1
ὅρασις ἣν εἶδεν Ησαιας υἱὸς Αμως ἣν εἶδεν κατὰ τῆς Ιουδαίας καὶ κατὰ Ιερουσαλημ ἐν βασιλείᾳ Οζιου καὶ Ιωαθαμ καὶ Αχαζ καὶ Εζεκιου οἳ ἐβασίλευσαν τῆς Ιουδαίας
The vision that Isaiah son of Amoz saw, which he saw against Judea and against Jerusalem, during the reign of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, who reigned over Judea.
The book opens with a formal vision-title. The repeated verb of seeing underscores prophetic reception, and the reign list places the oracle squarely within Judah's political history.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ὅρασιςvisionN3I NSF · ὅρασιςnominative element functioning within the clauseὅρασις: lexical item rendered here as "vision"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἣνwho / whomRR ASF · ὅςpronominal element functioning within the clauseὅς: lexical item rendered here as "who / whom"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
εἶδενsawVBI AAI3S · ὁράωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeὁράω: verbal form rendered here as "saw"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ΗσαιαςIsaiahN NSM · Ησαιαςproper name functioning within the clause or phraseΗσαιας: proper name preserved in Greek form, rendered here as "Isaiah" within Isaiah's oracle.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning within the clauseυἱός: lexical item rendered here as "son"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
Αμωςof AmosN GSM · Αμωςproper name functioning within the clause or phraseΑμως: proper name preserved in Greek form, rendered here as "of Amos" within Isaiah's oracle.
ἣνwho / whomRR ASF · ὅςpronominal element functioning within the clauseὅς: lexical item rendered here as "who / whom"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
εἶδενsawVBI AAI3S · ὁράωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeὁράω: verbal form rendered here as "saw"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
κατὰaccording toD · κατάparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατά: particle or adverb rendered here as "according to"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ΙουδαίαςJudeaN1A GSF · Ἰουδαίαproper name functioning within the clause or phraseἸουδαία: proper name preserved in Greek form, rendered here as "Judea" within Isaiah's oracle.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
κατὰaccording toD · κατάparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατά: particle or adverb rendered here as "according to"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN GSF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name functioning within the clause or phraseἸερουσαλήμ: proper name preserved in Greek form, rendered here as "Jerusalem" within Isaiah's oracle.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: preposition rendered here as "in"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
βασιλείᾳkingdomN1A DSF · βασιλείαdative complement within the clauseβασιλεία: lexical item rendered here as "kingdom"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ΟζιουUzziahN1T GSM · Οζιαςproper name functioning within the clause or phraseΟζιας: proper name preserved in Greek form, rendered here as "Uzziah" within Isaiah's oracle.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ΙωαθαμJothamN GSM · Ιωαθαμproper name functioning within the clause or phraseΙωαθαμ: proper name preserved in Greek form, rendered here as "Jotham" within Isaiah's oracle.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ΑχαζAhazN GSM · Αχαζproper name functioning within the clause or phraseΑχαζ: proper name preserved in Greek form, rendered here as "Ahaz" within Isaiah's oracle.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ΕζεκιουHezekiahN2 GSM · Εζεκιαςproper name functioning within the clause or phraseΕζεκιας: proper name preserved in Greek form, rendered here as "Hezekiah" within Isaiah's oracle.
οἳwho / whichRR NPM · ὅςpronominal element functioning within the clauseὅς: lexical item rendered here as "who / which"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐβασίλευσανreignedVAI AAI3P · βασιλεύωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ perfectiveβασιλεύω: verbal form rendered here as "reigned"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ΙουδαίαςJudeaN1A GSF · Ἰουδαίαproper name functioning within the clause or phraseἸουδαία: proper name preserved in Greek form, rendered here as "Judea" within Isaiah's oracle.
2
ἄκουε οὐρανέ καὶ ἐνωτίζου γῆ ὅτι κύριος ἐλάλησεν υἱοὺς ἐγέννησα καὶ ὕψωσα αὐτοὶ δέ με ἠθέτησαν
Hear, O heaven, and give ear, O earth, because the Lord has spoken: I begot sons and exalted them, but they rejected me.
Heaven and earth are invoked as covenant witnesses. The accusation is framed in filial terms: the Lord's nurtured children have repudiated him.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ἄκουεhearV1 PAD2S · ἀκούωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ durative present imperative (continual hearing/obeying)ἀκούω: verbal form rendered here as "hear"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
οὐρανέO heavenN2 VSM · οὐρανόςvocative address within the clauseοὐρανός: lexical item rendered here as "O heaven"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἐνωτίζουinV1 PMD2S · ὠτίζομαι + ἐνmain verbal form advancing the clause→ middle verbal form highlighting the subject's participation in the actionὠτίζομαι + ἐν: verbal form rendered here as "in"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
γῆlandN1 VSF · γῆvocative address within the clauseγῆ: lexical item rendered here as "land"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationὅτι: connective rendered here as "that"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning within the clauseκύριος: lexical item rendered here as "Lord"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐλάλησενspeakVAI AAI3S · λαλέωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristλαλέω: verbal form rendered here as "speak"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
υἱοὺςsonsN2 APM · υἱόςaccusative element functioning as object or goalυἱός: lexical item rendered here as "sons"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐγέννησαI begotVAI AAI1S · γεννάωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aorist (genealogical begetting notice)γεννάω: verbal form rendered here as "I begot"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ὕψωσαexaltVA AAI1S · ὑψόωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristὑψόω: verbal form rendered here as "exalt"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
αὐτοὶhe / she / itRD NPM · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: lexical item rendered here as "he / she / it"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
δέbutX · δέelement functioning within the clauseδέ: lexical item rendered here as "but"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: lexical item rendered here as "me"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἠθέτησανrejectedVAI AAI3P · ἀθετέωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist indicative summaryἀθετέω: verbal form rendered here as "rejected"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
3
ἔγνω βοῦς τὸν κτησάμενον καὶ ὄνος τὴν φάτνην τοῦ κυρίου αὐτοῦ Ισραηλ δέ με οὐκ ἔγνω καὶ ὁ λαός με οὐ συνῆκεν
An ox knows the one who acquired it, and a donkey the manger of its master, but Israel did not know me, and the people did not understand me.
The prophet contrasts animal instinct with Israel's failure of recognition. The verse deepens the indictment by showing covenant ignorance to be worse than brute dependence.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ἔγνωlearnedVZI AAI3S · γιγνώσκωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeγιγνώσκω: verbal form rendered here as "learned"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
βοῦςoxN3 NSM · βοῦςnominative element functioning within the clauseβοῦς: lexical item rendered here as "ox"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
κτησάμενονthe one who acquiredVA · αμπασμ κτάομαιparticiple modifying the governing noun within the phraseκτάομαι: middle participial form rendered "the one who acquired"; it presents the owner in relation to the creature that recognizes him.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ὄνοςdonkeyN2 NSM · ὄνοςnominative element functioning within the clauseὄνος: lexical item rendered here as "donkey"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
φάτνηνmangerN1 ASF · φάτνηaccusative element functioning as object or goalφάτνη: lexical item rendered here as "manger"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive dependent within the phraseκύριος: lexical item rendered here as "of the LORD"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: lexical item rendered here as "his"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ΙσραηλIsraelN NSM · Ἰσραήλproper name functioning within the clause or phraseἸσραήλ: proper name preserved in Greek form, rendered here as "Israel" within Isaiah's oracle.
δέbutX · δέelement functioning within the clauseδέ: lexical item rendered here as "but"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: lexical item rendered here as "me"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ adverbial nuanceοὐ: particle or adverb rendered here as "not"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
ἔγνωlearnedVZI AAI3S · γιγνώσκωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeγιγνώσκω: verbal form rendered here as "learned"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
λαόςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative element functioning within the clauseλαός: lexical item rendered here as "people"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: lexical item rendered here as "me"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ simple negationοὐ: particle or adverb rendered here as "not"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
συνῆκενhe prospered / had successVHI AAI3S · ἵημι + συνmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeἵημι + συν: verbal form rendered here as "he prospered / had success"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
4
οὐαὶ ἔθνος ἁμαρτωλόν λαὸς πλήρης ἁμαρτιῶν σπέρμα πονηρόν υἱοὶ ἄνομοι ἐγκατελίπατε τὸν κύριον καὶ παρωργίσατε τὸν ἅγιον τοῦ Ισραηλ
Woe to the sinful nation, a people full of sins, an evil seed, lawless sons. You abandoned the Lord and provoked the Holy One of Israel.
A concentrated series of labels names the nation as sinful, corrupt seed, and lawless offspring. The climax is relational and theological: they have abandoned and enraged Israel's Holy One.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
οὐαὶwoeI · οὐαίelement functioning within the clauseοὐαί: lexical item rendered here as "woe"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἔθνοςnationN3E NSN · ἔθνοςnominative element functioning within the clauseἔθνος: lexical item rendered here as "nation"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἁμαρτωλόνsinfulA1B NSN · ἁμαρτωλόςnominative element functioning within the clauseἁμαρτωλός: lexical item rendered here as "sinful"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
λαὸςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative element functioning within the clauseλαός: lexical item rendered here as "people"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
πλήρηςfullA3H NSM · πλήρηςnominative element functioning within the clauseπλήρης: lexical item rendered here as "full"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἁμαρτιῶνsinN1A GPF · ἁμαρτίαgenitive dependent within the phraseἁμαρτία: lexical item rendered here as "sin"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
σπέρμαseedN3M NSN · σπέρμαnominative element functioning within the clauseσπέρμα: lexical item rendered here as "seed"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
πονηρόνevilA1A NSN · πονηρόςnominative element functioning within the clauseπονηρός: lexical item rendered here as "evil"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
υἱοὶsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςnominative element functioning within the clauseυἱός: lexical item rendered here as "sons"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἄνομοιlawless menA1B NPM · ἄνομοςnominative element functioning within the clauseἄνομος: lexical item rendered here as "lawless men"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐγκατελίπατεthey forsookVBI AAI2P · λείπω + ἐν + καταmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeλείπω + ἐν + κατα: verbal form rendered here as "they forsook"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςaccusative element functioning as object or goalκύριος: lexical item rendered here as "LORD"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
παρωργίσατεthey might provoke to angerVAI AAI2P · ὀργίζω + παραmain verbal form advancing the clause→ verbal form carrying the discourse forwardὀργίζω + παρα: verbal form rendered here as "they might provoke to anger"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ἅγιονholyA1A ASM · ἅγιοςaccusative element functioning as object or goalἅγιος: lexical item rendered here as "holy"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name functioning within the clause or phraseἸσραήλ: proper name preserved in Greek form, rendered here as "Israel" within Isaiah's oracle.
5
τί ἔτι πληγῆτε προστιθέντες ἀνομίαν πᾶσα κεφαλὴ εἰς πόνον καὶ πᾶσα καρδία εἰς λύπην
Why will you still be struck as you continue adding lawlessness? The whole head is for pain, and the whole heart for grief.
The verse asks why further chastisement is needed when rebellion keeps compounding. Body imagery turns the nation into a creature saturated with suffering.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
τίwhatRI ASN · τίςpronominal element functioning within the clauseτίς: lexical item rendered here as "what"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ adverbial nuanceἔτι: particle or adverb rendered here as "still"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
πληγῆτεwas struckVD APS2P · πλήσσωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ perfect participle (abiding state of one struck dead)πλήσσω: verbal form rendered here as "was struck"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
προστιθέντεςaddingV7 · παπνπμ τίθημι + προςparticiple expressing accompanying action with the main verbπροστιθέντες (< προστίθημι): participial form rendered "adding"; here it marks continued accumulation, as Judah keeps adding lawlessness to chastisement.
ἀνομίανiniquitiesN1A ASF · ἀνομίαaccusative element functioning as object or goalἀνομία: lexical item rendered here as "iniquities"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
πᾶσαallA1S NSF · πᾶςnominative element functioning within the clauseπᾶς: lexical item rendered here as "all"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
κεφαλὴheadN1 NSF · κεφαλήnominative element functioning within the clauseκεφαλή: lexical item rendered here as "head"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: preposition rendered here as "into"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
πόνονaffliction / painN2 ASM · πόνοςaccusative element functioning as object or goalπόνος: lexical item rendered here as "affliction / pain"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
πᾶσαallA1S NSF · πᾶςnominative element functioning within the clauseπᾶς: lexical item rendered here as "all"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative element functioning within the clauseκαρδία: lexical item rendered here as "heart"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: preposition rendered here as "into"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
λύπηνsorrowN1 ASF · λύπηaccusative element functioning as object or goalλύπη: lexical item rendered here as "sorrow"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
6
ἀπὸ ποδῶν ἕως κεφαλῆς οὔτε τραῦμα οὔτε μώλωψ οὔτε πληγὴ φλεγμαίνουσα οὐκ ἔστιν μάλαγμα ἐπιθεῖναι οὔτε ἔλαιον οὔτε καταδέσμους
From the feet to the head there is neither wound nor bruise nor an inflamed blow; there is no poultice to apply, neither oil nor bandages.
The bodily metaphor expands into a medical lament. The people are shown as untreated and beyond ordinary remedies because the whole community is morally diseased.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπό: preposition rendered here as "from"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
ποδῶνfootN3D GPM · πούςgenitive dependent within the phraseπούς: lexical item rendered here as "foot"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἕωςuntilC · ἕωςcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἕως: connective rendered here as "until"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
κεφαλῆςheadN1 GSF · κεφαλήgenitive dependent within the phraseκεφαλή: lexical item rendered here as "head"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clauseοὔτε: connective rendered here as "neither"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
τραῦμαNominal or adjectival form from τραῦμα with the sense “τραῦμα” here.N3M NSN · τραῦμαnominative element functioning within the clauseτραῦμα: lexical item rendered here as "Nominal or adjectival form from τραῦμα with the sense “τραῦμα” here."; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clauseοὔτε: connective rendered here as "neither"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
μώλωψμώλωψN3P NSM · μώλωψnominative element functioning within the clauseμώλωψ: lexical item rendered here as "μώλωψ"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clauseοὔτε: connective rendered here as "neither"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
πληγὴplague / blowN1 NSF · πληγήnominative element functioning within the clauseπληγή: lexical item rendered here as "plague / blow"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
φλεγμαίνουσαinflamedV1 · παπνσφ φλεγμαίνωparticiple modifying the preceding wound termφλεγμαίνω: participial form rendered "inflamed"; it depicts a wound still burning and untreated.
οὐκnotD · οὐparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ adverbial nuanceοὐ: particle or adverb rendered here as "not"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressεἰμί: verbal form rendered here as "there is"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
μάλαγμαpoulticeN3M ASN · μάλαγμαaccusative object within the medical descriptionμάλαγμα: "poultice" or soothing application; in Isaiah 1 it belongs to the cluster of missing remedies for the nation's wounds.
ἐπιθεῖναιto lay / to imposeVE AAN · τίθημι + ἐπιinfinitive expressing verbal action within the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeτίθημι + ἐπι: verbal form rendered here as "to lay / to impose"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clauseοὔτε: connective rendered here as "neither"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἔλαιονoilN2N ASN · ἔλαιονaccusative element functioning as object or goalἔλαιον: lexical item rendered here as "oil"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clauseοὔτε: connective rendered here as "neither"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
καταδέσμουςbandagesN3E APN · καταδέσμουςaccusative object coordinated within the medical descriptionκατάδεσμος: "bandage" or binding for a wound; the plural underscores the absence of even basic treatment.
7
ἡ γῆ ὑμῶν ἔρημος αἱ πόλεις ὑμῶν πυρίκαυστοι τὴν χώραν ὑμῶν ἐνώπιον ὑμῶν ἀλλότριοι κατεσθίουσιν αὐτήν καὶ ἠρήμωται κατεστραμμένη ὑπὸ λαῶν ἀλλοτρίων
Your land is desolate, your cities burned with fire. Before your eyes foreigners devour your country, and it has been made desolate, overthrown by foreign peoples.
The inner disease of the nation is matched by outward devastation. Foreign consumption of the land shows covenant judgment already at work in public history.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
γῆland / earthN1 NSF · γῆnominative element functioning within the clauseγῆ: lexical item rendered here as "land / earth"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronominal element functioning within the clauseσύ: lexical item rendered here as "your"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἔρημοςa wildernessN2 NSF · ἔρημοςnominative element functioning within the clauseἔρημος: lexical item rendered here as "a wilderness"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
πόλειςcitiesN3I NPF · πόλιςnominative element functioning within the clauseπόλις: lexical item rendered here as "cities"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronominal element functioning within the clauseσύ: lexical item rendered here as "your"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
πυρίκαυστοιburned with fireN2 NPM · πυρίκαυστοςpredicate adjective describing the citiesπυρίκαυστος: literally "burned by fire"; the adjective paints the cities as visibly charred by judgment.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
χώρανcountryN1A ASF · χώραaccusative element functioning as object or goalχώρα: lexical item rendered here as "country"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronominal element functioning within the clauseσύ: lexical item rendered here as "your"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐνώπιονbeforeP · ἐνώπιονpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐνώπιον: preposition rendered here as "before"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronominal element functioning within the clauseσύ: lexical item rendered here as "your"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἀλλότριοιstrangers / foreignA1A NPM · ἀλλότριοςnominative element functioning within the clauseἀλλότριος: lexical item rendered here as "strangers / foreign"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
κατεσθίουσινdevourV1 PAI3P · ἐσθίω + καταmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἐσθίω + κατα: verbal form rendered here as "devour"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
αὐτήνherRD ASF · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: lexical item rendered here as "her"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἠρήμωταιlay wasteVAI AMI3S · ἐρημόωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist subjunctive (feared event: desolation)ἐρημόω: verbal form rendered here as "lay waste"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
κατεστραμμένηoverthrownVM · χμπνσφ στρέφω + καταparticiple describing the desolated land→ middle verbal form highlighting the subject's participation in the actionκαταστρέφω: participial form rendered "overthrown"; it conveys ruin brought to completion by invading peoples.
ὑπὸbyP · ὑπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionὑπό: preposition rendered here as "by"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
λαῶνpeopleN2 GPM · λαόςgenitive dependent within the phraseλαός: lexical item rendered here as "people"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἀλλοτρίωνallotriosA1A GPM · ἀλλότριοςgenitive dependent within the phraseἀλλότριος: lexical item rendered here as "allotrios"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
8
ἐγκαταλειφθήσεται ἡ θυγάτηρ Σιων ὡς σκηνὴ ἐν ἀμπελῶνι καὶ ὡς ὀπωροφυλάκιον ἐν σικυηράτῳ ὡς πόλις πολιορκουμένη
The daughter of Zion will be left like a tent in a vineyard, like a watch-hut in a cucumber patch, like a city under siege.
Jerusalem is reduced to fragile agricultural shelters and a besieged city. The similes stress exposure, isolation, and precarious survival.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ἐγκαταλειφθήσεταιshall be forsakenVV FPI3S · λείπω + ἐν + καταmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeλείπω + ἐν + κατα: verbal form rendered here as "shall be forsaken"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
θυγάτηρdaughterN3 NSF · θυγάτηρnominative element functioning within the clauseθυγάτηρ: lexical item rendered here as "daughter"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ΣιωνZionN GSF · Σιωνproper name functioning within the clause or phraseΣιων: proper name preserved in Greek form, rendered here as "Zion" within Isaiah's oracle.
ὡςasD · ὡςparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ coordinationὡς: particle or adverb rendered here as "as"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
σκηνὴtentN1 NSF · σκηνήnominative element functioning within the clauseσκηνή: lexical item rendered here as "tent"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: preposition rendered here as "in"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
ἀμπελῶνιvineyardN3W DSM · ἀμπελώνdative complement within the clauseἀμπελών: lexical item rendered here as "vineyard"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ὡςasD · ὡςparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ coordinationὡς: particle or adverb rendered here as "as"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
ὀπωροφυλάκιονwatch-hutN2N NSN · ὀπωροφυλάκιονpredicate nominative in the chain of similesὀπωροφυλάκιον: a fruit-watch shelter or lookout hut in a field; the term emphasizes Zion's exposed and temporary condition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: preposition rendered here as "in"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
σικυηράτῳcucumber patchN2 DSN · σικυήρατονdative complement governed by the prepositionσικυήρατον: a cucumber or gourd plot; in Isaiah's simile it evokes a lonely cultivated field with only a temporary guard-hut.
ὡςasD · ὡςparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ coordinationὡς: particle or adverb rendered here as "as"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
πόλιςcityN3I NSF · πόλιςnominative element functioning within the clauseπόλις: lexical item rendered here as "city"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
πολιορκουμένηπμπνσφ πολιορκέωV2 · πμπνσφ πολιορκέωparticiple expressing verbal action within the phrase or clauseπμπνσφ πολιορκέω: verbal form rendered here as "πμπνσφ πολιορκέω"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
9
καὶ εἰ μὴ κύριος σαβαωθ ἐγκατέλιπεν ἡμῖν σπέρμα ὡς Σοδομα ἂν ἐγενήθημεν καὶ ὡς Γομορρα ἂν ὡμοιώθημεν
And if the Lord Sabaoth had not left us seed, we would have become like Sodom, and we would have been made like Gomorrah.
The only reason total annihilation has not occurred is the Lord's preservation of a surviving seed. The Sodom comparison intensifies the moral and judicial warning.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
εἰifC · εἰcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ conditional / interrogative markerεἰ: connective rendered here as "if"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
μὴnotD · μήparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ prohibitive / negativeμή: particle or adverb rendered here as "not"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning within the clauseκύριος: lexical item rendered here as "Lord"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
σαβαωθSabaothN G · σαβαωθproper name functioning within the clause or phraseσαβαωθ: lexical item rendered here as "Sabaoth"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐγκατέλιπενthey forsookVBI AAI3S · λείπω + ἐν + καταmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeλείπω + ἐν + κατα: verbal form rendered here as "they forsook"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώpronominal element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: lexical item rendered here as "to us"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
σπέρμαoffspringN3M ASN · σπέρμαaccusative element functioning as object or goalσπέρμα: lexical item rendered here as "offspring"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὡςasD · ὡςparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ coordinationὡς: particle or adverb rendered here as "as"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
ΣοδομαSodomN ASF · Σοδομαproper name functioning within the clause or phraseΣοδομα: proper name preserved in Greek form, rendered here as "Sodom" within Isaiah's oracle.
ἂνeverX · ἄνelement functioning within the clauseἄν: lexical item rendered here as "ever"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐγενήθημενit came to passVCI API1P · γίγνομαιmain verbal form advancing the clause→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionγίγνομαι: verbal form rendered here as "it came to pass"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ὡςasD · ὡςparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ coordinationὡς: particle or adverb rendered here as "as"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
ΓομορραGomorrahN ASF · Γομορραproper name functioning within the clause or phraseΓομορρα: proper name preserved in Greek form, rendered here as "Gomorrah" within Isaiah's oracle.
ἂνeverX · ἄνelement functioning within the clauseἄν: lexical item rendered here as "ever"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὡμοιώθημενhas been made likeVCI API1P · ὁμοιόωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeὁμοιόω: verbal form rendered here as "has been made like"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
10
ἀκούσατε λόγον κυρίου ἄρχοντες Σοδομων προσέχετε νόμον θεοῦ λαὸς Γομορρας
Hear the word of the Lord, rulers of Sodom; attend to the law of God, people of Gomorrah.
The prophet directly renames Judah with the infamous cities of judgment. Word and law are offered, but only in the sharp form of exposure.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ἀκούσατεhearVA AAD2P · ἀκούωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ ingressive aorist imperative (give heed now)ἀκούω: verbal form rendered here as "hear"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
λόγονwordN2 ASM · λόγοςaccusative element functioning as object or goalλόγος: lexical item rendered here as "word"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive dependent within the phraseκύριος: lexical item rendered here as "of the LORD"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἄρχοντεςrulersN3 NPM · ἄρχωνnominative element functioning within the clauseἄρχων: lexical item rendered here as "rulers"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ΣοδομωνSodomN GSF · Σοδομαproper name functioning within the clause or phraseΣοδομα: proper name preserved in Greek form, rendered here as "Sodom" within Isaiah's oracle.
προσέχετεtake heed / bewareV1 PAD2P · ἔχω + προςmain verbal form advancing the clause→ infinitival verbal idea dependent on the governing expressionἔχω + προς: verbal form rendered here as "take heed / beware"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
νόμονlawN2 ASM · νόμοςaccusative element functioning as object or goalνόμος: lexical item rendered here as "law"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive dependent within the phraseθεός: lexical item rendered here as "God"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
λαὸςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative element functioning within the clauseλαός: lexical item rendered here as "people"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
Γομορραςof GomorrahN GSF · Γομορραproper name functioning within the clause or phraseΓομορρα: proper name preserved in Greek form, rendered here as "of Gomorrah" within Isaiah's oracle.
11
τί μοι πλῆθος τῶν θυσιῶν ὑμῶν λέγει κύριος πλήρης εἰμὶ ὁλοκαυτωμάτων κριῶν καὶ στέαρ ἀρνῶν καὶ αἷμα ταύρων καὶ τράγων οὐ βούλομαι
What is the multitude of your sacrifices to me? says the Lord. I am full of whole burnt offerings of rams and fat of lambs, and I do not desire the blood of bulls and goats.
The Lord disowns sacrificial abundance when it is severed from obedience. Ritual plenty becomes offensive rather than pleasing.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
τίwhatRI ASN · τίςpronominal element functioning within the clauseτίς: lexical item rendered here as "what"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
μοιto meRP DS · ἐγώpronominal element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: lexical item rendered here as "to me"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
πλῆθοςmultitudeN3E NSM · πλῆθοςnominative element functioning within the clauseπλῆθος: lexical item rendered here as "multitude"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
θυσιῶνsacrificesN1A GPF · θυσίαgenitive dependent within the phraseθυσία: lexical item rendered here as "sacrifices"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronominal element functioning within the clauseσύ: lexical item rendered here as "your"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingλέγω: verbal form rendered here as "say"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning within the clauseκύριος: lexical item rendered here as "Lord"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
πλήρηςfullA3H NSF · πλήρηςnominative element functioning within the clauseπλήρης: lexical item rendered here as "full"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
εἰμὶI amV9 PAI1S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause→ stative presentεἰμί: verbal form rendered here as "I am"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ὁλοκαυτωμάτωνof burnt offeringsN3M GPN · ὁλοκαύτωμαgenitive dependent within the phraseὁλοκαύτωμα: lexical item rendered here as "of burnt offerings"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
κριῶνbattering ramN2 GPM · κριόςgenitive dependent within the phraseκριός: lexical item rendered here as "battering ram"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
στέαρfatN3 ASN · στέαρaccusative element functioning as object or goalστέαρ: lexical item rendered here as "fat"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἀρνῶνof lambsN2 GPM · ἀρνόςgenitive dependent within the phraseἀρνός: lexical item rendered here as "of lambs"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
αἷμαbloodN3M ASN · αἷμαaccusative element functioning as object or goalαἷμα: lexical item rendered here as "blood"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ταύρωνof bullsN2 GPM · ταῦροςgenitive dependent within the phraseταῦρος: lexical item rendered here as "of bulls"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
τράγωνof goatsN2 GPM · τράγοςgenitive dependent within the phraseτράγος: lexical item rendered here as "of goats"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ simple negationοὐ: particle or adverb rendered here as "not"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
βούλομαιI wishV1 PMI1S · βούλομαιmain verbal form advancing the clause→ present subjunctive of volitionβούλομαι: verbal form rendered here as "I wish"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
12
οὐδ' ἐὰν ἔρχησθε ὀφθῆναί μοι τίς γὰρ ἐξεζήτησεν ταῦτα ἐκ τῶν χειρῶν ὑμῶν πατεῖν τὴν αὐλήν μου
Even if you come to appear before me, who required these things from your hands, to trample my court?
The Lord questions the legitimacy of their temple attendance itself. Worship has become unauthorized trampling because the heart of the covenant is absent.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
οὐδ'not evenC · οὐδέcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clauseοὐδέ: connective rendered here as "not even"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ conditional contingencyἐάν: connective rendered here as "if"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἔρχησθεcameV1 PMS2P · ἔρχομαιmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: verbal form rendered here as "came"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ὀφθῆναίto be seen / to appearVV APN · ὁράωinfinitive expressing verbal action within the clause→ constative aoristὁράω: verbal form rendered here as "to be seen / to appear"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
μοιto meRP DS · ἐγώpronominal element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: lexical item rendered here as "to me"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τίςwho / whatRI NSM · τίςpronominal element functioning within the clauseτίς: lexical item rendered here as "who / what"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρelement functioning within the clauseγάρ: lexical item rendered here as "for"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐξεζήτησενζητέωVAI AAI3S · ζητέω + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist infinitive (purpose of the coming)ζητέω + ἐκ: verbal form rendered here as "ζητέω"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal element functioning within the clauseοὗτος: lexical item rendered here as "these things"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: preposition rendered here as "from"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
χειρῶνhandsN3 GPF · χείρgenitive dependent within the phraseχείρ: lexical item rendered here as "hands"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronominal element functioning within the clauseσύ: lexical item rendered here as "your"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
πατεῖνmay treadV2 PAN · πατέωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist subjunctive (generalizing condition)πατέω: verbal form rendered here as "may tread"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
αὐλήνcourtN1 ASF · αὐλήaccusative element functioning as object or goalαὐλή: lexical item rendered here as "court"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: lexical item rendered here as "my"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
13
οὐ προσθήσεσθε ἐὰν φέρητε σεμίδαλιν μάταιον θυμίαμα βδέλυγμά μοί ἐστιν τὰς νουμηνίας ὑμῶν καὶ τὰ σάββατα καὶ ἡμέραν μεγάλην οὐκ ἀνέχομαι νηστείαν καὶ ἀργίαν
You will not continue, if you bring fine flour; incense is an abomination to me. Your new moons and sabbaths and the great day I cannot endure, fasting and idleness.
The verse rejects offerings, incense, calendrical observances, and assembly-days alike. The issue is not the forms themselves but their corrupt performance by an unclean people.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
οὐnotD · οὐparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ simple negationοὐ: particle or adverb rendered here as "not"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
προσθήσεσθεshall you againVF FMI2P · τίθημι + προςmain verbal form advancing the clause→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionτίθημι + προς: verbal form rendered here as "shall you again"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ conditional contingencyἐάν: connective rendered here as "if"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
φέρητεyou bringV1 PAS2P · φέρωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristφέρω: verbal form rendered here as "you bring"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
σεμίδαλινfine flourN3I ASF · σεμίδαλιςaccusative element functioning as object or goalσεμίδαλις: lexical item rendered here as "fine flour"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
μάταιονvainA1A ASN · μάταιοςaccusative element functioning as object or goalμάταιος: lexical item rendered here as "vain"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
θυμίαμαincenseN3M ASN · θυμίαμαaccusative element functioning as object or goalθυμίαμα: lexical item rendered here as "incense"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
βδέλυγμάabominationN3M NSN · βδέλυγμαnominative element functioning within the clauseβδέλυγμα: lexical item rendered here as "abomination"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
μοίfor meRP DS · ἐγώpronominal element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: lexical item rendered here as "for me"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: verbal form rendered here as "be"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
νουμηνίαςnew moonN1A APF · νουμηνίαaccusative element functioning as object or goalνουμηνία: lexical item rendered here as "new moon"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronominal element functioning within the clauseσύ: lexical item rendered here as "your"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
σάββαταSabbathsN2N NPN · σάββατονnominative element functioning within the clauseσάββατον: lexical item rendered here as "Sabbaths"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἡμέρανdayN1A ASF · ἡμέραaccusative element functioning as object or goalἡμέρα: lexical item rendered here as "day"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
μεγάληνgreatA1 ASF · μέγαςaccusative element functioning as object or goalμέγας: lexical item rendered here as "great"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ adverbial nuanceοὐ: particle or adverb rendered here as "not"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
ἀνέχομαι+ anaV1 PMI1S · ἔχω + ἀναmain verbal form advancing the clause→ imperfect verbal form portraying ongoing past action; middle verbal form highlighting the subject's participation in the actionἔχω + ἀνα: verbal form rendered here as "+ ana"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
νηστείανfastN1A ASF · νηστείαaccusative element functioning as object or goalνηστεία: lexical item rendered here as "fast"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἀργίανidlenessN1A ASF · ἀργίαaccusative object coordinated with fastingἀργία: "idleness" or inactivity; here it belongs to the rejected religious observances that have become empty formalism.
14
καὶ τὰς νουμηνίας ὑμῶν καὶ τὰς ἑορτὰς ὑμῶν μισεῖ ἡ ψυχή μου ἐγενήθητέ μοι εἰς πλησμονήν οὐκέτι ἀνήσω τὰς ἁμαρτίας ὑμῶν
My soul hates your new moons and your feasts. You have become to me a surfeit; I will no longer forgive your sins.
Festival rhythms meant for communion have become loathsome burden. Divine patience is portrayed as exhausted by persistent hypocrisy.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
νουμηνίαςnew moonN1A APF · νουμηνίαaccusative element functioning as object or goalνουμηνία: lexical item rendered here as "new moon"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronominal element functioning within the clauseσύ: lexical item rendered here as "your"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ἑορτὰςfeastsN1 APF · ἑορτήaccusative element functioning as object or goalἑορτή: lexical item rendered here as "feasts"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronominal element functioning within the clauseσύ: lexical item rendered here as "your"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
μισεῖhatingV2 PAI3S · μισέωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ durative present participle (the unloved wife)μισέω: verbal form rendered here as "hating"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ψυχήsoulN1 NSF · ψυχήnominative element functioning within the clauseψυχή: lexical item rendered here as "soul"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: lexical item rendered here as "my"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐγενήθητέit came to passVCI API2P · γίγνομαιmain verbal form advancing the clause→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionγίγνομαι: verbal form rendered here as "it came to pass"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
μοιto meRP DS · ἐγώpronominal element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: lexical item rendered here as "to me"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: preposition rendered here as "into"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
πλησμονήνfullnessN1 ASF · πλησμονήaccusative element functioning as object or goalπλησμονή: lexical item rendered here as "fullness"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
οὐκέτιno longerD · οὐκέτιparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relationοὐκέτι: particle or adverb rendered here as "no longer"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
ἀνήσωlet goVF FAI1S · ἵημι + ἀναmain verbal form advancing the clause→ futureἵημι + ἀνα: verbal form rendered here as "let go"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ἁμαρτίαςsinN1A APF · ἁμαρτίαaccusative element functioning as object or goalἁμαρτία: lexical item rendered here as "sin"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronominal element functioning within the clauseσύ: lexical item rendered here as "your"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
15
ὅταν τὰς χεῖρας ἐκτείνητε πρός με ἀποστρέψω τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς μου ἀφ' ὑμῶν καὶ ἐὰν πληθύνητε τὴν δέησιν οὐκ εἰσακούσομαι ὑμῶν αἱ γὰρ χεῖρες ὑμῶν αἵματος πλήρεις
When you stretch out your hands toward me, I will turn my eyes away from you; even if you multiply prayer, I will not listen to you, for your hands are full of blood.
Prayer itself is refused because the worshipers are violent. The lifted hands of devotion are exposed as bloodstained hands of injustice.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
ὅτανwhenD · ὅτανparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ indefinite temporal contingencyὅταν: particle or adverb rendered here as "when"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
χεῖραςhandsN3 APF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object or goalχείρ: lexical item rendered here as "hands"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐκτείνητεstretched outVA AAS2P · τείνω + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeτείνω + ἐκ: verbal form rendered here as "stretched out"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
πρόςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρός: preposition rendered here as "to"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: lexical item rendered here as "me"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἀποστρέψωreturnedVF FAI1S · στρέφω + ἀποmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeστρέφω + ἀπο: verbal form rendered here as "returned"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ὀφθαλμούςeyesN2 APM · ὀφθαλμόςaccusative element functioning as object or goalὀφθαλμός: lexical item rendered here as "eyes"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: lexical item rendered here as "my"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἀφ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπό: preposition rendered here as "from"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronominal element functioning within the clauseσύ: lexical item rendered here as "your"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ conditional contingencyἐάν: connective rendered here as "if"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
πληθύνητεmultipliedV1 PAS2P · πληθύνωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristπληθύνω: verbal form rendered here as "multiplied"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
δέησινprayerN3I ASF · δέησιςaccusative element functioning as object or goalδέησις: lexical item rendered here as "prayer"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ adverbial nuanceοὐ: particle or adverb rendered here as "not"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
εἰσακούσομαιhearVF FMI1S · ἀκούω + εἰςmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future force: projected action or resultἀκούω + εἰς: verbal form rendered here as "hear"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronominal element functioning within the clauseσύ: lexical item rendered here as "your"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
γὰρforX · γάρelement functioning within the clauseγάρ: lexical item rendered here as "for"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
χεῖρεςhandsN3 NPF · χείρnominative element functioning within the clauseχείρ: lexical item rendered here as "hands"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronominal element functioning within the clauseσύ: lexical item rendered here as "your"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
αἵματοςbloodN3M GSN · αἷμαgenitive dependent within the phraseαἷμα: lexical item rendered here as "blood"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
πλήρειςfullA3H NPM · πλήρηςnominative element functioning within the clauseπλήρης: lexical item rendered here as "full"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
16
λούσασθε καθαροὶ γένεσθε ἀφέλετε τὰς πονηρίας ἀπὸ τῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν ἀπέναντι τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν μου παύσασθε ἀπὸ τῶν πονηριῶν ὑμῶν
Wash yourselves; become clean. Remove your wicked deeds from before my eyes. Stop your evils.
The tone shifts from exposure to imperative mercy. Cleansing begins with decisive renunciation of visible evil.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
λούσασθεshall batheVA AMD2P · λούωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future of legal prescription (reflexive middle)λούω: verbal form rendered here as "shall bathe"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
καθαροὶkatharosA1A NPM · καθαρόςnominative element functioning within the clauseκαθαρός: lexical item rendered here as "katharos"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
γένεσθεit came to passVB AMD2P · γίγνομαιmain verbal form advancing the clause→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionγίγνομαι: verbal form rendered here as "it came to pass"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ἀφέλετεremoveVB AAD2P · αἱρέω + ἀποmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristαἱρέω + ἀπο: verbal form rendered here as "remove"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
πονηρίαςwicked deedsN1A APF · πονηρίαaccusative element functioning as object or goalπονηρία: lexical item rendered here as "wicked deeds"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπό: preposition rendered here as "from"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ψυχῶνlivesN1 GPF · ψυχήgenitive dependent within the phraseψυχή: lexical item rendered here as "lives"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronominal element functioning within the clauseσύ: lexical item rendered here as "your"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἀπέναντιbefore / oppositeD · ἀπέναντιparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relationἀπέναντι: particle or adverb rendered here as "before / opposite"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ὀφθαλμῶνeyesN2 GPM · ὀφθαλμόςgenitive dependent within the phraseὀφθαλμός: lexical item rendered here as "eyes"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: lexical item rendered here as "my"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
παύσασθεceasedVA AMD2P · παύωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristπαύω: verbal form rendered here as "ceased"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπό: preposition rendered here as "from"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
πονηριῶνevil / wickednessN1A GPF · πονηρίαgenitive dependent within the phraseπονηρία: lexical item rendered here as "evil / wickedness"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronominal element functioning within the clauseσύ: lexical item rendered here as "your"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
17
μάθετε καλὸν ποιεῖν ἐκζητήσατε κρίσιν ῥύσασθε ἀδικούμενον κρίνατε ὀρφανῷ καὶ δικαιώσατε χήραν
Learn to do good; seek justice; rescue the one being wronged; judge for the orphan and justify the widow.
True repentance takes social form. Justice for the vulnerable is presented as the concrete shape of covenant restoration.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
μάθετεlearnVB AAD2P · μανθάνωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (come to learn)μανθάνω: verbal form rendered here as "learn"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
καλὸνgoodA1 ASM · καλόςaccusative element functioning as object or goalκαλός: lexical item rendered here as "good"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ποιεῖνdo / makeV2 PAN · ποιέωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ imperfective infinitiveποιέω: verbal form rendered here as "do / make"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ἐκζητήσατεinquire / seek outVA AAD2P · ζητέω + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist infinitive (purpose of the coming)ζητέω + ἐκ: verbal form rendered here as "inquire / seek out"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
κρίσινjudgmentN3I ASF · κρίσιςaccusative element functioning as object or goalκρίσις: lexical item rendered here as "judgment"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ῥύσασθεrescueVA APD2P · ῥύομαιmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristῥύομαι: verbal form rendered here as "rescue"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ἀδικούμενονthe one being wrongedV2 · πμπασμ ἀδικέωparticiple used substantivally as the person needing rescueἀδικέω: participial form rendered "the one being wronged"; Isaiah turns the verb into a substantive to identify the oppressed neighbor.
κρίνατεjudgeVA AAD2P · κρίνωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ ingressive aorist imperative (render righteous verdicts)κρίνω: verbal form rendered here as "judge"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ὀρφανῷorphanA1 DSM · ὀρφανόςdative complement within the clauseὀρφανός: lexical item rendered here as "orphan"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
δικαιώσατεyou shall justify / acquitVA AAD2P · δικαιόωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ legislative future (apodictic prohibition)δικαιόω: verbal form rendered here as "you shall justify / acquit"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
χήρανwidowN1A ASF · χήραaccusative element functioning as object or goalχήρα: lexical item rendered here as "widow"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
18
καὶ δεῦτε καὶ διελεγχθῶμεν λέγει κύριος καὶ ἐὰν ὦσιν αἱ ἁμαρτίαι ὑμῶν ὡς φοινικοῦν ὡς χιόνα λευκανῶ ἐὰν δὲ ὦσιν ὡς κόκκινον ὡς ἔριον λευκανῶ
And come, let us reason together, says the Lord. Even if your sins are like crimson, I will whiten them like snow; and if they are like scarlet, I will whiten them like wool.
The Lord invites argument and settlement rather than mere doom. Scarlet guilt can be transformed by divine cleansing into startling purity.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
δεῦτεcomeD · δεῦτεparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ hortatory (summons to action)δεῦτε: particle or adverb rendered here as "come"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
διελεγχθῶμενlet us reason togetherVQ AAS1P · ἐλέγχω + διαfirst-person subjunctive expressing invited deliberation→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a whole; subjunctive verbal form expressing contingency or exhortationδιελέγχω: here in the hortatory subjunctive, rendered "let us reason together"; the form invites a judicial settling of the case before the Lord.
λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingλέγω: verbal form rendered here as "say"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning within the clauseκύριος: lexical item rendered here as "Lord"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ conditional contingencyἐάν: connective rendered here as "if"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ὦσινmight beV9 AAS3P · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause→ stative presentεἰμί: verbal form rendered here as "might be"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ἁμαρτίαιsinN1A NPF · ἁμαρτίαnominative element functioning within the clauseἁμαρτία: lexical item rendered here as "sin"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronominal element functioning within the clauseσύ: lexical item rendered here as "your"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὡςasD · ὡςparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ coordinationὡς: particle or adverb rendered here as "as"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
φοινικοῦνcrimsonA1 NSN · φοινικοῦςpredicate adjective in the comparison of sinsφοινικοῦς: "crimson" or deep red; the color image intensifies the visibility of sin before it is whitened.
ὡςasD · ὡςparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ coordinationὡς: particle or adverb rendered here as "as"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
χιόναsnowA1 ASF · χιόναaccusative element functioning as object or goalχιόνα: lexical item rendered here as "snow"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
λευκανῶturning whiteVF2 FAI1S · λευκαίνωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ imperfective participle (ongoing whitening)λευκαίνω: verbal form rendered here as "turning white"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ conditional contingencyἐάν: connective rendered here as "if"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
δὲbutX · δέelement functioning within the clauseδέ: lexical item rendered here as "but"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὦσινmight beV9 PAS3P · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause→ stative presentεἰμί: verbal form rendered here as "might be"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ὡςasD · ὡςparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ coordinationὡς: particle or adverb rendered here as "as"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
κόκκινονscarletA1 ASM · κόκκινοςaccusative element functioning as object or goalκόκκινος: lexical item rendered here as "scarlet"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὡςasD · ὡςparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ coordinationὡς: particle or adverb rendered here as "as"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
ἔριονwoolN2N ASN · ἔριονaccusative object within the cleansing comparisonἔριον: "wool"; its whiteness supplies the second image for the Lord's power to cleanse stained sin.
λευκανῶturning whiteVF2 FAI1S · λευκαίνωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ imperfective participle (ongoing whitening)λευκαίνω: verbal form rendered here as "turning white"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
19
καὶ ἐὰν θέλητε καὶ εἰσακούσητέ μου τὰ ἀγαθὰ τῆς γῆς φάγεσθε
And if you are willing and listen to me, you shall eat the good things of the land.
Obedience reopens the land as gift. The covenant blessing is cast in concrete agricultural terms.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ conditional contingencyἐάν: connective rendered here as "if"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
θέλητεwas willingV1 PAS2P · θέλωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristθέλω: verbal form rendered here as "was willing"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
εἰσακούσητέhearVA AAS2P · ἀκούω + εἰςmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future force: projected action or resultἀκούω + εἰς: verbal form rendered here as "hear"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: lexical item rendered here as "my"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ἀγαθὰgood thingsA1 APN · ἀγαθόςaccusative element functioning as object or goalἀγαθός: lexical item rendered here as "good things"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitive dependent within the phraseγῆ: lexical item rendered here as "land"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
φάγεσθεyou shall eatVF FMI2P · ἐσθίωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristἐσθίω: verbal form rendered here as "you shall eat"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
20
ἐὰν δὲ μὴ θέλητε μηδὲ εἰσακούσητέ μου μάχαιρα ὑμᾶς κατέδεται τὸ γὰρ στόμα κυρίου ἐλάλησεν ταῦτα
But if you are unwilling and do not listen to me, a sword will devour you, for the mouth of the Lord has spoken these things.
The promise is balanced by a covenant curse. Refusal places the people under a devouring judgment guaranteed by the Lord's own speech.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ conditional contingencyἐάν: connective rendered here as "if"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
δὲbutX · δέelement functioning within the clauseδέ: lexical item rendered here as "but"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
μὴnotD · μήparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ prohibitive / negativeμή: particle or adverb rendered here as "not"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
θέλητεwas willingV1 PAS2P · θέλωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristθέλω: verbal form rendered here as "was willing"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
μηδὲand do not / norC · μηδέcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationμηδέ: connective rendered here as "and do not / nor"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
εἰσακούσητέhearVA AAS2P · ἀκούω + εἰςmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future force: projected action or resultἀκούω + εἰς: verbal form rendered here as "hear"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: lexical item rendered here as "my"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
μάχαιραswordN1A NSF · μάχαιραnominative element functioning within the clauseμάχαιρα: lexical item rendered here as "sword"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὑμᾶςyouRP AP · σύpronominal element functioning within the clauseσύ: lexical item rendered here as "you"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
κατέδεταιshall devourVF FMI3S · ἐσθίω + καταmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἐσθίω + κατα: verbal form rendered here as "shall devour"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
γὰρforX · γάρelement functioning within the clauseγάρ: lexical item rendered here as "for"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
στόμαmouthN3M NSN · στόμαnominative element functioning within the clauseστόμα: lexical item rendered here as "mouth"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive dependent within the phraseκύριος: lexical item rendered here as "of the LORD"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐλάλησενspeakVAI AAI3S · λαλέωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristλαλέω: verbal form rendered here as "speak"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal element functioning within the clauseοὗτος: lexical item rendered here as "these things"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
21
πῶς ἐγένετο πόρνη πόλις πιστὴ Σιων πλήρης κρίσεως ἐν ᾗ δικαιοσύνη ἐκοιμήθη ἐν αὐτῇ νῦν δὲ φονευταί
How the faithful city became a prostitute, Zion full of judgment, in which righteousness slept, but now murderers dwell in her.
The verse laments Zion's fall from fidelity into civic and moral corruption. What was once characterized by justice is now occupied by killers.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
πῶςhowD · πῶςparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relationπῶς: particle or adverb rendered here as "how"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
ἐγένετοit came to passVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιmain verbal form advancing the clause→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionγίγνομαι: verbal form rendered here as "it came to pass"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
πόρνηprostituteN1 NSF · πόρνηnominative element functioning within the clauseπόρνη: lexical item rendered here as "prostitute"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
πόλιςcityN3I NSF · πόλιςnominative element functioning within the clauseπόλις: lexical item rendered here as "city"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
πιστὴtrustworthyA1 NSF · πιστόςnominative element functioning within the clauseπιστός: lexical item rendered here as "trustworthy"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ΣιωνZionN NSF · Σιωνproper name functioning within the clause or phraseΣιων: proper name preserved in Greek form, rendered here as "Zion" within Isaiah's oracle.
πλήρηςfullA3H NSM · πλήρηςnominative element functioning within the clauseπλήρης: lexical item rendered here as "full"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
κρίσεωςjudgmentN3I GSF · κρίσιςgenitive dependent within the phraseκρίσις: lexical item rendered here as "judgment"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: preposition rendered here as "in"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
ᾗᾗRR DSF · ὅςpronominal element functioning within the clauseὅς: lexical item rendered here as "ᾗ"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
δικαιοσύνηdikaiosyneN1 NSF · δικαιοσύνηnominative element functioning within the clauseδικαιοσύνη: lexical item rendered here as "dikaiosyne"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐκοιμήθηsleepVCI API3S · κοιμάωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristκοιμάω: verbal form rendered here as "sleep"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: preposition rendered here as "in"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
αὐτῇitRD DSF · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: lexical item rendered here as "it"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
νῦνnowD · νῦνparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ discourse pivot to present applicationνῦν: particle or adverb rendered here as "now"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
δὲbutX · δέelement functioning within the clauseδέ: lexical item rendered here as "but"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
φονευταίa murdererN1M NPM · φονευτήςnominative element functioning within the clauseφονευτής: lexical item rendered here as "a murderer"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
22
τὸ ἀργύριον ὑμῶν ἀδόκιμον οἱ κάπηλοί σου μίσγουσι τὸν οἶνον ὕδατι
Your silver is worthless; your merchants mix the wine with water.
Economic metaphors portray moral adulteration. What should be pure and weighty has been diluted and debased.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ἀργύριονsilverN2N NSN · ἀργύριονnominative element functioning within the clauseἀργύριον: lexical item rendered here as "silver"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronominal element functioning within the clauseσύ: lexical item rendered here as "your"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἀδόκιμονworthlessA1B NSM · ἀδόκιμοςpredicate adjective describing the silverἀδόκιμος: "unapproved" or debased; the adjective makes silver a metaphor for failed civic and moral quality.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
κάπηλοίmerchantsN2 NPM · κάπηλοςnominative subject within the accusationκάπηλος: a retailer or tavern-merchant; the word suits Isaiah's image of those who dilute what should be pure.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal element functioning within the clauseσύ: lexical item rendered here as "you"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
μίσγουσιmixV1 PAI3P · μίσγωmain verbal form advancing the accusation→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoing or unfoldingμίσγω: "mix" or adulterate; in Isaiah 1:22 it depicts the corruption of wine as an image for the city's debased life.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
οἶνονwineN2 ASM · οἶνοςaccusative element functioning as object or goalοἶνος: lexical item rendered here as "wine"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὕδατιwaterN3T DSN · ὕδωρdative complement within the clauseὕδωρ: lexical item rendered here as "water"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
23
οἱ ἄρχοντές σου ἀπειθοῦσιν κοινωνοὶ κλεπτῶν ἀγαπῶντες δῶρα διώκοντες ἀνταπόδομα ὀρφανοῖς οὐ κρίνοντες καὶ κρίσιν χηρῶν οὐ προσέχοντες
Your rulers are disobedient, companions of thieves, loving gifts and pursuing repayment; they do not judge for orphans, and they do not attend to the cause of widows.
The corruption reaches the governing class. Bribery and predation show why the vulnerable have no justice in the city.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ἄρχοντέςcommanders / rulersN3 NPM · ἄρχωνnominative element functioning within the clauseἄρχων: lexical item rendered here as "commanders / rulers"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal element functioning within the clauseσύ: lexical item rendered here as "you"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἀπειθοῦσινyou disobeyedV2 PAI3P · ἀπειθέωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aorist (the act of disobedience)ἀπειθέω: verbal form rendered here as "you disobeyed"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
κοινωνοὶcompanionN2 NPM · κοινωνόςnominative element functioning within the clauseκοινωνός: lexical item rendered here as "companion"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
κλεπτῶνthiefN1M GPM · κλέπτηςgenitive dependent within the phraseκλέπτης: lexical item rendered here as "thief"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἀγαπῶντεςones lovingV3 · παπνπμ ἀγαπάωparticiple expressing verbal action within the phrase or clauseπαπνπμ ἀγαπάω: verbal form rendered here as "ones loving"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
δῶραgiftN2N APN · δῶρονaccusative element functioning as object or goalδῶρον: lexical item rendered here as "gift"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
διώκοντεςpursuingV1 · παπνπμ διώκωparticiple expressing verbal action within the phrase or clauseπαπνπμ διώκω: verbal form rendered here as "pursuing"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ἀνταπόδομαrepaymentN3M ASN · ἀνταπόδομαaccusative element functioning as object or goalἀνταπόδομα: lexical item rendered here as "repayment"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὀρφανοῖςorphanA1 DPM · ὀρφανόςdative complement within the clauseὀρφανός: lexical item rendered here as "orphan"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ simple negationοὐ: particle or adverb rendered here as "not"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
κρίνοντεςjudgingV1 · παπνπμ κρίνωparticiple expressing verbal action within the phrase or clauseπαπνπμ κρίνω: verbal form rendered here as "judging"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
κρίσινjudgmentN3I ASF · κρίσιςaccusative element functioning as object or goalκρίσις: lexical item rendered here as "judgment"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
χηρῶνwidowN1A GPF · χήραgenitive dependent within the phraseχήρα: lexical item rendered here as "widow"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ simple negationοὐ: particle or adverb rendered here as "not"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
προσέχοντεςattendingV1 · παπνπμ ἔχω + προςparticiple expressing ongoing disposition or activityπροσέχω: participial form rendered "attending"; the leaders fail to pay due attention to the widow's case.
24
διὰ τοῦτο τάδε λέγει ὁ δεσπότης κύριος σαβαωθ οὐαὶ οἱ ἰσχύοντες Ισραηλ οὐ παύσεται γάρ μου ὁ θυμὸς ἐν τοῖς ὑπεναντίοις καὶ κρίσιν ἐκ τῶν ἐχθρῶν μου ποιήσω
Therefore thus says the Master, the Lord Sabaoth: Woe, mighty men of Israel. For my wrath will not cease against my adversaries, and I will execute judgment from my enemies.
The Lord himself now speaks the turning word of judgment. His anger is directed against those within Israel who have become his adversaries.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιά: preposition rendered here as "through"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal element functioning within the clauseοὗτος: lexical item rendered here as "this"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τάδεthusRD APN · ὅδεpronominal element functioning within the clauseὅδε: lexical item rendered here as "thus"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingλέγω: verbal form rendered here as "say"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
δεσπότηςMasterN1M NSM · δεσπότηςnominative element functioning within the clauseδεσπότης: lexical item rendered here as "Master"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning within the clauseκύριος: lexical item rendered here as "Lord"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
σαβαωθSabaothN G · σαβαωθproper name functioning within the clause or phraseσαβαωθ: lexical item rendered here as "Sabaoth"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
οὐαὶwoeI · οὐαίelement functioning within the clauseοὐαί: lexical item rendered here as "woe"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ἰσχύοντεςπαπνπμ ισχυωV1 · παπνπμ ἰσχύωparticiple expressing verbal action within the phrase or clauseπαπνπμ ἰσχύω: verbal form rendered here as "παπνπμ ισχυω"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name functioning within the clause or phraseἸσραήλ: proper name preserved in Greek form, rendered here as "Israel" within Isaiah's oracle.
οὐnotD · οὐparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ simple negationοὐ: particle or adverb rendered here as "not"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
παύσεταιcease / stopVF FMI3S · παύωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristπαύω: verbal form rendered here as "cease / stop"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
γάρforX · γάρelement functioning within the clauseγάρ: lexical item rendered here as "for"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: lexical item rendered here as "my"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
θυμὸςvenom / rageN2 NSM · θυμόςnominative element functioning within the clauseθυμός: lexical item rendered here as "venom / rage"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: preposition rendered here as "in"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ὑπεναντίοιςadversariesA1A DPM · ὑπεναντίοςdative complement within the clauseὑπεναντίος: lexical item rendered here as "adversaries"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
κρίσινjudgmentN3I ASF · κρίσιςaccusative element functioning as object or goalκρίσις: lexical item rendered here as "judgment"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: preposition rendered here as "from"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ἐχθρῶνenemyN2 GPM · ἐχθρόςgenitive dependent within the phraseἐχθρός: lexical item rendered here as "enemy"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: lexical item rendered here as "my"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ποιήσωdo / makeVF FAI1S · ποιέωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ predictive future of personal ambitionποιέω: verbal form rendered here as "do / make"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
25
καὶ ἐπάξω τὴν χεῖρά μου ἐπὶ σὲ καὶ πυρώσω σε εἰς καθαρόν τοὺς δὲ ἀπειθοῦντας ἀπολέσω καὶ ἀφελῶ πάντας ἀνόμους ἀπὸ σοῦ καὶ πάντας ὑπερηφάνους ταπεινώσω
And I will bring my hand upon you and refine you to purity, but the disobedient I will destroy; and I will remove all the lawless from you and humble all the proud.
Judgment is also purification. The Lord's returning hand burns away rebels so that a cleansed city may emerge.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἐπάξωbringVF FAI1S · ἄγω + ἐπιmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist indicative summaryἄγω + ἐπι: verbal form rendered here as "bring"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
χεῖράhandN3 ASF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object or goalχείρ: lexical item rendered here as "hand"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: lexical item rendered here as "my"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: preposition rendered here as "upon"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
σὲyouRP AS · σύpronominal element functioning within the clauseσύ: lexical item rendered here as "you"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
πυρώσωtested by fire / refinedVF FAI1S · πυρόωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ perfect of abiding result (the word stands proven)πυρόω: verbal form rendered here as "tested by fire / refined"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal element functioning within the clauseσύ: lexical item rendered here as "you"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: preposition rendered here as "into"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
καθαρόνkatharosA1A ASM · καθαρόςaccusative element functioning as object or goalκαθαρός: lexical item rendered here as "katharos"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
δὲbutX · δέelement functioning within the clauseδέ: lexical item rendered here as "but"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἀπειθοῦνταςἀπειθέωV2 · παπαπμ ἀπειθέωparticiple expressing verbal action within the phrase or clauseπαπαπμ ἀπειθέω: verbal form rendered here as "ἀπειθέω"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ἀπολέσωdestroyVA AAS1S · ὀλλύω + ἀποmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristὀλλύω + ἀπο: verbal form rendered here as "destroy"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἀφελῶtake awayVF2 FAI1S · αἱρέω + ἀποmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristαἱρέω + ἀπο: verbal form rendered here as "take away"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
πάνταςall / everyA3 APM · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goalπᾶς: lexical item rendered here as "all / every"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἀνόμουςlawlessA1B APM · ἄνομοςaccusative element functioning as object or goalἄνομος: lexical item rendered here as "lawless"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπό: preposition rendered here as "from"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
σοῦyouRP GS · σύpronominal element functioning within the clauseσύ: lexical item rendered here as "you"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
πάνταςall / everyA3 APM · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goalπᾶς: lexical item rendered here as "all / every"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὑπερηφάνουςthe proudA1B APM · ὑπερήφανοςaccusative element functioning as object or goalὑπερήφανος: lexical item rendered here as "the proud"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ταπεινώσωhumbleVF FAI1S · ταπεινόωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristταπεινόω: verbal form rendered here as "humble"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
26
καὶ ἐπιστήσω τοὺς κριτάς σου ὡς τὸ πρότερον καὶ τοὺς συμβούλους σου ὡς τὸ ἀπ' ἀρχῆς καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα κληθήσῃ πόλις δικαιοσύνης μητρόπολις πιστὴ Σιων
And I will restore your judges as formerly and your counselors as at the beginning, and after these things you shall be called City of Righteousness, Faithful Mother-city, Zion.
The purgation aims at institutional renewal. Zion's new name answers the lament of verse 21 by restoring her original character.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἐπιστήσωI will setVF FAI1S · ἵστημι + ἐπιmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future verbal form pointing to what will happenἵστημι + ἐπι: verbal form rendered here as "I will set"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
κριτάςjudgesN1M APM · κριτήςaccusative element functioning as object or goalκριτής: lexical item rendered here as "judges"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal element functioning within the clauseσύ: lexical item rendered here as "you"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὡςasD · ὡςparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ coordinationὡς: particle or adverb rendered here as "as"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
πρότερονformerlyA1 NSM · πρότεροςnominative element functioning within the clauseπρότερος: lexical item rendered here as "formerly"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
συμβούλουςadvisersN2 APM · σύμβουλοςaccusative element functioning as object or goalσύμβουλος: lexical item rendered here as "advisers"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal element functioning within the clauseσύ: lexical item rendered here as "you"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὡςasD · ὡςparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ coordinationὡς: particle or adverb rendered here as "as"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπό: preposition rendered here as "from"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
ἀρχῆςbeginningN1 GSF · ἀρχήgenitive dependent within the phraseἀρχή: lexical item rendered here as "beginning"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετά: preposition rendered here as "with"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal element functioning within the clauseοὗτος: lexical item rendered here as "these things"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
κληθήσῃcallVC FPI2S · καλέωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristκαλέω: verbal form rendered here as "call"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
πόλιςcityN3I NSF · πόλιςnominative element functioning within the clauseπόλις: lexical item rendered here as "city"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
δικαιοσύνηςof righteousnessN1 GSF · δικαιοσύνηgenitive dependent within the phraseδικαιοσύνη: lexical item rendered here as "of righteousness"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
μητρόπολιςmother-city / metropolisN3I NSF · μητρόπολιςnominative element functioning within the clauseμητρόπολις: lexical item rendered here as "mother-city / metropolis"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
πιστὴtrustworthyA1 NSF · πιστόςnominative element functioning within the clauseπιστός: lexical item rendered here as "trustworthy"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ΣιωνZionN ASF · Σιωνproper name functioning within the clause or phraseΣιων: proper name preserved in Greek form, rendered here as "Zion" within Isaiah's oracle.
27
μετὰ γὰρ κρίματος σωθήσεται ἡ αἰχμαλωσία αὐτῆς καὶ μετὰ ἐλεημοσύνης
For her captivity shall be saved with judgment and with mercy.
Deliverance is not arbitrary; it comes through the Lord's just ordering and compassionate action. The remnant's future is tied to righteous divine intervention.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετά: preposition rendered here as "with"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
γὰρforX · γάρelement functioning within the clauseγάρ: lexical item rendered here as "for"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
κρίματοςjudgmentN3M GSN · κρίμαgenitive dependent within the phraseκρίμα: lexical item rendered here as "judgment"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
σωθήσεταιsaveVC FPI3S · σώζωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future verbal form projecting a coming actionσώζω: verbal form rendered here as "save"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
αἰχμαλωσίαcaptivity / captivesN1A NSF · αἰχμαλωσίαnominative element functioning within the clauseαἰχμαλωσία: lexical item rendered here as "captivity / captives"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: lexical item rendered here as "its"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετά: preposition rendered here as "with"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
ἐλεημοσύνηςalmsgivingN1 GSF · ἐλεημοσύνηgenitive dependent within the phraseἐλεημοσύνη: lexical item rendered here as "almsgiving"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
28
καὶ συντριβήσονται οἱ ἄνομοι καὶ οἱ ἁμαρτωλοὶ ἅμα καὶ οἱ ἐγκαταλείποντες τὸν κύριον συντελεσθήσονται
And the lawless and the sinners shall be shattered together, and those who forsake the Lord shall be consumed.
The chapter never relaxes its split outcome. Restoration for Zion means destruction for those who persist in forsaking the Lord.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
συντριβήσονταιwas crushedVD FPI3P · τρίβω + συνmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aorist passiveτρίβω + συν: verbal form rendered here as "was crushed"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ἄνομοιlawless menA1B NPM · ἄνομοςnominative element functioning within the clauseἄνομος: lexical item rendered here as "lawless men"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ἁμαρτωλοὶsinnersA1B NPM · ἁμαρτωλόςnominative element functioning within the clauseἁμαρτωλός: lexical item rendered here as "sinners"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἅμαat the same time / perhapsD · ἅμαparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relationἅμα: particle or adverb rendered here as "at the same time / perhaps"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ἐγκαταλείποντεςthose who forsakeV1 · παπνπμ λείπω + ἐν + καταparticiple used substantivally for the covenant desertersἐγκαταλείπω: participial form rendered "those who forsake"; it marks a settled abandonment of the Lord.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςaccusative element functioning as object or goalκύριος: lexical item rendered here as "LORD"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
συντελεσθήσονταιcompleteVC FPI3P · τελέω + συνmain verbal form advancing the clause→ perfectiveτελέω + συν: verbal form rendered here as "complete"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
29
διότι αἰσχυνθήσονται ἐπὶ τοῖς εἰδώλοις αὐτῶν ἃ αὐτοὶ ἠβούλοντο καὶ ἐπῃσχύνθησαν ἐπὶ τοῖς κήποις αὐτῶν ἃ ἐπεθύμησαν
For they shall be ashamed because of their idols that they desired, and they were put to shame because of their gardens that they longed for.
The objects of illicit devotion become the occasion of humiliation. Sacred groves and images cannot shield their devotees from disgrace.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
διότιbecauseC · διότιcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationδιότι: connective rendered here as "because"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
αἰσχυνθήσονταιaischynoVC FPI3P · αἰσχύνωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ ingressive aorist passive (came to be in disgrace)αἰσχύνω: verbal form rendered here as "aischyno"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: preposition rendered here as "upon"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
εἰδώλοιςidolsN2N DPN · εἴδωλονdative complement within the clauseεἴδωλον: lexical item rendered here as "idols"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: lexical item rendered here as "their"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἃwhichRR APN · ὅςpronominal element functioning within the clauseὅς: lexical item rendered here as "which"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
αὐτοὶhe / she / itRD NPM · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: lexical item rendered here as "he / she / it"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἠβούλοντοthey wishedVAI AMI3P · βούλομαιmain verbal form advancing the clause→ present subjunctive of volitionβούλομαι: verbal form rendered here as "they wished"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἐπῃσχύνθησανwere put to shameVCI API3P · αἰσχύνω + ἐπιmain verbal form stating the result of idolatry→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a whole; passive verbal form presenting the subject as acted uponἐπαισχύνω: passive form rendered "were put to shame"; the desired groves become the occasion of public disgrace.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: preposition rendered here as "upon"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
κήποιςgardenN2 DPM · κῆποςdative complement within the clauseκῆπος: lexical item rendered here as "garden"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: lexical item rendered here as "their"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἃwhichRR APN · ὅςpronominal element functioning within the clauseὅς: lexical item rendered here as "which"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐπεθύμησανdesireVAI AAI3P · θυμέω + ἐπιmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeθυμέω + ἐπι: verbal form rendered here as "desire"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
30
ἔσονται γὰρ ὡς τερέβινθος ἀποβεβληκυῖα τὰ φύλλα καὶ ὡς παράδεισος ὕδωρ μὴ ἔχων
For they shall be like a terebinth that has cast off its leaves and like a garden that has no water.
The idolaters become what they trusted: dry, stripped, and lifeless. The imagery reverses every expectation of fertility and stability.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἔσονταιbeVF FMI3P · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future middle verbal form projecting a coming actionεἰμί: verbal form rendered here as "be"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
γὰρforX · γάρelement functioning within the clauseγάρ: lexical item rendered here as "for"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὡςasD · ὡςparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ coordinationὡς: particle or adverb rendered here as "as"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
τερέβινθοςterebinthN2 NSF · τερέβινθοςpredicate nominative in the simileτερέβινθος: the terebinth tree, often associated with durable shade; here it becomes an image of withered loss.
ἀποβεβληκυῖαhaving cast offVX · χαπνσφ βάλλω + ἀποparticiple modifying the terebinthἀποβάλλω: perfect-like participial form rendered "having cast off"; it pictures the tree already stripped of its leaves.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
φύλλαphyllaN2N APN · φύλλονaccusative element functioning as object or goalφύλλον: lexical item rendered here as "phylla"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ὡςasD · ὡςparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ coordinationὡς: particle or adverb rendered here as "as"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
παράδεισοςparadise / gardenN2 NSM · παράδεισοςnominative element functioning within the clauseπαράδεισος: lexical item rendered here as "paradise / garden"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὕδωρwaterN3 NSN · ὕδωρnominative element functioning within the clauseὕδωρ: lexical item rendered here as "water"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
μὴnotD · μήparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ prohibitive / negativeμή: particle or adverb rendered here as "not"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
ἔχωνhavingV1 · παπνσμ ἔχωparticiple expressing verbal action within the phrase or clause→ circumstantial present participleπαπνσμ ἔχω: verbal form rendered here as "having"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
31
καὶ ἔσται ἡ ἰσχὺς αὐτῶν ὡς καλάμη στιππύου καὶ αἱ ἐργασίαι αὐτῶν ὡς σπινθῆρες πυρός καὶ κατακαυθήσονται οἱ ἄνομοι καὶ οἱ ἁμαρτωλοὶ ἅμα καὶ οὐκ ἔσται ὁ σβέσων
And their strength shall be like tow-stubble and their works like sparks of fire, and the lawless and the sinners shall be burned up together, and there shall be no one to quench them.
Human strength and human works finally ignite each other in self-destruction. The chapter closes with an unquenchable image of judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future force: points to action still aheadεἰμί: verbal form rendered here as "shall be"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ἰσχὺςstrengthN3 NSF · ἰσχύςnominative element functioning within the clauseἰσχύς: lexical item rendered here as "strength"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
αὐτῶνhis/theirRD GPF · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: lexical item rendered here as "his/their"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὡςasD · ὡςparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ coordinationὡς: particle or adverb rendered here as "as"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
καλάμηstubbleN1 NSF · καλάμηnominative element functioning within the clauseκαλάμη: lexical item rendered here as "stubble"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
στιππύουof towA1B GSN · στιππύονgenitive dependent within the phraseστιππύον: lexical item rendered here as "of tow"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ἐργασίαιworkN1A NPF · ἐργασίαnominative element functioning within the clauseἐργασία: lexical item rendered here as "work"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
αὐτῶνhis/theirRD GPF · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: lexical item rendered here as "his/their"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὡςasD · ὡςparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ coordinationὡς: particle or adverb rendered here as "as"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
σπινθῆρεςsparksN3 APN · σπινθήρpredicate accusative within the final simileσπινθήρ: "spark"; Isaiah uses it for the tiny igniting points that set human works ablaze.
πυρόςfireN3 GSN · πῦρgenitive dependent within the phraseπῦρ: lexical item rendered here as "fire"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
κατακαυθήσονταιkatakasaiVC FPI3P · καίω + καταmain verbal form advancing the clause→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionκαίω + κατα: verbal form rendered here as "katakasai"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ἄνομοιlawless menA1B NPM · ἄνομοςnominative element functioning within the clauseἄνομος: lexical item rendered here as "lawless men"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ἁμαρτωλοὶsinnersA1B NPM · ἁμαρτωλόςnominative element functioning within the clauseἁμαρτωλός: lexical item rendered here as "sinners"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἅμαat the same time / perhapsD · ἅμαparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relationἅμα: particle or adverb rendered here as "at the same time / perhaps"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ adverbial nuanceοὐ: particle or adverb rendered here as "not"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future force: points to action still aheadεἰμί: verbal form rendered here as "shall be"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
σβέσωνthe one to quenchV8 · παπνσμ σβέννυμιparticiple used substantivally for a possible extinguisherσβέννυμι: participial form rendered "the one to quench"; the final clause denies that any rescuer can extinguish the fire of judgment.