the blessing of the LORD came to be upon all his possessions in the house and in the field.

Temporal consequence (the LORD's blessing spreads outward from Joseph to the whole estate)ἐγένετο δέ
The ἐγένετο δὲ μετὰ τὸ + infinitive construction dates the expansion of blessing to after Joseph's appointment — causally linking his authority to the outward extension of divine favor. The blessing moves concentrically: from Joseph (v.2) to the household to all possessions inside and outside. εὐλογία κυρίου frames this as explicitly covenantal blessing, invoking the Abrahamic promise (Gen 12:3) that all families of the earth would be blessed through Abraham's seed — here operative even in an Egyptian's house.
Word-by-word analysis· 41 words
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (Hebraizing temporal-framing formula)→ constative aorist (inaugurating new temporal frame)γίνομαι: 'come to pass'; the ἐγένετο δὲ μετά construction calques Hebrew וַיְהִי אַחֲרֵי, marking a new narrative phase after the completed appointment of v.4.
δὲand / nownarrative particle (transition to consequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal — 'after')→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'after'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (temporal — 'after').
τὸtheAccusativearticle with infinitive (accusative articular infinitive — temporal)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατασταθῆναιto be appointedAor Pass Inf · καθίστημιarticular infinitive (temporal object of μετά — 'after being appointed')→ summarizing aorist infinitive (completed appointment referred back to v.4)καθίστημι: same verb as κατέστησεν (v.4); the passive infinitive μετὰ τὸ κατασταθῆναι ('after he had been set in charge') is a Koine construction calquing the Hebrew temporal clause. The passive preserves divine-agency nuance: Joseph's appointment is ultimately the LORD's doing.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive (Joseph as the one appointed)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative subject of infinitive (Joseph as the one appointed).
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive (authority — first sphere)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (authority — first sphere).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουhouse / householdGenitivegenitive after ἐπί (sphere of authority — the house)→ relational specificationοἶκος: 'house/household'; the repeated mention of the house appointment echoes v.4, framing the expansion of blessing.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandconnective (extending the sphere of appointment)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (authority — second, comprehensive sphere)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (authority — second, comprehensive sphere).
πάνταeverythingAccusativeaccusative after ἐπί (comprehensive scope — 'over all things')→ object specificationπάντα: meaning 'everything'; it serves as accusative after ἐπί (comprehensive scope — 'over all things').
ὅσαas many as / whateverAccusativerelative pronoun (correlative — 'all that was his')→ participant referenceὅσα: meaning 'as many as'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (correlative — 'all that was his').
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of relative clause→ progressive imperfect (all that he habitually had — his entire estate)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): the copula of the name-gloss.
αὐτῷhis / to himDativedative of possession→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the divine blessing as consequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐλόγησενblessedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εὐλογέωmain verb (the LORD's blessing of the Egyptian household through Joseph)→ constative aorist (decisive act of blessing)εὐλογέω: 'bless'; renders Hebrew בֵּרַךְ (Piel of בָּרַךְ). The blessing of an Egyptian household through a Hebrew servant invokes the Abrahamic promise of Gen 12:3 ('in you all families of the earth shall be blessed') — here operative proleptically through Joseph. Cf. the blessing of Laban through Jacob (Gen 30:27).
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject (the divine name — LORD as blesser)→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'the LORD'; it serves as subject (the divine name — LORD as blesser).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (modifying οἶκον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouse / householdAccusativedirect object of εὐλόγησεν (the household that receives blessing)→ object specificationοἶκος: the Egyptian household as object of YHWH's blessing — a theologically remarkable statement: God blesses a pagan's house because the covenant-bearer Joseph is within it.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑἰγυπτίουEgyptianGenitivegenitive of possession ('of the Egyptian' — Potiphar)→ relational specificationΑἰγύπτιος: the ethnic identification is deliberate — an Egyptian, a pagan, receives covenantal blessing because the covenant-bearer Joseph is in his house. The divine blessing here has no ethnic boundary.
διὰthrough / for the sake ofpreposition + genitive (means / cause — 'through / because of Joseph')→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (means / cause — 'through / because of Joseph').
ΙωσηφJosephgenitive of means / agent (indeclinable — blessing flows through Joseph)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: the blessing flows διὰ Ιωσηφ ('through Joseph'), a direct instance of the Abrahamic pattern (Gen 12:3) — here operating in Egypt, through a slave, anticipating the universal scope of the covenant-promises.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (expanding on the nature of the blessing)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοcame to beAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (the blessing as concrete reality)→ ingressive aorist (blessing coming into existence as an operative state)γίνομαι: 'come to be'; ἐγένετο εὐλογία ('blessing came to be') marks the blessing as a concrete realized state of affairs, not merely a wish or potential — it became actual and operative.
εὐλογίαblessingNominativesubject of ἐγένετο (the blessing as an entity)→ participant prominenceεὐλογία: 'blessing'; renders Hebrew בְּרָכָה — the concrete prosperity, fruitfulness, and favor that flows from divine-covenantal relationship. The term is explicitly covenantal in the ancestral narratives (Gen 12:2; 27:12; 28:4).
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source / agent ('the LORD's blessing')→ relational specificationκύριος: the divine name as genitive of source — the blessing is specifically the LORD's, not merely natural prosperity or luck. The genitive makes the theological claim explicit.
ἐνupon / inpreposition + dative (locative — sphere of blessing)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative — sphere of blessing).
πᾶσινallDativedative adjective (universal scope — 'in all his possessions')→ sphere or referenceπᾶσιν: meaning 'all'; it serves as dative adjective (universal scope — 'in all his possessions').
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑπάρχουσινpossessions / what he hasPres Act Part Dat Pl Neut · ὑπάρχωsubstantival participle (dative — his possessions)→ progressive / habitual (all that he continuously has)ὑπάρχω: 'be, exist, belong to'; τὰ ὑπάρχοντα ('the things belonging') is a Hellenistic legal idiom for personal property and assets — rendering Hebrew כֹּל אֲשֶׁר-לוֹ ('all that was his').
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Potiphar's possessions)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Potiphar's possessions).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative — first sphere: the house)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative — first sphere: the house).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκῳhouseDativedative of place (locative — 'in the house')→ sphere or referenceοἴκῳ: meaning 'house'; it serves as dative of place (locative — 'in the house').
καὶandconnective (extending blessing to second sphere — the field)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative — second sphere)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative — second sphere).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγρῷfieldDativedative of place (locative — 'in the field')→ sphere or referenceἀγρός: 'field, agricultural land'; the blessing extends beyond the domestic sphere to the agricultural estate — total prosperity, inside and out. The bipartite formula (ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ καὶ ἐν τῷ ἀγρῷ) renders a merism for total prosperity.
6

καὶ ἐπέτρεψεν πάντα ὅσα ἦν αὐτῷ εἰς χεῖρας Ιωσηφ, καὶ οὐκ ᾔδει τῶν καθ᾿ αὑτὸν οὐδέν, πλὴν τοῦ ἄρτου οὗ ἤσθιεν αὐτός. καὶ ἦν Ιωσηφ καλὸς τῷ εἴδει καὶ ὡραῖος τῇ ὄψει σφόδρα.

And he entrusted everything that was his into the hands of Joseph, and he was not aware of anything concerning himself except the bread that he himself ate. And Joseph was beautiful in form and exceedingly handsome in appearance.

Culmination (total delegation sealed; beauty notice introduces the temptation-plot)καὶ
Total delegation is confirmed and expanded with the comprehensive πάντα ὅσα ἦν αὐτῷ — Potiphar's non-involvement in anything except his own food marks the absolute completeness of Joseph's stewardship. The beauty notice (καλὸς τῷ εἴδει καὶ ὡραῖος τῇ ὄψει σφόδρα) precisely echoes Rachel's at Gen 29:17, linking mother and son by the same beauty formula and setting the stage for the temptation of vv.7–12. The notice functions as a narrative hinge: it closes the elevation scene and opens the danger.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέτρεψενentrusted / handed overAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτρέπωmain verb (complete, final delegation of everything to Joseph)→ constative aorist (decisive act of handing over authority)ἐπιτρέπω: 'turn over to, entrust, commit'; renders Hebrew וַיַּעֲזֹב ('and he left/abandoned'). The LXX shifts from the Hebrew's 'left' to 'entrusted' — making the act positive delegation rather than mere neglect. The result is the same: Potiphar is entirely hands-off.
πάνταeverythingAccusativedirect object (fronted — total delegation emphasized)→ object specificationπάντα: meaning 'everything'; it serves as direct object (fronted — total delegation emphasized).
ὅσαas many as / whateverAccusativerelative pronoun (correlative — comprehensive scope)→ participant referenceὅσα: meaning 'as many as'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (correlative — comprehensive scope).
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of relative clause→ progressive imperfectεἰμί (impf. ἦν): the copula of the name-gloss.
αὐτῷhisDativedative of possession→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of possession.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal — 'into the hands of')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal — 'into the hands of').
χεῖραςhandsAccusativeaccusative of goal (the 'hands' as locus of delegated authority)→ object specificationχείρ: 'hand'; εἰς χεῖρας Ιωσηφ ('into Joseph's hands') is the fifth 'hand' reference in the chapter (vv.1, 3, 4, 6a, 6b) — the motif of the hand as locus of authority is now fully saturated in the narrative before the temptation begins.
ΙωσηφJosephgenitive of recipient (indeclinable proper noun — into whose hands)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of recipient (indeclinable proper noun — into whose hands).
καὶandconnective (consequence of complete delegation — Potiphar's withdrawal)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ᾔδειknewPlpf Act Indic 3 Sg · οἶδαmain verb (Potiphar's complete non-involvement — he knew nothing)→ progressive imperfect-equivalent (habitual state — Potiphar characteristically knew nothing)οἶδα: 'know' (perfect in form, present in sense); ᾔδει τῶν καθ᾿ αὑτὸν οὐδέν ('he knew nothing of what was his own') marks absolute delegation — Potiphar is entirely disengaged from household management. This sets up the tragic irony of v.19: when his wife accuses Joseph, Potiphar has no independent knowledge to weigh against her claim.
τῶνof the thingsGenitivearticle with partitive genitive→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθ᾿concerningpreposition + accusative (idiom — 'concerning himself')→ spatial or relational framingκαθ᾿: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (idiom — 'concerning himself').
αὑτὸνhimselfAccusativereflexive pronoun (Potiphar as referent — 'his own affairs')→ participant referenceαὑτός: reflexive pronoun, distinct from personal αὐτός; καθ᾿ αὑτόν = 'what concerned himself, his own domain.' The reflexive marks the personal sphere from which Potiphar withdrew — the single exception being his food, perhaps for purity reasons.
οὐδένnothingAccusativeaccusative object of ᾔδει (total ignorance of household affairs)→ object specificationοὐδέν: meaning 'nothing'; it serves as accusative object of ᾔδει (total ignorance of household affairs).
πλὴνexceptadversative particle (exception — the one thing retained)→ discourse linkage or contrastπλὴν: meaning 'except'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρτουbread / foodGenitivegenitive of exception ('except the bread')→ relational specificationἄρτος: 'bread / food'; the retention of control over his own food may reflect Egyptian ritual-purity concerns — court officials in Egypt often had priestly roles requiring control over their own food (cf. Gen 43:32 where Egyptians cannot eat with Hebrews). The exception confirms the comprehensiveness of all other delegation.
οὗthat / whichGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive of thing eaten — 'the bread that he ate')→ relational specificationοὗ: meaning 'that'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (genitive of thing eaten — 'the bread that he ate').
ἤσθιενateImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐσθίωverb of relative clause (habitual personal eating)→ progressive imperfect (habitual action)ἐσθίω: 'eat'; the negated imperfect ('would not eat') depicts Hannah's grief-stricken fasting at the very feast where portions were distributed (vv.4–5); cf. Elkanah's question about her not eating in v.8.
αὐτόςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (subject of ἤσθιεν — 'he himself ate')→ participant referenceαὐτός: emphatic — the only thing Potiphar personally managed was his own eating. The emphasis reinforces the comprehensiveness of all other delegation to Joseph.
καὶandconnective (transitional — introducing the beauty notice as narrative hinge)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (Joseph's appearance — the beauty notice)→ progressive imperfect (habitual state — Joseph's constant beauty)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): the copula of the name-gloss.
ΙωσηφJosephsubject (fronted proper noun — topic of the beauty notice)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (fronted proper noun — topic of the beauty notice).
καλὸςbeautiful / fairNominativepredicate adjective (first element of the beauty formula — form)→ participant prominenceκαλός: 'beautiful, fair, good'; the first element of the bipartite beauty formula, relating to form and figure. The identical adjective appears in Gen 29:17 of Rachel (καλὴ τῷ εἴδει), linking mother and son by a shared beauty-formula — a deliberate narratological echo.
τῷinDativearticle with dative of respect→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἴδειform / figureDativedative of respect ('beautiful with respect to form')→ sphere or referenceεἶδος: 'form, appearance, shape'; renders Hebrew תֹּאַר (tōʾar, 'form/figure'). The dative of respect (καλὸς τῷ εἴδει) is a Hebraism rendering Hebrew יְפֵה תֹאַר. The phrase echoes Rachel's description at Gen 29:17 exactly.
καὶandconnective (second element of the beauty formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡραῖοςhandsome / in the bloom of beautyNominativepredicate adjective (second element of beauty formula — appearance)→ participant prominenceὡραῖος: 'timely, in season, in the bloom of youth'; from ὥρα ('season, right time') — 'in the prime of beauty.' The word carries connotations of ripeness and the fullness of the right moment. Applied also to Rachel (Gen 29:17) and to David (1 Sam 16:12 LXX).
τῇinDativearticle with dative of respect→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄψειappearance / countenanceDativedative of respect ('handsome with respect to appearance')→ sphere or referenceὄψις: 'sight, look, face, appearance'; renders Hebrew מַרְאֶה (marʾeh, 'appearance/sight'). The dative-of-respect construction parallels τῷ εἴδει, making the beauty formula bipartite: form and face. The echo of Rachel (Gen 29:17: ὡραία τῇ ὄψει σφόδρα) is unmistakable.
σφόδραexceedingly / very muchadverb (intensifier modifying both ὡραῖος and the beauty formula as a whole)→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'very much, exceedingly'; renders Hebrew מְאֹד — the standard LXX adverb of superlative intensity. Joseph's beauty is not merely notable but superlative — setting up the extreme nature of the temptation that follows.
7

Καὶ ἐγένετο μετὰ τὰ ῥήματα ταῦτα καὶ ἐπέβαλεν ἡ γυνὴ τοῦ κυρίου αὐτοῦ τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς αὐτῆς ἐπὶ Ιωσηφ καὶ εἶπεν· Κοιμήθητι μετ᾿ ἐμοῦ.

And it came to pass after these things that the wife of his master cast her eyes upon Joseph and said: 'Lie with me.'

Temporal transition (the temptation begins)Καὶ ἐγένετο μετὰ τὰ ῥήματα ταῦτα
The καὶ ἐγένετο μετὰ τὰ ῥήματα ταῦτα formula is the standard Hebraizing narrative transition in the LXX (cf. Gen 22:1; 40:1), calquing Hebrew וַיְהִי אַחַר הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה. The wife's action (ἐπέβαλεν τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς αὐτῆς) is the LXX's idiom for deliberate, predatory fixation of attention. Her demand (Κοιμήθητι μετ᾿ ἐμοῦ) is stark and unadorned — no seduction speech, no preamble — the blunt imperative exposing the nakedness of the proposition.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (Hebraizing temporal-framing formula)→ constative aorist (inaugurating new narrative moment)γίνομαι: καὶ ἐγένετο μετὰ τὰ ῥήματα ταῦτα calques Hebrew וַיְהִי אַחַר הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה, a standard formula marking a significant narrative transition; cf. Gen 22:1; 40:1; 2 Sam 2:1 LXX.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'after'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (temporal).
τὰtheAccusativearticle (modifying ῥήματα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥήματαwords / things / mattersAccusativeaccusative after μετά (temporal reference — 'these things')→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word, thing, matter'; renders Hebrew הַדְּבָרִים — the plural refers to the events just narrated (vv.1–6). The same word recurs at vv.8, 9 ('this evil matter') and v.19 ('these words'), creating a verbal thread linking the escalation.
ταῦταtheseAccusativedemonstrative adjective (referring back to the events of vv.1–6)→ object specificationταῦτα: meaning 'these'; it serves as demonstrative adjective (referring back to the events of vv.1–6).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέβαλενcast / setAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιβάλλωmain verb (the wife's predatory gaze — deliberate act initiating the temptation)→ constative aorist (decisive, intentional act)ἐπιβάλλω: 'cast upon, set upon, throw upon'; ἐπιβάλλειν τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς + ἐπί ('cast the eyes upon') is the LXX's idiom for lustful, covetous fixing of attention; cf. Sir 9:5. The active and purposeful casting marks not a glance but a deliberate, sustained focus — a decision made.
theNominativearticle (modifying γυνή)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυνὴwife / womanNominativesubject (Potiphar's wife — the temptress)→ participant prominenceγυνή: 'woman / wife'; she is never named in the LXX narrative — she remains throughout ἡ γυνὴ τοῦ κυρίου αὐτοῦ, defined entirely by her relationship to Potiphar and her role as temptress. The anonymity is a narrative verdict.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουmasterGenitivegenitive of relationship ('of his master')→ relational specificationκυρίου: meaning 'master'; it serves as genitive of relationship ('of his master').
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession ('of his [Joseph's] master')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('of his [Joseph's] master').
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (modifying ὀφθαλμούς)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθαλμοὺςeyesAccusativedirect object of ἐπέβαλεν (the eyes as instrument of desire)→ object specificationὀφθαλμός: 'eye'; τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς αὐτῆς ἐπί — 'her eyes upon' — marks the gaze as active instrument of desire, not passive observation. In biblical narrative the eye is the organ of covetousness (Job 31:1; Prov 6:25 LXX).
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession ('her eyes')→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('her eyes').
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (direction of the gaze)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of the gaze).
ΙωσηφJosephaccusative of direction (indeclinable — the object of her gaze)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative of direction (indeclinable — the object of her gaze).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the spoken demand)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (introducing direct speech)→ constative aorist (single speech act)εἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
Κοιμήθητιlie down / sleepAor Pass Impv 2 Sg · κοιμάομαιmain verb of direct speech (imperative demand)→ imperative (urgent, unambiguous command — no softening)κοιμάομαι: 'lie down, sleep, rest'; deponent passive imperative; euphemism for sexual union (cf. Gen 19:32–35; 26:10; 2 Sam 11:4 LXX). The demand is stark and unadorned — no pretext, no seduction. The same imperative recurs at vv.12 and 14, framing the false accusation as echo-repetition of the original demand.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment — elided form of μετά)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment — elided form of μετά).
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive of accompaniment (first person — 'with me')→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'me'; it serves as genitive of accompaniment (first person — 'with me').
8

ὁ δὲ οὐκ ἤθελεν, εἶπεν δὲ τῇ γυναικὶ τοῦ κυρίου αὐτοῦ· Εἰ ὁ κύριός μου οὐ γινώσκει δι᾿ ἐμὲ οὐδὲν ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ, καὶ πάντα ὅσα ἐστὶν αὐτῷ ἔδωκεν εἰς τὰς χεῖράς μου·

But he was unwilling, and he said to the wife of his master: 'See — my master does not concern himself with anything in the house because of me, and everything that is his he has given into my hands;'

Refusal — loyalty argument (first ground: betrayal of Potiphar's trust)ὁ δέ
The abrupt ὁ δὲ οὐκ ἤθελεν conveys Joseph's refusal in three words before any reason is offered — the imperfect ἤθελεν marking habitual, ongoing unwillingness. Joseph's speech (vv.8–9) grounds refusal first in human loyalty (v.8): the trust Potiphar has placed in him makes the act unthinkable. The verse is syntactically incomplete — the sentence runs on into v.9, breaking at the theological climax.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
heNominativearticle used as pronoun (introducing Joseph as contrastive subject — 'he, on his part')→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbut / andadversative particle (contrast: she said / he refused)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἤθελενwas willing / wantedImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · θέλωmain verb (Joseph's habitual unwillingness to comply)→ progressive imperfect (persistent, ongoing unwillingness — he consistently refused)θέλω: 'want, be willing, desire'; the imperfect ἤθελεν marks not a single refusal but a persistent, habitual state — Joseph was never willing and never wavered. The brevity of ὁ δὲ οὐκ ἤθελεν makes the refusal absolute before any reason is given.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (introducing Joseph's refusal speech)→ constative aorist (single speech act)εἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δὲandnarrative particle (transitioning to direct speech)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῇtheDativearticle (dative, modifying γυναικί)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναικὶwife / womanDativedative of indirect address ('to the wife')→ sphere or referenceγυναικὶ: meaning 'wife'; it serves as dative of indirect address ('to the wife').
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουmasterGenitivegenitive of relationship (Potiphar — 'of his master')→ relational specificationκυρίου: meaning 'master'; it serves as genitive of relationship (Potiphar — 'of his master').
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
Εἰbehold / seepresentative particle (Hebraism — εἰ rendering Hebrew הִנֵּה as an attention-getter)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: normally the conditional conjunction 'if'; here a Hebraism rendering Hebrew הִנֵּה ('behold / look'), used as a presentative to call attention to the facts Joseph is about to enumerate — a common LXX usage; cf. Gen 27:2; 30:34. The effect is: 'Look here — my master...'
theNominativearticle (modifying κύριος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριόςmasterNominativesubject of γινώσκει (Potiphar — human master as the one who has trusted Joseph)→ participant prominenceκύριος: human master (Potiphar) — the same word used throughout for both the divine LORD and the human master; in Joseph's own speech he uses κύριος of Potiphar, the very term the narrative has used of YHWH. The trust Potiphar has placed in Joseph is the first and practical ground of refusal.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession ('my master' — first person, Joseph speaking)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('my master' — first person, Joseph speaking).
οὐnotnegation→ participant referenceοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negation.
γινώσκειknows / concerns himself withPres Act Indic 3 Sg · γινώσκωmain verb of speech (Potiphar's habitual non-involvement in household affairs)→ gnomic / habitual present (Potiphar characteristically knows nothing of the house)γινώσκω: 'know, come to know'; the present marks a habitual state — Potiphar characteristically has no knowledge of the household because he has delegated everything to Joseph (cf. v.6). This is the trust that makes betrayal unthinkable.
δι᾿because of / throughpreposition + accusative (cause — 'because of me' / 'through me')→ spatial or relational framingδι᾿: meaning 'because of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (cause — 'because of me' / 'through me').
ἐμὲmeAccusativeaccusative after διά (Joseph as the reason for Potiphar's non-involvement)→ participant referenceἐμὲ: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative after διά (Joseph as the reason for Potiphar's non-involvement).
οὐδὲνnothingAccusativeaccusative object of γινώσκει (total ignorance — 'knows nothing')→ object specificationοὐδὲν: meaning 'nothing'; it serves as accusative object of γινώσκει (total ignorance — 'knows nothing').
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκῳhouseDativedative of place ('in the house')→ sphere or referenceοἴκῳ: meaning 'house'; it serves as dative of place ('in the house').
καὶandconnective (second ground of the loyalty argument)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταeverythingAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν (fronted for emphasis — the comprehensiveness of the trust)→ object specificationπάντα: meaning 'everything'; it serves as direct object of ἔδωκεν (fronted for emphasis — the comprehensiveness of the trust).
ὅσαas many as / whateverAccusativerelative pronoun (correlative — 'all that is his')→ participant referenceὅσα: meaning 'as many as'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (correlative — 'all that is his').
ἐστὶνisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of relative clause→ habitual presentεἰμί: equative 'is'; the question of identity is the question of the whole chapter — is this really the woman who left full?
αὐτῷhisDativedative of possession→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of possession.
ἔδωκενgave / has givenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (the act of delegation — Potiphar gave everything into Joseph's hands)→ constative aorist (completed act now standing as the established situation)δίδωμι: 'give'; the aorist refers to the already-established trust (cf. v.4). The giving of everything into Joseph's hands is the foundational act of loyalty that makes the proposed sin a double betrayal — of both master and God.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal — sphere of authority)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal — sphere of authority).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖράςhandsAccusativeaccusative of goal ('into the hands' — sphere of Joseph's authority)→ object specificationχείρ: 'hand'; the sixth 'hand' reference in the chapter (vv.1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 8) — now employed by Joseph himself in his refusal speech. The very trust symbolized by the hand-idiom is the ground on which sin is declared impossible.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession ('my hands' — Joseph's delegated authority, first person)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('my hands' — Joseph's delegated authority, first person).
9

καὶ οὐχ ὑπερέχει ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ τούτῳ οὐδεὶς ἐμοῦ, οὐδὲ ὑφεῖλέν τι ἀπ᾿ ἐμοῦ πλὴν σοῦ, διὰ τὸ σὲ γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ εἶναι· πῶς ποιήσω τὸ ῥῆμα τὸ πονηρὸν τοῦτο καὶ ἁμαρτήσομαι ἐναντίον τοῦ θεοῦ;

'...and no one in this house is greater than I, nor has he withheld anything from me except you, because you are his wife. How then shall I do this evil thing and sin before God?'

Refusal — theological climax (sin before God)καὶ
Joseph's refusal-speech reaches its theological summit: from the practical ground of v.8 (Potiphar's trust) to the absolute ground — ἁμαρτήσομαι ἐναντίον τοῦ θεοῦ. The rhetorical πῶς ποιήσω ('how shall I do this?') expects no answer and expresses moral impossibility. The future indicative ἁμαρτήσομαι functions with deliberative-moral force: the contemplated act is pre-defined as sin against God, making the hypothetical itself unthinkable. This is the first explicit sin-before-God formulation in the Joseph narrative.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandconnective (continuing Joseph's speech — second ground of refusal)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐχnotnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐχ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ὑπερέχειsurpasses / is greater thanPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ὑπερέχωmain verb (Joseph's supreme authority in the house — establishes what is at stake)→ gnomic / habitual present (the established, ongoing situation)ὑπερέχω: 'surpass, exceed, hold superior position'; renders Hebrew גָּדַל מִן ('be greater than'). Joseph's claim is not arrogance but a statement of the established situation — Potiphar has made him lord of everything (v.4). The comprehensive authority makes the proposed betrayal doubly monstrous.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκῳhouseDativedative of place ('in the house')→ sphere or referenceοἴκῳ: meaning 'house'; it serves as dative of place ('in the house').
τούτῳthisDativedemonstrative adjective ('this house' — Potiphar's household, the sphere of delegated trust)→ participant reference or interestτούτῳ: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative adjective ('this house' — Potiphar's household, the sphere of delegated trust).
οὐδεὶςno oneNominativesubject (no person surpasses Joseph — comprehensive claim)→ participant prominenceοὐδείς: 'no one'; the nominative subject of ὑπερέχει; the absolute claim (nobody at all is greater) underscores the full extent of the trust that would be betrayed.
ἐμοῦme / than IGenitivegenitive of comparison (comparative genitive after ὑπερέχει — 'greater than I')→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'me'; it serves as genitive of comparison (comparative genitive after ὑπερέχει — 'greater than I').
οὐδὲnorconnective-negative (introducing second negative clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑφεῖλένwithheldAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὑφαιρέωmain verb (Potiphar withheld nothing from Joseph)→ constative aorist (completed act — the ongoing state of total non-withholding)ὑφαιρέω: 'take from below, withdraw secretly, withhold'; renders Hebrew חָשַׂךְ ('withhold, restrain'). The negation (οὐδὲ ὑφεῖλέν) confirms the comprehensive scope of the delegation — Potiphar has withheld absolutely nothing from Joseph except his wife.
τιanythingAccusativeaccusative object of ὑφεῖλεν (the withheld thing — nothing)→ participant referenceτι: meaning 'anything'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ὑφεῖλεν (the withheld thing — nothing).
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (separation — 'from me')→ spatial or relational framingἀπ᾿: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation — 'from me').
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive after ἀπό (first person — Joseph)→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'me'; it serves as genitive after ἀπό (first person — Joseph).
πλὴνexceptadversative particle (the single exception to total delegation)→ discourse linkage or contrastπλὴν: meaning 'except'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive of exception (second person — the wife as the one withheld)→ relational specificationThe irony is devastating: the single withheld thing (σοῦ πλήν — 'except you') is the very person making the demand. Joseph's argument is a reductio: the one thing Potiphar reserved was his wife's person — to violate that reservation is to commit the one act of betrayal the structure of the delegation explicitly excludes.
διὰbecausepreposition + accusative (causal — articular infinitive of cause)→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'because'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (causal — articular infinitive of cause).
τὸtheAccusativearticle with infinitive (articular infinitive — causal)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σὲyouAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive εἶναι (second person — 'you being...')→ participant referenceσὲ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative subject of infinitive εἶναι (second person — 'you being...').
γυναῖκαwifeAccusativepredicate accusative (in the infinitive construction — 'wife')→ object specificationγυνή: 'wife/woman'; the marital status to Potiphar is the legal and moral ground for the exception — she is off limits precisely because she belongs to the master who has entrusted everything to Joseph.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession ('his wife')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('his wife').
εἶναιto bePres Act Inf · εἰμίarticular infinitive of cause (διὰ τὸ + inf — 'because of your being his wife')→ present infinitive (ongoing state — she continues to be his wife)εἰμί: the articular infinitive διὰ τὸ σὲ γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ εἶναι is the standard Koine construction for a causal clause ('because you are his wife'). Her marital status is the reason the exception exists.
πῶςhowinterrogative adverb (deliberative rhetorical question — expressing moral impossibility)→ clausal contributionπῶς: meaning 'how'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ποιήσωshall I doAor Act Subjunc 1 Sg · ποιέωmain verb of deliberative question (rhetorical — the act is shown to be impossible)→ deliberative aorist subjunctive (moral impossibility — 'how could I ever do this?')ποιέω: 'do'; πῶς ποιήσω is a deliberative rhetorical question expecting no answer — the question form expresses that the act is unthinkable. The subjunctive (or futuristic indicative in some readings) of deliberation renders the Hebrew cohortative 'and how could I do...?'
τὸtheAccusativearticle (modifying ῥῆμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαthing / matter / actAccusativedirect object of ποιήσω ('this evil thing')→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word, matter, deed'; τὸ ῥῆμα τὸ πονηρὸν τοῦτο names the proposed act as a 'matter' — categorically evil before any divine reference is made. The same word recurs in the accusation (vv.17, 19), creating a lexical thread through the chapter.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (second article — predicative adjective position)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνevil / wickedAccusativeattributive adjective (characterizing the proposed act as evil)→ object specificationπονηρός: 'evil, wicked, malicious'; renders Hebrew הָרָעָה הַגְּדֹלָה ('this great evil'). The LXX condenses the Hebrew triple-adjective construction but preserves the moral verdict — the proposed act is evil in itself, not merely prohibited.
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrative adjective (pointing at the proposed act — 'this evil thing')→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative adjective (pointing at the proposed act — 'this evil thing').
καὶandconnective (introducing the theological summit of the refusal)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἁμαρτήσομαιI shall sinFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωmain verb (theological summit — sin before God as the ultimate ground of refusal)→ deliberative future (moral-force future — 'I would inevitably sin / I will sin')ἁμαρτάνω: 'sin, miss the mark, err morally'; the future ἁμαρτήσομαι functions with deliberative-moral force — if I do this I will have sinned / I will be sinning before God. Renders Hebrew וְחָטָאתִי. The formulation ἁμαρτήσομαι ἐναντίον τοῦ θεοῦ is the chapter's theological summit: the first explicit invocation of God as the ground of moral refusal in the Joseph story, and one of the most important ethical statements in the patriarchal narrative.
ἐναντίονbefore / againstpreposition + genitive (reference — 'before / in the face of God')→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before, in the presence of, against'; renders Hebrew לִפְנֵי ('before'). To sin 'before God' is to sin within the divine gaze — a conception of moral accountability grounded in the omnipresence of God that the refrain (ἦν κύριος μετὰ Ιωσηφ) has just established.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive after ἐναντίον ('before God')→ relational specificationθεός: notably Joseph uses θεός here rather than κύριος — the universal divine name rather than the covenant name יהוה. This may be deliberate: when speaking to or before an Egyptian, Joseph invokes the universal moral category ('God') rather than the particular covenant name, widening the ethical appeal beyond Israel.
10

ἡνίκα δὲ ἐλάλει τῷ Ιωσηφ ἡμέραν ἐξ ἡμέρας, καὶ οὐχ ὑπήκουεν αὐτῇ καθεύδειν μετ᾿ αὐτῆς ἢ εἶναι μετ᾿ αὐτῆς.

And while she kept speaking to Joseph day after day, he would not listen to her, either to sleep with her or to be with her.

Temporal circumstance (the daily, habitual pressure and Joseph's persistent refusal)ἡνίκα δέ
The temporal clause ἡνίκα ἐλάλει ἡμέραν ἐξ ἡμέρας uses the iterative imperfect ἐλάλει with the Hebraistic distributive idiom ἡμέραν ἐξ ἡμέρας ('day from day') to mark habitual, recurring pressure over an extended period. Joseph's refusal (οὐχ ὑπήκουεν) is equally imperfect — he habitually, repeatedly refused. The two coordinate infinitives (καθεύδειν / εἶναι) show escalating avoidance: not even to sleep with her, not even merely to be in her presence.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἡνίκαwhile / whentemporal conjunction (framing habitual action over time)→ discourse linkage or contrastἡνίκα: 'when, at the time when'; paired with the imperfect ἐλάλει to mark a temporal frame for iterative action — 'while / as long as she kept speaking.'
δὲand / nownarrative particle (transitioning from speech to ongoing scenario)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλειkept speakingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb of temporal clause (the wife's persistent, repeated speech)→ iterative imperfect (repeated, habitual action day after day)λαλέω: 'speak, talk'; the iterative imperfect marks repeated, persistent speech over an extended period — not a single conversation but a pattern of daily approaches. The duration of the sustained temptation is theologically significant: Joseph withstood not a momentary test but a protracted campaign.
τῷtheDativearticle (dative, with Ιωσηφ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙωσηφJosephdative of indirect address (indeclinable — 'to Joseph')→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative of indirect address (indeclinable — 'to Joseph').
ἡμέρανdayAccusativeaccusative of time (distributive — first member of the Hebraistic idiom)→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; ἡμέραν ἐξ ἡμέρας ('day from day') is a Hebraistic distributive temporal idiom calquing Hebrew יוֹם יוֹם ('day after day'). The phrase marks the temporal persistence of the temptation — not occasional but daily, unrelenting pressure over a prolonged period.
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (distributive idiom — 'from day [to day]')→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (distributive idiom — 'from day [to day]').
ἡμέραςdayGenitivegenitive after ἐκ (distributive — completing the idiom 'day from day')→ relational specificationἡμέρας: meaning 'day'; it serves as genitive after ἐκ (distributive — completing the idiom 'day from day').
καὶandconnective (introducing Joseph's response — the persistent refusal)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐχnotnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐχ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ὑπήκουενlistened to / complied withImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ὑπακούωmain verb (Joseph's persistent, habitual refusal to comply)→ iterative imperfect (habitual repeated refusal — each time she spoke, he refused)ὑπακούω: 'listen to, obey, comply with, heed'; the iterative imperfect matches ἐλάλει — each approach was met with a refusal. The two imperfects (she kept speaking / he kept not complying) structure the ongoing standoff as a war of persistence, which Joseph consistently wins.
αὐτῇherDativedative of person (indirect object — 'to her')→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of person (indirect object — 'to her').
καθεύδεινto sleep / lie withPres Act Inf · καθεύδωepexegetic infinitive (specifying what Joseph refused — first level: sleeping with her)→ progressive infinitive (the ongoing state refused)καθεύδω: 'sleep, lie down'; euphemism for sexual union in this context; Joseph refused this first and more obvious demand.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of accompaniment ('with her' — first level of refusal)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of accompaniment ('with her' — first level of refusal).
ordisjunctive conjunction (introducing the second, more minimal level of refusal)→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶναιto bePres Act Inf · εἰμίepexegetic infinitive (second level — refusing even to be present with her)→ progressive infinitive (ongoing state refused)εἰμί: 'be'; the second infinitive (εἶναι μετ᾿ αὐτῆς, 'to be with her') shows that Joseph refused not only the sexual proposition but even social proximity — he avoided her presence entirely. The escalating avoidance (refuse to sleep / refuse even to be near) shows Joseph taking no chances.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of accompaniment ('with her' — second level of refusal)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of accompaniment ('with her' — second level of refusal).
11

Ἐγένετο δὲ τοιαύτη τις ἡμέρα εἰσῆλθεν Ιωσηφ εἰς τὸν οἶκον ποιεῖν τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ· καὶ οὐδεὶς ἦν τῶν ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ ἔσω ἐκεῖ.

And it came to pass on a certain such day that Joseph entered the house to do his work; and no one of those in the house was inside there.

Temporal narrative (the decisive day — transition from habitual to singular event)Ἐγένετο δέ
The ἐγένετο δὲ τοιαύτη τις ἡμέρα construction marks the transition from the habitual-imperfect pattern of v.10 to the single critical occasion. τοιαύτη τις ἡμέρα ('a certain such day') is a Koine colloquialism for a momentous but undetermined particular occasion. The detail that no household member was inside (οὐδεὶς ἦν τῶν ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ ἔσω) is the narrative prerequisite for the assault — and theologically loaded: Joseph refuses even without human witness, showing his fear is of God, not of men.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
Ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (Hebraizing temporal formula — transition to the decisive day)→ constative aorist (inaugurating the specific narrative moment)γίνομαι: ἐγένετο δὲ τοιαύτη τις ἡμέρα marks the transition from the habitual pattern to the single critical occasion — a narrative technique of zooming in from repeated behavior to a particular episode.
δὲand / nownarrative particle (transitional)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοιαύτηsuch / of such a kindNominativedemonstrative adjective (forward-pointing — 'a day such as the following')→ participant prominenceτοιοῦτος: 'such, of such a kind'; here forward-pointing — 'a day such as [this]'; the word signals that this particular day will be decisive, different from the habitual pattern.
τιςa certainNominativeenclitic indefinite pronoun (marking a specific but unnamed day)→ participant referenceτις: indefinite pronoun 'a certain, some'; together with τοιαύτη creates 'a certain such day' — Koine colloquial for a specific, momentous occasion whose precise date the narrator does not specify.
ἡμέραdayNominativesubject of ἐγένετο ('a certain such day came to pass')→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as subject of ἐγένετο ('a certain such day came to pass').
εἰσῆλθενenteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (Joseph's entry for regular work — nothing unusual about the act itself)→ constative aorist (single entry on the critical day)εἰσέρχομαι: 'enter, go in'; Joseph's ordinary entry for his regular duties — the ordinariness of the entry heightens the unexpected nature of the assault.
ΙωσηφJosephsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal of motion)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal of motion).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative of goal ('into the house')→ object specificationοἶκον: meaning 'house'; it serves as accusative of goal ('into the house').
ποιεῖνto doPres Act Inf · ποιέωinfinitive of purpose ('to do his work')→ progressive infinitive (ongoing regular duties)ποιέω: 'do, make'; the infinitive of purpose marks Joseph's entry as motivated by legitimate regular work — he is not lingering, not seeking her, but performing his ordinary stewardship duties.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργαworks / tasksAccusativedirect object of ποιεῖν ('his tasks/duties')→ object specificationἔργον: 'work, task, deed'; τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ refers to Joseph's regular household stewardship duties. The mundane ordinariness of his task heightens the arbitrariness of the assault — it happens not because Joseph sought it but because he was simply doing his job.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession ('his work')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('his work').
καὶandconnective (introducing the crucial circumstance — no witnesses)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐδεὶςno oneNominativesubject ('no one' — the decisive circumstance of the absence of witnesses)→ participant prominenceοὐδείς: 'no one, nobody'; the absence of all witnesses is the narrative prerequisite for the assault. Theologically: Joseph refuses even when no human witness is present — his moral ground is divine, not social.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (the state of the house — absence of all household members)→ progressive imperfect (state at that decisive moment)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): the copula of the name-gloss.
τῶνof thoseGenitivearticle (partitive genitive — 'of those in the house')→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκῳhouseDativedative of place ('in the house')→ sphere or referenceοἴκῳ: meaning 'house'; it serves as dative of place ('in the house').
ἔσωinsideadverb of place (emphasizing the interior of the house — no one was within)→ clausal contributionἔσω: 'inside, within'; the adverb reinforces that no one was inside the building — not merely absent from the doorway but genuinely absent from the interior. The double locative (ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ ἔσω) is emphatic, underscoring the completeness of the isolation.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place (resumptive locative — 'there')→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
12

καὶ ἐπελάβετο αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἱματίου λέγουσα· Κοιμήθητι μετ᾿ ἐμοῦ. καὶ καταλιπὼν τὸ ἱμάτιον αὐτοῦ ἐν ταῖς χερσὶν αὐτῆς ἔφυγεν καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ἔξω.

And she seized him by his garment, saying: 'Lie with me.' And leaving his garment in her hands, he fled and went out outside.

Narrative crisis (the physical seizure; the abandoned cloak; the flight)καὶ
The pivotal verse of the unit. ἐπελάβετο αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἱματίου — the double genitive (person seized + thing seized) renders Hebrew וַתִּתְפְּשֵׂהוּ בְּבִגְדוֹ. The garment (ἱμάτιον) now becomes the chapter's key physical object, mentioned four times in vv.12–18. The same word (ἱμάτιον) traces the whole false-evidence chain. Joseph's flight (ἔφυγεν καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ἔξω) is emphatic and total — leaving behind his cloak is the price of moral integrity, and the abandoned garment is the chapter's second clothing-deception against a son of Jacob.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπελάβετοseized / graspedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιλαμβάνομαιmain verb (the wife's physical seizure of Joseph — the crisis moment)→ constative aorist (decisive, violent act)ἐπιλαμβάνομαι: 'seize, grasp, take hold of'; the double genitive construction (αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἱματίου — genitive of person + genitive of thing grasped) renders Hebrew וַתִּתְפְּשֵׂהוּ בְּבִגְדוֹ ('she grabbed him by his garment'). The middle voice marks the act as self-interested and predatory.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive of person seized (Joseph grasped)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of person seized (Joseph grasped).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱματίουgarment / cloakGenitivegenitive of thing grasped (the garment by which Joseph was seized)→ relational specificationἱμάτιον: 'garment, cloak, outer robe'; renders Hebrew בֶּגֶד. The ἱμάτιον becomes the chapter's central physical object: seized here (v.12), left in her hands (v.12), retained as evidence (vv.13, 15, 16), exhibited in the accusation (vv.17, 18). It is the second garment-deception against a son of Jacob — the ornamented coat of Gen 37:31–33 was dipped in blood to deceive Jacob; now the cloak is used to deceive Potiphar. The motif of clothing-as-false-witness binds chs 37 and 39.
λέγουσαsayingPres Act Part Nom Sg Fem · λέγωattendant circumstance participle (simultaneous with the seizure — she says while seizing)→ progressive participle (speech accompanying the action)λέγω: 'say'; the attendant circumstance participle introduces direct speech at the precise moment of the physical assault — the demand is issued simultaneously with the grabbing.
Κοιμήθητιlie down / sleepAor Pass Impv 2 Sg · κοιμάομαιmain verb of direct speech (the demand repeated verbatim — verbal escalation matches physical)→ imperative (the same stark command as v.7, now accompanied by physical force)κοιμάομαι: the identical imperative as v.7, repeated verbatim — LXX's technique of exact repetition marks the escalation: from verbal approach (v.7) to daily pressure (v.10) to physical seizure (v.12), but the demand never changes.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (elided μετά)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (elided μετά).
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive of accompaniment→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'me'; it serves as genitive of accompaniment.
καὶandconnective (introducing Joseph's response — the flight)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταλιπὼνleaving behind / abandoningAor Act Part Nom Sg Masc · καταλείπωattendant circumstance participle (coincident with flight — 'abandoning his garment [as he fled]')→ constative aorist participle (the completed abandonment)καταλείπω: 'leave behind, abandon, forsake'; Joseph deliberately leaves the garment — he does not pull it back, does not struggle, but makes the moral calculation that integrity is worth a cloak. The same root recurs at vv.13 and 15 (κατέλιπεν). The Fathers (e.g., Origen, Hom. Gen. 15) read this abandonment as a type of Christ's abandonment of the body in death.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάτιονgarment / cloakAccusativedirect object of καταλιπών (the garment abandoned in her hands)→ object specificationἱμάτιον: second occurrence in the verse; the garment left behind is the false evidence that will seal Joseph's fate. The echo of Gen 37 is unmistakable: Joseph's coat was used to deceive Jacob (Gen 37:31–33); now Joseph's cloak is used to deceive Potiphar.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession ('his garment')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('his garment').
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative — where the garment was left)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative — where the garment was left).
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χερσὶνhandsDativedative of place ('in the hands' — the garment transferred to her custody)→ sphere or referenceχείρ: the seventh 'hand' reference in the chapter — now the garment is ἐν ταῖς χερσὶν αὐτῆς ('in her hands'); the 'hand' motif, which throughout the chapter has marked delegated authority and blessing (Joseph's hands), now marks false evidence and accusation (her hands).
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession ('her hands')→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('her hands').
ἔφυγενfledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φεύγωmain verb (Joseph's flight — the moral and physical response to the crisis)→ constative aorist (decisive, urgent completed action)φεύγω: 'flee, escape, run away'; the aorist marks the urgency and decisiveness of Joseph's exit. The flight from sexual temptation is the positive moral act of the narrative, reflected in Paul's φεῦγε τὴν πορνείαν (1 Cor 6:18) and φεῦγε δὲ τὰς νεωτερικὰς ἐπιθυμίας (2 Tim 2:22). Ps 104:18 LXX will later meditate on the suffering this righteous flight cost Joseph.
καὶandconnective (emphatic continuation — intensifying the flight)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆλθενwent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (the completed exit from the house)→ constative aorist (completed departure)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out, exit'; the double verb (ἔφυγεν καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ἔξω) is emphatic — he fled and went out outside. The redundancy mirrors a Hebrew pleonasm (וַיֵּצֵא הַחוּצָה), intensifying the totality of his departure.
ἔξωoutsideadverb of place (pleonastic intensifier — 'went out outside')→ clausal contributionἔξω: 'outside, out'; the adverb intensifies ἐξῆλθεν and mirrors a Hebrew pleonasm (חוּצָה 'outward/outside'), emphasizing the completeness and irreversibility of Joseph's departure from the compromised space.
13

ὡς δὲ εἶδεν ὅτι κατέλιπεν τὸ ἱμάτιον αὐτοῦ ἐν ταῖς χερσὶν αὐτῆς καὶ ἔφυγεν ἔξω,

And when she saw that he had left his garment in her hands and had fled outside,

Temporal subordinate clause (she perceives the evidence — transition to accusation)ὡς δέ
ὡς + aorist introduces a temporal circumstantial clause that is syntactically the protasis of a construction completed by the main clause of v.14. She perceives two facts: the garment ἐν ταῖς χερσὶν αὐτῆς and Joseph's flight ἔξω — both true, both about to be weaponized. The verse ends with a comma (no period), syntactically open to v.14.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ὡςwhen / astemporal conjunction (introducing subordinate clause — 'when she saw')→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲand / nownarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb of temporal clause (she perceives the situation and her opportunity)→ constative aorist (completed act of perception)ὁράω: 'see'; she sees and processes the physical facts — Joseph's abandoned garment in her hands, his flight — and transforms them into the material of false accusation.
ὅτιthatcomplementizer (introducing the content of what she saw)→ clausal contributionὅτι: meaning 'that'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
κατέλιπενhad leftAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταλείπωverb of ὅτι-clause (Joseph's act of leaving the garment)→ constative aorist (the completed action she now perceives)καταλείπω: same root as καταλιπών (v.12); the repeated vocabulary of 'leaving behind' connects what she perceived to what she will report — she has the garment because he truly did leave it.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάτιονgarment / cloakAccusativedirect object of κατέλιπεν (the garment left in her hands)→ object specificationἱμάτιον: third occurrence in three verses — the garment is now the narrative's focal object, the physical fact she perceives and will weaponize.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession ('his garment')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('his garment').
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χερσὶνhandsDativedative of place ('in the hands' — the physical possession of the evidence)→ sphere or referenceχείρ: eighth 'hand' reference in the chapter — the garment ἐν ταῖς χερσὶν αὐτῆς ('in her hands') is the physical fact she will weaponize. The 'hand' motif, which throughout marked delegated authority and blessing (Joseph's hands), now marks false evidence (her hands).
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession ('her hands')→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('her hands').
καὶandconnective (second element of what she saw)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔφυγενhad fledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φεύγωverb of second ὅτι-clause (Joseph's flight — seen and exploited)→ constative aorist (completed flight she observes)φεύγω: same verb as v.12; Joseph's morally positive flight is now perceived by the wife as an opportunity — the flight is the proof he was present, the garment is the proof of what (she claims) he intended.
ἔξωoutsideadverb of place ('outside' — Joseph's completed departure)→ clausal contributionἔξω: meaning 'outside'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
14

καὶ ἐκάλεσεν τοὺς ὄντας ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς λέγουσα· Ἰδοὺ εἰσήγαγεν ἡμῖν παῖδα Ἑβραῖον ἐμπαίζειν ἡμῖν· εἰσῆλθεν πρός με λέγων· Κοιμήθητί μου, καὶ ἐβόησα φωνῇ μεγάλῃ·

she called those who were in the household and said to them: 'See — he has brought in to us a Hebrew slave to mock us! He came to me saying, "Lie with me!" and I cried out with a great voice;'

Narrative action (the false accusation to the household servants)καὶ
The false accusation is launched in two stages: first to the household servants (v.14), then to Potiphar himself (vv.17–18). The speech inverts reality throughout: what was her initiative is attributed to Joseph. The racial designation παῖδα Ἑβραῖον ('a Hebrew slave-boy') is calculated to inflame ethnic solidarity. ἐμπαίζειν ἡμῖν frames the alleged assault as an attack on all Egyptians. Most devastating: she repeats the imperative Κοιμήθητί μου as if Joseph had spoken it to her — borrowing the very words she had spoken to him.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶand / thennarrative conjunction (main clause after the temporal protasis of v.13)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάλεσενcalled / summonedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb (she summons household members — creating witnesses before Potiphar arrives)→ constative aorist (deliberate, calculated act)καλέω: 'call, summon'; she summons household members first — establishing her narrative with witnesses before the master arrives. The two-stage strategy (household first, master second) is calculated.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with substantival participle ὄντας)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνταςthose who were / the ones presentPres Act Part Acc Pl Masc · εἰμίsubstantival participle (accusative — the household members called as witnesses)→ progressive (those habitually/currently in the household)εἰμί: τοὺς ὄντας ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ ('those who were in the household') — the household servants and staff who would have returned by now (cf. v.11: they had been absent).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίᾳhouseholdDativedative of place ('in the household')→ sphere or referenceοἰκία: 'house, household'; near-synonym for οἶκος with a slight emphasis on the persons constituting the household as a social unit.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (introducing the false accusation speech)→ constative aorist (single speech act)εἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative of indirect address ('to them' — the household servants)→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of indirect address ('to them' — the household servants).
λέγουσαsayingPres Act Part Nom Sg Fem · λέγωpleonastic attendant participle (Hebraizing λέγουσα after εἶπεν — calquing Hebrew לֵאמֹר)→ progressiveλέγω: the λέγουσα after εἶπεν is a pleonastic formula calquing Hebrew לֵאמֹר ('saying') — the standard Hebrew speech-introduction particle rendered as a participle in the LXX, a Hebraism throughout the Pentateuch.
ἸδοὺSee! / Behold!presentative particle (dramatic attention-getter — opening the accusation)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'see, behold'; renders Hebrew הִנֵּה; used here to call attention dramatically to the outrage she is about to claim — the high-energy opening of a calculated accusation.
εἰσήγαγενhe has brought inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσάγωmain verb of accusation (she blames Potiphar — 'he brought in a Hebrew slave')→ constative aorist (accusatory — the completed act of bringing Joseph in)εἰσάγω: 'bring in, introduce'; the subject is Potiphar — she subtly blames him for the danger by saying 'he brought in to us a Hebrew slave-boy to mock us.' The accusation has multiple targets and mobilizes ethnic Egyptian solidarity against the foreign slave.
ἡμῖνto/for usDativedative of indirect object or disadvantage ('brought in for / against us')→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'to'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of indirect object or disadvantage ('brought in for / against us').
παῖδαslave-boy / servantAccusativedirect object of εἰσήγαγεν (Joseph — referred to as slave-boy, not by name)→ object specificationπαῖς: 'boy, slave, servant'; the term is socially denigrating — she strips Joseph of his name and elevated position, referring to him only as 'a Hebrew slave-boy.' The effect is to dehumanize and delegitimize him.
ἙβραῖονHebrewAccusativeaccusative adjective (ethnic identifier — functioning as a slur in the accusation)→ object specificationἙβραῖος: 'Hebrew'; in the mouth of an Egyptian accuser, the ethnic designation functions to stoke xenophobia — 'a Hebrew slave-boy' invites the servants to see the incident as an ethnic affront requiring solidarity against the outsider.
ἐμπαίζεινto mock / abusePres Act Inf · ἐμπαίζωinfinitive of purpose ('to mock/abuse us')→ progressive infinitive (ongoing intended action)ἐμπαίζω: 'mock, ridicule, play with, abuse'; renders Hebrew לְצַחֶק ('to play with / abuse'). The accusation charges Joseph with intending to abuse the entire Egyptian household, framing the alleged assault as a collective ethnic attack.
ἡμῖνusDativedative of disadvantage ('against us / to mock us')→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of disadvantage ('against us / to mock us').
εἰσῆλθενhe came / enteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (second accusation — she presents Joseph's routine entry as a purposeful approach)→ constative aorist (the false account of the entry)εἰσέρχομαι: 'enter, come in'; she presents Joseph's ordinary entry for work (cf. v.11) as a deliberate approach to her person — the same physical event recast with a sinister intentionality.
πρόςtopreposition + accusative (direction — 'to me')→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction — 'to me').
μεmeAccusativeaccusative after πρός (first person — 'to me')→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative after πρός (first person — 'to me').
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · λέγωattendant circumstance participle (introducing fabricated direct speech attributed to Joseph)→ progressiveλέγω: 'say'; the participle introduces the most devastating inversion — the demand she made to Joseph (Κοιμήθητι μετ᾿ ἐμοῦ) is now attributed to him as his words to her.
Κοιμήθητίlie down / sleepAor Pass Impv 2 Sg · κοιμάομαιmain verb of fabricated direct speech (the demand she attributes to Joseph)→ imperative (the demand — but attributed to Joseph as if he spoke it)κοιμάομαι: the same imperative she used in vv.7 and 12 — now reported as if Joseph had spoken it to her. The ironic precision is the narrative's sharpest stroke: she uses her own words to accuse him.
μουwith meGenitivegenitive of accompaniment (first person — in her fabricated version, Joseph's demand 'with me')→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'with me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of accompaniment (first person — in her fabricated version, Joseph's demand 'with me').
καὶandconnective (introducing the claimed act of resistance)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβόησαI cried outAor Act Indic 1 Sg · βοάωmain verb (first mention of the claimed cry — her alleged act of resistance)→ constative aorist (the alleged act of crying out)βοάω: 'cry out, shout'; the claim that she cried out is pivotal — it explains why she holds the garment (he fled on hearing her cry) and preemptively addresses any question of consent. She will repeat this claim at v.15 (ἐβόησα) and at v.18.
φωνῇvoiceDativedative of means ('with a voice' — instrumental)→ sphere or referenceφωνή: 'voice, sound'; φωνῇ μεγάλῃ ('with a great / loud voice') is a Hebraism (בְּקוֹל גָּדוֹל) for a loud alarm cry that would summon witnesses — she claims to have raised an emergency alarm.
μεγάλῃgreat / loudDativedative adjective ('loud' — modifying φωνῇ)→ sphere or referenceμεγάλῃ: meaning 'great'; it serves as dative adjective ('loud' — modifying φωνῇ).
15

ὡς δὲ ἤκουσεν ὅτι ἦρα τὴν φωνήν μου καὶ ἐβόησα, καταλιπὼν τὸ ἱμάτιον αὐτοῦ παρ᾿ ἐμοὶ ἔφυγεν καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ἔξω.

'And when he heard that I raised my voice and cried out, leaving his garment beside me he fled and went out outside.'

Temporal subordinate clause (completing the fabricated narrative — the cry caused the flight)ὡς δέ
The wife completes her fabricated account: Joseph's flight is presented as a response to her cry, rather than a response to her proposition. Two real facts are reassembled into a false causal sequence: (1) she did cry out, and (2) he did leave the garment and flee — but in reality the flight preceded and prompted the cry, not the reverse. The abandoned garment παρ᾿ ἐμοί ('beside me') is the physical evidence pinned to the false narrative.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ὡςwhentemporal conjunction (introducing the fabricated causal sequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲandnarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤκουσενheardAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb of temporal clause (in her account: he heard her cry and then fled)→ constative aorist (in the fabricated account: the act of hearing that caused flight)ἀκούω: 'hear'; in her fabricated account, Joseph's flight was caused by hearing her cry — the sequence of cause and effect is inverted from v.12, where he had already fled before any cry is mentioned.
ὅτιthatcomplementizer (introducing content of what he allegedly heard)→ clausal contributionὅτι: meaning 'that'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἦραI raisedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · αἴρωverb of ὅτι-clause ('that I raised my voice')→ constative aorist (the alleged act)αἴρω: 'raise, lift'; ἦρα τὴν φωνήν μου ('I raised my voice') is a Hebraism (נָשָׂאתִי קוֹלִי) for crying out aloud — 'lifting the voice' is the standard biblical idiom for raising a public alarm.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φωνήνvoiceAccusativedirect object of ἦρα ('my voice — raised in alleged alarm')→ object specificationφωνήν: meaning 'voice'; it serves as direct object of ἦρα ('my voice — raised in alleged alarm').
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession ('my voice')→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('my voice').
καὶandconnective (completing the claimed acts of resistance)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβόησαI cried outAor Act Indic 1 Sg · βοάωmain verb (the cry — second mention in her account)→ constative aorist (the repeated claim of crying out)βοάω: 'cry out'; the claim is repeated from v.14 — the repetition reinforces the fabricated narrative and will be repeated once more at v.18 (in her account to Potiphar).
καταλιπὼνleaving behindAor Act Part Nom Sg Masc · καταλείπωattendant circumstance participle (Joseph leaving the garment — the real fact embedded in the false account)→ constative aorist participle (completed act)καταλείπω: same participle as v.12 (καταλιπών) — she borrows the actual facts of what happened (he truly left the garment) and reframes them within the false causal sequence.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάτιονgarment / cloakAccusativedirect object of καταλιπών (the garment — the physical evidence)→ object specificationἱμάτιον: fourth occurrence in the garment-thread — παρ᾿ ἐμοί ('beside me') rather than ἐν ταῖς χερσίν μου (v.12), a slight variation in phrasing as the accusation is rehearsed.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
παρ᾿besidepreposition + dative (proximity — 'beside me')→ spatial or relational framingπαρ᾿: meaning 'beside'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (proximity — 'beside me').
ἐμοὶmeDativedative after παρά ('beside me')→ participant reference or interestἐμοὶ: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative after παρά ('beside me').
ἔφυγενfledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φεύγωmain verb (Joseph's flight — incorporated into the false account)→ constative aorist (the real flight, reframed as flight from her alarm)φεύγω: same verb as v.12; Joseph's morally positive flight is presented in the false account as guilt-driven flight from her alarm rather than integrity-driven flight from her proposition.
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆλθενwent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (the exit — same pleonasm as v.12)→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: see v. 1.
ἔξωoutsideadverb of place (pleonastic intensifier — 'went out outside')→ clausal contributionἔξω: meaning 'outside'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
16

καὶ κατέσχεν τὸ ἱμάτιον παρ᾿ ἑαυτῇ ἕως ἦλθεν ὁ κύριος αὐτοῦ εἰς τὸν οἶκον.

And she kept the garment beside her until his master came into the house.

Narrative summary (the garment retained as exhibit until Potiphar's return)καὶ
A brief, cold narrative summary: she retained the garment παρ᾿ ἑαυτῇ ('beside herself') — deliberate, strategic retention, not an accidental possession — until Potiphar returned. The word ἕως ('until') sets up the climactic accusation of vv.17–19. The imperfect force of κατέσχεν marks sustained, deliberate retention. Potiphar is identified only as ὁ κύριος αὐτοῦ — the lexical double-sense (divine LORD / human master) punctuates the narrative: the human master returns, but the divine LORD is with Joseph.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέσχενkept / retainedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατέχωmain verb (deliberate, sustained retention of the garment as evidence)→ constative aorist with durative force (sustained possession — she kept it throughout the wait)κατέχω: 'hold, keep, retain, hold fast'; she deliberately retains the ἱμάτιον as physical evidence — not accidental possession but strategic custody. The garment is preserved as exhibit until the right moment to deploy it before Potiphar.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάτιονgarment / cloakAccusativedirect object of κατέσχεν (the garment retained as exhibit)→ object specificationἱμάτιον: fifth occurrence in the chapter's garment-thread — the cloak now awaits deployment as false evidence before Potiphar, the climax of its role as clothing-as-false-witness.
παρ᾿besidepreposition + dative (proximity — 'beside herself')→ spatial or relational framingπαρ᾿: meaning 'beside'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (proximity — 'beside herself').
ἑαυτῇherselfDativereflexive pronoun (third person — 'beside herself', deliberate personal custody)→ participant reference or interestἑαυτός: reflexive pronoun ('herself'); παρ᾿ ἑαυτῇ ('beside herself') marks deliberate, personal retention — the garment does not leave her control until she is ready to produce it.
ἕωςuntiltemporal conjunction ('until' — setting up Potiphar's return as the decisive moment)→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: meaning 'until'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιverb of temporal clause (Potiphar's return — the moment she has been waiting for)→ constative aorist (the completed arrival)ἔρχομαι: 'come, arrive'; Potiphar's return is the narrative trigger for the climactic accusation of vv.17–19.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριοςmasterNominativesubject of ἦλθεν (Potiphar — human master returning)→ participant prominenceκύριος: human master (Potiphar) — the same word used for both the divine LORD and the human master. The divine κύριος was with Joseph in vv.2–3; now the human κύριος returns to condemn him. The contrast is implicit but felt.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession ('his master' — Joseph's)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('his master' — Joseph's).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal of motion)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal of motion).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative of goal ('into the house')→ object specificationοἶκον: meaning 'house'; it serves as accusative of goal ('into the house').
17

καὶ ἐλάλησεν αὐτῷ κατὰ τὰ ῥήματα ταῦτα λέγουσα· Εἰσῆλθεν πρός με ὁ παῖς ὁ Ἑβραῖος, ὃν εἰσήγαγες πρὸς ἡμᾶς, ἐμπαῖξαί μοι·

And she spoke to him according to these words, saying: 'The Hebrew slave, whom you brought in to us, came to me to mock me;'

Narrative action (the accusation repeated directly to Potiphar)καὶ
The wife delivers the accusation to Potiphar, the second stage of her strategy. κατὰ τὰ ῥήματα ταῦτα ('according to these words') marks consistency with what she told the servants. The accusation now addressed to Potiphar in second person — ὃν εἰσήγαγες πρὸς ἡμᾶς ('whom you brought in to us') — subtly blames him for the danger. The singular μοι (contrast ἡμῖν in v.14) personalizes the assault for Potiphar's ears.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (the accusation delivered to Potiphar)→ constative aorist (single speech act)λαλέω: 'speak'; ἐλάλησεν αὐτῷ κατὰ τὰ ῥήματα ταῦτα ('she spoke to him according to these words') — the κατά phrase marks consistency with her earlier account to the servants.
αὐτῷhimDativedative of indirect address ('to him' — Potiphar)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of indirect address ('to him' — Potiphar).
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard of conformity — 'in accordance with')→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (standard of conformity — 'in accordance with').
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥήματαwords / accountAccusativeaccusative after κατά ('according to these words' — the household account)→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word, matter'; κατὰ τὰ ῥήματα ταῦτα ('according to these words') marks consistency with her earlier version — the accusation is rehearsed, lending it false credibility.
ταῦταtheseAccusativedemonstrative adjective ('these words' — the account she gave the servants)→ object specificationταῦτα: meaning 'these'; it serves as demonstrative adjective ('these words' — the account she gave the servants).
λέγουσαsayingPres Act Part Nom Sg Fem · λέγωpleonastic attendant participle (Hebraizing — calquing Hebrew לֵאמֹר)→ progressiveλέγω (ptc. fem.): redundant 'saying', rendering לֵאמֹר.
Εἰσῆλθενcame / enteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb of direct speech (the accusation — Joseph's entry presented as purposeful assault)→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter'; Joseph's ordinary entry for work (v.11) is presented as purposeful approach to her person.
πρόςtopreposition + accusative ('to me')→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative ('to me').
μεmeAccusativeaccusative after πρός (first person)→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative after πρός (first person).
theNominativearticle (modifying παῖς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παῖςslave-boy / servantNominativesubject of Εἰσῆλθεν (Joseph — referred to as 'slave-boy', not by name)→ participant prominenceπαῖς: 'boy, slave'; the denigrating social label strips Joseph of his name and position. The double article (ὁ παῖς ὁ Ἑβραῖος) is emphatic — 'the slave-boy, the Hebrew one' — maximizing the ethnic otherness for Potiphar's ears.
theNominativearticle (second — with Ἑβραῖος, emphatic identification)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἙβραῖοςHebrewNominativepredicate nominative (ethnic identification — in apposition to παῖς)→ participant prominenceἙβραῖος: 'Hebrew'; the ethnic designation invites xenophobic reaction — the same slur as v.14 but now deployed before the master himself.
ὃνwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (accusative — object of εἰσήγαγες)→ participant referenceὃν: meaning 'whom'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (accusative — object of εἰσήγαγες).
εἰσήγαγεςyou brought inAor Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰσάγωverb of relative clause (second-person address — 'whom you brought in to us')→ constative aorist (the past act of bringing Joseph into the household)εἰσάγω: 'bring in'; addressed to Potiphar in second person — 'whom you brought in to us.' The calculated blame-shift to Potiphar makes him complicit in the supposed danger.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative ('to us')→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative ('to us').
ἡμᾶςusAccusativeaccusative after πρός (first person plural — 'to us Egyptians')→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative after πρός (first person plural — 'to us Egyptians').
ἐμπαῖξαίto mock / abuseAor Act Inf · ἐμπαίζωinfinitive of purpose ('to mock/abuse me')→ constative aorist infinitive (the alleged intended act)ἐμπαίζω: 'mock, abuse, play with'; the singular μοι here (versus ἡμῖν in v.14) personalizes the accusation for Potiphar. The Hebrew root צחק underlying ἐμπαίζω is also the name Yitzhak/Isaac, an irony available to hearers who know the Hebrew.
μοιmeDativedative of disadvantage ('against me' — first person singular)→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of disadvantage ('against me' — first person singular).
18

ὡς δὲ ἦρα τὴν φωνήν μου καὶ ἐβόησα, καταλιπὼν τὸ ἱμάτιον αὐτοῦ παρ᾿ ἐμοὶ ἔφυγεν ἔξω.

'And when I raised my voice and cried out, leaving his garment beside me he fled outside.'

Temporal subordinate clause (the accusation completed — third repetition of the cry)ὡς δέ
Near-verbatim repetition of v.15 closes the accusation before Potiphar. The repeated ἦρα τὴν φωνήν μου καὶ ἐβόησα (third mention of the cry — vv.14, 15, 18) and καταλιπὼν τὸ ἱμάτιον αὐτοῦ (cf. vv.12, 15) mark the deliberate consistency of the fabricated account. With this the narrative is complete: motive, method, act, resistance, evidence, flight.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ὡςwhentemporal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲandnarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦραI raisedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · αἴρωmain verb of temporal clause ('I raised my voice')→ constative aoristαἴρω: 'raise, lift'; near-verbatim repetition of v.15 — the rehearsed character of the accusation.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φωνήνvoiceAccusativedirect object of ἦρα→ object specificationφωνήν: meaning 'voice'; it serves as direct object of ἦρα.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβόησαI cried outAor Act Indic 1 Sg · βοάωmain verb (the cry — third and final mention in the accusation)→ constative aoristβοάω: 'cry out'; the third iteration of the claim (vv.14, 15, 18) — by repetition the wife locks the false narrative into Potiphar's hearing.
καταλιπὼνleaving behindAor Act Part Nom Sg Masc · καταλείπωattendant circumstance participle (the abandoned garment — near-verbatim repetition of v.15)→ constative aorist participleκαταλείπω: same participle as v.15 — near-verbatim repetition marks the deliberate consistency of the fabricated account.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάτιονgarment / cloakAccusativedirect object of καταλιπών (the garment — sixth and final mention in the garment-thread)→ object specificationἱμάτιον: sixth occurrence — the garment has served its purpose as false-evidence prop; its role in the accusation is complete.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
παρ᾿besidepreposition + dative (proximity — 'beside me')→ spatial or relational framingπαρ᾿: meaning 'beside'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (proximity — 'beside me').
ἐμοὶmeDativedative after παρά→ participant reference or interestἐμοὶ: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative after παρά.
ἔφυγενfledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φεύγωmain verb (Joseph's flight — final mention in the accusation)→ constative aoristφεύγω: same verb as vv.12, 13, 15; the flight ends the accusation — he fled, and the garment proves he was there.
ἔξωoutsideadverb of place ('outside' — completing the account)→ clausal contributionἔξω: meaning 'outside'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
19

ἐγένετο δέ, ὡς ἤκουσεν ὁ κύριος αὐτοῦ τὰ ῥήματα τῆς γυναικὸς αὐτοῦ, ἃ ἐλάλησεν πρὸς αὐτόν, ἐθυμώθη ὀργῇ.

And it came to pass, when his master heard the words of his wife that she spoke to him, he was inflamed with anger.

Result (Potiphar's anger — the unjust verdict)ἐγένετο δέ
ἐγένετο δέ with a temporal ὡς-clause marks the narrative pivot from accusation to consequence. ἐθυμώθη ὀργῇ ('was inflamed with anger') is the LXX's rendering of the Hebrew cognate-accusative construction חָרָה אַפּוֹ ('his anger burned'). Potiphar reacts immediately and totally — without deliberation, without hearing Joseph's side. His earlier absolute non-involvement in household affairs (v.6: οὐκ ᾔδει τῶν καθ᾿ αὑτὸν οὐδέν) means he has no independent knowledge against which to test his wife's account.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (Hebraizing temporal formula — narrative pivot)→ constative aorist (inaugurating the consequence)γίνομαι: ἐγένετο δέ marks the narrative pivot from accusation to consequence; cf. the same formula at vv.5, 7, 11.
δέand / nownarrative particle (transitional)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςwhentemporal conjunction (introducing Potiphar's hearing)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤκουσενheardAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb of temporal clause (Potiphar's hearing of the accusation)→ constative aorist (single act of hearing)ἀκούω: 'hear'; Potiphar hears his wife's account without verification — his earlier absolute delegation to Joseph (v.6) means he has no independent basis for judgment.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριοςmasterNominativesubject of ἤκουσεν (Potiphar — human master)→ participant prominenceκύριος: human master; the human lord hears a false account and acts on it. The divine κύριος, who has been with Joseph throughout, is notably absent from vv.17–20 — the absence underlines the injustice quietly.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession ('his master' — Joseph's)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('his master' — Joseph's).
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥήματαwordsAccusativedirect object of ἤκουσεν ('the words of his wife')→ object specificationῥῆμα: the same word as τὸ ῥῆμα τὸ πονηρόν in Joseph's refusal speech (v.9) — the 'words' of the false accusation echo and invert the 'words' of Joseph's ethical statement.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναικὸςwifeGenitivegenitive of source ('his wife's words')→ relational specificationγυναικὸς: meaning 'wife'; it serves as genitive of source ('his wife's words').
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession ('his wife')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('his wife').
which / thatAccusativerelative pronoun (accusative — the words she spoke)→ participant referenceἃ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (accusative — the words she spoke).
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωverb of relative clause (the words she spoke to him)→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak'; renders דִּבֶּר; 'all that the LORD spoke' refers to the ḥērem command of v. 3; the same verb recurs at vv. 16 (ἐλάλησεν κύριος).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative ('to him' — to Potiphar)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative ('to him' — to Potiphar).
αὐτόνhimAccusativeaccusative after πρός (Potiphar)→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative after πρός (Potiphar).
ἐθυμώθηwas inflamed / grew angryAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · θυμόωmain verb (the consequence — Potiphar's anger flares immediately)→ ingressive aorist (anger flaring up)θυμόω: 'inflame with anger, enrage'; the passive ἐθυμώθη renders Hebrew חָרָה ('burn with anger'). The anger is immediate and total — no deliberation, no investigation, no hearing of Joseph's side.
ὀργῇwith angerDativedative cognate noun (Hebraizing intensifier — 'inflamed with anger')→ sphere or referenceὀργή: 'anger, wrath'; the cognate construction ἐθυμώθη ὀργῇ renders Hebrew חָרָה אַפּוֹ ('his anger burned') — the redundancy is a Hebraism intensifying the force of the emotion.
20

καὶ λαβὼν ὁ κύριος αὐτοῦ αὐτὸν ἐνέβαλεν αὐτὸν εἰς τὸ ὀχύρωμα, εἰς τὸν τόπον ἐν ᾧ οἱ δεσμῶται τοῦ βασιλέως κατέχονται ἐκεῖ· καὶ ἦν ἐκεῖ ἐν τῷ ὀχυρώματι.

And his master took him and threw him into the stronghold, into the place where the king's prisoners are kept; and he was there in the stronghold.

Narrative consequence (Joseph imprisoned — the nadir of the chapter's descent)καὶ
The imprisonment is expressed with brutal efficiency: λαβὼν ... ἐνέβαλεν ('having taken / threw') — two verbs marking the swift, summary transition from trust to captivity. The prison is rendered ὀχύρωμα ('stronghold, fortress') — the LXX's striking substitution for Hebrew מִשְׁמָר ('custody'), transforming the state prison into a militarized installation. The small inclusion formed by ὀχύρωμα at the start and ἐν τῷ ὀχυρώματι at the end closes the unit. The chapter's descent-pattern (κατήχθη, v.1) has reached its nadir: from household overseer to royal-prison inmate.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λαβὼνhaving taken / seizingAor Act Part Nom Sg Masc · λαμβάνωattendant circumstance participle (Potiphar seizes Joseph before throwing him in)→ constative aorist participle (the initial act of seizure)λαμβάνω: 'take, seize'; the participle and main verb (ἐνέβαλεν) together show the swift, brutal sequence — he took him and threw him in — without trial, without investigation.
theNominativearticle (modifying κύριος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριοςmasterNominativesubject of λαβών and ἐνέβαλεν (Potiphar — the human master)→ participant prominenceκύριος: human master Potiphar — his final active role in the narrative. After this verse Potiphar disappears; the divine κύριος (who will reappear at v.21) takes over as the determining power in Joseph's life.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession ('his master')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('his master').
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of λαβών (Joseph — first occurrence)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of λαβών (Joseph — first occurrence).
ἐνέβαλενthrew / castAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐμβάλλωmain verb (the act of imprisonment — 'threw him into')→ constative aorist (decisive, violent act)ἐμβάλλω: 'throw into, cast into'; the verb conveys violent immediacy — Joseph is not escorted to prison but thrown in. More forceful than Hebrew וַיִּתְּנֵהוּ ('and he placed him').
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἐνέβαλεν (Joseph — resumptive second occurrence)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐνέβαλεν (Joseph — resumptive second occurrence).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal — the prison)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal — the prison).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀχύρωμαstronghold / fortressAccusativeaccusative of goal (the prison rendered as 'stronghold' — first occurrence in this verse)→ object specificationὀχύρωμα: 'stronghold, fortress, fortification'; the LXX's striking rendering of Hebrew מִשְׁמָר ('custody / place of detention'). The choice of ὀχύρωμα transforms the prison into a militarized royal fortress. The word appears twice in v.20 (inclusion) and recurs through vv.21–23.
εἰςinto / that ispreposition + accusative (epexegetic — further specifying the stronghold)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (epexegetic — further specifying the stronghold).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπονplaceAccusativeaccusative (epexegetic — 'the place where the king's prisoners are kept')→ object specificationτόπος: 'place'; the epexegetic εἰς τὸν τόπον ἐν ᾧ provides a further description of the stronghold as the royal state prison — a fact that enables Joseph's encounter with Pharaoh's officials (Gen 40).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative — in the relative clause)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative — in the relative clause).
whichDativerelative pronoun (dative — 'in which [place]')→ participant reference or interestᾧ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (dative — 'in which [place]').
οἱtheNominativearticle (modifying δεσμῶται)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεσμῶταιprisoners / bound onesNominativesubject of κατέχονται ('the prisoners')→ participant prominenceδεσμώτης: 'prisoner, one who is bound'; renders Hebrew אֲסִירֵי ('prisoners of'). The binding/captivity vocabulary will dominate the prison scene.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of possession ('the king's prisoners')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king' — Pharaoh; the prisoners are the king's own, making this a royal state prison of the highest status. This is why Pharaoh's chief butler and chief baker (Gen 40:1–4) end up in the same facility where Joseph is held.
κατέχονταιare kept / heldPres Pass Indic 3 Pl · κατέχωverb of relative clause (habitual state — prisoners are held there)→ progressive present (ongoing state of detention)κατέχω: 'hold, keep, detain'; the same verb as κατέσχεν (v.16 — she retained the garment). The lexical link traces the chain of injustice: the garment was retained as false evidence; now the prisoner is retained in the stronghold.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place (locative — 'there')→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
καὶandconnective (adding the closing summary statement)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (Joseph's new condition — closing statement of the imprisonment)→ progressive imperfect (ongoing state of imprisonment)εἰμί: 'be'; ἦν ἐκεῖ ἐν τῷ ὀχυρώματι ('he was there in the stronghold') closes the unit with a statement of Joseph's new condition. The descent of the chapter (κατήχθη, v.1) reaches its nadir.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place ('there' — the stronghold)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀχυρώματιstrongholdDativedative of place ('in the stronghold' — closing bracket with the opening ὀχύρωμα)→ sphere or referenceὀχύρωμα: second occurrence in this verse, creating a small verbal bracket (εἰς τὸ ὀχύρωμα ... ἐν τῷ ὀχυρώματι). The chapter's nadir is marked: from the house of the Egyptian, Joseph is in the fortress-prison of Pharaoh.
21

καὶ ἦν κύριος μετὰ Ιωσηφ καὶ κατέχεεν αὐτοῦ ἔλεος, καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ χάριν ἐναντίον τοῦ ἀρχιδεσμοφύλακος.

And the LORD was with Joseph and poured steadfast love upon him, and gave him favor before the chief jailer.

Theological assertion (third sounding of the refrain — the reversal begins)καὶ
After the silent gap of vv.17–20 in which the divine κύριος was absent from the narrative surface, the refrain ἦν κύριος μετὰ Ιωσηφ sounds for the third time (cf. vv.2, 3), marking the theological reversal. Two new idioms join the refrain: κατέχεεν αὐτοῦ ἔλεος ('poured steadfast love upon him') introduces the covenant-loyalty term ἔλεος (rendering Hebrew חֶסֶד) — the only occurrence of this vocabulary in the chapter, marking the prison-phase as governed not merely by divine presence (ἦν μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ) but by covenantal mercy. The χάριν ἐναντίον formula picks up v.4 precisely — Joseph finds favor before the jailer exactly as he found favor before Potiphar, the structural mirror that announces the restart.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (resuming after the imprisonment — the reversal begins)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (the refrain — third sounding: ἦν κύριος μετὰ Ιωσηφ)→ progressive imperfect (ongoing divine accompaniment)εἰμί: the third sounding of the fourfold refrain — ἦν κύριος μετὰ Ιωσηφ — which Acts 7:9 will cite as ὁ θεὸς ἦν μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ, reading Joseph's story as an Immanuel-type pattern.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἦν (the divine LORD — not the human κύριος of vv.19–20)→ participant prominenceκύριος: here unambiguously the divine κύριος (יהוה), no longer Potiphar, who has dropped out of the narrative. The contrast with the human κύριος of v.20 (who threw Joseph into the stronghold) is implicit but stark: the human master cast him down; the divine LORD is with him.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive ('with Joseph' — the Immanuel formula)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive ('with Joseph' — the Immanuel formula).
ΙωσηφJosephGenitivegenitive after μετά (indeclinable proper name)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: indeclinable transliteration of יוֹסֵף; in the genitive by position after μετά.
καὶandconnective (coordinating the mercy-act with the presence-assertion)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέχεενpoured / extendedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταχέωmain verb ('he poured steadfast love upon him' — the covenantal act)→ constative aorist (the decisive bestowal of covenant mercy)καταχέω: 'pour upon, pour over'; renders Hebrew וַיֵּט ('and he extended / poured out'). The imagery of pouring (κατα- + χέω) pictures divine mercy as a liquid outpouring — covenant loyalty actively conferred, not merely acknowledged.
αὐτοῦupon him / toward himGenitivegenitive of direction / advantage (dative-equivalent — 'toward him' as recipient of mercy)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'upon him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of direction / advantage (dative-equivalent — 'toward him' as recipient of mercy).
ἔλεοςsteadfast love / mercyAccusativedirect object of κατέχεεν ('steadfast love' — the theological keyword)→ object specificationἔλεος: 'mercy, compassion, steadfast love'; the LXX's regular rendering of Hebrew חֶסֶד (covenant loyalty). This is the only occurrence of ἔλεος in Gen 39, marking the prison-phase as governed by covenantal mercy. The combination of ἦν κύριος μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ with κατέχεεν ἔλεος synthesizes the presence-refrain with the covenant-love vocabulary.
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (the LORD gives Joseph favor before the jailer)→ constative aorist (the act of granting favor)δίδωμι: 'give'; χάριν ἐναντίον = 'favor in the sight of / before' — the exact formula as v.4 (εὗρεν χάριν ἐναντίον αὐτοῦ). The structural mirror signals the restart of the favor-delegation-hand pattern.
αὐτῷhimDativedative of indirect object (Joseph — the beneficiary of the divine gift of favor)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of indirect object (Joseph — the beneficiary of the divine gift of favor).
χάρινfavor / graceAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν ('favor' — the χάριν ἐναντίον formula)→ object specificationχάρις: 'favor, grace'; the second occurrence in the chapter (cf. v.4 where Potiphar gave Joseph χάριν). In the prison section the same social mechanism operates — but now the giver is the divine κύριος and the recipient jailer is the ἀρχιδεσμοφύλαξ.
ἐναντίονbefore / in the sight ofpreposition + genitive ('before the chief jailer' — the χάριν ἐναντίον formula)→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive ('before the chief jailer' — the χάριν ἐναντίον formula).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχιδεσμοφύλακοςchief jailerGenitivegenitive after ἐναντίον ('before the chief jailer')→ relational specificationἀρχιδεσμοφύλαξ: 'chief jailer, chief prison-warden' — a compound of ἀρχι ('chief') + δεσμός ('bond, chain') + φύλαξ ('guard, keeper'). The LXX's compound coinage translates the Hebrew שַׂר בֵּית-הַסֹּהַר ('captain of the house of prison'). The prison-governor corresponds to Potiphar in the structural parallel: as Potiphar was the ἀρχιμάγειρος (v.1), the jailer is the ἀρχιδεσμοφύλαξ.
22

καὶ ἔδωκεν ὁ ἀρχιδεσμοφύλαξ τοὺς δεσμώτας πάντας ἐν τῷ ὀχυρώματι διὰ χειρὸς Ιωσηφ, καὶ πάντα ὅσα ποιοῦσιν ἐκεῖ αὐτὸς ἦν ποιῶν.

And the chief jailer gave all the prisoners in the stronghold into Joseph's hand, and everything that was done there, he himself was doing.

Narrative action (total delegation mirroring vv.4–6 — the prison-section restarts the Potiphar pattern)καὶ
The delegation pattern of vv.4–6 is repeated exactly in the prison: the chief jailer gives all the prisoners διὰ χειρὸς Ιωσηφ ('into Joseph's hand') — the hand idiom recurring for the eighth time — and everything done in the stronghold αὐτὸς ἦν ποιῶν ('he himself was doing'). The periphrastic imperfect (ἦν + participle) marks the habitual, ongoing nature of Joseph's authority, precisely as the imperfects of vv.4–6 did. The mirror-structure declares that the prison-phase is not a deviation from God's plan but a recapitulation of it at a new level.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενgave / entrustedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (the chief jailer delegates the prison to Joseph)→ constative aorist (the single act of total delegation)δίδωμι: 'give, entrust'; the same verb as v.21 (the LORD gave χάριν) and as v.4 (Potiphar gave all his possessions διὰ χειρός Ιωσηφ). The lexical chain runs: the LORD gives mercy → the jailer gives the prison → Joseph's hand holds everything.
theNominativearticle (modifying ἀρχιδεσμοφύλαξ)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχιδεσμοφύλαξchief jailerNominativesubject of ἔδωκεν (the chief jailer — acting as the human agent of the divine granting of favor)→ participant prominenceἀρχιδεσμοφύλαξ: 'chief jailer'; the prison-governor corresponds exactly to Potiphar in the structural parallel — both are ἀρχι-titled figures who delegate total authority to Joseph.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (modifying δεσμώτας)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεσμώταςprisonersAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν (all the prisoners — entrusted to Joseph)→ object specificationδεσμώτης: 'prisoner'; same word as v.20 (οἱ δεσμῶται τοῦ βασιλέως). The very men who were kατέχονται ('held') in the stronghold are now δοθέντες ('given') into Joseph's charge — the prisoners he was thrown in with are now under his oversight.
πάνταςallAccusativeadjective modifying δεσμώτας ('all the prisoners' — total, not partial delegation)→ object specificationπάντας: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjective modifying δεσμώτας ('all the prisoners' — total, not partial delegation).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative — specifying the extent of delegation)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative — specifying the extent of delegation).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀχυρώματιstrongholdDativedative of place ('in the stronghold' — third occurrence; the term now marks Joseph's domain of authority)→ sphere or referenceὀχύρωμα: 'stronghold'; third occurrence in the chapter (after v.20 ×2). The word that marked Joseph's confinement now marks his authority — the stronghold is where he is held, but also where he holds authority.
διὰthrough / by means ofpreposition + genitive ('through the hand of Joseph' — the hand idiom)→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive ('through the hand of Joseph' — the hand idiom).
χειρὸςhandGenitivegenitive after διά ('through Joseph's hand' — the administrative idiom)→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand'; the eighth occurrence of the hand-idiom in the chapter (cf. vv.1, 4×2, 6, 8, 12, here). As in v.4 (Potiphar's delegation), the hand idiom marks complete administrative responsibility.
ΙωσηφJosephGenitivegenitive after χειρός (indeclinable proper name — 'Joseph's hand')→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive after χειρός (indeclinable proper name — 'Joseph's hand').
καὶandconnective (adding the scope of Joseph's work)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταall / everythingAccusativeaccusative (head of the relative clause — 'everything that was done there')→ object specificationπάντα: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative (head of the relative clause — 'everything that was done there').
ὅσαthat / whateverAccusativerelative pronoun (accusative — 'everything that [was done] there')→ participant referenceὅσα: meaning 'that'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (accusative — 'everything that [was done] there').
ποιοῦσινthey do / is donePres Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωverb of relative clause (the work done in the prison — generalizing present)→ generalizing present (referring to the habitual work of the prison)ποιέω: 'do, make, perform'; the generalizing plural (ποιοῦσιν) without a specified subject captures all the administrative work of the prison.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place ('there' — in the stronghold)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeemphatic subject (αὐτός intensifying — 'he himself was doing it')→ participant prominenceαὐτός: emphatic — 'he himself' — the same construction as in v.6 where ᾔδει οὐδὲν τῶν καθ᾿ αὑτόν formed the contrast. Now αὐτὸς ἦν ποιῶν marks Joseph as the sole operative agent.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (periphrastic auxiliary with ποιῶν — 'was doing')→ progressive imperfect (habitual, ongoing action — he kept doing everything)εἰμί: periphrastic auxiliary; ἦν ποιῶν is the progressive periphrastic construction marking habitual, ongoing administrative work — exactly the tense-aspect used for Joseph's work in Potiphar's house (cf. the imperfects of vv.4–6).
ποιῶνdoingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · ποιέωparticiple in periphrastic construction (main semantic content — 'was doing everything')→ progressiveποιέω (pres. act. part. ποιῶν): 'do / make'; the idiom ποιέω ἔλεος ('do/show mercy') renders עֹשֶׂה חֶסֶד ('showing covenant-love'); 'showing mercy to his anointed' — God's steadfast covenant-love toward David and his line; the participle parallel to μεγαλύνων.
23

οὐκ ᾔδει ὁ ἀρχιδεσμοφύλαξ οὐδὲν δι᾿ αὐτόν, διότι κύριος ἦν μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ· καὶ ὅσα αὐτὸς ἐποίει, κύριος εὐώδου ἐν ταῖς χερσὶν αὐτοῦ.

The chief jailer paid no attention to anything in Joseph's charge, because the LORD was with him; and whatever he did, the LORD made it prosper in his hands.

Causal close (fourth sounding of the refrain — the chapter's theological final word)οὐκ … διότι
The verse exactly mirrors v.6 (the close of the Potiphar delegation): οὐκ ᾔδει ὁ ἀρχιδεσμοφύλαξ οὐδὲν δι᾿ αὐτόν ('the chief jailer paid no attention to anything in his charge') echoes v.6's ᾔδει οὐδὲν τῶν καθ᾿ αὑτὸν ('Potiphar knew nothing of what was his'). The reason is stated as a direct causal clause: διότι κύριος ἦν μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ — the fourth and final sounding of the refrain. The chapter ends with the prosperity formula κύριος εὐώδου ἐν ταῖς χερσὶν αὐτοῦ — the LORD made everything prosper in his hands — the ninth hand-reference and the final word of the chapter, placing the hand vocabulary under the ultimate governance of the divine κύριος. Ps 104(103):18 LXX ('the iron went through his soul — he passed through irons; he was sold as a slave') retrospects on precisely this imprisonment, reading Joseph's hands-under-iron as the path to exaltation.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
οὐκnotnegation (fronted — emphasizing the jailer's non-interference)→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ᾔδειknew / paid attention toImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · οἶδαmain verb ('knew nothing of' — the non-involvement formula mirroring v.6)→ progressive imperfect (habitual non-involvement)οἶδα: 'know'; οὐκ ᾔδει οὐδὲν δι᾿ αὐτόν ('knew nothing of anything through him') mirrors v.6: ᾔδει οὐδὲν τῶν καθ᾿ αὑτόν. The exact parallel closes the structural mirror: Potiphar's non-involvement (v.6) = jailer's non-involvement (v.23), with the same theological explanation: the LORD is with him.
theNominativearticle (modifying ἀρχιδεσμοφύλαξ)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχιδεσμοφύλαξchief jailerNominativesubject of ᾔδει (the chief jailer — corresponding to Potiphar in the structural mirror)→ participant prominenceἀρχιδεσμοφύλαξ: meaning 'chief jailer'; it serves as subject of ᾔδει (the chief jailer — corresponding to Potiphar in the structural mirror).
οὐδὲνnothingAccusativedirect object of ᾔδει ('nothing of anything' — emphatic non-involvement)→ object specificationοὐδὲν: meaning 'nothing'; it serves as direct object of ᾔδει ('nothing of anything' — emphatic non-involvement).
δι᾿because of / throughpreposition + accusative ('in his charge' — δι᾿ αὐτόν = 'on his account')→ spatial or relational framingδι᾿: meaning 'because of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative ('in his charge' — δι᾿ αὐτόν = 'on his account').
αὐτόνhimAccusativeaccusative after διά (Joseph — 'nothing on his account / in his charge')→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative after διά (Joseph — 'nothing on his account / in his charge').
διότιbecausecausal conjunction (introducing the theological reason for the jailer's non-interference)→ discourse linkage or contrastδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἦν (the divine LORD — fourth refrain subject)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the divine κύριος — fourth sounding of the refrain (ἦν κύριος μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ). The causal διότι κύριος ἦν μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ is the chapter's theological thesis in its most explicit form: the jailer's non-interference is not negligence but divine management.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (fourth and final sounding of the refrain — ἦν κύριος μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ)→ progressive imperfect (ongoing divine accompaniment — the LORD continued to be with him)εἰμί: the fourth refrain-occurrence. The summary statement is now causal (διότι) rather than simply assertive (vv.2, 3) or introductory (v.21) — it provides the ground for everything in the prison section.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive ('with him' — the Immanuel formula in its final occurrence)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive ('with him' — the Immanuel formula in its final occurrence).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive after μετά (Joseph)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive after μετά (Joseph).
καὶandconnective (adding the prosperity formula as the chapter's final word)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅσαwhatever / everything thatAccusativerelative pronoun (accusative — 'whatever he did')→ participant referenceὅσα: meaning 'whatever'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (accusative — 'whatever he did').
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeemphatic subject (αὐτός intensifying — 'whatever he himself did')→ participant prominenceαὐτὸς: meaning 'he himself'; it serves as emphatic subject (αὐτός intensifying — 'whatever he himself did').
ἐποίειwas doing / didImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause (everything Joseph did — progressive imperfect)→ progressive imperfect (habitual action — whatever he kept doing)ποιέω: 'do, make, perform'; the imperfect ἐποίει marks habitual, ongoing activity. The relative clause ὅσα αὐτὸς ἐποίει sets up the chiastic close: Joseph's every act → the LORD made it prosper.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of εὐώδου (the divine LORD — the chapter's final subject)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the chapter ends with κύριος as the agent of prosperity — the same κύριος who was present at the start (v.2), who made all Joseph's work prosper in Potiphar's house (v.3), and who has been with him in prison. The final subject is the divine κύριος, not Joseph, not the jailer: God is the agent of Joseph's prosperity.
εὐώδουmade prosper / gave successImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εὐοδόω (LXX Koine form)main verb (the chapter's closing prosperity formula — 'the LORD made it prosper in his hands')→ progressive imperfect (habitual / characteristic making-prosper — the LORD's ongoing benefaction)εὐοδόω: 'make prosper, give success'; the coordinator-specified form εὐώδου (cf. εὐοδοῖ at v.3 and ἐπιτυγχάνων at v.2). The imperfect εὐώδου renders the Hebrew perfect וַיַּצְלַח ('and he caused to prosper') with an iterative/habitual aspect — whatever Joseph did, the LORD kept making prosper. ἐν ταῖς χερσὶν αὐτοῦ ('in his hands') is the ninth and final hand-reference in the chapter, the last word of the narrative unit, and the lexical capstone: the hands that were seized, that fled, that held the garment, that imprisoned him — are now the hands in which the divine κύριος causes everything to prosper.
ἐνinpreposition + dative ('in his hands' — the hand idiom as the chapter's final word)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative ('in his hands' — the hand idiom as the chapter's final word).
ταῖςtheDativearticle (with χερσίν)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χερσὶνhandsDativedative of place ('in his hands' — the ninth and final hand-reference in the chapter)→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand' (dative plural χερσίν); the ninth and final occurrence of the hand-idiom in Gen 39 (cf. vv.1, 4×2, 6, 8, 12, 22). The chapter that opened with Joseph delivered ἐκ χειρὸς τῶν Ισμαηλιτῶν ('from the hand of the Ishmaelites') ends with κύριος εὐώδου ἐν ταῖς χερσὶν αὐτοῦ ('the LORD caused prosperity in his hands'): the hands of the enslaved have become the hands of the divinely prospered.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession ('his hands' — Joseph's)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('his hands' — Joseph's).