Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Genesis, Chapter 40ΓΕΝΕΣΙΣ Μ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

The chapter is dominated by the LXX's distinctive ἀρχι- compound-title series: ἀρχιοινοχόος ('chief cupbearer'), ἀρχισιτοποιός ('chief baker'), ἀρχιμάγειρος ('chief guard/cook'), and ἀρχιδεσμοφύλαξ ('chief jailer') — Ptolemaic court vocabulary in which the ἀρχι- prefix marks the head of each royal household department, rendering Hebrew שַׂר-compounds with single Greek compound nouns that read naturally in the Egyptian administrative milieu familiar to the LXX translators.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of Genesis 40 follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. The chapter is dominated by the LXX's distinctive ἀρχι- compound-title series: ἀρχιοινοχόος ('chief cupbearer'), ἀρχισιτοποιός ('chief baker'), ἀρχιμάγειρος ('chief guard/cook'), and ἀρχιδεσμοφύλαξ ('chief jailer') — Ptolemaic court vocabulary in which the ἀρχι- prefix marks the head of each royal household department, rendering Hebrew שַׂר-compounds with single Greek compound nouns that read naturally in the Egyptian administrative milieu familiar to the LXX translators. At 40:7 Joseph's pastoral question uses the rare adjective σκυθρωπός ('downcast-faced,' literally 'Scythian-faced') — the same word Luke 24:17 applies to the Emmaus disciples. At 40:8 the key word is διασάφησις — 'clear explanation / making plain,' a compound of διά and σαφής ('clear'), rare in the LXX and chosen for Hebrew פִּתְרוֹן; Joseph's counter-question Οὐχὶ διὰ τοῦ θεοῦ ἡ διασάφησις αὐτῶν ἐστιν; ('Do not interpretations belong to God?') attributes all hermeneutical authority to the divine, setting Joseph firmly as channel rather than source. The 'lift your head' formula splits into two senses: restoration for the cupbearer (40:13, μνησθήσεται Φαραω τῆς ἀρχῆς σου) and decapitation for the baker (40:19, ἀφελεῖ Φαραω τὴν κεφαλήν σου ἀπὸ σοῦ) — the same idiom bearing life or death, a grim wordplay the LXX preserves precisely. At 40:14 Joseph's plea μνήσθητί μου ('remember me') is the aorist imperative of μιμνῄσκομαι; the identical form appears in Luke 23:42 on the lips of the dying thief, making Joseph's forgotten intercession a typological anticipation of the prayer that is answered. At 40:15 the cognate dative κλοπῇ ἐκλάπην ('I was stolen by stealing') renders the Hebrew infinitive-absolute גָּנֹב גֻּנַּבְתִּי — a Hebraism of emphatic assertion that the LXX captures with figura etymologica. The chapter closes with two memory-verbs (40:23): οὐκ ἐμνήσθη ('did not remember') and ἐπελάθετο ('forgot'), from ἐπιλανθάνομαι, marking a more complete and deliberate forgetting — the shadow of divine delay that frames Joseph's entire prison sojourn.

1

Ἐγένετο δὲ μετὰ τὰ ῥήματα ταῦτα ἥμαρτεν ὁ ἀρχιοινοχόος τοῦ βασιλέως Αἰγύπτου καὶ ὁ ἀρχισιτοποιὸς τῷ κυρίῳ αὐτῶν βασιλεῖ Αἰγύπτου.

And it came to pass after these things that the chief cupbearer of the king of Egypt and the chief baker offended their lord, the king of Egypt.

Narrative frame / scene-settingἘγένετο δέ
The ἐγένετο δέ formula opens a new narrative episode, calquing Hebrew וַיְהִי אַחַר; the adversative δέ marks a break from the Joseph-Potiphar arc of ch. 39. The double subject (cupbearer and baker) and their shared offense against their lord establish the symmetry that drives the whole chapter: two men, two dreams, two fates.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
Ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (narrative-frame formula)→ constative aorist (inaugurating new episode)γίνομαι: 'come to pass / happen'; the formula ἐγένετο δέ calques Hebrew וַיְהִי, the standard LXX opener for a new episode (cf. 40:20); the mid form is conventional, not reflexive.
δὲnowtransitional particle (scene-change from ch. 39)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal sequence)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'after'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (temporal sequence).
τὰtheAccusativearticle with ῥήματα (temporal phrase)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥήματαthings / wordsAccusativeobject of μετά (temporal: 'after these events')→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word / thing / matter'; renders Hebrew דְּבָרִים which spans 'words' and 'events'; the phrase μετὰ τὰ ῥήματα ταῦτα is a standard LXX transitional formula linking episodes (cf. Gen 22:1; 39:7).
ταῦταtheseAccusativedemonstrative adjective modifying ῥήματα→ object specificationταῦτα: meaning 'these'; it serves as demonstrative adjective modifying ῥήματα.
ἥμαρτενsinned / offendedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωmain verb (predicate of compound subject)→ constative aorist (single offense act)ἁμαρτάνω: 'sin / miss the mark / transgress'; renders Hebrew חָטָא; in a political court context the word denotes breach of loyalty to a superior rather than moral sin per se. The singular verb with a compound subject follows Hebraizing convention of agreement with the nearer subject.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχιοινοχόοςchief cupbearerNominativesubject (first of compound subject)→ participant prominenceἀρχιοινοχόος: compound ἀρχι- ('chief') + οἰνοχόος ('wine-pourer'); renders Hebrew שַׂר הַמַּשְׁקִים ('chief of the cupbearers') with a single compound noun. The ἀρχι- prefix throughout this chapter is Ptolemaic court vocabulary, reflecting the LXX's Egyptian provenance and rendering the Hebrew שַׂר-series with a parallel Greek ἀρχι-series.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of relationship (the official's royal master)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; renders מֶלֶךְ; the genitive frames the official's identity entirely in terms of his royal lord.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of place (indeclinable proper noun modifying βασιλέως)→ participant identificationΑἴγυπτος: the LXX standard rendering of מִצְרַיִם; indeclinable in most usages.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (linking the two subjects)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχισιτοποιὸςchief bakerNominativesubject (second of compound subject)→ participant prominenceἀρχισιτοποιός: compound ἀρχι- ('chief') + σιτοποιός ('bread-maker'), from σῖτος ('grain/food') + ποιέω ('make'); renders Hebrew שַׂר הָאֹפִים ('chief of the bakers'). The second ἀρχι- title in the chapter; the systematic ἀρχι- series (ἀρχιοινοχόος, ἀρχισιτοποιός, ἀρχιμάγειρος, ἀρχιδεσμοφύλαξ) is a hallmark of the LXX's Ptolemaic administrative register.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳlordDativedative of disadvantage (person offended against)→ sphere or referenceκύριος: 'lord / master'; renders Hebrew אֲדֹנֵיהֶם; in a non-theological context denotes the human superior (Pharaoh); recurs at 40:7 in the same political sense.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive modifying κυρίῳ→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive modifying κυρίῳ.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative in apposition to κυρίῳ (identifying the lord as Pharaoh)→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: the repetition of the royal title in apposition makes the gravity of the offense explicit — their 'lord' is no minor official but the king himself.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of place modifying βασιλεῖ→ participant identificationΑἰγύπτου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of place modifying βασιλεῖ.
2

καὶ ὠργίσθη Φαραω ἐπὶ τοῖς δυσὶν εὐνούχοις αὐτοῦ, ἐπὶ τῷ ἀρχιοινοχόῳ καὶ ἐπὶ τῷ ἀρχισιτοποιῷ.

And Pharaoh was angry with his two officials — the chief cupbearer and the chief baker.

Consequence (royal reaction to the offense)καὶ
The paratactic καί links offense (v.1) to royal reaction; the appositional restatement (ἐπὶ τῷ ἀρχιοινοχόῳ καὶ ἐπὶ τῷ ἀρχισιτοποιῷ) identifies the two εὐνούχοι explicitly, anticipating the reader's need before the dreams begin.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὠργίσθηwas angryAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ὀργίζομαιmain verb (emotional response)→ ingressive aorist (onset of anger: 'became angry')ὀργίζομαι: 'be/become angry'; deponent passive form; renders Hebrew וַיִּקְצֹף (from קָצַף, 'be wrathful'); in the Joseph narrative Pharaoh's anger (cf. 41:10) is the mechanism by which providential events are set in motion.
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun, subject→ participant identificationΦαραω: LXX transliteration of Hebrew פַּרְעֹה, itself the Egyptian title pr-ʿꜣ ('great house'); indeclinable throughout Genesis and Exodus.
ἐπὶagainst / atpreposition + dative (emotional directedness: 'angry at')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (emotional directedness: 'angry at').
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυσὶνtwoDativenumeral adjective modifying εὐνούχοις→ sphere or referenceδύο (dat. δυσί): 'two'; the dual emphasis on both officials prepares for their parallel dreams and divergent fates.
εὐνούχοιςeunuchs / officialsDativedative (object of ἐπί, persons toward whom anger is directed)→ sphere or referenceεὐνοῦχος: literally 'bed-guardian' (εὐνή + ἔχω); in Ptolemaic and ancient Near-Eastern court usage it can denote either a castrated palace servant or simply a court official; renders Hebrew סָרִיס, which likewise spans both senses.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive modifying εὐνούχοις→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive modifying εὐνούχοις.
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + dative (resumptive, introducing appositional specification)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (resumptive, introducing appositional specification).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχιοινοχόῳchief cupbearerDativedative in apposition to εὐνούχοις (first official specified)→ sphere or referenceἀρχιοινοχόῳ: meaning 'chief cupbearer'; it serves as dative in apposition to εὐνούχοις (first official specified).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (pairing the two titles)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + dative (resumptive, second official)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (resumptive, second official).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχισιτοποιῷchief bakerDativedative in apposition to εὐνούχοις (second official specified)→ sphere or referenceἀρχισιτοποιῷ: meaning 'chief baker'; it serves as dative in apposition to εὐνούχοις (second official specified).
3

καὶ ἔθετο αὐτοὺς ἐν φυλακῇ παρὰ τῷ ἀρχιμαγείρῳ εἰς τὸ δεσμωτήριον, εἰς τὸν τόπον, οὗ Ιωσηφ ἀπήγετο ἐκεῖ.

And he put them in custody under the authority of the chief guard, in the prison — in the place where Joseph was being held.

Narrative continuation (imprisonment enacted)καὶ
A double εἰς-clause (εἰς τὸ δεσμωτήριον ... εἰς τὸν τόπον) progressively narrows the location. The pivotal link is the relative clause: the two officials are placed precisely where Joseph already is — the narrative convergence is geographic before it becomes relational.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθετοput / placedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb (act of imprisonment)→ constative aorist (single decisive act)τίθημι: 'place / put / set'; the middle voice suggests the subject's personal authority over the action; the subject is Pharaoh (from v.2), underscoring the royal decree behind their confinement.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object (the two officials)→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (the two officials).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
φυλακῇcustody / guardDativedative of place (locative: 'in custody')→ sphere or referenceφυλακή: 'guard / watch / prison'; renders Hebrew מִשְׁמַר; a fluid term covering both the act of guarding and the place of confinement; recurs throughout the chapter as the narrative setting (vv.4, 7).
παρὰunder / besidepreposition + dative (jurisdiction: 'under the authority of')→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'under'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (jurisdiction: 'under the authority of').
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχιμαγείρῳchief guard / chief cookDativedative of authority (official under whose charge they are placed)→ sphere or referenceἀρχιμάγειρος: compound ἀρχι- ('chief') + μάγειρος ('cook / butcher / executioner'); renders Hebrew שַׂר הַטַּבָּחִים ('chief of the guard/executioners'). The same Potiphar who had Joseph imprisoned (Gen 39:1 calls him ἀρχιμάγειρος) — Joseph is being held in his master's own prison, a detail of providential irony.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (first locative specification)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (first locative specification).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεσμωτήριονprisonAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (place of confinement)→ object specificationδεσμωτήριον: 'prison / house of bonds' (δεσμός 'bond/chain' + -τήριον place-suffix); renders Hebrew בֵּית הַסֹּהַר ('house of the prison'); connotes forced detention in chains.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (second, more specific location)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (second, more specific location).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπονplaceAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (specific cell, specified by relative clause)→ object specificationτόπος: 'place / location'; the double εἰς-phrase narrows from the institution (δεσμωτήριον) to the specific place (τόπος) where Joseph is held.
οὗwhereGenitivegenitive relative pronoun (place: 'in which place')→ relational specificationοὗ: meaning 'where'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive relative pronoun (place: 'in which place').
ΙωσηφJosephindeclinable proper noun, subject of relative clause→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: indeclinable LXX transliteration of Hebrew יוֹסֵף; his first mention in the chapter — the pivot on which the whole episode turns.
ἀπήγετοwas being held / led awayImpf Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀπάγωverb of relative clause (Joseph's ongoing state of confinement)→ progressive imperfect (continued state: Joseph is already there)ἀπάγω: 'lead away / carry off'; the passive ἀπήγετο ('was being held') describes Joseph's ongoing detained state; the imperfect marks it as the background condition already in place when the officials arrive.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place (pleonastic reinforcement of οὗ — Hebraism)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; the double spatial marker οὗ ... ἐκεῖ is a Hebraism calquing אֲשֶׁר-שָׁם, where a relative clause of place is reinforced by a pleonastic adverb — characteristic LXX paratactic style.
4

καὶ συνέστησεν ὁ ἀρχιδεσμοφύλαξ τῷ Ιωσηφ αὐτούς, καὶ παρέστη αὐτοῖς· ἦσαν δὲ ἡμέρας ἐν τῇ φυλακῇ.

And the chief jailer assigned them to Joseph, and he attended to them; and they remained some days in the prison.

Narrative continuation (arrangement and time-lapse)καὶ
The unit closes with a time-lapse: ἦσαν ... ἡμέρας ἐν τῇ φυλακῇ bridges the imprisonment and the dream-night of v.5. Joseph's role as attendant (παρέστη αὐτοῖς) is an ironic echo of his former role as Potiphar's overseer and anticipates his future standing before Pharaoh (41:46).
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνέστησενassigned / committedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συνίστημιmain verb (act of delegation)→ constative aorist (single act of assignment)συνίστημι: 'commend / present / assign to care'; in administrative contexts denotes entrusting persons to another's charge; the jailer places the two officials under Joseph's personal supervision, a providential inversion of his own captive status.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχιδεσμοφύλαξchief jailerNominativesubject (the prison official making the assignment)→ participant prominenceἀρχιδεσμοφύλαξ: compound ἀρχι- ('chief') + δεσμός ('bond/chain') + φύλαξ ('guard/keeper'); renders Hebrew שַׂר בֵּית הַסֹּהַר ('chief of the prison-house'). The fourth and final ἀρχι- title in the chapter, completing the systematic LXX rendering of the Hebrew שַׂר-series with a parallel Greek ἀρχι-series.
τῷtoDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙωσηφJosephindeclinable proper noun, dative (indirect object: person assigned to)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, dative (indirect object: person assigned to).
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object (the two officials entrusted to Joseph)→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (the two officials entrusted to Joseph).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (second action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρέστηattended / stood byAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παρίστημιmain verb (service rendered)→ constative aorist (inaugurating the period of service)παρίστημι: 'stand beside / attend / serve'; in service contexts denotes personal care; anticipates Joseph's later role standing before Pharaoh (41:46: παρειστήκει ... Φαραω). The verb signals Joseph's faithful service even in unjust confinement.
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative (persons served)→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative (persons served).
ἦσανthey wereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (time-lapse bridging statement)→ progressive imperfect (continued state over an indefinite period)εἰμί: the imperfect signals indefinite duration; ἡμέρας as accusative of extent of time renders the Hebrew יָמִים ('days' = 'some time') without specifying the number.
δὲandtransitional particle (light scene-bridge)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('for some days')→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the anarthrous plural without a numeral renders an indefinite period; a Hebraism from Hebrew יָמִים ('days' used for an unspecified stretch of time).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλακῇprisonDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceφυλακῇ: meaning 'prison'; it serves as dative of place (locative).
5

εἶδον δὲ ἀμφότεροι ἐνύπνιον, ἑκάτερος ἐνύπνιον ἐν μιᾷ νυκτί, ὅρασις τοῦ ἐνυπνίου αὐτοῦ, ὁ ἀρχιοινοχόος καὶ ὁ ἀρχισιτοποιὸς οἳ ἦσαν τῷ βασιλεῖ Αἰγύπτου, οἱ ὄντες ἐν τῷ δεσμωτηρίῳ.

And both of them had a dream — each his dream in the same night, each dream with its own vision — the chief cupbearer and the chief baker of the king of Egypt who were in the prison.

Narrative pivot (the simultaneous dreams)εἶδον δέ
The pivot verse of the setup unit: the two men dream on the same night, in parallel. The triple occurrence of ἐνύπνιον ('dream') stresses the symmetry; ὅρασις τοῦ ἐνυπνίου αὐτοῦ glosses the phenomenal content of each. The appositional tail identifies the dreamers, and the closing participial phrase (οἱ ὄντες ἐν τῷ δεσμωτηρίῳ) returns the reader to the prison setting before the dialogue of vv.6–8.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
εἶδονthey saw / they hadAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ὁράωmain verb ('saw a dream' = 'had a dream')→ constative aorist (single completed dream event)ὁράω: 'see'; ἐνύπνιον ὁράω ('see a dream') is the LXX idiom for dreaming, calquing Hebrew חֲלוֹם חָלַם ('dream a dream'); the cognate construction places the emphasis on the dream as a visual experience.
δὲand / nowtransitional particle (advancing narrative after time-lapse)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀμφότεροιbothNominativesubject (collective: 'both of them')→ participant prominenceἀμφότερος: 'both'; renders Hebrew שְׁנֵיהֶם ('both of them'); the word establishes parallelism before the distributive ἑκάτερος breaks it into individual elements.
ἐνύπνιονa dreamAccusativedirect object of εἶδον (first occurrence)→ object specificationἐνύπνιον: 'dream'; from ἐν + ὕπνος ('in sleep'); one of three occurrences in this verse — the repetition is emphatic and structural.
ἑκάτεροςeach oneNominativedistributive pronoun-subject (resuming ἀμφότεροι individually)→ participant referenceἑκάτερος: 'each of two'; the shift from collective ἀμφότεροι to distributive ἑκάτερος signals that while the occasion was shared, each dream was personal and individual.
ἐνύπνιονa dreamAccusativedirect object (second occurrence, with ἑκάτερος: each his own dream)→ object specificationἐνύπνιον: meaning 'a dream'; it serves as direct object (second occurrence, with ἑκάτερος: each his own dream).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
μιᾷone / the sameDativenumeral adjective modifying νυκτί (one and the same night)→ measure or countμία (fem. of εἷς): 'one'; renders Hebrew אַחַת; the shared night is narratively significant — the simultaneous dreams will receive the same interpreter on the same morning.
νυκτίnightDativedative of time (temporal: 'in one night')→ sphere or referenceνύξ: 'night'; dreams in the ancient world — and especially in the Joseph cycle — are primarily nocturnal revelations, part of the theology of divine communication through sleep.
ὅρασιςa visionNominativenominative in apposition (glossing the content of each dream)→ participant prominenceὅρασις: 'vision / appearance / seeing'; from ὁράω; renders Hebrew מַרְאֶה or תְּמוּנָה in other contexts; here it glosses the experienced content of the dream as a visual phenomenon.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνυπνίουdreamGenitivegenitive of content (ὅρασις τοῦ ἐνυπνίου: 'the vision of the dream')→ relational specificationἐνύπνιον: third occurrence in the verse; the genitive specifies the vision as belonging to each man's particular dream.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive (each man's own dream-vision)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive (each man's own dream-vision).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχιοινοχόοςchief cupbearerNominativesubject in apposition (identifying the dreamers)→ participant prominenceἀρχιοινοχόος: meaning 'chief cupbearer'; it serves as subject in apposition (identifying the dreamers).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (pairing the two dreamers)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχισιτοποιὸςchief bakerNominativesubject in apposition (second dreamer)→ participant prominenceἀρχισιτοποιὸς: meaning 'chief baker'; it serves as subject in apposition (second dreamer).
οἳwhoNominativenominative relative pronoun (introducing relative clause identifying them as royal servants)→ participant referenceοἳ: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nominative relative pronoun (introducing relative clause identifying them as royal servants).
ἦσανwereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίverb of relative clause (identifying their role)→ progressive imperfect (habitual/ongoing royal service)εἰμί: 'be'; the imperfect ἦσαν with the perfect participle ἠτιμασμένοι forms a periphrastic pluperfect-like construction ('had been / were in a state of being dishonored'), stressing the men's continuing condition of shame.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative of service ('serving the king': ἦσαν + dative = 'they belonged to')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεῖ: meaning 'king'; it serves as dative of service ('serving the king': ἦσαν + dative = 'they belonged to').
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of place modifying βασιλεῖ→ participant identificationΑἰγύπτου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of place modifying βασιλεῖ.
οἱthe onesNominativearticle with participle (substantival: 'those who were')→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄντεςbeing / who werePres Act Ptcp Nom Pl Masc · εἰμίsubstantival participle (second relative specification: location)→ progressive (ongoing imprisonment at the time of the dreams)εἰμί: the participial phrase οἱ ὄντες ἐν τῷ δεσμωτηρίῳ ('those who were in the prison') returns the focus to the prison setting, closing the introductory unit.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεσμωτηρίῳprisonDativedative of place (locative: the narrative setting for the entire chapter)→ sphere or referenceδεσμωτηρίῳ: meaning 'prison'; it serves as dative of place (locative: the narrative setting for the entire chapter).
6

εἰσῆλθεν δὲ πρὸς αὐτοὺς Ιωσηφ τὸ πρωὶ καὶ εἶδεν αὐτούς, καὶ ἦσαν τεταραγμένοι.

And Joseph came to them in the morning and saw them, and they were troubled.

Temporal scene-opening (Joseph's morning round)εἰσῆλθεν δέ
Joseph's morning visit establishes his faithful daily care (a callback to v.4: παρέστη αὐτοῖς). The visual observation — εἶδεν αὐτούς, καὶ ἦσαν τεταραγμένοι — sets up his pastoral question in v.7: he notices their emotional state before he asks about it.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
εἰσῆλθενentered / cameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (Joseph's entry into their cell)→ constative aorist (single morning visit)εἰσέρχομαι: 'enter / come into'; renders Hebrew וַיָּבֹא; the daily round of service (v.4: παρέστη) is now shown in action.
δὲand / nowtransitional particle (advancing narrative: next morning)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρὸςto / towardpreposition + accusative (direction of movement)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of movement).
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeobject of πρός (the two officials)→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of πρός (the two officials).
ΙωσηφJosephindeclinable proper noun, subject→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, subject.
τὸtheAccusativearticle with πρωί (temporal accusative)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρωὶmorningAccusativeaccusative of time (temporal: 'in the morning')→ object specificationπρωί: 'morning / early'; an adverbial substantive; renders Hebrew בַּבֹּקֶר; the morning visit signals Joseph's regular faithful attendance.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (second action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (observation)→ constative aorist (single act of perception)ὁράω: 'see'; the observation is more than casual — it leads to the caring question of v.7; Joseph sees them as persons, not merely prisoners.
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object (the two officials)→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (the two officials).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (resulting state)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦσανthey wereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (stative: predicating the emotional condition)→ progressive imperfect (the troubled state is ongoing when Joseph arrives)εἰμί: 'be'; the imperfect ἦσαν with the perfect participle ἠτιμασμένοι forms a periphrastic pluperfect-like construction ('had been / were in a state of being dishonored'), stressing the men's continuing condition of shame.
τεταραγμένοιtroubled / disturbedPerf Pass Ptcp Nom Pl Masc · ταράσσωpredicate adjective (perfect passive participle with ἦσαν: periphrastic perfect)→ stative perfect (resulting condition: they are in a state of disturbance)ταράσσω: 'trouble / disturb / throw into confusion'; renders Hebrew זֹעֲפִים ('gloomy/troubled'); the perfect passive describes the lasting effect of the night's dreams on their demeanour. The word is used in the NT of emotional agitation: John 11:33 (Jesus 'troubled himself'); 14:1 ('let not your heart be troubled').
7

καὶ ἠρώτα τοὺς εὐνούχους Φαραω τοὺς ὄντας μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ φυλακῇ παρὰ τῷ κυρίῳ αὐτοῦ λέγων· Τί ὅτι τὰ πρόσωπα ὑμῶν σκυθρωπὰ σήμερον;

And he kept asking the officials of Pharaoh who were with him in custody under his lord, saying: 'Why is it that your faces are downcast today?'

Elaboration (Joseph's pastoral inquiry)καὶ
The imperfect ἠρώτα ('kept asking / was asking') marks this as Joseph's characteristic attentiveness, not a one-off question. The idiom Τί ὅτι ('why is it that') is a Hebraism (מַדּוּעַ + כִּי). The key word σκυθρωπά ('downcast-faced') recurs in Luke 24:17 of the Emmaus disciples — a rare adjective for despondency.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἠρώταkept asking / was askingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐρωτάωmain verb (pastoral inquiry)→ progressive/iterative imperfect (Joseph habitually asked after them; or pressed them on this occasion)ἐρωτάω: 'ask / inquire'; the imperfect tense signals either habitual inquiry (as part of his daily round) or a persistent questioning in the moment; in either case it reflects Joseph's attentive, pastoral presence.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐνούχουςeunuchs / officialsAccusativedirect object (the men he addresses)→ object specificationεὐνούχους: meaning 'eunuchs'; it serves as direct object (the men he addresses).
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun, genitive of possession (Pharaoh's officials)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of possession (Pharaoh's officials).
τοὺςthe onesAccusativearticle with participle (introducing attributive participial phrase)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνταςbeing / who werePres Act Ptcp Acc Pl Masc · εἰμίattributive participle (describing the officials: 'those who were with him')→ progressive (the shared imprisonment is ongoing)εἰμί: meaning 'being'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as attributive participle (describing the officials: 'those who were with him').
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (association: 'together with him in custody')→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (association: 'together with him in custody').
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of μετά (Joseph himself — shared imprisonment)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μετά (Joseph himself — shared imprisonment).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλακῇcustody / prisonDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceφυλακῇ: meaning 'custody'; it serves as dative of place (locative).
παρὰunder / besidepreposition + dative (jurisdiction: 'in the custody of his lord')→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'under'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (jurisdiction: 'in the custody of his lord').
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳlordDativedative of authority (the master under whose household they are held)→ sphere or referenceκύριος: 'lord / master'; refers to Potiphar (the ἀρχιμάγειρος of v.3); the same word used for Pharaoh in v.1 now applies to a subordinate lord — the word's range from divine to human authority is wide in the LXX.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive (Joseph's lord — the prison's administrative head)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive (Joseph's lord — the prison's administrative head).
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · λέγωattendant circumstance participle (introducing direct speech)→ progressive (the manner of asking)λέγω: 'say'; λέγων + direct speech is the standard LXX speech-introduction participle, calquing Hebrew לֵאמֹר.
Τίwhyinterrogative adverb (indirect question opener)→ participant referenceΤί: meaning 'why'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as interrogative adverb (indirect question opener).
ὅτιthat / is it thatexplanatory conjunction (Hebraism: Τί ὅτι = 'Why is it that?')→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: in the idiom Τί ὅτι the conjunction renders Hebrew כִּי after מַדּוּעַ; the whole phrase is a Hebraism for 'why?' that the LXX renders literally, producing a distinctive Greek idiom also seen at Acts 5:4.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόσωπαfacesNominativesubject (the visible sign of their inner disturbance)→ participant prominenceπρόσωπον: 'face / countenance / person'; renders Hebrew פָּנִים; the face as the index of inner state is a common biblical idiom (cf. Gen 4:5–6, Cain's fallen face; Neh 2:2).
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying πρόσωπα)→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive (modifying πρόσωπα).
σκυθρωπὰdowncast / gloomyNominativepredicate adjective (complement: 'your faces are downcast')→ participant prominenceσκυθρωπός: 'gloomy / sullen-faced'; compound of Σκύθης ('Scythian') + ὤψ ('face'), originally 'Scythian-looking' — dour and harsh-featured; a rare LXX word. Recurs in Luke 24:17 of the Emmaus disciples (σκυθρωποί) — two men walking away from Jerusalem with downcast faces, echoing Joseph's two dejected prisoners.
σήμερονtodayadverb of time ('today' — implies a change from the day before)→ clausal contributionσήμερον: 'today'; the word implies contrast with previous days — Joseph has been observing them and today notices something different, something triggered by the night's dreams.
8

οἱ δὲ εἶπαν αὐτῷ· Ἐνύπνιον εἴδομεν, καὶ ὁ συγκρίνων αὐτὸ οὐκ ἔστιν. εἶπεν δὲ αὐτοῖς Ιωσηφ· Οὐχὶ διὰ τοῦ θεοῦ ἡ διασάφησις αὐτῶν ἐστιν; διηγήσασθε δή μοι.

And they said to him: 'We have had a dream, and there is no one to interpret it.' And Joseph said to them: 'Do not interpretations belong to God? Tell me, then.'

Exchange / theological centre of the chapterοἱ δέ
The chapter's hermeneutical crux: the men's complaint (no interpreter available) draws from Joseph not a claim to expertise but a theological counter-question — Οὐχὶ διὰ τοῦ θεοῦ ἡ διασάφησις αὐτῶν ἐστιν; The rhetorical negative (Οὐχί expects 'yes') makes the attribution to God emphatic. The key word διασάφησις ('clear explanation') is rare in the LXX and marks Joseph's hermeneutical gift as divinely sourced, not self-generated.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
οἱand theyNominativearticle used as pronoun (idiomatic: οἱ δέ = 'and they')→ noun-phrase markingThe article + δέ construction (οἱ δέ) is a standard LXX idiom for shifting subject in narrative, rendering Hebrew וַיֹּאמְרוּ; common in narrative transitions.
δὲandtransitional particle (speech-shift to the officials)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (the officials' reply)→ constative aorist (single speech act)λέγω (aor. εἶπαν, Koine form): introduces the third invitation.
αὐτῷto himDativedative of indirect object (addressee: Joseph)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of indirect object (addressee: Joseph).
Ἐνύπνιονa dreamAccusativedirect object of εἴδομεν (fronted for emphasis: 'A dream — we have seen one')→ object specificationἐνύπνιον: fronted before the verb for emphatic prominence — they identify the dream immediately as the source of their distress.
εἴδομενwe saw / we hadAor Act Indic 1 Pl · ὁράωmain verb of the officials' statement→ constative aorist (the dream-event of the previous night)ὁράω (aor. εἴδομεν): 'see / perceive / realize'; here 'we have seen' = 'we have come to realize'; introduces the wonder-clause that God may speak with a mortal and that mortal live.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (linking the complaint's two parts)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
the oneNominativearticle with participle (substantival: 'the one who interprets')→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συγκρίνωνinterpreting / judging togetherPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · συγκρίνωsubstantival participle (subject of οὐκ ἔστιν: 'there is no interpreter')→ progressive (one who is able to interpret = an interpreter)συγκρίνω: 'judge together / compare / interpret'; renders Hebrew פָּתַר ('interpret dreams'); the compound suggests bringing together the images of the dream and their meaning. This is the key LXX word for dream-interpretation (cf. v.22: συνέκρινεν); Paul uses the cognate in 1 Cor 2:13 (συγκρίνοντες πνευματικοῖς πνευματικά).
αὐτὸitAccusativedirect object of συγκρίνων (the dream)→ participant referenceαὐτὸ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of συγκρίνων (the dream).
οὐκnotnegation (with ἔστιν: existential negative)→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔστινthere isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίexistential verb ('there is no one to interpret it')→ gnomic present (expressing the unavailability of an interpreter)εἰμί: 'be'; οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτοῖς = 'which do not have.'
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Joseph's counter-statement)→ constative aorist (single speech act)εἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δὲandtransitional particle (speech-shift back to Joseph)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative of indirect object (addressees: the two officials)→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'to them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of indirect object (addressees: the two officials).
ΙωσηφJosephindeclinable proper noun, subject (named after verb for emphasis)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, subject (named after verb for emphasis).
ΟὐχὶIs it not?emphatic interrogative negative (rhetorical question expecting 'yes')→ participant identificationοὐχί: the emphatic form of οὐ; in rhetorical questions it expects strong affirmation from the interlocutor: 'Is it not the case that...? Of course it is.' Joseph is not hedging; he is asserting with full confidence.
διὰthrough / by means ofpreposition + genitive (agent/instrument: 'through God')→ spatial or relational framingδιά + genitive: 'through / by means of'; the construction places God as the mediating agency through which interpretation comes — Joseph is the channel, God the source.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive object of διά (the divine source of interpretation)→ relational specificationθεός: renders Hebrew אֱלֹהִים; Joseph uses the generic divine name rather than a personal or covenant name — the statement is universally applicable, not narrowly Israelite.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διασάφησιςinterpretation / clear explanationNominativesubject (the thing that belongs to God)→ participant prominenceδιασάφησις: FLAGGED — 'clear explanation / making plain'; compound of διά ('through') + σαφής ('clear, plain'); renders Hebrew פִּתְרוֹן ('interpretation of dreams'), a specialized term used only in the Joseph story (Gen 40–41). The LXX's choice of διασάφησις rather than the more common κρίσις or ἑρμηνεία emphasizes the clarity and completeness of divine interpretation — not just a judgment but a full illumination.
αὐτῶνof them / theirGenitiveobjective genitive (the interpretation of the dreams: 'their interpretation')→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'of them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as objective genitive (the interpretation of the dreams: 'their interpretation').
ἐστινis / belongsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predicate: interpretation belongs to God)→ gnomic present (universal theological principle)εἰμί: copula.
διηγήσασθεnarrate / tellAor Mid Impv 2 Pl · διηγέομαιimperative (Joseph's invitation to tell the dreams)→ aorist imperative (immediate request: 'go ahead and tell me')διηγέομαι: 'narrate / tell through in full'; renders Hebrew סַפֶּר-נָא; the aor. imperative invites a single complete narration rather than ongoing discourse.
δήthen / indeedemphatic particle (softening and urging the imperative: 'do tell me')→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: an emphatic/inferential particle that adds urgency or inference to the command; renders Hebrew נָא (polite entreaty); the combination δή + imperative is used to make a firm request without being abrupt.
μοιto meDativedative of indirect object (Joseph as the recipient of the narration)→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of indirect object (Joseph as the recipient of the narration).
9

καὶ διηγήσατο ὁ ἀρχιοινοχόος τὸ ἐνύπνιον αὐτοῦ τῷ Ιωσηφ καὶ εἶπεν· Ἐν τῷ ὕπνῳ μου ἦν ἄμπελος ἐναντίον μου·

And the chief cupbearer narrated his dream to Joseph and said: 'In my sleep there was a vine before me.'

Narrative continuation (first dream narrated)καὶ
The cupbearer responds first, complying with Joseph's invitation of v.8. The opening image — a vine ἐναντίον μου ('before me') — establishes the immediacy and centrality of the vision; the first-person narration draws the reader into the dream's experiential texture.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διηγήσατοnarrated / told throughAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · διηγέομαιmain verb (the act of full narration)→ constative aorist (single complete act of narration)διηγέομαι: 'narrate / recount in full'; the compound διά + ἡγέομαι suggests a thorough, leading-through account; renders Hebrew וַיְסַפֵּר; the same verb Joseph used in his invitation (v.8: διηγήσασθε), now fulfilled.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχιοινοχόοςchief cupbearerNominativesubject (the first dreamer)→ participant prominenceἀρχιοινοχόος: meaning 'chief cupbearer'; it serves as subject (the first dreamer).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνύπνιονdreamAccusativedirect object (what he narrated)→ object specificationἐνύπνιον: meaning 'dream'; it serves as direct object (what he narrated).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive modifying ἐνύπνιον→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive modifying ἐνύπνιον.
τῷtoDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙωσηφJosephindeclinable proper noun, dative (recipient of the narration)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, dative (recipient of the narration).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the quoted dream narrative)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (introducing direct speech of the dream)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
Ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative frame of the dream vision)→ spatial or relational framingἘν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative frame of the dream vision).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕπνῳsleepDativedative of time / sphere (in my sleep = 'in my dream')→ sphere or referenceὕπνος: 'sleep'; renders Hebrew חֲלוֹמִי ('my dream'); the LXX here uses ὕπνος ('sleep') rather than ἐνύπνιον ('dream'), emphasizing the somatic state in which the vision came.
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive modifying ὕπνῳ→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive modifying ὕπνῳ.
ἦνthere wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential: 'there was a vine')→ progressive imperfect (the vine was present throughout the dream)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): the copula of the name-gloss.
ἄμπελοςa vineNominativesubject of existential ἦν→ participant prominenceἄμπελος: 'grapevine'; renders Hebrew גֶּפֶן; the vine is a prominent OT symbol for Israel (Ps 80:8–16; Isa 5:1–7; Ezek 19:10–14); in a court context it symbolizes the vineyard-administration of the king's cupbearer. The image recurs in the NT as a messianic metaphor (John 15:1: ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ἡ ἀληθινή).
ἐναντίονbefore / in front ofpreposition + genitive (spatial: 'before me')→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before / in the presence of / opposite'; renders Hebrew לְפָנַי; the vine is prominent and close — directly in front of the dreamer.
μουmeGenitivegenitive object of ἐναντίον→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἐναντίον.
10

ἐν δὲ τῇ ἀμπέλῳ τρεῖς πυθμένες, καὶ αὐτὴ θάλλουσα ἀνενήνοχεν βλαστόν, ἐξήνθησαν δὲ οἱ βότρυς αὐτῆς σταφυλάς.

And on the vine were three stems, and it was budding — it had put forth a shoot, and its clusters blossomed into grapes.

Elaboration (dream-image described in detail)ἐν δέ
The rapid movement from vine to stems to bud to flower to ripe grape compresses an entire growth season into a single dream-moment, signaling providential acceleration. The three tenses (present θάλλουσα; perfect ἀνενήνοχεν; aorist ἐξήνθησαν) enact the ripening sequence visually.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ἐνon / inpreposition + dative (locative: on the vine)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: on the vine).
δὲandtransitional particle (continuing the description)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀμπέλῳvineDativedative of place (on the vine)→ sphere or referenceἀμπέλῳ: meaning 'vine'; it serves as dative of place (on the vine).
τρεῖςthreeNominativenumeral subject (predicate nominative: 'there were three stems')→ measure or countτρεῖς: 'three'; the number is the key to the interpretation (v.12: three = three days); the LXX preserves the numeric precision of the dream.
πυθμένεςstems / branchesNominativesubject (the three stems of the vine)→ participant prominenceπυθμήν: 'base / stem / bottom'; renders Hebrew שָׂרִיגִים ('tendrils / shoots / branches'); the LXX's choice of πυθμένες ('stems') rather than κλάδοι ('branches') may reflect the Egyptian viticulture context, where the stock/stem count structured the planting. The number three will be echoed by the three days and the three baskets.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (the vine's action described)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὴit / sheNominativeintensive pronoun subject (the vine itself: 'it itself was budding')→ participant referenceαὐτή: emphatic pronoun referring to the vine (ἡ ἄμπελος, fem.); the emphasis is on the vine's own spontaneous vitality.
θάλλουσαbudding / flourishingPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Fem · θάλλωpredicative participle (describing the vine's state as it bears the shoot)→ progressive (the vine is in full bloom at the moment of budding)θάλλω: 'bud / sprout / flourish'; renders Hebrew פֹּרַחַת ('blossoming'); a word of abundant, visible growth and vitality.
ἀνενήνοχενhad put forth / brought upPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναφέρωmain verb (the vine's completed action: it had produced a shoot)→ extensive perfect (resulting state: the shoot is now present)ἀναφέρω: 'bring up / produce / put forth'; renders Hebrew נִצָּה ('blossom'); the perfect tense marks the bud as already present — the growth is not future but accomplished within the dream's compressed timeline.
βλαστόνshoot / budAccusativedirect object of ἀνενήνοχεν (the shoot that has emerged)→ object specificationβλαστός: 'sprout / shoot / bud'; the concrete visual of new growth; the vine has not only budded (θάλλουσα) but produced a measurable shoot.
ἐξήνθησανblossomed / ripenedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξανθέωmain verb (the clusters' final stage: ripened into grapes)→ constative aorist (single completed action: the blossoming and ripening)ἐξανθέω: 'blossom out / burst into flower'; renders Hebrew בִּשְּׁלוּ ('ripened'); the prefix ἐξ- suggests a bursting outward — the grapes have emerged fully ripe in the accelerated dreamscape.
δὲandtransitional particle (completing the growth sequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βότρυςclustersNominativesubject of ἐξήνθησαν (the grape-clusters)→ participant prominenceβότρυς: 'cluster of grapes / bunch'; renders Hebrew אֶשְׁכֹּלֹת; the grape-cluster is both the natural outcome of the vine's growth and the raw material the cupbearer will press in the next verse.
αὐτῆςof it / itsGenitivepossessive genitive modifying βότρυς (the vine's own clusters)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'of it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive modifying βότρυς (the vine's own clusters).
σταφυλάςgrapesAccusativeobject-complement / result accusative (blossomed into grapes)→ object specificationσταφυλή: 'bunch of grapes / ripe grape'; renders Hebrew עֲנָבִים; the word denotes the fully ripe fruit, distinguishing it from the blossom (βλαστός) and cluster (βότρυς) of the preceding phrase — three stages in one compressed dream.
11

καὶ τὸ ποτήριον Φαραω ἐν τῇ χειρί μου· καὶ ἔλαβον τοὺς βότρυς καὶ ἐξέθλιψα αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸ ποτήριον καὶ ἔδωκα τὸ ποτήριον εἰς τὰς χεῖρας Φαραω.

And Pharaoh's cup was in my hand; and I took the clusters and pressed them into the cup, and I gave the cup into Pharaoh's hands.

Continuation (the dream's action sequence)καὶ
The dreamer shifts from observing the vine's growth to acting within the dream. The three-clause sequence (λαβεῖν → ἐκθλῖψαι → δοῦναι: take → press → give) mirrors the cupbearer's professional role exactly, which is precisely what makes the dream interpretable: it depicts the man doing his job, restored.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποτήριονcupNominativesubject of nominal clause (predicate: 'the cup was in my hand')→ participant prominenceποτήριον: 'cup / drinking-vessel'; renders Hebrew כּוֹס; the cup appears three times in this verse, functioning as the interpretive symbol of the cupbearer's office — his identity and role are embodied in this object.
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun, genitive of possession (Pharaoh's cup)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of possession (Pharaoh's cup).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρίhandDativedative of place (locative: 'in my hand')→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand'; the cup is already in his hand — his professional readiness is part of the dream-image; the hand will later receive the cup again (v.13: δώσεις τὸ ποτήριον ... εἰς τὴν χεῖρα αὐτοῦ).
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive modifying χειρί→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive modifying χειρί.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (beginning the action sequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβονI tookAor Act Indic 1 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (first action: taking the clusters)→ constative aorist (single completed action)λαμβάνω: 'take / receive'; the sequence ἔλαβον → ἐξέθλιψα → ἔδωκα enacts the complete act of wine-service in the dream.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βότρυςclustersAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβον→ object specificationβότρυς: meaning 'clusters'; it serves as direct object of ἔλαβον.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (second action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξέθλιψαI pressed out / I squeezedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐκθλίβωmain verb (second action: pressing grapes into the cup)→ constative aorist (single completed pressing)ἐκθλίβω: 'press out / squeeze out'; renders Hebrew אֶשְׂחַט ('I pressed'); a vivid word for the physical act of winemaking — the juice is expressed from the clusters directly into Pharaoh's cup, a compressed image of the whole winemaking and service process.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ἐξέθλιψα (the clusters)→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐξέθλιψα (the clusters).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction: into the cup)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction: into the cup).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποτήριονcupAccusativeobject of εἰς (the cup as receptacle)→ object specificationποτήριον: meaning 'cup'; it serves as object of εἰς (the cup as receptacle).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (third action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκαI gaveAor Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (third action: presenting the cup to Pharaoh)→ constative aorist (the completed act of service)δίδωμι: 'give / hand over'; the sequence culminates in the proper service act — the cup is given into Pharaoh's hands, which is exactly the restored role Joseph will interpret for him in v.13.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποτήριονcupAccusativedirect object (third and final occurrence: the cup now given to Pharaoh)→ object specificationποτήριον: third occurrence in the verse; the word's triple repetition emphasizes the cup as the central symbol of both the dream and the man's office.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction: into the hands)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction: into the hands).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραςhandsAccusativeobject of εἰς (the royal hands that receive the cup)→ object specificationχείρ: 'hand'; the plural χεῖρας (into the hands) echoes the earlier ἐν τῇ χειρί μου (in my hand) — the cup moves from the cupbearer's hand to Pharaoh's hands, the complete service arc.
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun, genitive of possession (whose hands receive the cup)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of possession (whose hands receive the cup).
12

εἶπεν δὲ αὐτῷ Ιωσηφ· Τοῦτο ἡ σύγκρισις αὐτοῦ· οἱ τρεῖς πυθμένες τρεῖς ἡμέραι εἰσίν.

And Joseph said to him: 'This is its interpretation: the three stems are three days.'

Interpretation (Joseph decodes the first dream)εἶπεν δέ
Joseph's interpretation is brisk and confident — no hedging or qualifying. Τοῦτο ἡ σύγκρισις αὐτοῦ ('this is its interpretation') is the formula repeated in v.18 for the baker, creating a structural parallel. The key equation is stated baldly: three stems = three days. The word σύγκρισις is the nominal cognate of συγκρίνω (v.8).
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Joseph's interpretive speech)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δὲandtransitional particle (speech-shift back to Joseph)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτῷto himDativedative of indirect object (the cupbearer)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of indirect object (the cupbearer).
ΙωσηφJosephindeclinable proper noun, subject→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, subject.
ΤοῦτοthisNominativedemonstrative pronoun, subject (pointing to the dream just narrated)→ participant referenceΤοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative pronoun, subject (pointing to the dream just narrated).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σύγκρισιςinterpretationNominativepredicate nominative (identification: 'this = the interpretation')→ participant prominenceσύγκρισις: 'interpretation / comparison / judgment'; the nominal cognate of συγκρίνω (v.8); renders Hebrew פִּתְרוֹנוֹ ('its interpretation'). The article ἡ σύγκρισις ('the interpretation') treats interpretation as a definite, identifiable thing — not one possible reading but the reading.
αὐτοῦof it / itsGenitiveobjective genitive (interpretation of the dream)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as objective genitive (interpretation of the dream).
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρεῖςthreeNominativenumeral adjective modifying πυθμένες (subject)→ measure or countτρεῖς: meaning 'three'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
πυθμένεςstemsNominativesubject (the three stems of the dream-image)→ participant prominenceπυθμένες: meaning 'stems'; it serves as subject (the three stems of the dream-image).
τρεῖςthreeNominativenumeral adjective modifying ἡμέραι (predicate)→ measure or countτρεῖς: the equational repetition (three stems = three days) is the structural heart of the interpretation; the number is the bridge between the dream-world and the historical-world.
ἡμέραιdaysNominativepredicate nominative (what the three stems signify)→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: 'day'; renders Hebrew יָמִים; three days until Pharaoh's birthday feast (v.20) — the interpretation is about to be verified within the chapter's own timeline.
εἰσίνarePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίequative verb (linking the dream symbol to its referent)→ gnomic present (statement of interpretive fact)εἰμί: 'be / exist'; οὐκ εἰσίν here means the donkeys were nowhere to be found.
13

ἔτι τρεῖς ἡμέραι καὶ μνησθήσεται Φαραω τῆς ἀρχῆς σου καὶ ἀποκαταστήσει σε ἐπὶ τὴν ἀρχιοινοχοΐαν σου, καὶ δώσεις τὸ ποτήριον Φαραω εἰς τὴν χεῖρα αὐτοῦ κατὰ τὴν ἀρχήν σου τὴν προτέραν ὡς ἦσθα οἰνοχοῶν.

In three days Pharaoh will remember your position and will restore you to your office as chief cupbearer; and you will give Pharaoh's cup into his hand, according to your former rank as you used to serve as his cupbearer.

Prediction (the oracle of restoration)ἔτι
The temporal marker ἔτι τρεῖς ἡμέραι ('yet/still three days') launches the oracle. The three futures (μνησθήσεται, ἀποκαταστήσει, δώσεις) trace the arc from Pharaoh's memory to the restored service-act. The phrase ἀποκαταστήσει σε ἐπὶ τὴν ἀρχιοινοχοΐαν is the exact reversal of the imprisonment — the ἀρχι- title now becomes a promise.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
ἔτιstill / in yettemporal adverb (counting down: 'after just three more days')→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'still / yet'; in temporal context renders Hebrew עוֹד; the adverb emphasizes the brevity of the interval — restoration is imminent.
τρεῖςthreeNominativenumeral subject of implicit existential clause→ measure or countτρεῖς: meaning 'three'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἡμέραιdaysNominativesubject (with ἔτι: 'yet three days and...')→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: the three days echo the three stems of v.10 and anticipate the three baskets of v.16; Pharaoh's birthday feast (v.20) is the fulfillment.
καὶandconjunction introducing the apodosis ('and then Pharaoh will...')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μνησθήσεταιwill rememberFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · μιμνῄσκομαιmain verb (predictive: Pharaoh's act of favorable recollection)→ predictive future (certain future event)μιμνῄσκομαι: 'remember / call to mind'; renders Hebrew יִזְכֹּר (from זָכַר); the irony of the chapter turns on this word: Pharaoh will remember the cupbearer (v.13), but the cupbearer will not remember Joseph (v.23).
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun, subject→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, subject.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχῆςposition / officeGenitivegenitive object of μνησθήσεται (what Pharaoh will remember)→ relational specificationἀρχή: 'beginning / rule / office / rank'; renders Hebrew מַשְׂאֵת ('position / status / dignity'); here the cupbearer's former rank and the memory of his service.
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive modifying ἀρχῆς→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive modifying ἀρχῆς.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (second future action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποκαταστήσειwill restoreFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκαθίστημιmain verb (predictive: the act of reinstatement)→ predictive futureἀποκαθίστημι: 'restore / reinstate / reestablish'; a compound of ἀπό + καθίστημι; the ἀπο- prefix carries the sense of restoration to a prior state; renders Hebrew יְשִׁיבְךָ ('will return you'). The same verb is used for eschatological restoration: Matt 17:11; Acts 1:6.
σεyouAccusativedirect object (the cupbearer being restored)→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (the cupbearer being restored).
ἐπὶto / overpreposition + accusative (direction/appointment: 'over your office')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction/appointment: 'over your office').
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχιοινοχοΐανchief-cupbearer-ship / chief-cupbearer officeAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the office to which he is restored)→ object specificationἀρχιοινοχοΐα: abstract noun formed from ἀρχιοινοχόος ('chief cupbearer'); the LXX creates the abstract noun for the office, making the restoration specific: not just 'his former job' but the named position of authority.
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive modifying ἀρχιοινοχοΐαν→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive modifying ἀρχιοινοχοΐαν.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (third future action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώσειςyou will giveFut Act Indic 2 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (the resumed service act: giving the cup)→ predictive future (the restored cupbearer's first act of service)δίδωμι: the subject shifts to the cupbearer (2nd sg.); the oracle ends with him doing exactly what he did in the dream (v.11: ἔδωκα τὸ ποτήριον) — the dream has depicted the very act he will perform upon restoration.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποτήριονcupAccusativedirect object (Pharaoh's cup, symbol of the office)→ object specificationποτήριον: meaning 'cup'; it serves as direct object (Pharaoh's cup, symbol of the office).
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun, genitive of possession (Pharaoh's cup)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of possession (Pharaoh's cup).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction: into the hand)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction: into the hand).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραhandAccusativeobject of εἰς (Pharaoh's hand, the proper destination of the cup)→ object specificationχεῖρα: meaning 'hand'; it serves as object of εἰς (Pharaoh's hand, the proper destination of the cup).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive modifying χεῖρα (Pharaoh's hand)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive modifying χεῖρα (Pharaoh's hand).
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (conformity: 'according to your former rank')→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (conformity: 'according to your former rank').
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχήνrank / positionAccusativeobject of κατά (the standard of the former role)→ object specificationἀρχήν: meaning 'rank'; it serves as object of κατά (the standard of the former role).
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive modifying ἀρχήν→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive modifying ἀρχήν.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with προτέραν: 'the former')→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προτέρανformer / previousAccusativeattributive adjective modifying ἀρχήν (the rank held before imprisonment)→ object specificationπρότερος: 'former / earlier'; renders Hebrew הָרִאשׁוֹן ('the first / former'); the restoration will be to the exact same status, not a lesser position.
ὡςas / whencomparative/temporal conjunction ('just as when you were...')→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦσθαyou wereImpf Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίverb of comparative clause (the former service-state)→ progressive imperfect (the ongoing state of the former service)εἰμί (impf. 2 sg.): the archaic/poetic form ἦσθα ('you were') joins the articular participle ὁ ἐξάγων to form a periphrastic imperfect: 'you were the one leading out.'
οἰνοχοῶνserving as cupbearer / pouring winePres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · οἰνοχοέωsupplementary participle with ἦσθα (periphrastic imperfect: 'you used to be cup-bearing')→ progressive (the habitual practice of the office)οἰνοχοέω: 'serve as cupbearer / pour wine'; verbal form of οἰνοχόος; renders Hebrew מַשְׁקֶה ('cupbearer / wine-steward'); the participle grounds the oracle in the man's professional identity — he will do again exactly what his office always required.
14

ἀλλὰ μνήσθητί μου διὰ σεαυτοῦ, ὅταν εὖ σοι γένηται, καὶ ποιήσεις ἐν ἐμοὶ ἔλεος καὶ μνησθήσῃ περὶ ἐμοῦ πρὸς Φαραω καὶ ἐξάξεις με ἐκ τοῦ ὀχυρώματος τούτου·

But remember me yourself when things go well for you, and show me kindness, and mention me to Pharaoh, and bring me out of this stronghold.

Petition (Joseph's personal plea appended to the oracle)ἀλλὰ
ἀλλά marks the pivot from prophetic oracle to personal petition. Three imperatives/futures (μνήσθητί, ποιήσεις, μνησθήσῃ, ἐξάξεις) cascade as a single plea. The key word is μνήσθητί μου — the aorist imperative of μιμνῄσκομαι, the exact form that appears in Luke 23:42 on the lips of the dying thief addressing Jesus (μνήσθητί μου ὅταν ἔλθῃς εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν σου). Joseph's forgotten intercession is a typological shadow of the thief's answered prayer.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction (pivoting from oracle to personal request)→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλά: strong adversative; the oracle is for the cupbearer's benefit — now Joseph attaches his own need; the contrast is between what God will do for the cupbearer and what the cupbearer can do for Joseph.
μνήσθητίrememberAor Pass Impv 2 Sg · μιμνῄσκομαιimperative (the central petition of the verse)→ aorist imperative (urgent, specific request to act now / at the right moment)μιμνῄσκομαι: FLAGGED — 'remember'; the aorist passive imperative μνήσθητί is the exact form used by the dying thief in Luke 23:42: μνήσθητί μου ὅταν ἔλθῃς εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν σου — 'remember me when you come into your kingdom.' Joseph pleads from an unjust imprisonment for the cupbearer to intercede for him; the thief pleads from execution for the King to intercede for him. Both share the form; only one will be answered at the moment of asking.
μουmeGenitivegenitive object of μνήσθητί (the person to be remembered)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μνήσθητί (the person to be remembered).
διὰthrough / forpreposition + genitive (agency: 'through yourself / of yourself')→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ σεαυτοῦ: a difficult phrase; renders Hebrew כִּי אִם ('but / if only'); the LXX may be rendering the sense 'act on my behalf of your own initiative' — remember me by your own personal action, not because someone else prompts you.
σεαυτοῦyourselfGenitivereflexive genitive object of διά→ participial qualificationσεαυτοῦ: meaning 'yourself'; it contributes descriptive or attendant verbal force; here it functions as reflexive genitive object of διά.
ὅτανwhen / whenevertemporal conjunction (with subjunctive: 'when it goes well for you')→ discourse linkage or contrastὅταν: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὖwelladverb (with γένηται: 'when things go well')→ clausal contributionεὖ: 'well / good'; renders Hebrew טוֹב לָךְ ('it is good for you'); the idiom idiom 'when good comes to you' = 'when you prosper / when you are restored.'
σοιfor youDativedative of advantage (with γένηται: things go well for you)→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'for you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage (with γένηται: things go well for you).
γένηταιit comes to beAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of temporal clause (subjunctive with ὅταν)→ aorist subjunctive (indefinite temporal: 'whenever it happens')γίνομαι: 'become / prove to be'; γένηται εἰς υἱὸν δυνάμεως ('become / prove a worthy man') uses the Hebraizing εἰς + predicate (לְ); 'if he shows himself loyal and capable.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (linking the series of requests)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειςyou will show / doFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (predictive future used as request: 'do kindness to me')→ volitive future (expressing a request with the force of an imperative)ποιέω: ποιέω + ἔλεος ('do / show mercy') renders Hebrew עָשִׂיתָ חֶסֶד עִמָּדִי ('deal kindly with me'); the future indicative as a polite command is common in narrative requests.
ἐνwith / towardpreposition + dative (sphere/direction: 'toward me')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere/direction: 'toward me').
ἐμοὶmeDativedative object of ποιήσεις ἔλεος ἐν (the recipient of kindness)→ participant reference or interestἐμοὶ: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative object of ποιήσεις ἔλεος ἐν (the recipient of kindness).
ἔλεοςkindness / mercyAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις (the kindness Joseph asks for)→ object specificationἔλεος: 'mercy / compassion / lovingkindness'; renders Hebrew חֶסֶד (ḥesed), the covenantal loving-loyalty that exceeds obligation; the same word used in Ruth for Boaz's and God's covenant faithfulness. Here it describes what Joseph needs from the cupbearer: not charity but the interpersonal loyalty owed one who has served him faithfully.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (second request)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μνησθήσῃyou will mention / rememberFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · μιμνῄσκομαιmain verb (second request: mention Joseph to Pharaoh)→ volitive future (request)μιμνῄσκομαι: second occurrence in the verse, now as a future indicative request; the verb 'remember' runs as a leitmotiv through the whole chapter (vv.13, 14, 23).
περὶabout / concerningpreposition + genitive (topic of mention)→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'about'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (topic of mention).
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of περί (Joseph as the topic to be mentioned)→ participial qualificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'me'; it contributes descriptive or attendant verbal force; here it functions as genitive object of περί (Joseph as the topic to be mentioned).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech: to Pharaoh)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech: to Pharaoh).
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun, object of πρός (the ultimate decision-maker)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, object of πρός (the ultimate decision-maker).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (third and climactic request)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξάξειςyou will bring outFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐξάγωmain verb (the desired outcome: Joseph's release)→ volitive future (the ultimate request)ἐξάγω: 'lead out / bring out'; a compound of ἐκ + ἄγω; the same verb used for the Exodus (Exod 3:10: ἐξαγαγεῖν τὸν λαόν μου), connecting Joseph's desired 'exodus' from prison to the larger paradigm of divine deliverance.
μεmeAccusativedirect object (Joseph, the one to be brought out)→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (Joseph, the one to be brought out).
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (separation: from the prison)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation: from the prison).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀχυρώματοςstronghold / fortificationGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (the place Joseph must leave)→ relational specificationὀχύρωμα: 'stronghold / fortified place'; renders Hebrew בּוֹר ('pit / cistern / prison'), but the LXX elevates the word from pit/cistern to a fortified place — perhaps choosing ὀχύρωμα for the prison's solid walls. The word recurs in military contexts (2 Cor 10:4: καθαίρεσιν ὀχυρωμάτων, 'pulling down of strongholds') and here ironically frames an unjust detention as a fortified keep.
τούτουthisGenitivedemonstrative adjective modifying ὀχυρώματος ('this stronghold')→ relational specificationτούτου: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative adjective modifying ὀχυρώματος ('this stronghold').
15

ὅτι κλοπῇ ἐκλάπην ἐκ γῆς Εβραίων, καὶ ὧδε οὐδὲν ἐποίησα, ἀλλ᾿ ἐνέβαλόν με εἰς τὸν λάκκον τοῦτον.

For I was stolen by theft from the land of the Hebrews, and here also I have done nothing, yet they threw me into this pit.

Grounds (justification for the plea)ὅτι
ὅτι introduces the grounds for the request: Joseph's double innocence — he was stolen into Egypt against his will (κλοπῇ ἐκλάπην, a cognate-dative Hebraism) and has committed no crime here either. The two clauses balance theft-into-Egypt and innocence-in-Egypt. ἐνέβαλόν με ('they threw me') implies unjust third-party agency.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction (grounds for the plea of v.14)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κλοπῇby theft / by stealingDativecognate dative (Hebraism: emphatic assertion 'I was truly stolen')→ sphere or referenceκλοπή: 'theft / stealing'; renders the Hebrew infinitive absolute גָּנֹב ('stealing'). FLAGGED — the cognate dative κλοπῇ ἐκλάπην ('I was stolen by theft') is a Hebraism calquing the Hebrew construction גָּנֹב גֻּנַּבְתִּי, where an infinitive absolute precedes the finite verb to give emphatic force: 'I was truly, completely stolen.' The LXX renders this with a figura etymologica — the same root (κλέπτω/κλοπή) in both noun and verb, preserving the rhetorical intensification of the original.
ἐκλάπηνI was stolenAor Pass Indic 1 Sg · κλέπτωmain verb (passive: Joseph was stolen, not a runaway or willing migrant)→ constative aorist (single definitive event: the kidnapping)κλέπτω: 'steal'; the passive ἐκλάπην ('I was stolen') frames Joseph entirely as victim — the agent of the stealing is left unspecified (divine passive? or simply anonymous?). The verb connects to Joseph's earlier reference to his brothers' treachery.
ἐκout of / frompreposition + genitive (separation from homeland)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation from homeland).
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (the land from which he was taken)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land / earth'; the phrase ἐκ γῆς Εβραίων ('from the land of the Hebrews') is Joseph's self-identification by homeland and ethnic group — he is not here by choice.
Εβραίωνof the HebrewsGenitivegenitive of possession/identity (indeclinable proper noun modifying γῆς)→ participant identificationΕβραῖος: 'Hebrew'; renders Hebrew עִבְרִים; the ethnic term for the Israelite people from an outsider's perspective; Joseph uses it to identify himself to Egyptians (cf. Gen 39:14, 17 where Potiphar's wife calls him 'the Hebrew slave').
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (second ground: innocence in Egypt)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὧδεhereadverb of place ('here' = in Egypt / in this prison)→ clausal contributionὧδε: 'here / in this place'; echoing the ἐκεῖ of v.3, but from Joseph's own perspective — he has been confined here without cause.
οὐδὲνnothingAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησα (emphatic negation: 'I did absolutely nothing')→ object specificationοὐδείς: 'no one / nothing'; the neuter accusative οὐδέν ('nothing') is the object of the action-denial; Joseph's claim of complete innocence in Egypt parallels his earlier integrity with Potiphar's wife (Gen 39:9).
ἐποίησαI didAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (denial of wrongdoing in Egypt)→ constative aorist (summary negation of any wrongful act)ποιέω: 'do / make'; renders עָשָׂה; refers to the completed act of numbering the people.
ἀλλ᾿but / yetadversative conjunction (contrasting innocence with unjust treatment)→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλ᾿: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνέβαλόνthey threwAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐμβάλλωmain verb (third-party unjust action against Joseph)→ constative aorist (the single act of imprisonment)ἐμβάλλω: 'throw into / cast into'; renders Hebrew שָׂמוּ אֹתִי ('they put me'); the LXX's choice of ἐμβάλλω ('throw') is more violent than a simple 'put,' emphasizing the arbitrary roughness of Joseph's treatment.
μεmeAccusativedirect object (Joseph as victim of the unjust imprisonment)→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (Joseph as victim of the unjust imprisonment).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction: into the pit)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction: into the pit).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λάκκονpit / cisternAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the prison as pit)→ object specificationλάκκος: 'pit / cistern / dungeon'; renders Hebrew בּוֹר; the same word used for the pit his brothers cast him into in Gen 37:20–29 (ἐμβάλετε αὐτὸν εἰς τὸν λάκκον τοῦτον). The repetition of τοῦτον and λάκκον from Gen 37 creates a narrative echo: Joseph is in another pit, thrown there by others' malice, awaiting another providential rescue.
τοῦτονthisAccusativedemonstrative adjective modifying λάκκον→ participant referenceτοῦτον: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative adjective modifying λάκκον.
16

Καὶ εἶδεν ὁ ἀρχισιτοποιὸς ὅτι ὀρθῶς συνέκρινεν, καὶ εἶπεν τῷ Ιωσηφ· Κἀγὼ εἶδον ἐνύπνιον, καὶ ᾤμην τρία κανᾶ χονδριτῶν αἴρειν ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς μου·

And the chief baker saw that he had interpreted correctly, and he said to Joseph: 'I also had a dream: I thought I was carrying three baskets of fine flour on my head.'

Parallel narrative (the second dream introduced)Καὶ εἶδεν
The baker is emboldened by the favorable interpretation of the cupbearer's dream (ὀρθῶς συνέκρινεν — 'he had correctly/favorably interpreted'). Κἀγὼ ('I also') mirrors the cupbearer's narration. The self-description ᾤμην αἴρειν ('I thought I was carrying') introduces a detail absent from the cupbearer's dream: the baker is merely a passive carrier, not an active agent — a narrative portent.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction (parallel introduction of the second dreamer)→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (the baker's perception of the favorable interpretation)→ constative aorist (single act of observing/recognizing)ὁράω (aor. εἶδεν): 'see / perceive / realize'; renders רָאָה; here in the sense of grasping their plight, governing the ὅτι-clause.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχισιτοποιὸςchief bakerNominativesubject (the baker now steps forward)→ participant prominenceἀρχισιτοποιὸς: meaning 'chief baker'; it serves as subject (the baker now steps forward).
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing indirect statement (what he perceived)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀρθῶςcorrectly / rightlyadverb modifying συνέκρινεν ('interpreted correctly')→ clausal contributionὀρθῶς: 'rightly / correctly / straight'; renders Hebrew כִּי טוֹב פָּתַר ('that he had interpreted well/favorably'); the baker's assessment is based on the favorable content of the cupbearer's oracle — he assumes a similarly good oracle awaits him.
συνέκρινενhe had interpretedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συγκρίνωverb of indirect statement (the interpretation just given)→ constative aorist (the completed interpretation of the cupbearer's dream)συγκρίνω: the word used throughout for dream-interpretation (cf. vv.8, 22); the baker's confidence is misplaced — he reads the favorable content of the oracle and assumes his own will be similar, unaware that his dream's imagery is self-defeating.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (introducing the baker's narration)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
τῷtoDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙωσηφJosephindeclinable proper noun, dative (addressee)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, dative (addressee).
ΚἀγὼI alsoemphatic conjunction-pronoun (crasis of καὶ ἐγώ: 'and I also')→ discourse linkage or contrastΚἀγώ: crasis of καὶ ἐγώ; emphasizes that the baker too had a dream — he aligns himself with the cupbearer in order to receive a parallel interpretation. The καί connects and the ἐγώ contrasts him as a distinct subject.
εἶδονsaw / hadAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (the baker's claim to his own dream)→ constative aoristὁράω (aor. εἶδον): 'see / perceive'; Saul appeals to what he observed as the ground of his action.
ἐνύπνιονa dreamAccusativedirect object of εἶδον→ object specificationἐνύπνιον: meaning 'a dream'; it serves as direct object of εἶδον.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (the dream's content)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾤμηνI thought / I seemedImpf Mid Indic 1 Sg · οἴομαιmain verb (the dreamer's self-aware perception within the dream)→ progressive imperfect (the sustained impression during the dream)οἴομαι: 'think / suppose / seem to oneself'; renders Hebrew הִנֵּה ('behold / I saw that'); the LXX's ᾤμην introduces a subtle distancing — the baker reports not a direct vision but what he 'thought' he was doing, perhaps reflecting the more passive role he plays (a carrier rather than an agent like the cupbearer).
τρίαthreeAccusativenumeral adjective modifying κανᾶ (three baskets)→ measure or countτρεῖς/τρία: the number three parallels the three stems of the cupbearer's dream (v.10); both will be decoded as three days (v.18).
κανᾶbasketsAccusativedirect object of αἴρειν (the baskets being carried)→ object specificationκανοῦν (pl. κανᾶ): 'basket / wicker basket'; a loanword from Egyptian-Greek; renders Hebrew סַלִּים ('baskets'); the same word recurs in vv.17, 18 as the key symbol of the baker's dream.
χονδριτῶνof coarse flour / of fine breadGenitivegenitive of content (baskets of white/fine bread)→ relational specificationχονδρίτης: 'coarse bread / bread of groats / white bread'; renders Hebrew חֹרִי ('white bread'), a bread of fine or sifted flour; the word specifies the quality and type of baked goods — this is royal-grade provision prepared for Pharaoh.
αἴρεινto carryPres Act Inf · αἴρωcomplementary infinitive with ᾤμην (describing the dream-action)→ progressive (the carrying is the sustained dream-image)αἴρω: 'lift / carry / take up'; the baker carries the baskets passively on his head — unlike the cupbearer who actively presses and gives, the baker is merely a transport vehicle. This passivity prefigures his fate: the birds eat from him, not with him.
ἐπὶon / uponpreposition + genitive (location: on his head)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (location: on his head).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλῆςheadGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (location of the baskets)→ relational specificationκεφαλή: 'head'; the baskets are on his head — the interpretive crux of the dream. The head recurs with terrible irony in v.19: ἀφελεῖ Φαραω τὴν κεφαλήν σου ἀπὸ σοῦ ('Pharaoh will remove your head from you'). What the dream shows balanced on his head is the site of his execution.
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive modifying κεφαλῆς→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive modifying κεφαλῆς.
17

ἐν δὲ τῷ κανῷ τῷ ἐπάνω ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν γενημάτων ὧν ὁ βασιλεὺς Φαραω ἐσθίει, ἔργον σιτοποιοῦ, καὶ τὰ πετεινὰ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ κατήσθιεν αὐτὰ ἀπὸ τοῦ κανοῦ τοῦ ἐπάνω τῆς κεφαλῆς μου.

And in the uppermost basket there were all kinds of baked goods for Pharaoh the king — the work of a baker — and the birds of the sky were eating them from the basket on top of my head.

Elaboration (the dream's fatal detail: birds eating from the top basket)ἐν δέ
The top basket (τῷ κανῷ τῷ ἐπάνω) is the critical element: it is royal food (ἔργον σιτοποιοῦ, food prepared for Pharaoh) yet it is being devoured by birds while the baker merely carries it. He is not serving Pharaoh — he is passively watching the birds feast. The birds of heaven (τὰ πετεινὰ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ) will recur in v.19 as the agent of post-execution disgrace.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: in the top basket)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: in the top basket).
δὲandtransitional particle (continuing the dream description)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κανῷbasketDativedative of place (the location of the food)→ sphere or referenceκανοῦν: 'basket / wicker basket'; same word as v.16's κανᾶ (the plural); now a singular with the specifying article τῷ ἐπάνω ('the uppermost one').
τῷtheDativearticle (with ἐπάνω: 'the uppermost one')→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπάνωabove / uppermostDativeadverb used attributively (the top basket of the three)→ sphere or referenceἐπάνω: 'above / on top'; the uppermost basket is where the birds feed — it is the most exposed and most inaccessible to the baker who carries it on his head. He cannot protect it.
ἀπὸfrom / ofpreposition + genitive (partitive: 'from/of all the products')→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive: 'from/of all the products').
πάντωνallGenitivegenitive adjective modifying γενημάτων (all kinds of products)→ relational specificationπάντων: meaning 'all'; it serves as genitive adjective modifying γενημάτων (all kinds of products).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενημάτωνproducts / things madeGenitivegenitive of content (what the basket contains: all food products)→ relational specificationγένημα: 'product / produce / thing made/grown'; renders Hebrew מַאֲכַל ('food / that which is eaten'); the word spans agricultural produce and manufactured goods — here it means baked foods prepared for royal consumption.
ὧνwhichGenitivegenitive relative pronoun (qualifying γενημάτων: 'the foods that Pharaoh eats')→ relational specificationὧν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive relative pronoun (qualifying γενημάτων: 'the foods that Pharaoh eats').
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject of relative clause (Pharaoh as the intended recipient of the food)→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject of relative clause (Pharaoh as the intended recipient of the food).
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun in apposition to βασιλεύς→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun in apposition to βασιλεύς.
ἐσθίειeatsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐσθίωverb of relative clause (the food is of the quality Pharaoh consumes)→ gnomic present (Pharaoh habitually eats such food)ἐσθίω: 'eat'; the present tense describes what Pharaoh normally eats — the baker's professional responsibility is to provide precisely this; but in the dream it is consumed by birds, not by the king.
ἔργονwork / produceNominativesubject in apposition (further describing the basket's contents: baker's work)→ participant prominenceἔργον: 'work / product / thing made'; renders Hebrew מַעֲשֵׂה ('work / craft'); ἔργον σιτοποιοῦ ('the work of a bread-maker') identifies the precise professional context — these are the chief baker's own professional products.
σιτοποιοῦof a baker / bread-makerGenitivegenitive of agent (whose work it is)→ relational specificationσιτοποιός: 'bread-maker / baker' (σῖτος + ποιέω); the cognate of ἀρχισιτοποιός — the chief baker's own professional output is identified.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the ominous detail)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πετεινὰbirdsNominativesubject (the birds as agents of consumption)→ participant prominenceπετεινόν: 'bird / winged creature'; renders Hebrew עוֹף; birds eating royal food is a violation of the proper order — the king's prepared food should reach the king's table, not feed scavenging birds.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανοῦsky / heavenGenitivegenitive of source (birds of the sky = wild birds)→ relational specificationοὐρανός: 'sky / heaven'; the phrase τὰ πετεινὰ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ('birds of the sky') is a standard LXX idiom (Gen 1:26, 7:3; cf. Matt 6:26) — here it marks wild, uncontrolled scavengers who will recur in v.19 as post-execution desecrators.
κατήσθιενwere eating up / devouringImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · κατεσθίωmain verb (the birds' sustained consuming action in the dream)→ progressive imperfect (ongoing devouring: the birds keep eating throughout the dream)κατεσθίω: 'eat up / devour / consume entirely'; the κατα- prefix intensifies — not merely eating but consuming completely. The imperfect tense captures the sustained, ongoing nature of the violation.
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object (the baked goods being devoured)→ participant referenceαὐτὰ: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (the baked goods being devoured).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source: from the basket)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source: from the basket).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κανοῦbasketGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (the source of the birds' food)→ relational specificationκανοῦ: meaning 'basket'; it serves as genitive object of ἀπό (the source of the birds' food).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ἐπάνω: 'the upper one')→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπάνωon top / uppermostGenitiveadverb used attributively (the uppermost basket, repeated for emphasis)→ relational specificationἐπάνω: meaning 'on top'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλῆςheadGenitivegenitive of place (the basket is on top of his head)→ relational specificationκεφαλή: 'head'; second occurrence of κεφαλή in vv.16–17, preparing for the climactic 'head' reference in v.19 (ἀφελεῖ Φαραω τὴν κεφαλήν σου).
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive modifying κεφαλῆς→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive modifying κεφαλῆς.
18

ἀποκριθεὶς δὲ Ιωσηφ εἶπεν αὐτῷ· Αὕτη ἡ σύγκρισις αὐτοῦ· τὰ τρία κανᾶ τρεῖς ἡμέραι εἰσίν·

And Joseph answered and said to him: 'This is its interpretation: the three baskets are three days.'

Parallel interpretation (the formula repeated for the baker)ἀποκριθεὶς δέ
The formula is identical to v.12 (Τοῦτο/Αὕτη ἡ σύγκρισις αὐτοῦ), creating a deliberate parallel before the fatal divergence in v.19. The baker hears the same opening formula as the cupbearer — the three = three days equation — but the equational comfort ends here.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἀποκριθεὶςanswering / having answeredAor Pass Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιattendant circumstance participle (introducing the speech)→ aorist (punctiliar: a single act of replying)ἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer / respond'; the passive aorist participle is the standard LXX formula for responding to something said or shown (cf. Matt 11:25: ἀποκριθεὶς ὁ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν).
δὲandtransitional particle (marking Joseph's response to the second dream)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙωσηφJosephindeclinable proper noun, subject→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, subject.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (introducing direct speech)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
αὐτῷto himDativedative of indirect object (the baker)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of indirect object (the baker).
ΑὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative pronoun, subject (pointing to the dream just narrated)→ participant referenceΑὕτη: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative pronoun, subject (pointing to the dream just narrated).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σύγκρισιςinterpretationNominativepredicate nominative (equational clause: 'this is the interpretation')→ participant prominenceσύγκρισις: the same interpretive-formula word as v.12; the deliberate repetition of the formula sets up the expectation that this oracle will be as favorable as the last — an expectation immediately shattered in v.19.
αὐτοῦof it / itsGenitiveobjective genitive (interpretation of the dream)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as objective genitive (interpretation of the dream).
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρίαthreeNominativenumeral adjective modifying κανᾶ (subject)→ measure or countτρία: meaning 'three'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
κανᾶbasketsNominativesubject (the dream symbol being decoded)→ participant prominenceκανᾶ: meaning 'baskets'; it serves as subject (the dream symbol being decoded).
τρεῖςthreeNominativenumeral modifying ἡμέραι (predicate)→ measure or countτρεῖς: meaning 'three'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἡμέραιdaysNominativepredicate nominative (what the three baskets signify: three days)→ participant prominenceἡμέραι: meaning 'days'; it serves as predicate nominative (what the three baskets signify: three days).
εἰσίνarePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίequative verb (the interpretive equation)→ gnomic presentεἰμί: 'be / exist'; οὐκ εἰσίν here means the donkeys were nowhere to be found.
19

ἔτι τριῶν ἡμερῶν ἀφελεῖ Φαραω τὴν κεφαλήν σου ἀπὸ σοῦ καὶ κρεμάσει σε ἐπὶ ξύλου, καὶ φάγεται τὰ ὄρνεα τοῦ οὐρανοῦ τὰς σάρκας σου ἀπό σου.

In yet three days Pharaoh will remove your head from you, and will hang you on a tree, and the birds of the sky will eat your flesh from you.

Parallel oracle (inverted: the grim wordplay)ἔτι
The deliberate parallel with v.13 (ἔτι τρεῖς ἡμέραι) is subverted: where v.13 said Pharaoh would 'lift up your head' in restoration, v.19 says ἀφελεῖ τὴν κεφαλήν σου ἀπὸ σοῦ — 'will take your head away from you.' The same idiom, split between life and death. The baker's own dream-imagery fulfills itself: the birds who ate from the basket on his head now eat his flesh from his hanging body.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
ἔτιstill / in yettemporal adverb (same countdown formula as v.13)→ clausal contributionἔτι: meaning 'still'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
τριῶνthreeGenitivegenitive numeral (with ἡμερῶν: 'of three days' — temporal genitive)→ relational specificationNote the shift from v.13's nominative (ἔτι τρεῖς ἡμέραι) to the genitive (ἔτι τριῶν ἡμερῶν) — a slight stylistic variation with no difference in meaning; both count down to the same third day.
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitivegenitive of time (within three days)→ relational specificationἡμερῶν: meaning 'days'; it serves as genitive of time (within three days).
ἀφελεῖwill remove / take awayFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφαιρέωmain verb (the fatal oracle: Pharaoh removes the baker's head)→ predictive future (certain coming event)ἀφαιρέω: FLAGGED — 'take away / remove'; contrast with v.13 where the oracle uses μνησθήσεται ('will remember') and ἀποκαταστήσει ('will restore'). The wordplay centers on ἀφελεῖ Φαραω τὴν κεφαλήν σου ἀπὸ σοῦ: the 'lifting of the head' idiom (נָשָׂא רֹאשׁ) has two senses — restoration (lifting up) and beheading (lifting off). Joseph deploys both in sequence, using the same three-day structure to deliver opposite verdicts.
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun, subject→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, subject.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλήνheadAccusativedirect object (the head that will be removed)→ object specificationκεφαλή: 'head'; third occurrence of this word in vv.16–19; the basket was on his head (v.16), above his head (v.17), and now his head is removed from him. The dream's imagery converges on its own decoding.
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive modifying κεφαλήν→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive modifying κεφαλήν.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation: head removed from the body)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό σου: 'from you' — the phrase ἀφελεῖ τὴν κεφαλήν σου ἀπὸ σοῦ is unusually explicit: not merely 'will behead you' but 'will take your head away from you' — the separation of head from body is rendered redundantly for rhetorical force.
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (the body from which the head is removed)→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἀπό (the body from which the head is removed).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (second action: hanging)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κρεμάσειwill hangFut Act Indic 3 Sg · κρεμάννυμιmain verb (post-execution public display)→ predictive futureκρεμάννυμι: 'hang / suspend'; renders Hebrew יִתְלֶה ('will hang'); hanging on a tree after death was a form of public shame and warning (cf. Deut 21:22–23: the cursed-of-God hung on a tree — the same language Paul uses in Gal 3:13 of Christ's crucifixion).
σεyouAccusativedirect object (the baker)→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (the baker).
ἐπὶon / uponpreposition + genitive (on the tree)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (on the tree).
ξύλουtree / wood / stakeGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (the instrument of display)→ relational specificationξύλον: 'wood / tree / stake'; renders Hebrew עֵץ ('tree'); ἐπὶ ξύλου ('on a tree') is the standard LXX expression for hanging/impalement on a stake or tree (Deut 21:22–23; Esth 5:14); the NT applies the phrase to the crucifixion (Acts 5:30; 10:39; 1 Pet 2:24).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (the final action: birds consume the corpse)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φάγεταιwill eatFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐσθίωmain verb (the birds' consumption of the corpse)→ predictive future (certain fulfillment of the dream-image)ἐσθίω: 'eat'; the same birds of v.17 who consumed the royal food from the basket now consume the baker's flesh from his hanging body — the dream-imagery fulfills itself with terrible precision.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρνεαbirdsNominativesubject (the same birds of the dream, now acting on the corpse)→ participant prominenceὄρνεον: 'bird'; renders Hebrew עוֹף; variant of πετεινόν (v.17) — the LXX uses both words for 'bird' in this chapter; the switch may be stylistic.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανοῦsky / heavenGenitivegenitive of source (birds of the sky)→ relational specificationοὐρανοῦ: meaning 'sky'; it serves as genitive of source (birds of the sky).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σάρκαςfleshAccusativedirect object (the corpse's flesh, consumed by birds)→ object specificationσάρξ: 'flesh / body'; the word shifts the oracle from the abstract (the head removed) to the visceral (the flesh devoured); unburied exposure to birds was a mark of profound shame and divine abandonment in the ancient world (1 Sam 17:46; Jer 7:33).
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive modifying σάρκας→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive modifying σάρκας.
ἀπόfrompreposition + genitive (source: from the hanging body)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source: from the hanging body).
σουyouGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (the body from which the flesh is eaten)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἀπό (the body from which the flesh is eaten).
20

ἐγένετο δὲ ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ τρίτῃ, ἡμέρα γενέσεως ἦν Φαραω, καὶ ἐποίει πότον πᾶσι τοῖς παισὶν αὐτοῦ· καὶ ἐμνήσθη τῆς ἀρχῆς τοῦ ἀρχιοινοχόου καὶ τῆς ἀρχῆς τοῦ ἀρχισιτοποιοῦ ἐν μέσῳ τῶν παίδων αὐτοῦ.

And it came to pass on the third day, which was Pharaoh's birthday, that he made a feast for all his servants; and he remembered the position of the chief cupbearer and the position of the chief baker among his servants.

Narrative pivot (fulfillment begins)ἐγένετο δέ
The ἐγένετο δέ formula opens the fulfillment unit, matching the ἐγένετο δέ of v.1 and creating a narrative frame. The birthday feast (ἡμέρα γενέσεως Φαραω) provides the social occasion for royal acts of memory and judgment. Notably the verb ἐμνήσθη ('he remembered') is Pharaoh's act of remembering the officials — the same vocabulary that Joseph used in his plea (v.14: μνήσθητί μου) but directed at the wrong persons.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (narrative-frame formula opening fulfillment)→ constative aorist (inaugurating the fulfillment episode)γίνομαι: ἐγένετο δέ echoes v.1's opening and the standard narrative-frame formula (καὶ/δὲ ἐγένετο = וַיְהִי); the formula signals a new episode-unit while picking up the story's thread.
δὲand / nowtransitional particle (advancing to the third day)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνon / inpreposition + dative (temporal: on the third day)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal: on the third day).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (temporal: 'on the day')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρᾳ: meaning 'day'; it serves as dative of time (temporal: 'on the day').
τῇtheDativearticle (with τρίτῃ: the third day)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρίτῃthirdDativeordinal numeral adjective modifying ἡμέρᾳ (the predicted third day)→ sphere or referenceτρίτος: 'third'; the fulfillment arrives on precisely the day Joseph specified (vv.13, 18: ἔτι τρεῖς ἡμέραι / ἔτι τριῶν ἡμερῶν); the narrator's confirmation vindicates Joseph's interpretive authority.
ἡμέραa dayNominativepredicate nominative of nominal clause (explaining what the third day was)→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: meaning 'a day'; it serves as predicate nominative of nominal clause (explaining what the third day was).
γενέσεωςof birth / birthdayGenitivegenitive of kind (ἡμέρα γενέσεως = 'birthday')→ relational specificationγένεσις: 'birth / origin / generation'; ἡμέρα γενέσεως ('day of birth') = birthday; renders Hebrew יוֹם הֻלֶּדֶת ('day of birth'). The same phrase appears in Matt 14:6 for Herod's birthday feast (at which John the Baptist was beheaded) — a narrative parallel in which a royal birthday banquet again becomes the occasion for an official's fate.
ἦνit wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb of nominal clause (identifying the occasion)→ progressive imperfect (the birthday as the standing occasion of the day)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): the copula of the name-gloss.
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun, genitive of possession (whose birthday it was)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of possession (whose birthday it was).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (first main action of the fulfillment unit)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίειwas making / heldImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (the birthday feast: Pharaoh hosted a drinking-party)→ progressive imperfect (the feast was ongoing when Pharaoh acted)ποιέω: 'make / do / hold'; ἐποίει πότον ('made a drinking-feast') renders Hebrew וַיַּעַשׂ מִשְׁתֶּה ('made a feast'); the imperfect sets the feast as the ongoing backdrop for Pharaoh's acts of judgment.
πότονa feast / drinking-partyAccusativedirect object of ἐποίει (the feast Pharaoh hosted)→ object specificationπότος: 'drinking / drinking-party / feast'; renders Hebrew מִשְׁתֶּה ('feast / banquet'); a drinking-feast was the occasion for royal acts — pronouncements, gifts, and in this case the contrasting fates of the two officials.
πᾶσιallDativedative adjective modifying παισίν (for all his servants)→ sphere or referenceπᾶσι: meaning 'all'; it serves as dative adjective modifying παισίν (for all his servants).
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παισὶνservants / retainersDativedative of advantage (for all his servants)→ sphere or referenceπαῖς: 'boy / servant / retainer'; renders Hebrew עֲבָדָיו ('his servants'); used for royal household staff; the two imprisoned officials are among those to be honored or condemned before these witnesses.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive modifying παισίν→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive modifying παισίν.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing Pharaoh's act of remembrance)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμνήσθηrememberedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · μιμνῄσκομαιmain verb (Pharaoh's act of remembering the officials)→ constative aorist (single decisive act of royal recollection)μιμνῄσκομαι: 'remember'; the memory-word that runs through the chapter: v.13 (Pharaoh will remember the cupbearer's rank), v.14 (μνήσθητί μου — remember me), and now v.20 (Pharaoh did remember). The verb is fulfilled for the cupbearer (v.21) and the baker (v.22) but will be inverted for Joseph in v.23.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχῆςposition / rankGenitivegenitive object of ἐμνήσθη (the office Pharaoh calls to mind)→ relational specificationἀρχῆς: meaning 'position'; it serves as genitive object of ἐμνήσθη (the office Pharaoh calls to mind).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχιοινοχόουchief cupbearerGenitivegenitive of possession (the cupbearer's rank)→ relational specificationἀρχιοινοχόου: meaning 'chief cupbearer'; it serves as genitive of possession (the cupbearer's rank).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (both officials remembered together)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχῆςposition / rankGenitivegenitive object of ἐμνήσθη (second official's rank)→ relational specificationἀρχῆς: meaning 'position'; it serves as genitive object of ἐμνήσθη (second official's rank).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχισιτοποιοῦchief bakerGenitivegenitive of possession (the baker's rank)→ relational specificationἀρχισιτοποιοῦ: meaning 'chief baker'; it serves as genitive of possession (the baker's rank).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere: in the middle of his servants)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere: in the middle of his servants).
μέσῳmidstDativedative of place (in the middle of: public setting)→ sphere or referenceμέσος: 'middle / midst'; ἐν μέσῳ τῶν παίδων ('among his servants') — the acts of reinstatement and execution are public, performed before witnesses at the feast.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παίδωνservantsGenitivegenitive object of ἐν μέσῳ (in the midst of the servants)→ relational specificationπαίδων: meaning 'servants'; it serves as genitive object of ἐν μέσῳ (in the midst of the servants).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive modifying παίδων→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive modifying παίδων.
21

καὶ ἀπεκατέστησεν τὸν ἀρχιοινοχόον ἐπὶ τὴν ἀρχιοινοχοΐαν αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἔδωκεν τὸ ποτήριον εἰς τὴν χεῖρα Φαραω·

And he restored the chief cupbearer to his office as chief cupbearer, and he gave the cup into Pharaoh's hand.

Fulfillment (cupbearer oracle verified precisely)καὶ
The fulfillment is stated with lexical precision: ἀπεκατέστησεν ... ἐπὶ τὴν ἀρχιοινοχοΐαν (v.13: ἀποκαταστήσει σε ἐπὶ τὴν ἀρχιοινοχοΐαν); ἔδωκεν τὸ ποτήριον εἰς τὴν χεῖρα (v.13: δώσεις τὸ ποτήριον εἰς τὴν χεῖρα). Every element of Joseph's oracle is confirmed word-for-word.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπεκατέστησενrestoredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκαθίστημιmain verb (the act of reinstatement, fulfilling v.13)→ constative aorist (single decisive act of restoration)ἀποκαθίστημι: 'restore / reinstate'; the exact verb Joseph predicted in v.13 (ἀποκαταστήσει); its aorist fulfillment confirms Joseph's divine hermeneutical gift. The word carries eschatological weight in the NT (Acts 1:6; Matt 17:11) precisely because of its use here and in prophetic contexts.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχιοινοχόονchief cupbearerAccusativedirect object (the man restored)→ object specificationἀρχιοινοχόον: meaning 'chief cupbearer'; it serves as direct object (the man restored).
ἐπὶto / overpreposition + accusative (appointment: to his office)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (appointment: to his office).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχιοινοχοΐανchief-cupbearer officeAccusativeobject of ἐπί (the office to which he is restored)→ object specificationἀρχιοινοχοΐα: the abstract noun of the ἀρχιοινοχόος title; used again in v.21 fulfilling v.13's promise — the office-title now functions as the destination of the restoration.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive modifying ἀρχιοινοχοΐαν→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive modifying ἀρχιοινοχοΐαν.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (completing the restored service act)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (the restored cupbearer's first act: giving the cup)→ constative aorist (the cup-giving that fulfills the dream and oracle)δίδωμι: 'give'; the subject shifts to the restored cupbearer (implied) who gives the cup to Pharaoh — the exact action Joseph predicted (v.13: δώσεις τὸ ποτήριον ... εἰς τὴν χεῖρα αὐτοῦ) and that the cupbearer himself enacted in his dream (v.11: ἔδωκα τὸ ποτήριον εἰς τὰς χεῖρας Φαραω).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποτήριονcupAccusativedirect object (the cup, symbol of the office and the whole chapter)→ object specificationποτήριον: the cup appears for the last time, completing its arc from dream-symbol (v.11) to interpreted sign (v.13) to fulfilled reality (v.21).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction: into the hand)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction: into the hand).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραhandAccusativeobject of εἰς (Pharaoh's hand, the destination of the cup)→ object specificationχεῖρα: meaning 'hand'; it serves as object of εἰς (Pharaoh's hand, the destination of the cup).
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun, genitive of possession (whose hand receives the cup)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of possession (whose hand receives the cup).
22

τὸν δὲ ἀρχισιτοποιὸν ἐκρέμασεν, καθὰ συνέκρινεν αὐτοῖς Ιωσηφ.

But the chief baker he hanged, just as Joseph had interpreted to them.

Parallel fulfillment (second oracle verified: execution)τὸν δέ
The stark brevity of this verse — five Greek words for the execution, against fourteen for the restoration — enacts the narrative economy of judgment. The closing clause καθὰ συνέκρινεν αὐτοῖς Ιωσηφ ('just as Joseph had interpreted to them') is the narrator's explicit theological signature: both outcomes, grace and death, are credited to Joseph's divinely given interpretation.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (fronted with ἀρχισιτοποιόν for contrast)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutadversative particle (contrasting the baker's fate with the cupbearer's)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: here adversative — the cupbearer was restored; but the baker was hanged. The δέ enacts the chapter's structural contrast.
ἀρχισιτοποιὸνchief bakerAccusativedirect object (fronted for emphasis and contrast)→ object specificationἀρχισιτοποιὸν: meaning 'chief baker'; it serves as direct object (fronted for emphasis and contrast).
ἐκρέμασενhangedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κρεμάννυμιmain verb (the execution, fulfilling v.19)→ constative aorist (single completed act of hanging)κρεμάννυμι: 'hang / suspend'; the verb predicted in v.19 (κρεμάσει σε ἐπὶ ξύλου) is now fulfilled in the aorist without any mitigating detail; the narrator offers no comment on justice or injustice, only the bare fact of fulfillment.
καθὰjust ascomparative conjunction (marking the precise correspondence of event and prediction)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθά: 'just as / exactly as'; renders Hebrew כַּאֲשֶׁר ('as / according to what'); the adverb of exact correspondence signals the narrator's theological point: Joseph's interpretation was not merely accurate but divinely precise.
συνέκρινενhad interpretedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συγκρίνωmain verb of καθά clause (the interpretation whose accuracy is now confirmed)→ constative aorist (the single act of interpretation in vv.12–19)συγκρίνω: 'interpret'; the word used in vv.8, 16 for dream-interpretation; its occurrence here in the narrative conclusion ties the fulfillment explicitly back to Joseph's interpretive act.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative of indirect object (the two men whose dreams were interpreted)→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'to them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of indirect object (the two men whose dreams were interpreted).
ΙωσηφJosephindeclinable proper noun, subject (named last for emphasis: the fulfillment vindicates Joseph)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: the final naming of Joseph in the chapter's main action sequence; his name is attached to the fulfilled oracle as a stamp of divine authorization.
23

οὐκ ἐμνήσθη δὲ ὁ ἀρχιοινοχόος τοῦ Ιωσηφ, ἀλλ᾿ ἐπελάθετο αὐτοῦ.

Yet the chief cupbearer did not remember Joseph, but forgot him.

Ironic reversal / tragic closeοὐκ ἐμνήσθη δέ
The final verse is the chapter's darkest irony. Pharaoh remembered (v.20: ἐμνήσθη); but the cupbearer, the very man Joseph implored to remember (v.14: μνήσθητί μου), did not remember Joseph (οὐκ ἐμνήσθη) — and the additional verb ἐπελάθετο ('forgot') intensifies the failure. Two verbs for forgetting in a single clause. The chapter ends in shadow, with Joseph still in prison, forgotten — awaiting the providential reversal that will come only in Gen 41:1.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
οὐκnotnegation (negating ἐμνήσθη)→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐμνήσθηrememberedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · μιμνῄσκομαιmain verb (the failure of memory: the cupbearer did not remember Joseph)→ constative aorist (a single decisive failure, not an ongoing neglect)μιμνῄσκομαι: the memory-word that has run through the chapter — v.13 (Pharaoh will remember), v.14 (remember me, μνήσθητί μου), v.20 (Pharaoh did remember), and now v.23 (the cupbearer did NOT remember). The same aorist passive form that appeared in Joseph's plea now appears negated. The chapter's memorial architecture collapses at this final word.
δὲyet / butadversative particle (the final ironic contrast: Pharaoh remembered, but the cupbearer did not)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'yet'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχιοινοχόοςchief cupbearerNominativesubject (the man who forgot, despite having been begged to remember)→ participant prominenceἀρχιοινοχόος: the title appears one final time — the man who was restored to his ἀρχιοινοχοΐα, the man Joseph begged to be his advocate, is now identified as the man who forgot. The title's final occurrence is its most ironic.
τοῦofGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙωσηφJosephindeclinable proper noun, genitive object of ἐμνήσθη (the person not remembered)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: Joseph's name is the genitive object of the negative memory-verb — he is now the forgotten man, the unnamed prisoner left behind when the cupbearer returned to court. The chapter ends with Joseph's name in the position of the forgotten.
ἀλλ᾿butstrong adversative conjunction (introducing the intensifying second verb)→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλά: strong adversative; introduces not merely a different act but a more complete negation — not merely 'did not remember' but actively 'forgot.'
ἐπελάθετοforgotAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιλανθάνομαιmain verb (the second and more complete act of forgetting)→ constative aorist (a total, definitive act of forgetting)ἐπιλανθάνομαι: FLAGGED — 'forget / be entirely forgetful of'; compound of ἐπί + λανθάνομαι ('be unaware / escape notice'); the ἐπί-prefix intensifies the forgetting toward completeness. Renders Hebrew וְלֹא זָכַר ('and did not remember'). The LXX adds ἐπελάθετο where the Hebrew has only the negated memory-verb — the double negation (οὐκ ἐμνήσθη ... ἐπελάθετο) is the LXX's own rhetorical intensification, closing the chapter with a double thud of abandonment. The same verb appears in Heb 13:2 (μὴ ἐπιλανθάνεσθε τῆς φιλοξενίας — 'do not forget hospitality'), the very virtue the cupbearer failed.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἐπελάθετο (Joseph — the forgotten man)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: the final word of the chapter — a bare pronoun for the forgotten man; Joseph is reduced to 'him.' The chapter that opened with two officers and their lord closes with one officer and his anonymous prisoner, the interpreter whose gift vindicated everyone but himself.