1
εἰς κόλπον αὐτῶν ὡς γῆ ὡς ἀετὸς ἐπ' οἶκον κυρίου ἀνθ' ὧν παρέβησαν τὴν διαθήκην μου καὶ κατὰ τοῦ νόμου μου ἠσέβησαν
Into their bosom comes the land's doom; like an eagle it comes upon the house of the Lord, because they transgressed my covenant and acted impiously against my law.
The chapter opens with abrupt threat imagery: covenant violation has summoned a swift predatory judgment against the sanctuary and nation alike.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
κόλπονbosomN2 ASM · κόλποςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκόλπος: meaning 'bosom'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
γῆlandN1 NSF · γῆnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἀετὸςan eagleN2 NSM · ἀετόςcomparative noun→ participant prominenceἀετός: meaning 'an eagle'; it serves as comparative noun.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἀνθ'instead of / in place ofP · ἀντίpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀνθ': meaning 'instead of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
ὧνwhichRR GPM · ὅςrelative pronoun→ relational specificationὧν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun.
παρέβησανthey transgressedVZI AAI3P · βαίνω + παραmain verb of the explanatory clause→ constative aoristβαίνω + παρα: meaning 'they transgressed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of the explanatory clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαθήκηνcovenantN1 ASF · διαθήκηcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationδιαθήκη: meaning 'covenant'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμουlawN2 GSM · νόμοςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationνόμος: meaning 'law'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἠσέβησανact impiouslyVAI AAI3P · ἀσεβέωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or descriptionἀσεβέω: meaning 'act impiously'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
2
ἐμὲ κεκράξονται ὁ θεός ἐγνώκαμέν σε
They will cry out to me, 'O God, we have known you.'
Israel's appeal to prior knowledge of God is exposed as inadequate because it stands alongside continued rebellion.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
ἐμὲmeRP AS · ἐγώacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceἐμὲ: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
κεκράξονταιthey will cry outVFX FMI3P · κράζωmain verbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ intensive perfect (the cry stands as a current fact — 'they are even now crying out')κράζω: meaning 'they will cry out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςGodN2 NSM · θεόςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἐγνώκαμένwe have knownVX XAI1P · γιγνώσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseγιγνώσκω: meaning 'we have known'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
3
ὅτι Ισραηλ ἀπεστρέψατο ἀγαθά ἐχθρὸν κατεδίωξαν
Because Israel turned away good things, they pursued an enemy.
The pursuit is perverse: by rejecting the good they should have embraced, they run directly into hostile consequence.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙσραηλIsraelN NSM · Ἰσραήλproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
ἀπεστρέψατοturned awayVAI AMI3S · στρέφω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseστρέφω + ἀπο: meaning 'turned away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀγαθάgoodA1 APN · ἀγαθόςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationἀγαθός: meaning 'good'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
ἐχθρὸνenemyN2 ASM · ἐχθρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐχθρός: meaning 'enemy'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κατεδίωξανthey pursuedVAI AAI3P · διώκω + καταfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristδιώκω + κατα: meaning 'they pursued'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
4
ἑαυτοῖς ἐβασίλευσαν καὶ οὐ δι' ἐμοῦ ἦρξαν καὶ οὐκ ἐγνώρισάν μοι τὸ ἀργύριον αὐτῶν καὶ τὸ χρυσίον αὐτῶν ἐποίησαν ἑαυτοῖς εἴδωλα ὅπως ἐξολεθρευθῶσιν
They made kings for themselves, and not through me; they ruled, and they did not make it known to me; with their silver and their gold they made idols for themselves, so that they might be destroyed.
Political and cultic autonomy are treated as one sin. Israel organizes power and worship without reference to the Lord and thereby engineers its own ruin.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ἑαυτοῖςhimself / themselvesRD DPM · ἑαυτοῦdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant reference or interestἑαυτοῖς: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐβασίλευσανto make kingVAI AAI3P · βασιλεύωfinite verb advancing the clause→ perfectiveβασιλεύω: meaning 'to make king'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
δι'throughP · διάpreposition governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδι': meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement.
ἐμοῦIRP GS · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἦρξανruledVAI AAI3P · ἄρχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseἄρχω: meaning 'ruled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐγνώρισάνmade knownVAI AAI3P · γνωρίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeγνωρίζω: meaning 'made known'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μοιto meRP DS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀργύριονsilverN2N ASN · ἀργύριονaccusative complement→ object specificationἀργύριον: meaning 'silver'; it serves as accusative complement.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρυσίονgoldN2N ASN · χρυσίονaccusative complement→ object specificationχρυσίον: meaning 'gold'; it serves as accusative complement.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐποίησανdidVAI AAI3P · ποιέωfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'did'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἑαυτοῖςhimself / themselvesRD DPM · ἑαυτοῦdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant reference or interestἑαυτοῖς: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
εἴδωλαidolN2N APN · εἴδωλονaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationεἴδωλον: meaning 'idol'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
ὅπωςso thatC · ὅπωςcoordinating conjunction linking the next clause or item→ discourse linkage or contrastὅπως: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξολεθρευθῶσινthey might be utterly destroyedVC APS3P · ὀλεθρεύω + ἐκverb of purpose-clause (the goal of the hardening)→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeὀλεθρεύω + ἐκ: meaning 'they might be utterly destroyed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of purpose-clause (the goal of the hardening).
5
ἀπότριψαι τὸν μόσχον σου Σαμάρεια παρωξύνθη ὁ θυμός μου ἐπ' αὐτούς ἕως τίνος οὐ μὴ δύνωνται καθαρισθῆναι
Cast away your calf, Samaria; my anger was provoked against them. How long will they be unable to be cleansed?
The calf-image becomes the focal sign of northern corruption, and the Lord asks how long impurity will define the people.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ἀπότριψαιcast awayVA AMD2S · τρίβω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseτρίβω + ἀπο: meaning 'cast away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόσχονmoschonN2 ASM · μόσχοςnominal term functioning in a acc relation→ object specificationμόσχος: meaning 'moschon'; it serves as nominal term functioning in a acc relation.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ΣαμάρειαSamariaN1A VSF · Σαμαρίαvocative nominal element used in direct addressΣαμάρεια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
παρωξύνθηwas provokedVCI API3S · ὀξύνω + παραmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist passive verbal form presenting the action as a complete eventὀξύνω + παρα: meaning 'was provoked'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυμόςangerN2 NSM · θυμόςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicate→ participant prominenceθυμός: meaning 'anger'; it serves as nominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicate.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τίνοςwhatRI GSN · τίςnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationτίνος: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
δύνωνταιare ableV6 PMS3P · δύναμαιmain verbal form advancing the clause→ present-form verbal aspect portraying the action as ongoing or in progressδύναμαι: meaning 'are able'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
καθαρισθῆναιshall pronounce cleanVS APN · καθαρίζωfinite verb governing the clause→ infinitival complementκαθαρίζω: meaning 'shall pronounce clean'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
6
ἐν τῷ Ισραηλ καὶ αὐτὸ τέκτων ἐποίησεν καὶ οὐ θεός ἐστιν διότι πλανῶν ἦν ὁ μόσχος σου Σαμάρεια
For it is from Israel, and a craftsman made it, and it is not God; because your calf, Samaria, was deceitful.
The idol is reduced to its making: what a craftsman produced cannot be God, however politically useful or religiously familiar it may appear.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelN DSM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸitRD ASN · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὸ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
τέκτωνcraftsmanN3N NSM · τέκτωνnominative element functioning within the clause→ participant prominenceτέκτων: meaning 'craftsman'; it serves as nominative element functioning within the clause.
ἐποίησενdidVAI AAI3S · ποιέωmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeποιέω: meaning 'did'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
θεόςGodN2 NSM · θεόςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
διότιbecauseC · διότιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλανῶνdeceitfulV3 · παπνσμ πλανάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ wisdom, mockery, and divine sovereigntyπαπνσμ πλανάω: meaning 'deceitful'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ imperfective past: portrays continuing or repeated actionἦν: meaning 'was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόσχοςcalfN2 NSM · μόσχοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceμόσχος: meaning 'calf'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ΣαμάρειαSamariaN1A VSF · Σαμαρίαvocative nominal element used in direct addressΣαμάρεια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
7
ὅτι ἀνεμόφθορα ἔσπειραν καὶ ἡ καταστροφὴ αὐτῶν ἐκδέξεται αὐτά δράγμα οὐκ ἔχον ἰσχὺν τοῦ ποιῆσαι ἄλευρον ἐὰν δὲ καὶ ποιήσῃ ἀλλότριοι καταφάγονται αὐτό
Because they sowed wind-blight, their destruction shall receive it; a sheaf has no strength to make flour, and even if it should make it, strangers shall devour it.
The agricultural metaphor unfolds toward emptiness: effort yields no nourishing harvest, and whatever does emerge is consumed by outsiders.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνεμόφθοραwind-blightA1B APN · ἀνεμόφθοροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalἀνεμόφθορος: meaning 'wind-blight'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔσπειρανthey sowedVAI AAI3P · σπείρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseσπείρω: meaning 'they sowed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταστροφὴdownfallN1 NSF · καταστροφήcommon noun within the clause→ wisdom, discipline, and resisting enticementκαταστροφή: meaning 'downfall'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐκδέξεταιshall receiveVF FMI3S · δέχομαι + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureδέχομαι + ἐκ: meaning 'shall receive'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτάthemRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal modifier / argument→ participant referenceαὐτά: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal modifier / argument.
δράγμαsheafN3M ASN · δράγμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goalδράγμα: meaning 'sheaf'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔχονhavingV1 · παπασν ἔχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participial verbal force supplying description or accompanimentπαπασν ἔχω: meaning 'having'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἰσχὺνstrengthN3 ASF · ἰσχύςnominal term functioning as a accusative complement→ object specificationἰσχύς: meaning 'strength'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a accusative complement.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιῆσαιmake / doVA AAN · ποιέωinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose or complement→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeποιέω: meaning 'make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitival verbal form expressing purpose or complement.
ἄλευρονflour / mealN2N ASN · ἄλευρονnoun functioning within the clause or phrase→ object specificationἄλευρον: meaning 'flour'; it serves as noun functioning within the clause or phrase.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνlexical item integrated into the clause in its local syntactic role→ conditional contingencyἐάν: meaning 'if'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandD · καίadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσῃdoVA AAS3S · ποιέωsubjunctive verb in the indefinite relative clause→ aorist subjunctive in deliberative-like protestποιέω: meaning 'do'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as subjunctive verb in the indefinite relative clause.
ἀλλότριοιstrangers / foreignA1A NPM · ἀλλότριοςnominative element functioning within the clause→ participant prominenceἀλλότριος: meaning 'strangers'; it serves as nominative element functioning within the clause.
καταφάγονταιdevourVF FMI3P · ἐσθίω + καταfuture verb projecting the coming action→ futureἐσθίω + κατα: meaning 'devour'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as future verb projecting the coming action.
αὐτόitRD ASN · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτό: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
8
κατεπόθη Ισραηλ νῦν ἐγένετο ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ὡς σκεῦος ἄχρηστον
Israel was swallowed up; now it became among the nations like a useless vessel.
The nation once called to distinct vocation is pictured as an object discarded among the peoples.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
κατεπόθηwas swallowed upVAI API3S · πίνω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseπίνω + κατα: meaning 'was swallowed up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΙσραηλIsraelN NSM · Ἰσραήλproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
νῦνnowD · νῦνparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or time→ discourse pivot to present applicationνῦν: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionγίγνομαι: meaning 'it came to pass'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔθνεσινnationN3E DPN · ἔθνοςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ sphere or referenceἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
σκεῦοςvesselN3E NSN · σκεῦοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσκεῦος: meaning 'vessel'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἄχρηστονuselessA1B NSN · ἄχρηστοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ discipline, provision, and healing mercyἄχρηστος: meaning 'useless'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
9
ὅτι αὐτοὶ ἀνέβησαν εἰς Ἀσσυρίους ἀνέθαλεν καθ' ἑαυτὸν Εφραιμ δῶρα ἠγάπησαν
Because they went up to the Assyrians, Ephraim flourished by himself; they loved gifts.
Political ascent to Assyria is no sign of strength. What looks like flourishing is compromised by purchased favor and dependency.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοὶhe / she / itRD NPM · αὐτόςnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοὶ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἀνέβησανwent upVZI AAI3P · βαίνω + ἀναmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeβαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'went up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἈσσυρίουςAssyria / the AssyriansN2 APM · Ἀσσύριοςaccusative (object of εἰς: 'to the Assyrians/Assyria')→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἈσσυρίους: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative (object of εἰς: 'to the Assyrians/Assyria').
ἀνέθαλενflourishedVBI AAI3S · θάλλω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristθάλλω + ἀνα: meaning 'flourished'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καθ'in / duringP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ spatial or relational framingκαθ': meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἑαυτὸνhimselfRD ASM · ἑαυτοῦpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceἑαυτὸν: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
ΕφραιμEphraimN NSM · Ἐφράιμname-item in the genealogical register→ participant identificationΕφραιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as name-item in the genealogical register.
δῶραgiftN2N APN · δῶρονaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationδῶρον: meaning 'gift'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
ἠγάπησανlovedVAI AAI3P · ἀγαπάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀγαπάω: meaning 'loved'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
10
διὰ τοῦτο παραδοθήσονται ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν νῦν εἰσδέξομαι αὐτούς καὶ κοπάσουσιν μικρὸν τοῦ χρίειν βασιλέα καὶ ἄρχοντας
Because of this they shall be handed over among the nations; now I will receive them, and they shall cease a little from anointing king and rulers.
The Lord brings the cycle of self-appointed rule to collapse; exile interrupts the machinery of national self-determination.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
παραδοθήσονταιparaVC FPI3P · δίδωμι + παραfinite verbal form carrying the clause forward→ future verbal form presenting the action as forthcomingδίδωμι + παρα: meaning 'para'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔθνεσινnationN3E DPN · ἔθνοςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ sphere or referenceἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
νῦνnowD · νῦνparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or time→ discourse pivot to present applicationνῦν: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσδέξομαιreceiveVF FMI1S · δέχομαι + εἰςmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future middle verbal form projecting a coming actionδέχομαι + εἰς: meaning 'receive'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κοπάσουσινshall ceaseVF FAI3P · κοπάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκοπάζω: meaning 'shall cease'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μικρὸνsmall / insignificantA1A ASM · μικρόςadjectival modifier→ object specificationμικρός: meaning 'small'; it serves as adjectival modifier.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρίεινanointingV1 PAN · χρίωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseχρίω: meaning 'anointing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
βασιλέαkingN3V ASM · βασιλεύςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄρχονταςruler / chiefN3 APM · ἄρχωνcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationἄρχων: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
11
ὅτι ἐπλήθυνεν Εφραιμ θυσιαστήρια εἰς ἁμαρτίας ἐγένοντο αὐτῷ θυσιαστήρια ἠγαπημένα
Because Ephraim multiplied altars for sins, altars became beloved sins for him.
Cultic multiplication is not religious vitality here but the replication of guilt itself.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπλήθυνενincreased / grew greatV1I IAI3S · πληθύνωmain verb (intensifying continuation)→ ongoing verbal processπληθύνω: meaning 'increased'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (intensifying continuation).
ΕφραιμEphraimN NSM · Ἐφράιμname-item in the genealogical register→ participant identificationΕφραιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as name-item in the genealogical register.
θυσιαστήριαaltarN2N APN · θυσιαστήριονcommon noun within the clauseθυσιαστήριον: meaning 'altar'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsinN1A APF · ἁμαρτίαnominal term functioning as a accusative complement→ object specificationἁμαρτία: meaning 'sin'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a accusative complement.
ἐγένοντοcame to beVBI AMI3P · γίγνομαιcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeγίγνομαι: meaning 'came to be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
θυσιαστήριαaltarsN2N NPN · θυσιαστήριονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθυσιαστήριον: meaning 'altars'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἠγαπημέναbelovedVM · χμπνπν ἀγαπάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseχμπνπν ἀγαπάω: meaning 'beloved'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
12
καταγράψω αὐτῷ πλῆθος καὶ τὰ νόμιμα αὐτοῦ εἰς ἀλλότρια ἐλογίσθησαν θυσιαστήρια τὰ ἠγαπημένα
I will write for him a multitude, and his ordinances were reckoned as foreign things, the beloved altars.
Even when the Lord's instruction is abundant, it is treated as strange; cherished altars matter more than divine law.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καταγράψωI will writeVF AAS1S · γράφω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseγράφω + κατα: meaning 'I will write'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
πλῆθοςmultitudeN3E ASN · πλῆθοςaccusative object or complement→ object specificationπλῆθος: meaning 'multitude'; it serves as accusative object or complement.
καὶandD · καίadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμιμαordinance / lawful requirementA1 APN · νόμιμοςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ object specificationνόμιμος: meaning 'ordinance'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἀλλότριαforeign / strangeA1A APN · ἀλλότριοςattributive adjective (with ὕδατα)→ presumption, stewardship, and unstable powerἀλλότριος: meaning 'foreign'; it serves as attributive adjective (with ὕδατα).
ἐλογίσθησανconsider / reckonVSI API3P · λογίζομαιfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause action→ aorist verbal form presenting the action as a complete predicationλογίζομαι: meaning 'consider'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
θυσιαστήριαaltarN2N APN · θυσιαστήριονcommon noun within the clauseθυσιαστήριον: meaning 'altar'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἠγαπημέναbelovedVM · χμπαπν ἀγαπάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseχμπαπν ἀγαπάω: meaning 'beloved'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
13
διότι ἐὰν θύσωσιν θυσίαν καὶ φάγωσιν κρέα κύριος οὐ προσδέξεται αὐτά νῦν μνησθήσεται τὰς ἀδικίας αὐτῶν καὶ ἐκδικήσει τὰς ἁμαρτίας αὐτῶν αὐτοὶ εἰς Αἴγυπτον ἀπέστρεψαν καὶ ἐν Ἀσσυρίοις ἀκάθαρτα φάγονται
For if they should sacrifice sacrifice and eat flesh, the Lord will not accept them; now he will remember their injustices and avenge their sins; they returned to Egypt, and in Assyria they shall eat unclean things.
External sacrifice cannot win acceptance when the covenant has been broken. The result is remembered guilt, symbolic reversal, and impurity in exile.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
διότιbecauseC · διότιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνlexical item integrated into the clause in its local syntactic role→ conditional contingencyἐάν: meaning 'if'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
θύσωσινthey should sacrificeVA AAS3P · θύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseθύω: meaning 'they should sacrifice'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θυσίανsacrificeN1A ASF · θυσίαcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationθυσία: meaning 'sacrifice'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φάγωσινesthioVB AAS3P · ἐσθίωfinite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeἐσθίω: meaning 'esthio'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense.
κρέαfleshN3 APN · κρέαςnominal element functioning within the clause→ object specificationκρέας: meaning 'flesh'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
προσδέξεταιshall acceptVF FMI3S · δέχομαι + προςmain verb (the owner's acceptance)→ electing love, polluted worship, and priestly contemptδέχομαι + προς: meaning 'shall accept'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the owner's acceptance).
αὐτάthemRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal modifier / argument→ participant referenceαὐτά: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal modifier / argument.
νῦνnowD · νῦνparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or time→ discourse pivot to present applicationνῦν: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μνησθήσεταιhe will rememberVS FPI3S · μιμνήσκωmain verb giving the reason for urgency→ future middle/passive indicativeμιμνήσκω: meaning 'he will remember'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb giving the reason for urgency.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδικίαςiniquitiesN1A APF · ἀδικίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀδικία: meaning 'iniquities'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκδικήσειhe will take vengeanceVF FAI3S · δικέω + ἐκmain verb (God's act of vengeance)→ theophanic vengeance and announced downfallδικέω + ἐκ: meaning 'he will take vengeance'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (God's act of vengeance).
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsinN1A APF · ἁμαρτίαnominal term functioning as a accusative complement→ object specificationἁμαρτία: meaning 'sin'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a accusative complement.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
αὐτοὶhe / she / itRD NPM · αὐτόςnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοὶ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ΑἴγυπτονEgyptN2 ASF · Αἴγυπτοςaccusative element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑἴγυπτον: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative element functioning within the clause.
ἀπέστρεψανbring back / turn backVAI AAI3P · στρέφω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the clause→ statementστρέφω + ἀπο: meaning 'bring back'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἈσσυρίοιςAssyriansN2 DPM · ἈσσύριοςProper name within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἈσσυρίοις: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as Proper name within the clause.
ἀκάθαρταuncleanA1B APN · ἀκάθαρτοςaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ object specificationἀκάθαρτος: meaning 'unclean'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
φάγονταιeatsVF FMI3P · ἐσθίωverb of indefinite relative clause (protasis)→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardἐσθίω: meaning 'eats'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of indefinite relative clause (protasis).
14
καὶ ἐπελάθετο Ισραηλ τοῦ ποιήσαντος αὐτὸν καὶ ᾠκοδόμησαν τεμένη καὶ Ιουδας ἐπλήθυνεν πόλεις τετειχισμένας καὶ ἐξαποστελῶ πῦρ εἰς τὰς πόλεις αὐτοῦ καὶ καταφάγεται τὰ θεμέλια αὐτῶν
And Israel forgot the one who made him, and they built temples; and Judah multiplied fortified cities, and I will send fire into his cities, and it shall devour their foundations.
The book's final accusation in the chapter widens to both kingdoms: religious architecture and military fortification alike become monuments of forgetfulness.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπελάθετοuponVBI AMI3S · λανθάνω + ἐπιverbal element carrying the clause action→ wild creatures and limits of masteryλανθάνω + ἐπι: meaning 'upon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element carrying the clause action.
ΙσραηλIsraelN NSM · Ἰσραήλproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιήσαντοςdoVA · ααπγσμ ποιέωparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or description→ verbal action or stateααπγσμ ποιέω: meaning 'do'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or description.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾠκοδόμησανbuildVAI AAI3P · οἰκοδομέωfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause action→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'build'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
τεμένηsacred precinctsN3E APN · τέμενοςdirect object coordinated with βωμοὺςτέμενος: meaning 'sacred precincts'; it serves as direct object coordinated with βωμοὺς.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙουδαςJudasN1T NSM · Ἰούδαςnominative head term or subject complement→ participant identificationΙουδας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative head term or subject complement.
ἐπλήθυνενincreased / grew greatV1I IAI3S · πληθύνωmain verb (intensifying continuation)→ ongoing verbal processπληθύνω: meaning 'increased'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (intensifying continuation).
πόλειςcitiesN3I APF · πόλιςcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ object specificationπόλις: meaning 'cities'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
τετειχισμέναςfortifiedVT · χμπαπφ τειχίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clauseχμπαπφ τειχίζω: meaning 'fortified'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαποστελῶsend outVF2 FAI1S · στέλλω + ἐκ + ἀποmain verbal form advancing the clause→ futureστέλλω + ἐκ + ἀπο: meaning 'send out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
πῦρfireN3 ASN · πῦρcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesN3I APF · πόλιςcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ object specificationπόλις: meaning 'cities'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταφάγεταιdevourVF FMI3S · ἐσθίω + καταmain verbal form advancing the clause→ futureἐσθίω + κατα: meaning 'devour'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεμέλιαfoundationsN2N APN · θεμέλιονdirect object of φλέξει→ object specificationθεμέλιον: meaning 'foundations'; it serves as direct object of φλέξει.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.