1
ὁ λόγος ὁ γενόμενος παρὰ κυρίου πρὸς Ησαιαν υἱὸν Αμως περὶ τῆς Ιουδαίας καὶ περὶ Ιερουσαλημ
The word that came to Isaiah son of Amoz concerning Judea and Jerusalem.
A brief heading presents the chapter as a distinct oracle aimed at Judah and Jerusalem.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
λόγοςwordN2 NSM · λόγοςnominative element functioning within the clauseλόγος: lexical item rendered here as "word"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
γενόμενοςthat cameVB · αμπνσμ γίγνομαιparticiple expressing verbal action within the phrase or clauseαμπνσμ γίγνομαι: verbal form rendered here as "that came"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
παρὰfromP · παράpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπαρά: preposition rendered here as "from"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive dependent within the phraseκύριος: lexical item rendered here as "of the LORD"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρός: preposition rendered here as "to"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
ΗσαιανIsaiahN ASM · Ησαιαςproper name functioning within the clause or phraseΗσαιας: proper name preserved in Greek form, rendered here as "Isaiah" within Isaiah's oracle.
υἱὸνsonN1 ASM · υἱόςaccusative element functioning as object or goalυἱός: lexical item rendered here as "son"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
Αμωςof AmosN GSM · Αμωςproper name functioning within the clause or phraseΑμως: proper name preserved in Greek form, rendered here as "of Amos" within Isaiah's oracle.
περὶconcerningP · περίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπερί: preposition rendered here as "concerning"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ΙουδαίαςJudeaN1A GSF · Ἰουδαίαproper name functioning within the clause or phraseἸουδαία: proper name preserved in Greek form, rendered here as "Judea" within Isaiah's oracle.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
περὶconcerningP · περίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπερί: preposition rendered here as "concerning"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN ASF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name functioning within the clause or phraseἸερουσαλήμ: proper name preserved in Greek form, rendered here as "Jerusalem" within Isaiah's oracle.
2
ὅτι ἔσται ἐν ταῖς ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις ἐμφανὲς τὸ ὄρος κυρίου καὶ ὁ οἶκος τοῦ θεοῦ ἐπ' ἄκρων τῶν ὀρέων καὶ ὑψωθήσεται ὑπεράνω τῶν βουνῶν καὶ ἥξουσιν ἐπ' αὐτὸ πάντα τὰ ἔθνη
For it shall be in the last days that the mountain of the Lord and the house of God will be manifest on the peaks of the mountains, and it shall be raised above the hills, and all the nations shall come to it.
The chapter opens with an eschatological vision of Zion's elevation. The Lord's mountain becomes publicly visible and universally magnetic.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationὅτι: connective rendered here as "that"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future force: points to action still aheadεἰμί: verbal form rendered here as "shall be"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: preposition rendered here as "in"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ἐσχάταιςlastA1 DPF · ἔσχατοςdative complement within the clauseἔσχατος: lexical item rendered here as "last"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἡμέραιςdayN1A DPF · ἡμέραdative complement within the clauseἡμέρα: lexical item rendered here as "day"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐμφανὲςmanifestA3H ASN · ἐμφανήςpredicate adjective describing the mountainἐμφανής: "manifest" or plainly visible; the adjective highlights Zion's public prominence in the latter-days vision.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ὄροςmountainN3E ASN · ὄροςaccusative element functioning as object or goalὄρος: lexical item rendered here as "mountain"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive dependent within the phraseκύριος: lexical item rendered here as "of the LORD"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
οἶκοςhouseN2 NSM · οἶκοςnominative element functioning within the clauseοἶκος: lexical item rendered here as "house"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive dependent within the phraseθεός: lexical item rendered here as "God"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: preposition rendered here as "upon"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
ἄκρωνthe endsA1A GPM · ἄκροςgenitive dependent within the phraseἄκρος: lexical item rendered here as "the ends"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ὀρέωνmountainsN3E GPN · ὄροςgenitive dependent within the phraseὄρος: lexical item rendered here as "mountains"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ὑψωθήσεταιbe exaltedVC FPI3S · ὑψόωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristὑψόω: verbal form rendered here as "be exalted"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ὑπεράνωaboveD · ὑπεράνωparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relationὑπεράνω: particle or adverb rendered here as "above"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
βουνῶνhillsN2 GPM · βουνόςgenitive dependent within the phraseβουνός: lexical item rendered here as "hills"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἥξουσινshall comeVF FAI3P · ἥκωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ futureἥκω: verbal form rendered here as "shall come"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: preposition rendered here as "upon"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
αὐτὸitRD ASN · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: lexical item rendered here as "it"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goalπᾶς: lexical item rendered here as "all"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ἔθνηnationsN3E APN · ἔθνοςaccusative element functioning as object or goalἔθνος: lexical item rendered here as "nations"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
3
καὶ πορεύσονται ἔθνη πολλὰ καὶ ἐροῦσιν δεῦτε καὶ ἀναβῶμεν εἰς τὸ ὄρος κυρίου καὶ εἰς τὸν οἶκον τοῦ θεοῦ Ιακωβ καὶ ἀναγγελεῖ ἡμῖν τὴν ὁδὸν αὐτοῦ καὶ πορευσόμεθα ἐν αὐτῇ ἐκ γὰρ Σιων ἐξελεύσεται νόμος καὶ λόγος κυρίου ἐξ Ιερουσαλημ
And many nations shall go and say, Come, let us go up to the mountain of the Lord and to the house of the God of Jacob, and he will declare his way to us, and we will walk in it; for from Zion law shall go out, and the word of the Lord from Jerusalem.
The nations do not merely admire Zion; they ascend for instruction. Torah and the Lord's word flow outward from Jerusalem to order the world.
Word-by-word analysis· 40 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
πορεύσονταιporeyomaiVF FMI3P · πορεύομαιmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: verbal form rendered here as "poreyomai"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ἔθνηnationsN3E NPN · ἔθνοςnominative element functioning within the clauseἔθνος: lexical item rendered here as "nations"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
πολλὰmanyA1 NPN · πολύςnominative element functioning within the clauseπολύς: lexical item rendered here as "many"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἐροῦσινsaidVF2 FAI3P · εἶπονmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeεἶπον: verbal form rendered here as "said"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
δεῦτεcomeD · δεῦτεparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ hortatory (summons to action)δεῦτε: particle or adverb rendered here as "come"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἀναβῶμενlet us go upVZ AAS1P · βαίνω + ἀναmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeβαίνω + ἀνα: verbal form rendered here as "let us go up"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: preposition rendered here as "into"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ὄροςmountainN3E ASN · ὄροςaccusative element functioning as object or goalὄρος: lexical item rendered here as "mountain"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive dependent within the phraseκύριος: lexical item rendered here as "of the LORD"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: preposition rendered here as "into"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςaccusative element functioning as object or goalοἶκος: lexical item rendered here as "house"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive dependent within the phraseθεός: lexical item rendered here as "God"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ΙακωβJacobN GSM · Ἰακώβproper name functioning within the clause or phraseἸακώβ: proper name preserved in Greek form, rendered here as "Jacob" within Isaiah's oracle.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἀναγγελεῖhe will tellVF2 FAI3S · ἀγγέλλω + ἀναmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἀγγέλλω + ἀνα: verbal form rendered here as "he will tell"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώpronominal element functioning within the clauseἐγώ: lexical item rendered here as "to us"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ὁδὸνwayN2 ASF · ὁδόςaccusative element functioning as object or goalὁδός: lexical item rendered here as "way"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: lexical item rendered here as "his"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
πορευσόμεθαwe will goVF FMI1P · πορεύομαιmain verbal form advancing the clause→ futureπορεύομαι: verbal form rendered here as "we will go"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: preposition rendered here as "in"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
αὐτῇitRD DSF · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: lexical item rendered here as "it"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: preposition rendered here as "from"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
γὰρforX · γάρelement functioning within the clauseγάρ: lexical item rendered here as "for"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ΣιωνZionN GSF · Σιωνproper name functioning within the clause or phraseΣιων: proper name preserved in Greek form, rendered here as "Zion" within Isaiah's oracle.
ἐξελεύσεταιshall come forthVF FMI3S · ἔρχομαι + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future middle verbal form projecting a coming actionἔρχομαι + ἐκ: verbal form rendered here as "shall come forth"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
νόμοςlawN2 NSM · νόμοςnominative element functioning within the clauseνόμος: lexical item rendered here as "law"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
λόγοςwordN2 NSM · λόγοςnominative element functioning within the clauseλόγος: lexical item rendered here as "word"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive dependent within the phraseκύριος: lexical item rendered here as "of the LORD"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: preposition rendered here as "from"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN GSF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name functioning within the clause or phraseἸερουσαλήμ: proper name preserved in Greek form, rendered here as "Jerusalem" within Isaiah's oracle.
4
καὶ κρινεῖ ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν ἐθνῶν καὶ ἐλέγξει λαὸν πολύν καὶ συγκόψουσιν τὰς μαχαίρας αὐτῶν εἰς ἄροτρα καὶ τὰς ζιβύνας αὐτῶν εἰς δρέπανα καὶ οὐ λήμψεται ἔτι ἔθνος ἐπ' ἔθνος μάχαιραν καὶ οὐ μὴ μάθωσιν ἔτι πολεμεῖν
And he shall judge between the nations and reprove many people, and they shall beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into sickles; nation shall not any longer take up sword against nation, and they shall never again learn to wage war.
Divine arbitration replaces human violence. Weapons are transformed into agricultural tools because the Lord's judgment creates peace.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
κρινεῖjudgeVF2 FAI3S · κρίνωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aorist (summary of tenure)κρίνω: verbal form rendered here as "judge"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ἀνὰbetweenP · ἀνάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀνά: preposition rendered here as "between"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
μέσονmidstA1 ASN · μέσοςaccusative element functioning as object or goalμέσος: lexical item rendered here as "midst"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ἐθνῶνnationN3E GPN · ἔθνοςgenitive dependent within the phraseἔθνος: lexical item rendered here as "nation"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἐλέγξειrebukeVF FAI3S · ἐλέγχωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristἐλέγχω: verbal form rendered here as "rebuke"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
λαὸνpeopleN2 ASM · λαόςaccusative element functioning as object or goalλαός: lexical item rendered here as "people"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
πολύνmuchA3 ASM · πολύςaccusative element functioning as object or goalπολύς: lexical item rendered here as "much"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
συγκόψουσινcut downVF FAI3P · κόπτω + συνmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future verbal form pointing to what will happenκόπτω + συν: verbal form rendered here as "cut down"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
μαχαίραςswordN1 APF · μάχαιραaccusative element functioning as object or goalμάχαιρα: lexical item rendered here as "sword"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
αὐτῶνhis/theirRD GPF · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: lexical item rendered here as "his/their"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: preposition rendered here as "into"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
ἄροτραthreshing sledgeN2N APN · ἄροτρονaccusative element functioning as object or goalἄροτρον: lexical item rendered here as "threshing sledge"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ζιβύναςspearsN1 APF · ζιβύνηaccusative object in the weapon-transformation imageζιβύνη: a spear or javelin; Isaiah places it alongside swords as an instrument repurposed for peace.
αὐτῶνhis/theirRD GPF · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: lexical item rendered here as "his/their"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: preposition rendered here as "into"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
δρέπαναsickleN2N APN · δρέπανονaccusative element functioning as object or goalδρέπανον: lexical item rendered here as "sickle"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ simple negationοὐ: particle or adverb rendered here as "not"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
λήμψεταιreceiveVF FMI3S · λαμβάνωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: verbal form rendered here as "receive"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ adverbial nuanceἔτι: particle or adverb rendered here as "still"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
ἔθνοςnationN3E NSN · ἔθνοςnominative element functioning within the clauseἔθνος: lexical item rendered here as "nation"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: preposition rendered here as "upon"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
ἔθνοςnationN3E ASN · ἔθνοςaccusative element functioning as object or goalἔθνος: lexical item rendered here as "nation"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
μάχαιρανswordN1A ASF · μάχαιραaccusative element functioning as object or goalμάχαιρα: lexical item rendered here as "sword"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ simple negationοὐ: particle or adverb rendered here as "not"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
μὴnotD · μήparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ prohibitive / negativeμή: particle or adverb rendered here as "not"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
μάθωσινthey may learnVB AAS3P · μανθάνωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (come to learn)μανθάνω: verbal form rendered here as "they may learn"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ adverbial nuanceἔτι: particle or adverb rendered here as "still"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
πολεμεῖνfightV2 PAN · πολεμέωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristπολεμέω: verbal form rendered here as "fight"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
5
καὶ νῦν ὁ οἶκος τοῦ Ιακωβ δεῦτε πορευθῶμεν τῷ φωτὶ κυρίου
And now, house of Jacob, come, let us walk in the light of the Lord.
The vision turns into exhortation for Israel itself. What the nations seek should already become the house of Jacob's present path.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
νῦνnowD · νῦνparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ discourse pivot to present applicationνῦν: particle or adverb rendered here as "now"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
οἶκοςhouseN2 NSM · οἶκοςnominative element functioning within the clauseοἶκος: lexical item rendered here as "house"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ΙακωβJacobN GSM · Ἰακώβproper name functioning within the clause or phraseἸακώβ: proper name preserved in Greek form, rendered here as "Jacob" within Isaiah's oracle.
δεῦτεcomeD · δεῦτεparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ hortatory (summons to action)δεῦτε: particle or adverb rendered here as "come"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
πορευθῶμενlet us goVC APS1P · πορεύομαιmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: verbal form rendered here as "let us go"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
φωτὶlightN3T DSN · φῶςdative complement within the clauseφῶς: lexical item rendered here as "light"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive dependent within the phraseκύριος: lexical item rendered here as "of the LORD"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
6
ἀνῆκεν γὰρ τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ τὸν οἶκον τοῦ Ισραηλ ὅτι ἐνεπλήσθη ὡς τὸ ἀπ' ἀρχῆς ἡ χώρα αὐτῶν κληδονισμῶν ὡς ἡ τῶν ἀλλοφύλων καὶ τέκνα πολλὰ ἀλλόφυλα ἐγενήθη αὐτοῖς
For he has abandoned his people, the house of Israel, because their land was filled as at the beginning with omens, like the land of foreigners, and many foreign children were born to them.
The reason for judgment is given after the invitation. Israel is full of foreign practices and foreign entanglements rather than the Lord's light.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
ἀνῆκενhe gave up / refrainedVAI AAI3S · ἵημι + ἀναmain verbal form advancing the clause→ futureἵημι + ἀνα: verbal form rendered here as "he gave up / refrained"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
γὰρforX · γάρelement functioning within the clauseγάρ: lexical item rendered here as "for"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
λαὸνpeopleN2 ASM · λαόςaccusative element functioning as object or goalλαός: lexical item rendered here as "people"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: lexical item rendered here as "his"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςaccusative element functioning as object or goalοἶκος: lexical item rendered here as "house"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name functioning within the clause or phraseἸσραήλ: proper name preserved in Greek form, rendered here as "Israel" within Isaiah's oracle.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationὅτι: connective rendered here as "that"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἐνεπλήσθηfillVSI API3S · πίμπλημι + ἐνmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a whole; passive verbal form presenting the subject as acted uponπίμπλημι + ἐν: verbal form rendered here as "fill"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ὡςasD · ὡςparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ coordinationὡς: particle or adverb rendered here as "as"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπό: preposition rendered here as "from"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
ἀρχῆςbeginningN1 GSF · ἀρχήgenitive dependent within the phraseἀρχή: lexical item rendered here as "beginning"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
χώραcountryN1A NSF · χώραnominative element functioning within the clauseχώρα: lexical item rendered here as "country"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
αὐτῶνhis/theirRD GPF · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: lexical item rendered here as "his/their"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
κληδονισμῶνomensN2 GPM · κληδονισμόςgenitive dependent within the statement of fullnessκληδονισμός: omen-taking or divinatory signs; the term marks Judah as crowded with foreign mantic practices.
ὡςasD · ὡςparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ coordinationὡς: particle or adverb rendered here as "as"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ἀλλοφύλωνPhilistinesA1B GPF · ἀλλόφυλοςgenitive dependent within the phraseἀλλόφυλος: lexical item rendered here as "Philistines"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
τέκναchildrenN2N APN · τέκνονaccusative element functioning as object or goalτέκνον: lexical item rendered here as "children"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
πολλὰmanyA3 APN · πολύςaccusative element functioning as object or goalπολύς: lexical item rendered here as "many"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἀλλόφυλαPhilistinesA1B APN · ἀλλόφυλοςaccusative element functioning as object or goalἀλλόφυλος: lexical item rendered here as "Philistines"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐγενήθηbecameVCI API3S · γίγνομαιmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist middleγίγνομαι: verbal form rendered here as "became"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: lexical item rendered here as "them"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
7
ἐνεπλήσθη γὰρ ἡ χώρα αὐτῶν ἀργυρίου καὶ χρυσίου καὶ οὐκ ἦν ἀριθμὸς τῶν θησαυρῶν αὐτῶν καὶ ἐνεπλήσθη ἡ γῆ ἵππων καὶ οὐκ ἦν ἀριθμὸς τῶν ἁρμάτων αὐτῶν
For their land was filled with silver and gold, and there was no number to their treasures; and the land was filled with horses, and there was no number to their chariots.
Material abundance and military accumulation are treated as symptoms of misplaced confidence. The land is crowded with wealth but empty of trust.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ἐνεπλήσθηfillVSI API3S · πίμπλημι + ἐνmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a whole; passive verbal form presenting the subject as acted uponπίμπλημι + ἐν: verbal form rendered here as "fill"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
γὰρforX · γάρelement functioning within the clauseγάρ: lexical item rendered here as "for"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
χώραcountryN1A NSF · χώραnominative element functioning within the clauseχώρα: lexical item rendered here as "country"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
αὐτῶνhis/theirRD GPF · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: lexical item rendered here as "his/their"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἀργυρίουsilverN2N GSN · ἀργύριονgenitive dependent within the phraseἀργύριον: lexical item rendered here as "silver"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
χρυσίουgoldN2N GSN · χρυσίονgenitive dependent within the phraseχρυσίον: lexical item rendered here as "gold"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ adverbial nuanceοὐ: particle or adverb rendered here as "not"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause→ imperfective past: portrays continuing or repeated actionεἰμί: verbal form rendered here as "was"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ἀριθμὸςnumberN2 NSM · ἀριθμόςnominative element functioning within the clauseἀριθμός: lexical item rendered here as "number"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
θησαυρῶνthesaurosN2 GPM · θησαυρόςgenitive dependent within the phraseθησαυρός: lexical item rendered here as "thesauros"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: lexical item rendered here as "their"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἐνεπλήσθηfillVSI API3S · πίμπλημι + ἐνmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a whole; passive verbal form presenting the subject as acted uponπίμπλημι + ἐν: verbal form rendered here as "fill"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
γῆland / earthN1 NSF · γῆnominative element functioning within the clauseγῆ: lexical item rendered here as "land / earth"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἵππωνhorseN2 GPM · ἵπποςgenitive dependent within the phraseἵππος: lexical item rendered here as "horse"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ adverbial nuanceοὐ: particle or adverb rendered here as "not"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the clause→ imperfective past: portrays continuing or repeated actionεἰμί: verbal form rendered here as "was"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ἀριθμὸςnumberN2 NSM · ἀριθμόςnominative element functioning within the clauseἀριθμός: lexical item rendered here as "number"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ἁρμάτωνchariotN3M GPN · ἅρμαgenitive dependent within the phraseἅρμα: lexical item rendered here as "chariot"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: lexical item rendered here as "their"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
8
καὶ ἐνεπλήσθη ἡ γῆ βδελυγμάτων τῶν ἔργων τῶν χειρῶν αὐτῶν καὶ προσεκύνησαν οἷς ἐποίησαν οἱ δάκτυλοι αὐτῶν
And the land was filled with abominations, the works of their hands, and they worshiped what their fingers made.
The critique reaches its theological center: people bow to their own manufactured objects. Handmade religion is exposed as abomination.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἐνεπλήσθηfillVSI API3S · πίμπλημι + ἐνmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a whole; passive verbal form presenting the subject as acted uponπίμπλημι + ἐν: verbal form rendered here as "fill"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
γῆland / earthN1 NSF · γῆnominative element functioning within the clauseγῆ: lexical item rendered here as "land / earth"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
βδελυγμάτωνabominationsN3M GPN · βδέλυγμαgenitive dependent within the phraseβδέλυγμα: lexical item rendered here as "abominations"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ἔργωνworks / laboursN2N GPN · ἔργονgenitive dependent within the phraseἔργον: lexical item rendered here as "works / labours"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
χειρῶνhandsN3 GPF · χείρgenitive dependent within the phraseχείρ: lexical item rendered here as "hands"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: lexical item rendered here as "their"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
προσεκύνησανworshipVAI AAI3P · κυνέω + προςmain verbal form advancing the clause→ perfectiveκυνέω + προς: verbal form rendered here as "worship"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
οἷςwho / whichRR DPM · ὅςpronominal element functioning within the clauseὅς: lexical item rendered here as "who / which"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐποίησανdidVAI AAI3P · ποιέωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristποιέω: verbal form rendered here as "did"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
δάκτυλοιfingerN2 NPM · δάκτυλοςnominative element functioning within the clauseδάκτυλος: lexical item rendered here as "finger"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: lexical item rendered here as "their"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
9
καὶ ἔκυψεν ἄνθρωπος καὶ ἐταπεινώθη ἀνήρ καὶ οὐ μὴ ἀνήσω αὐτούς
And the human being bent down, and the man was humbled, and I will certainly not release them.
Humanity is already stooped by its sin, and the oracle refuses to cancel the coming reckoning.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἔκυψενbowed downVAI AAI3S · κύπτωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristκύπτω: verbal form rendered here as "bowed down"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ἄνθρωποςman / human beingN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative element functioning within the clauseἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered here as "man / human being"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἐταπεινώθηhe humbled himselfVCI API3S · ταπεινόωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristταπεινόω: verbal form rendered here as "he humbled himself"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ἀνήρa manN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning within the clauseἀνήρ: lexical item rendered here as "a man"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ simple negationοὐ: particle or adverb rendered here as "not"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
μὴnotD · μήparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ prohibitive / negativeμή: particle or adverb rendered here as "not"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
ἀνήσωlet goVF FAI1S · ἵημι + ἀναmain verbal form advancing the clause→ futureἵημι + ἀνα: verbal form rendered here as "let go"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: lexical item rendered here as "them"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
10
καὶ νῦν εἰσέλθετε εἰς τὰς πέτρας καὶ κρύπτεσθε εἰς τὴν γῆν ἀπὸ προσώπου τοῦ φόβου κυρίου καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς δόξης τῆς ἰσχύος αὐτοῦ ὅταν ἀναστῇ θραῦσαι τὴν γῆν
And now enter into the rocks and hide in the earth from before the face of the fear of the Lord and from the glory of his strength, when he rises to shatter the earth.
The hearers are told to seek impossible refuge from the Lord's appearing. Terror and glory are fused in the day of visitation.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
νῦνnowD · νῦνparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ discourse pivot to present applicationνῦν: particle or adverb rendered here as "now"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
εἰσέλθετεenterVB AAD2P · ἔρχομαι + εἰςmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aorist (marital approach notice)ἔρχομαι + εἰς: verbal form rendered here as "enter"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: preposition rendered here as "into"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
πέτραςrockN1A APF · πέτραaccusative element functioning as object or goalπέτρα: lexical item rendered here as "rock"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
κρύπτεσθεhidV1 PMD2P · κρύπτωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristκρύπτω: verbal form rendered here as "hid"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: preposition rendered here as "into"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆaccusative element functioning as object or goalγῆ: lexical item rendered here as "land"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπό: preposition rendered here as "from"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive dependent within the phraseπρόσωπον: lexical item rendered here as "face / presence"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
φόβουfearN2 GSM · φόβοςgenitive dependent within the phraseφόβος: lexical item rendered here as "fear"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive dependent within the phraseκύριος: lexical item rendered here as "of the LORD"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπό: preposition rendered here as "from"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
δόξηςgloryN1S GSF · δόξαgenitive dependent within the phraseδόξα: lexical item rendered here as "glory"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ἰσχύοςarmy / forceN3U GSF · ἰσχύςgenitive dependent within the phraseἰσχύς: lexical item rendered here as "army / force"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: lexical item rendered here as "his"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὅτανwhenD · ὅτανparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ indefinite temporal contingencyὅταν: particle or adverb rendered here as "when"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
ἀναστῇarisesVH AAS3S · ἵστημι + ἀναmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἵστημι + ἀνα: verbal form rendered here as "arises"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
θραῦσαιto shatterVA AAN · θραύωinfinitive expressing verbal action within the clause→ constative aorist (the decisive shattering of the enemy)θραύω: verbal form rendered here as "to shatter"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆaccusative element functioning as object or goalγῆ: lexical item rendered here as "land"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
11
οἱ γὰρ ὀφθαλμοὶ κυρίου ὑψηλοί ὁ δὲ ἄνθρωπος ταπεινός καὶ ταπεινωθήσεται τὸ ὕψος τῶν ἀνθρώπων καὶ ὑψωθήσεται κύριος μόνος ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ
For the eyes of the Lord are high, but the human being is lowly, and the height of human beings shall be humbled, and the Lord alone shall be exalted in that day.
The central contrast of the chapter is stated plainly: human loftiness falls, but the Lord alone remains exalted.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
γὰρforX · γάρelement functioning within the clauseγάρ: lexical item rendered here as "for"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὀφθαλμοὶeyeN2 NPM · ὀφθαλμόςnominative element functioning within the clauseὀφθαλμός: lexical item rendered here as "eye"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive dependent within the phraseκύριος: lexical item rendered here as "of the LORD"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὑψηλοίhighA1 NPM · ὑψηλόςnominative element functioning within the clauseὑψηλός: lexical item rendered here as "high"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
δὲbutX · δέelement functioning within the clauseδέ: lexical item rendered here as "but"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἄνθρωποςman / human beingN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative element functioning within the clauseἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered here as "man / human being"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ταπεινόςhumbleA1 NSM · ταπεινόςnominative element functioning within the clauseταπεινός: lexical item rendered here as "humble"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ταπεινωθήσεταιhumbleVC FPI3S · ταπεινόωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristταπεινόω: verbal form rendered here as "humble"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ὕψοςexaltationN3E NSN · ὕψοςnominative element functioning within the clauseὕψος: lexical item rendered here as "exaltation"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ἀνθρώπωνman / human beingN2 GPM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive dependent within the phraseἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered here as "man / human being"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ὑψωθήσεταιbe exaltedVC FPI3S · ὑψόωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristὑψόω: verbal form rendered here as "be exalted"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning within the clauseκύριος: lexical item rendered here as "Lord"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
μόνοςaloneA1 NSM · μόνοςnominative element functioning within the clauseμόνος: lexical item rendered here as "alone"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: preposition rendered here as "in"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραdative complement within the clauseἡμέρα: lexical item rendered here as "day"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐκείνῃthatRD DSF · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal element functioning within the clauseἐκεῖνος: lexical item rendered here as "that"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
12
ἡμέρα γὰρ κυρίου σαβαωθ ἐπὶ πάντα ὑβριστὴν καὶ ὑπερήφανον καὶ ἐπὶ πάντα ὑψηλὸν καὶ μετέωρον καὶ ταπεινωθήσονται
For the day of the Lord Sabaoth is upon every insolent and proud one, and upon everything high and lofty, and they shall be humbled.
The day of the Lord is defined as a leveling event. Pride in every form is brought under divine abasement.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ἡμέραdayN1A NSF · ἡμέραnominative element functioning within the clauseἡμέρα: lexical item rendered here as "day"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρelement functioning within the clauseγάρ: lexical item rendered here as "for"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive dependent within the phraseκύριος: lexical item rendered here as "of the LORD"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
σαβαωθSabaothN G · σαβαωθproper name functioning within the clause or phraseσαβαωθ: lexical item rendered here as "Sabaoth"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: preposition rendered here as "upon"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
πάνταallA3 ASM · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goalπᾶς: lexical item rendered here as "all"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὑβριστὴνinsolent oneN1 ASM · ὑβριστήςaccusative object governed by the prepositionὑβριστής: an insolent or violent arrogant person; the day of the Lord is directed against such pride.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ὑπερήφανονinsolentA1B ASM · ὑπερήφανοςaccusative element functioning as object or goalὑπερήφανος: lexical item rendered here as "insolent"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: preposition rendered here as "upon"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
πάνταallA3 ASM · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goalπᾶς: lexical item rendered here as "all"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὑψηλὸνypselosA1 ASM · ὑψηλόςaccusative element functioning as object or goalὑψηλός: lexical item rendered here as "ypselos"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
μετέωρονloftyA1B ASM · μετέωροςadjectival accusative coordinated with the proudμετέωρος: "lofty," "towering," or suspended aloft; here it marks whatever is elevated in human pretension.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ταπεινωθήσονταιhumbleVC FPI3P · ταπεινόωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristταπεινόω: verbal form rendered here as "humble"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
13
καὶ ἐπὶ πᾶσαν κέδρον τοῦ Λιβάνου τῶν ὑψηλῶν καὶ μετεώρων καὶ ἐπὶ πᾶν δένδρον βαλάνου Βασαν
And it is upon every cedar of Lebanon, the high and towering ones, and upon every oak-tree of Bashan.
The catalogue of lofty things begins with celebrated trees. Natural grandeur becomes a figure for all created height that pretends to permanence.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: preposition rendered here as "upon"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
πᾶσανeveryoneA3 ASF · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goalπᾶς: lexical item rendered here as "everyone"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
κέδρονcedarN2 ASF · κέδροςaccusative element functioning as object or goalκέδρος: lexical item rendered here as "cedar"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ΛιβάνουLebanonN2 GSM · Λίβανοςproper name functioning within the clause or phraseΛίβανος: proper name preserved in Greek form, rendered here as "Lebanon" within Isaiah's oracle.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ὑψηλῶνypselosA1 GPM · ὑψηλόςgenitive dependent within the phraseὑψηλός: lexical item rendered here as "ypselos"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
μετεώρωνhigh things / lofty placesA1B GPM · μετέωροςgenitive dependent within the phraseμετέωρος: lexical item rendered here as "high things / lofty places"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: preposition rendered here as "upon"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
πᾶνall / everyA3 ASN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goalπᾶς: lexical item rendered here as "all / every"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
δένδρονtreeN2N ASN · δένδρονaccusative element functioning as object or goalδένδρον: lexical item rendered here as "tree"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
βαλάνουoakN2 GSF · βάλανοςgenitive dependent identifying the treeβάλανος: here used for the oak of Bashan; the famous tree stands as another emblem of created grandeur brought low.
ΒασανBashanN GS · Βασανproper name functioning within the clause or phraseΒασαν: proper name preserved in Greek form, rendered here as "Bashan" within Isaiah's oracle.
14
καὶ ἐπὶ πᾶν ὄρος καὶ ἐπὶ πάντα βουνὸν ὑψηλὸν
And it is upon every mountain and upon every high hill.
The scope expands from trees to topography. Even the most imposing elevations are not beyond the Lord's reach.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: preposition rendered here as "upon"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
πᾶνall / everyA3 ASN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goalπᾶς: lexical item rendered here as "all / every"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὄροςmountainN3E ASN · ὄροςaccusative element functioning as object or goalὄρος: lexical item rendered here as "mountain"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: preposition rendered here as "upon"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
πάνταallA3 ASM · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goalπᾶς: lexical item rendered here as "all"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
βουνὸνhillN2 ASM · βουνόςaccusative element functioning as object or goalβουνός: lexical item rendered here as "hill"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὑψηλὸνypselosA1 ASM · ὑψηλόςaccusative element functioning as object or goalὑψηλός: lexical item rendered here as "ypselos"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
15
καὶ ἐπὶ πάντα πύργον ὑψηλὸν καὶ ἐπὶ πᾶν τεῖχος ὑψηλὸν
And it is upon every high tower and upon every high wall.
Human fortification joins natural height in the list of things judged. Defensive architecture cannot withstand the day of the Lord.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: preposition rendered here as "upon"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
πάνταallA3 ASM · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goalπᾶς: lexical item rendered here as "all"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
πύργονtowerN2 ASM · πύργοςaccusative element functioning as object or goalπύργος: lexical item rendered here as "tower"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὑψηλὸνypselosA1 ASM · ὑψηλόςaccusative element functioning as object or goalὑψηλός: lexical item rendered here as "ypselos"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: preposition rendered here as "upon"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
πᾶνall / everyA3 ASN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goalπᾶς: lexical item rendered here as "all / every"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τεῖχοςwallN3E ASN · τεῖχοςaccusative element functioning as object or goalτεῖχος: lexical item rendered here as "wall"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὑψηλὸνhighA1 ASN · ὑψηλόςaccusative element functioning as object or goalὑψηλός: lexical item rendered here as "high"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
16
καὶ ἐπὶ πᾶν πλοῖον θαλάσσης καὶ ἐπὶ πᾶσαν θέαν πλοίων κάλλους
And it is upon every ship of the sea and upon every splendid sight of ships.
Maritime commerce and human display are also included. Wealth, beauty, and reach across the sea are no shelter from divine judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: preposition rendered here as "upon"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
πᾶνall / everyA3 ASN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goalπᾶς: lexical item rendered here as "all / every"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
πλοῖονa shipN2N ASN · πλοῖονaccusative element functioning as object or goalπλοῖον: lexical item rendered here as "a ship"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
θαλάσσηςseaN1S GSF · θάλασσαgenitive dependent within the phraseθάλασσα: lexical item rendered here as "sea"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: preposition rendered here as "upon"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
πᾶσανeveryoneA3 ASF · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goalπᾶς: lexical item rendered here as "everyone"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
θέανspectacleN1A ASF · θεάaccusative object governed by the prepositionθεά: a sight or spectacle; in this line it refers to splendid displays associated with seafaring wealth.
πλοίωνshipsN2N GPN · πλοῖονgenitive dependent within the phraseπλοῖον: lexical item rendered here as "ships"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
κάλλουςbeautyN3E GSN · κάλλοςgenitive dependent within the phraseκάλλος: lexical item rendered here as "beauty"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
17
καὶ ταπεινωθήσεται πᾶς ἄνθρωπος καὶ πεσεῖται ὕψος ἀνθρώπων καὶ ὑψωθήσεται κύριος μόνος ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ
And every human being shall be humbled, and the height of men shall fall, and the Lord alone shall be exalted in that day.
The refrain returns to drive the point home. Every human height collapses so that only the Lord's elevation remains.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ταπεινωθήσεταιhumbleVC FPI3S · ταπεινόωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristταπεινόω: verbal form rendered here as "humble"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
πᾶςeveryoneA3 NSM · πᾶςnominative element functioning within the clauseπᾶς: lexical item rendered here as "everyone"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἄνθρωποςman / human beingN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative element functioning within the clauseἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered here as "man / human being"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
πεσεῖταιshall fallVF FAI3S · πίπτωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristπίπτω: verbal form rendered here as "shall fall"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ὕψοςexaltationN3E NSN · ὕψοςnominative element functioning within the clauseὕψος: lexical item rendered here as "exaltation"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἀνθρώπωνman / human beingN2 GPM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive dependent within the phraseἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered here as "man / human being"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ὑψωθήσεταιbe exaltedVC FPI3S · ὑψόωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristὑψόω: verbal form rendered here as "be exalted"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning within the clauseκύριος: lexical item rendered here as "Lord"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
μόνοςaloneA1 NSM · μόνοςnominative element functioning within the clauseμόνος: lexical item rendered here as "alone"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: preposition rendered here as "in"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραdative complement within the clauseἡμέρα: lexical item rendered here as "day"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐκείνῃthatRD DSF · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal element functioning within the clauseἐκεῖνος: lexical item rendered here as "that"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
18
καὶ τὰ χειροποίητα πάντα κατακρύψουσιν
And all the things made by hands shall be hidden away.
Idols do not stand in the day of the Lord. The products of human craftsmanship retreat into useless obscurity.
Word-by-word analysis· 5 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
χειροποίηταhandmade idolsA1B APN · χειροποίητοςaccusative element functioning as object or goalχειροποίητος: lexical item rendered here as "handmade idols"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goalπᾶς: lexical item rendered here as "all"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
κατακρύψουσινhide oneselfVF FAI3P · κρύπτω + καταmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future verbal form pointing to what will happenκρύπτω + κατα: verbal form rendered here as "hide oneself"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
19
εἰσενέγκαντες εἰς τὰ σπήλαια καὶ εἰς τὰς σχισμὰς τῶν πετρῶν καὶ εἰς τὰς τρώγλας τῆς γῆς ἀπὸ προσώπου τοῦ φόβου κυρίου καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς δόξης τῆς ἰσχύος αὐτοῦ ὅταν ἀναστῇ θραῦσαι τὴν γῆν
Bringing them into caves and into the clefts of the rocks and into the holes of the earth, from before the face of the fear of the Lord and from the glory of his strength, when he rises to shatter the earth.
The image of hiding returns with greater intensity. Humanity and its objects are driven underground by the Lord's terrifying manifestation.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
εἰσενέγκαντεςhaving brought them inVA · ααπνπμ φέρω + εἰςparticiple expressing attendant action before hidingεἰσφέρω: aorist participial form rendered "having brought them in"; it pictures people carrying idols into caves as they flee.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: preposition rendered here as "into"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
σπήλαιαcaveN2N APN · σπήλαιονaccusative element functioning as object or goalσπήλαιον: lexical item rendered here as "cave"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: preposition rendered here as "into"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
σχισμὰςthe cleftsN1 APF · σχισμάςaccusative element functioning as object or goalσχισμάς: lexical item rendered here as "the clefts"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
πετρῶνstoneN2 GPM · πέτροςgenitive dependent within the phraseπέτρος: lexical item rendered here as "stone"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: preposition rendered here as "into"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
τρώγλαςholesN1 APF · τρώγλνaccusative object governed by the prepositionτρώγλη: a hole, burrow, or hollow place in the ground or rock; the term contributes to Isaiah's claustrophobic hiding imagery.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitive dependent within the phraseγῆ: lexical item rendered here as "land"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπό: preposition rendered here as "from"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive dependent within the phraseπρόσωπον: lexical item rendered here as "face / presence"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
φόβουfearN2 GSM · φόβοςgenitive dependent within the phraseφόβος: lexical item rendered here as "fear"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive dependent within the phraseκύριος: lexical item rendered here as "of the LORD"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπό: preposition rendered here as "from"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
δόξηςgloryN1S GSF · δόξαgenitive dependent within the phraseδόξα: lexical item rendered here as "glory"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ἰσχύοςarmy / forceN3U GSF · ἰσχύςgenitive dependent within the phraseἰσχύς: lexical item rendered here as "army / force"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: lexical item rendered here as "his"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὅτανwhenD · ὅτανparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ indefinite temporal contingencyὅταν: particle or adverb rendered here as "when"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
ἀναστῇarisesVH AAS3S · ἵστημι + ἀναmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἵστημι + ἀνα: verbal form rendered here as "arises"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
θραῦσαιto shatterVA AAN · θραύωinfinitive expressing verbal action within the clause→ constative aorist (the decisive shattering of the enemy)θραύω: verbal form rendered here as "to shatter"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆaccusative element functioning as object or goalγῆ: lexical item rendered here as "land"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
20
τῇ γὰρ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ ἐκβαλεῖ ἄνθρωπος τὰ βδελύγματα αὐτοῦ τὰ ἀργυρᾶ καὶ τὰ χρυσᾶ ἃ ἐποίησαν προσκυνεῖν τοῖς ματαίοις καὶ ταῖς νυκτερίσιν
For on that day a man will cast out his silver abominations and his golden abominations, which they made in order to worship vanities and bats.
The once-prized idols are thrown away as refuse. The LXX's mention of bats sharpens the degradation of what had been worshiped.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
γὰρforX · γάρelement functioning within the clauseγάρ: lexical item rendered here as "for"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραdative complement within the clauseἡμέρα: lexical item rendered here as "day"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐκείνῃthatRD DSF · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal element functioning within the clauseἐκεῖνος: lexical item rendered here as "that"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐκβαλεῖwill carry offVF2 FAI3S · βάλλω + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristβάλλω + ἐκ: verbal form rendered here as "will carry off"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
ἄνθρωποςman / human beingN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative element functioning within the clauseἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered here as "man / human being"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
βδελύγματαabominationsN3M APN · βδέλυγμαaccusative element functioning as object or goalβδέλυγμα: lexical item rendered here as "abominations"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: lexical item rendered here as "his"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ἀργυρᾶsilverA1C APN · ἀργυροῦςaccusative element functioning as object or goalἀργυροῦς: lexical item rendered here as "silver"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
χρυσᾶgoldenA1C APN · χρυσοῦςaccusative element functioning as object or goalχρυσοῦς: lexical item rendered here as "golden"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἃwhichRR APN · ὅςpronominal element functioning within the clauseὅς: lexical item rendered here as "which"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἐποίησανdidVAI AAI3P · ποιέωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristποιέω: verbal form rendered here as "did"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
προσκυνεῖνbow downV2 PAN · κυνέω + προςmain verbal form advancing the clause→ perfectiveκυνέω + προς: verbal form rendered here as "bow down"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ματαίοιςvainA1A DPM · μάταιοςdative complement within the clauseμάταιος: lexical item rendered here as "vain"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
νυκτερίσινbatsN3D DPF · νυκτερίςdative object coordinated with vanitiesνυκτερίς: "bat"; the LXX's mention of bats underscores the degradation of discarded idols thrown to unclean dark places.
21
τοῦ εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὰς τρώγλας τῆς στερεᾶς πέτρας καὶ εἰς τὰς σχισμὰς τῶν πετρῶν ἀπὸ προσώπου τοῦ φόβου κυρίου καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς δόξης τῆς ἰσχύος αὐτοῦ ὅταν ἀναστῇ θραῦσαι τὴν γῆν
To enter into the holes of the solid rock and into the clefts of the rocks from before the face of the fear of the Lord and from the glory of his strength, when he rises to shatter the earth.
The chapter ends where human pride always leads under judgment: desperate flight into the rocks before the unendurable glory of the Lord.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
εἰσελθεῖνenterVB AAN · ἔρχομαι + εἰςinfinitive expressing verbal action within the clause→ constative aorist (marital approach notice)ἔρχομαι + εἰς: verbal form rendered here as "enter"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: preposition rendered here as "into"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
τρώγλαςholesN1 APF · τρώγλνaccusative object governed by the prepositionτρώγλη: a hole, burrow, or hollow place in the ground or rock; the term contributes to Isaiah's claustrophobic hiding imagery.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
στερεᾶςsolid / hardA1A GSF · στερεόςgenitive dependent within the phraseστερεός: lexical item rendered here as "solid / hard"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
πέτραςrockN1A GSF · πέτραgenitive dependent within the phraseπέτρα: lexical item rendered here as "rock"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: preposition rendered here as "into"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
σχισμὰςcleftsN1A APF · σχίσμνaccusative element functioning as object or goalσχίσμν: lexical item rendered here as "clefts"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
πετρῶνstoneN2 GPM · πέτροςgenitive dependent within the phraseπέτρος: lexical item rendered here as "stone"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπό: preposition rendered here as "from"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive dependent within the phraseπρόσωπον: lexical item rendered here as "face / presence"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
φόβουfearN2 GSM · φόβοςgenitive dependent within the phraseφόβος: lexical item rendered here as "fear"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive dependent within the phraseκύριος: lexical item rendered here as "of the LORD"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating or subordinating connective linking the clause→ coordinationκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in Isaiah's discourse.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπό: preposition rendered here as "from"; it marks relation such as location, direction, source, or reference according to context.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
δόξηςgloryN1S GSF · δόξαgenitive dependent within the phraseδόξα: lexical item rendered here as "glory"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
ἰσχύοςarmy / forceN3U GSF · ἰσχύςgenitive dependent within the phraseἰσχύς: lexical item rendered here as "army / force"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning within the clauseαὐτός: lexical item rendered here as "his"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.
ὅτανwhenD · ὅτανparticle or adverb shaping the clause-level relation→ indefinite temporal contingencyὅταν: particle or adverb rendered here as "when"; it shapes emphasis, manner, or relation within the clause.
ἀναστῇarisesVH AAS3S · ἵστημι + ἀναmain verbal form advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἵστημι + ἀνα: verbal form rendered here as "arises"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
θραῦσαιto shatterVA AAN · θραύωinfinitive expressing verbal action within the clause→ constative aorist (the decisive shattering of the enemy)θραύω: verbal form rendered here as "to shatter"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that advances Isaiah's oracle.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking the following noun phrase and signaling case, number, and gender.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆaccusative element functioning as object or goalγῆ: lexical item rendered here as "land"; in this context it contributes its ordinary nominal or adjectival sense within Isaiah's discourse.