1
ἀκούσατε λόγον κυρίου υἱοὶ Ισραηλ διότι κρίσις τῷ κυρίῳ πρὸς τοὺς κατοικοῦντας τὴν γῆν διότι οὐκ ἔστιν ἀλήθεια οὐδὲ ἔλεος οὐδὲ ἐπίγνωσις θεοῦ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς
Hear the word of the Lord, sons of Israel, because there is a judgment from the Lord against those dwelling in the land, because there is no truth, nor mercy, nor knowledge of God upon the land.
The chapter opens in formal courtroom style: the Lord has a case against the inhabitants of the land, and the deepest charge is the collapse of covenant truth, mercy, and knowledge.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
ἀκούσατεhearVA AAD2P · ἀκούωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ ingressive aorist imperative (give heed now)ἀκούω: meaning 'hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
λόγονwordN2 ASM · λόγοςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
υἱοὶsonsN2 VPM · υἱόςhead noun within the clause→ direct addressυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
διότιbecauseC · διότιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κρίσιςjudgmentN3I NSF · κρίσιςnominative element functioning as subject or predicate→ participant prominenceκρίσις: meaning 'judgment'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject or predicate.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDN2 DSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦνταςthose dwellingV2 · παπαπμ οἰκέω + καταparticiple modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive force→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressπαπαπμ οἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'those dwelling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive force.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
διότιbecauseC · διότιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἀλήθειαtruthN1A NSF · ἀλήθειαnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ participant prominenceἀλήθεια: meaning 'truth'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλεοςmercyN3E NSN · ἔλεοςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceἔλεος: meaning 'mercy'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπίγνωσιςknowledgeN3I NSF · ἐπίγνωσιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionἐπίγνωσις: meaning 'knowledge'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
2
ἀρὰ καὶ ψεῦδος καὶ φόνος καὶ κλοπὴ καὶ μοιχεία κέχυται ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς καὶ αἵματα ἐφ' αἵμασιν μίσγουσιν
Cursing and falsehood and murder and theft and adultery have been poured out upon the land, and they mix blood with blood.
The social order is saturated with violation. The final image suggests bloodshed layered upon bloodshed, as though violence has become cumulative and ambient.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἀρὰcurseN1A NSF · ἀράnominative element functioning in the clause core→ participant prominenceἀρά: meaning 'curse'; it serves as nominative element functioning in the clause core.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ψεῦδοςlieN3E NSN · ψεῦδοςsubstantive functioning within the clause according to case→ participant prominenceψεῦδος: meaning 'lie'; it serves as substantive functioning within the clause according to case.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φόνοςmurderN2 NSM · φόνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ crafted idols and moral corruptionφόνος: meaning 'murder'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κλοπὴtheftN1 NSF · κλοπήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ crafted idols and moral corruptionκλοπή: meaning 'theft'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μοιχείαadulteryN1A NSF · μοιχείαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμοιχεία: meaning 'adultery'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κέχυταιhas been poured outVM XMI3S · χέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ whirlwind questions and cosmic foundationsχέω: meaning 'has been poured out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἵματαbloodN3M APN · αἷμαcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationαἷμα: meaning 'blood'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐφ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐφ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
αἵμασινblood (-guilt)N3M DPN · αἷμαcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceαἷμα: meaning 'blood (-guilt)'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
μίσγουσινthey mixV1 PAI3P · μίσγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseμίσγω: meaning 'they mix'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
3
διὰ τοῦτο πενθήσει ἡ γῆ καὶ σμικρυνθήσεται σὺν πᾶσιν τοῖς κατοικοῦσιν αὐτήν σὺν τοῖς θηρίοις τοῦ ἀγροῦ καὶ σὺν τοῖς ἑρπετοῖς τῆς γῆς καὶ σὺν τοῖς πετεινοῖς τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ οἱ ἰχθύες τῆς θαλάσσης ἐκλείψουσιν
Because of this the land shall mourn, and it shall be diminished together with all who dwell in it, with the beasts of the field and with the creeping things of the earth and with the birds of the sky, and the fish of the sea shall fail.
Human sin now radiates outward into creation itself. The curse is ecological as well as moral, touching beast, bird, creeping thing, and fish.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
πενθήσειmournVF FAI3S · πενθέωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardπενθέω: meaning 'mourn'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandN1 NSF · γῆnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σμικρυνθήσεταιshall be diminishedVC FPI3S · μικρύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseμικρύνω: meaning 'shall be diminished'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σὺνwithP · σύνpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingσὺν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
πᾶσινallA3 DPM · πᾶςdat adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as dat adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦσινpapdpm oikeo + kataV2 · παπδπμ οἰκέω + καταparticipial verbal form modifying the clause with attendant action or state→ verbal action or stateπαπδπμ οἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'papdpm oikeo + kata'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying the clause with attendant action or state.
αὐτήνherRD ASF · αὐτόςdirect object→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτήν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
σὺνwithP · σύνpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingσὺν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θηρίοιςwild beastN2N DPN · θηρίονdative complement within the clause→ sphere or referenceθηρίον: meaning 'wild beast'; it serves as dative complement within the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγροῦfieldN2 GSM · ἀγρόςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationἀγρός: meaning 'field'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺνwithP · σύνpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingσὺν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑρπετοῖςcreeping thingsN2N DPN · ἑρπετόνdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipientἑρπετόν: meaning 'creeping things'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺνwithP · σύνpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingσὺν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πετεινοῖςbirdN2N DPN · πετεινόνdative substantive functioning as complement, instrument, or sphere→ sphere or referenceπετεινόν: meaning 'bird'; it serves as dative substantive functioning as complement, instrument, or sphere.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανοῦheavenN2 GSM · οὐρανόςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationοὐρανός: meaning 'heaven'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰχθύεςfishN3U NPM · ἰχθύςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicate→ participant prominenceἰχθύς: meaning 'fish'; it serves as nominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicate.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θαλάσσηςseaN1S GSF · θάλασσαgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ relational specificationθάλασσα: meaning 'sea'; it serves as genitive element qualifying a related head term.
ἐκλείψουσινleipo + ekVF FAI3P · λείπω + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the narrative or description→ future force: projected action or resultλείπω + ἐκ: meaning 'leipo + ek'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
4
ὅπως μηδεὶς μήτε δικάζηται μήτε ἐλέγχῃ μηδείς ὁ δὲ λαός μου ὡς ἀντιλεγόμενος ἱερεύς
So that no one may judge and no one may reprove; but my people are like a priest who is contradicted.
The community has reached a point where correction itself is frustrated. The simile turns especially toward the priestly sphere, where contradiction and resistance have replaced teachability.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ὅπωςso thatC · ὅπωςcoordinating conjunction linking the next clause or item→ discourse linkage or contrastὅπως: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μηδεὶςno oneA3P NSM · μηδείςsubject of παρενοχλείτω→ participant prominenceμηδείς: meaning 'no one'; it serves as subject of παρενοχλείτω.
μήτεneitherC · μήτεparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flow→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileμήτε: meaning 'neither'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δικάζηταιmay judgeV1 PMS3S · δικάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseδικάζω: meaning 'may judge'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μήτεneitherC · μήτεparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flow→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileμήτε: meaning 'neither'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλέγχῃmay reproveV1 PAS3S · ἐλέγχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἐλέγχω: meaning 'may reprove'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μηδείςno oneA3P NSM · μηδείςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionμηδείς: meaning 'no one'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λαόςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἀντιλεγόμενοςbeing contradictedV1 · πμπνσμ λέγω + ἀντιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπμπνσμ λέγω + ἀντι: meaning 'being contradicted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἱερεύςpriestsN3V NSM · ἱερεύςcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priests'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
5
καὶ ἀσθενήσεις ἡμέρας καὶ ἀσθενήσει καὶ προφήτης μετὰ σοῦ νυκτὶ ὡμοίωσα τὴν μητέρα σου
And you shall grow weak by day, and the prophet with you shall also grow weak by night; I made your mother like the night.
Priest and prophet alike participate in the coming collapse. The maternal image broadens the judgment from leaders to the whole people in their corporate identity.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀσθενήσειςyou shall grow weakVF FAI2S · ἀσθενέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἀσθενέω: meaning 'you shall grow weak'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡμέραςdayN1A GSF · ἡμέραgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀσθενήσειastheneoVF FAI3S · ἀσθενέωfinite verbal form carrying the clause forward→ future verbal form projecting the announced actionἀσθενέω: meaning 'astheneo'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal form carrying the clause forward.
καὶandD · καίadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προφήτηςprophetN1M NSM · προφήτηςcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceπροφήτης: meaning 'prophet'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
σοῦyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
νυκτὶnightN3 DSF · νύξdative of time→ sphere or referenceνύξ: meaning 'night'; it serves as dative of time.
ὡμοίωσαI made likeVAI AAI1S · ὁμοιόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁμοιόω: meaning 'I made like'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μητέραmotherN3 ASF · μήτηρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ object specificationμήτηρ: meaning 'mother'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
6
ὡμοιώθη ὁ λαός μου ὡς οὐκ ἔχων γνῶσιν ὅτι σὺ ἐπίγνωσιν ἀπώσω κἀγὼ ἀπώσομαι σὲ τοῦ μὴ ἱερατεύειν μοι καὶ ἐπελάθου νόμον θεοῦ σου κἀγὼ ἐπιλήσομαι τέκνων σου
My people were made like those who have no knowledge; because you rejected knowledge, I also will reject you from serving me as priest, and because you forgot the law of your God, I also will forget your children.
The crisis of the chapter is not mere ignorance but rejected knowledge. Priestly failure in Torah memory produces reciprocal rejection and intergenerational consequence.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
ὡμοιώθηwas likeVCI API3S · ὁμοιόωfinite passive verb introducing the comparison→ constative aorist passive of resemblanceὁμοιόω: meaning 'was like'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite passive verb introducing the comparison.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔχωνhavingV1 · παπνσμ ἔχωparticiple supporting the clause action→ circumstantial present participleπαπνσμ ἔχω: meaning 'having'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle supporting the clause action.
γνῶσινknowledge / discernmentN3I ASF · γνῶσιςaccusative object or complement→ object specificationγνῶσις: meaning 'knowledge'; it serves as accusative object or complement.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺyouRP NS · σύnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceσὺ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐπίγνωσινrecognitionN3I ASF · ἐπίγνωσιςaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ seeking wisdom and moral preservationἐπίγνωσις: meaning 'recognition'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
ἀπώσωyou rejectedVA AMI2S · ὠθέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὠθέω + ἀπο: meaning 'you rejected'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κἀγὼand IC+RPNS · καί̈ἐγώsubstantival or adjectival term contributing to the clause's argument or scene-setting→ coordinationκαί̈ἐγώ: meaning 'and I'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
ἀπώσομαιI will rejectVF FMI1S · ὠθέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardὠθέω + ἀπο: meaning 'I will reject'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σὲyouRP AS · σύacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceσὲ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἱερατεύεινto serve as priestsV1 PAN · ἱερατεύωinfinitive verbal complement expressing purpose, result, or dependent action→ infinitival complementἱερατεύω: meaning 'to serve as priests'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive verbal complement expressing purpose, result, or dependent action.
μοιto meRP DS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπελάθουyou forgotVBI AMI2S · λανθάνω + ἐπιfinite verb carrying the clause's action, process, speech, or state→ constative aoristλανθάνω + ἐπι: meaning 'you forgot'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb carrying the clause's action, process, speech, or state.
νόμονlawN2 ASM · νόμοςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationνόμος: meaning 'law'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
κἀγὼand IC+RPNS · καί̈ἐγώsubstantival or adjectival term contributing to the clause's argument or scene-setting→ coordinationκαί̈ἐγώ: meaning 'and I'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
ἐπιλήσομαιI will forgetVF FMI1S · λανθάνω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ divine greatness and inaccessible justiceλανθάνω + ἐπι: meaning 'I will forget'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τέκνωνteknonN2N GPN · τέκνονgenitive element qualifying another term or expressing relation→ relational specificationτέκνον: meaning 'teknon'; it serves as genitive element qualifying another term or expressing relation.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
7
κατὰ τὸ πλῆθος αὐτῶν οὕτως ἥμαρτόν μοι τὴν δόξαν αὐτῶν εἰς ἀτιμίαν θήσομαι
According to their multitude, so they sinned against me; I will turn their glory into dishonor.
Increase without fidelity has only increased sin. What once looked like priestly or national glory is now slated for inversion into shame.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλῆθοςmultitudeN3E ASN · πλῆθοςaccusative object or complement→ object specificationπλῆθος: meaning 'multitude'; it serves as accusative object or complement.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial modifier within the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
ἥμαρτόνthey sinnedVBI AAI3P · ἁμαρτάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἁμαρτάνω: meaning 'they sinned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μοιto meRP DS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δόξανgloryN1S ASF · δόξαaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationδόξα: meaning 'glory'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἀτιμίανἀτιμίαN1A ASF · ἀτιμίαObject / complement→ object specificationἀτιμία: meaning 'ἀτιμία'; it serves as Object / complement.
θήσομαιplace / appointVF FMI1S · τίθημιverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea→ futureτίθημι: meaning 'place'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea.
8
ἁμαρτίας λαοῦ μου φάγονται καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἀδικίαις αὐτῶν λήμψονται τὰς ψυχὰς αὐτῶν
They will eat the sins of my people, and in their injustices they will take their souls.
The priesthood is depicted as sustained by the very corruption it should have opposed, profiting spiritually and materially from the guilt of the people.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἁμαρτίαςsinN1A APF · ἁμαρτίαnominal term functioning as a accusative complement→ object specificationἁμαρτία: meaning 'sin'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a accusative complement.
λαοῦpeopleN2 GSM · λαόςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
φάγονταιeatsVF FMI3P · ἐσθίωverb of indefinite relative clause (protasis)→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardἐσθίω: meaning 'eats'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of indefinite relative clause (protasis).
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδικίαιςin injusticesN1A DPF · ἀδικίαnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ sphere or referenceἀδικία: meaning 'in injustices'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
λήμψονταιwill take upVF FMI3P · λαμβάνωfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: meaning 'will take up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχὰςpersonN1 APF · ψυχήaccusative object or complement→ object specificationψυχή: meaning 'person'; it serves as accusative object or complement.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
9
καὶ ἔσται καθὼς ὁ λαὸς οὕτως καὶ ὁ ἱερεύς καὶ ἐκδικήσω ἐπ' αὐτὸν τὰς ὁδοὺς αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰ διαβούλια αὐτοῦ ἀνταποδώσω αὐτῷ
And it shall be, as the people, so also the priest; and I will avenge upon him his ways, and I will repay to him his counsels.
No protective distinction remains. The priest shares the fate of the people because he shared the same ways and designs.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιbeV9 FMI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
καθὼςjust asD · καθώςadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceκαθώς: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial modifier within the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
καὶandD · καίadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεύςpriestsN3V NSM · ἱερεύςcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priests'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκδικήσωI will punishVF FAI1S · δικέω + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future verbal form projecting the announced resultδικέω + ἐκ: meaning 'I will punish'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδοὺςwayN2 APF · ὁδόςarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ object specificationὁδοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαβούλιαcounselsN2N APN · διαβούλιονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ accusative element marking object or goalδιαβούλιον: meaning 'counsels'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἀνταποδώσωrepayVF FAI1S · δίδωμι + ἀντι ἀποmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future verbal form projecting a coming actionδίδωμι + ἀντι ἀπο: meaning 'repay'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
10
καὶ φάγονται καὶ οὐ μὴ ἐμπλησθῶσιν ἐπόρνευσαν καὶ οὐ μὴ κατευθύνωσιν διότι τὸν κύριον ἐγκατέλιπον τοῦ φυλάξαι
And they shall eat and certainly not be filled; they committed fornication and shall not prosper, because they abandoned the Lord, so as not to keep him.
Both appetite and sexuality become images of frustrated desire. Having left the Lord, the people find that excess yields no stable increase.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φάγονταιeatsVF FMI3P · ἐσθίωverb of indefinite relative clause (protasis)→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardἐσθίω: meaning 'eats'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of indefinite relative clause (protasis).
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐμπλησθῶσινbe satisfiedVS APS3P · πίμπλημι + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyπίμπλημι + ἐν: meaning 'be satisfied'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπόρνευσανprostitute oneself / strayVAI AAI3P · πορνεύωmain verbal predicate→ aorist indicative summaryπορνεύω: meaning 'prostitute oneself'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal predicate.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
κατευθύνωσινprosperVA AAS3P · εὐθύνω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseεὐθύνω + κατα: meaning 'prosper'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
διότιbecauseC · διότιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἐγκατέλιπονthey forsookVBI AAI3P · λείπω + ἐν + καταmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeλείπω + ἐν + κατα: meaning 'they forsook'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλάξαιphulassoVA AAN · φυλάσσωparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or description→ appointed times and creaturely limitsφυλάσσω: meaning 'phulasso'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or description.
11
πορνείαν καὶ οἶνον καὶ μέθυσμα ἐδέξατο καρδία λαοῦ μου
Fornication and wine and drunkenness received the heart of my people.
The inner center of the people has been seized by appetites that cloud judgment and unseat covenant loyalty.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
πορνείανprostitutionN1A ASF · πορνείαaccusative nominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ object specificationπορνεία: meaning 'prostitution'; it serves as accusative nominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἶνονwineN2 ASM · οἶνοςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationοἶνος: meaning 'wine'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μέθυσμαdrunkennessN3M ASN · μέθυσμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalμέθυσμα: meaning 'drunkenness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐδέξατοacceptedVAI AMI3S · δέχομαιmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist verbal form presenting the action as a complete predicationδέχομαι: meaning 'accepted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
λαοῦpeopleN2 GSM · λαόςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
12
ἐν συμβόλοις ἐπηρώτων καὶ ἐν ῥάβδοις αὐτοῦ ἀπήγγελλον αὐτῷ πνεύματι πορνείας ἐπλανήθησαν καὶ ἐξεπόρνευσαν ἀπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ αὐτῶν
They inquired by means of tokens, and their staffs reported to them; they were led astray by a spirit of fornication and committed fornication away from their God.
Instead of seeking the Lord, the people seek omens and divinatory signs. The same spirit that drives sexual infidelity drives cultic misdirection.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
συμβόλοιςtokensN2N DPN · σύμβολονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipientσύμβολον: meaning 'tokens'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐπηρώτωνwere inquiringV3I IAI3P · ἐρωτάω + ἐπιmain verb (oracular consultation)ἐρωτάω + ἐπι: meaning 'were inquiring'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (oracular consultation).
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ῥάβδοιςstaffsN2 DPF · ῥάβδοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ dative complement within the clauseῥάβδος: meaning 'staffs'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἀπήγγελλονreportedV1I IAI3P · ἀγγέλλω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἀγγέλλω + ἀπο: meaning 'reported'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
πνεύματιspiritN3M DSN · πνεῦμαdative complement within the clause→ sphere or referenceπνεῦμα: meaning 'spirit'; it serves as dative complement within the clause.
πορνείαςsexual immoralityN1A GSF · πορνείαnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ relational specificationπορνεία: meaning 'sexual immorality'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
ἐπλανήθησανthey were led astrayVCI API3P · πλανάωverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ aorist passive indicativeπλανάω: meaning 'they were led astray'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξεπόρνευσανcommitted fornicationVAI AAI3P · πορνεύω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπορνεύω + ἐκ: meaning 'committed fornication'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
13
ἐπὶ τὰς κορυφὰς τῶν ὀρέων ἐθυσίαζον καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς βουνοὺς ἔθυον ὑποκάτω δρυὸς καὶ λεύκης καὶ δένδρου συσκιάζοντος ὅτι καλὸν σκέπη διὰ τοῦτο ἐκπορνεύσουσιν αἱ θυγατέρες ὑμῶν καὶ αἱ νύμφαι ὑμῶν μοιχεύσουσιν
Upon the tops of the mountains they were sacrificing, and upon the hills they were offering, under oak and white poplar and overshadowing tree, because its shade was good; therefore your daughters shall commit fornication and your brides shall commit adultery.
Pleasant shade and elevated sites become the setting of false worship. The social consequences of that worship appear in the sexual disorder that mirrors cultic adultery.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κορυφὰςpeaksN1 APF · κορυφήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ day of the Lord, repentance, and restorationκορυφή: meaning 'peaks'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀρέωνmountainsN3E GPN · ὄροςGenitive modifier→ relational specificationὄρος: meaning 'mountains'; it serves as Genitive modifier.
ἐθυσίαζονwere sacrificingV1I IAI3P · θυσιάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ deliverance, death, and covenant remembranceθυσιάζω: meaning 'were sacrificing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βουνοὺςhillN2 APM · βουνόςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participant or object referenceβουνός: meaning 'hill'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ἔθυονwere sacrificingV1I IAI3P · θύωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ verbal actionθύω: meaning 'were sacrificing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
ὑποκάτωunderP · ὑποκάτωpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑποκάτω: meaning 'under'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
δρυὸςoakN3U GSF · δρῦςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or qualityδρῦς: meaning 'oak'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λεύκηςwhite poplarA1 GSF · λευκόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or qualityλευκός: meaning 'white poplar'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δένδρουtreeN2N GSN · δένδρονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterδένδρον: meaning 'tree'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
συσκιάζοντοςovershadowingV1 · παπγσμ σκιάζω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπγσμ σκιάζω + συν: meaning 'overshadowing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καλὸνbeautifulA1 NSN · καλόςnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ participant prominenceκαλός: meaning 'beautiful'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
σκέπηshelterN1 NSF · σκέπηnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ participant prominenceσκέπη: meaning 'shelter'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἐκπορνεύσουσινshall commit fornicationVF FAI3P · πορνεύω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπορνεύω + ἐκ: meaning 'shall commit fornication'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαἱ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
θυγατέρεςdaughtersN3 NPF · θυγάτηρcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughters'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαἱ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
νύμφαιbridesN1 NPF · νύμφηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionνύμφη: meaning 'brides'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
μοιχεύσουσινshall commit adulteryVF FAI3P · μοιχεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseμοιχεύω: meaning 'shall commit adultery'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
14
καὶ οὐ μὴ ἐπισκέψωμαι ἐπὶ τὰς θυγατέρας ὑμῶν ὅταν πορνεύωσιν καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς νύμφας ὑμῶν ὅταν μοιχεύωσιν διότι καὶ αὐτοὶ μετὰ τῶν πορνῶν συνεφύροντο καὶ μετὰ τῶν τετελεσμένων ἔθυον καὶ ὁ λαὸς ὁ συνίων συνεπλέκετο μετὰ πόρνης
And I will certainly not visit your daughters when they commit fornication, nor your brides when they commit adultery, because they themselves were mingled with prostitutes and were sacrificing with consecrated women, and the people that understand were entangled with a prostitute.
The women are not singled out as unique offenders; the men themselves have already merged with cultic prostitution. Moral judgment exposes the whole network of participation.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐπισκέψωμαιvisitVA AMS1S · σκέπτω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseσκέπτω + ἐπι: meaning 'visit'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατέραςdaughterN3 APF · θυγάτηρaccusative complement→ object specificationθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as accusative complement.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ὅτανwhenD · ὅτανadverb or negative particle shaping the clause-level sense→ indefinite temporal contingencyὅταν: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πορνεύωσινthey commit fornicationV1 PAS3P · πορνεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπορνεύω: meaning 'they commit fornication'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νύμφαςbridesN1 APF · νύμφηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalνύμφη: meaning 'brides'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ὅτανwhenD · ὅτανadverb or negative particle shaping the clause-level sense→ indefinite temporal contingencyὅταν: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μοιχεύωσινthey commit adulteryV1 PAS3P · μοιχεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseμοιχεύω: meaning 'they commit adultery'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
διότιbecauseC · διότιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandD · καίadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοὶhe / she / itRD NPM · αὐτόςnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοὶ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πορνῶνprostitutesN1 GPF · πόρνηgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπόρνη: meaning 'prostitutes'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
συνεφύροντοwere mingledV1I IMI3P · φύρω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseφύρω + συν: meaning 'were mingled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τετελεσμένωνconsecrated womenVM · χππγπμ τελέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseχππγπμ τελέω: meaning 'consecrated women'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔθυονwere sacrificingV1I IAI3P · θύωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ verbal actionθύω: meaning 'were sacrificing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συνίωνsynV7 · παπνσμ ἵημι + συνparticipial verbal form modifying or elaborating the surrounding clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ἵημι + συν: meaning 'syn'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form modifying or elaborating the surrounding clause.
συνεπλέκετοwas entangledV1I IMI3S · πλέκω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπλέκω + συν: meaning 'was entangled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πόρνηςprostituteN1 GSF · πόρνηgenitival modifier within the phrase or clause→ relational specificationπόρνη: meaning 'prostitute'; it serves as genitival modifier within the phrase or clause.
15
σὺ δέ Ισραηλ μὴ ἀγνόει καὶ Ιουδα μὴ εἰσπορεύεσθε εἰς Γαλγαλα καὶ μὴ ἀναβαίνετε εἰς τὸν οἶκον Ων καὶ μὴ ὀμνύετε ζῶντα κύριον
But you, Israel, do not be ignorant, and Judah, do not enter into Gilgal, and do not go up to the house of On, and do not swear, 'As the Lord lives.'
The northern corruption is dangerous enough that Judah is warned against entering its cult centers or wrapping apostasy in orthodox oath language.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
σὺyouRP NS · σύnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceσὺ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
δέbutX · δέconnective conjunction linking the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙσραηλIsraelN VSM · Ἰσραήλproper name functioning within the clause or phrase→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name functioning within the clause or phrase.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἀγνόειbe ignorantV2 PAD2S · ἀγνοέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ present or ongoing verbal forceἀγνοέω: meaning 'be ignorant'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙουδαJudahN VSM · Ιουδαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
εἰσπορεύεσθεcome inV1 PMD2P · πορεύομαι + εἰςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ nations judged and zion securedπορεύομαι + εἰς: meaning 'come in'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ΓαλγαλαGilgalN ASF · Γαλγαλαadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phraseΓαλγαλα: meaning 'Gilgal'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἀναβαίνετεcome upV1 PAD2P · βαίνω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ nations judged and zion securedβαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'come up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ΩνOnN GS · Ωνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phraseΩν: meaning 'On'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ὀμνύετεswearV5 PAD2P · ὄμνυμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseὄμνυμι: meaning 'swear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ζῶνταaliveV3 · παπασμ ζάωparticiple contributing descriptive or attendant verbal force within the clause→ progressive present participleπαπασμ ζάω: meaning 'alive'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing descriptive or attendant verbal force within the clause.
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
16
ὅτι ὡς δάμαλις παροιστρῶσα παροίστρησεν Ισραηλ νῦν νεμήσει αὐτοὺς κύριος ὡς ἀμνὸν ἐν εὐρυχώρῳ
Because like a maddened heifer Israel was maddened, now the Lord will pasture them like a lamb in a broad place.
Israel's untamed resistance is answered with a different animal image: what acted wild will be driven out into vulnerable exposure.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
δάμαλιςheiferN3I NSF · δάμαλιςnominative element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause→ participant prominenceδάμαλις: meaning 'heifer'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause.
παροιστρῶσαmaddenedV3 · παπνσφ οἰστράω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπνσφ οἰστράω + παρα: meaning 'maddened'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
παροίστρησενwas maddenedV3 IAI3S · οἰστράω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseοἰστράω + παρα: meaning 'was maddened'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΙσραηλIsraelN NSM · Ἰσραήλproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
νῦνnowD · νῦνparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or time→ discourse pivot to present applicationνῦν: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νεμήσειwill pastureVF FAI3S · νέμωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseνέμω: meaning 'will pasture'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἀμνὸνlambN2 ASM · ἀμνόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀμνός: meaning 'lamb'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
εὐρυχώρῳopen placeA1B DSM · εὐρύχωροςdative substantive or modifier marking relation, means, location, or interestεὐρύχωρος: meaning 'open place'; it serves as dative substantive or modifier marking relation, means, location, or interest.
17
μέτοχος εἰδώλων Εφραιμ ἔθηκεν ἑαυτῷ σκάνδαλα
Ephraim, a partner of idols, set stumbling blocks for himself.
This terse line delivers the chapter's bleak summary. Ephraim is no longer merely tempted by idols but attached to them, and the result is self-ruin.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
μέτοχοςpartnerA1B NSM · μέτοχοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμέτοχος: meaning 'partner'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἰδώλωνidolsN2N GPN · εἴδωλονgenitive modifier of 'likenesses'→ relational specificationεἴδωλον: meaning 'idols'; it serves as genitive modifier of 'likenesses'.
ΕφραιμEphraimN NSM · Ἐφράιμname-item in the genealogical register→ participant identificationΕφραιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as name-item in the genealogical register.
ἔθηκενtithemiVAI AAI3S · τίθημιmain verbal form advancing the narrative or description→ constative aoristτίθημι: meaning 'tithemi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
ἑαυτῷhimself / themselvesRD DSM · ἑαυτοῦdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant reference or interestἑαυτῷ: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
σκάνδαλαstumbling-blocksN2N APN · σκάνδαλονaccusative (predicative with εἰς)→ crafted idols and moral corruptionσκάνδαλον: meaning 'stumbling-blocks'; it serves as accusative (predicative with εἰς).
18
ᾑρέτισεν Χαναναίους πορνεύοντες ἐξεπόρνευσαν ἠγάπησαν ἀτιμίαν ἐκ φρυάγματος αὐτῶν
He chose the Canaanites; in fornicating they committed fornication; they loved dishonor from their boasting.
The people embrace the ways of the land rather than their covenant calling. Their boast becomes the very vehicle of their disgrace.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ᾑρέτισενhe choseVAI AAI3S · αἱρετίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseαἱρετίζω: meaning 'he chose'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΧαναναίουςCanaanitesN2 APM · Χαναναῖοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalΧαναναίους: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πορνεύοντεςfornicatingV1 · παπνπμ πορνεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπαπνπμ πορνεύω: meaning 'fornicating'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐξεπόρνευσανcommitted fornicationVAI AAI3P · πορνεύω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπορνεύω + ἐκ: meaning 'committed fornication'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἠγάπησανlovedVAI AAI3P · ἀγαπάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀγαπάω: meaning 'loved'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀτιμίανἀτιμίαN1A ASF · ἀτιμίαObject / complement→ object specificationἀτιμία: meaning 'ἀτιμία'; it serves as Object / complement.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
φρυάγματοςboastingN3M GSN · φρύαγμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or qualityφρύαγμα: meaning 'boasting'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
19
συστροφὴ πνεύματος σὺ εἶ ἐν ταῖς πτέρυξιν αὐτῆς καὶ καταισχυνθήσονται ἐκ τῶν θυσιαστηρίων αὐτῶν
You are a whirlwind of spirit in its wings, and they shall be put to shame because of their altars.
The close leaves the nation swept up in unstable רוח-like force, with its cultic centers unable to preserve it from public shame.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
συστροφὴwhirlwindN1 NSF · συστροφήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσυστροφή: meaning 'whirlwind'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πνεύματοςlifeN3M GSN · πνεῦμαgenitive with διά (instrument: 'through the breath')→ relational specificationπνεῦμα: meaning 'life'; it serves as genitive with διά (instrument: 'through the breath').
σὺyouRP NS · σύnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceσὺ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
εἶbeV9 PAI2S · εἰμίfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoing or immediateεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πτέρυξινPteryxinN3G DPF · πτέρυξdative complement→ coming Lord, judgment, remembrance, and the day to comeπτέρυξ: meaning 'Pteryxin'; it serves as dative complement.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταισχυνθήσονταιthey will be ashamedVC FPI3P · αἰσχύνω + καταmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future passive verbal form projecting a coming resultαἰσχύνω + κατα: meaning 'they will be ashamed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίωνaltarN2N GPN · θυσιαστήριονcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: meaning 'altar'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.