Isaiah 44 — Greek, Translation, Interlinear & Discourse

νῦν δὲ ἄκουσον παῖς μου Ιακωβ καὶ Ισραηλ ὃν ἐξελεξάμην

But now hear, my servant Jacob, and Israel, whom I have chosen.

Call to Hearasyndeton

The chapter begins by recalling Jacob and Israel to attentive covenant hearing.

Word-by-word analysis· 10 words

νῦνnowD · νῦνparticle or adverb shaping the clause’s discourse force or mannerνῦν: particle or adverb rendered here as "now"; it shapes the clause's manner, emphasis, or discourse flow.

δὲbutX · δέconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsδέ: connective rendered here as "but"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

ἄκουσονhearVA AAD2S · ἀκούωverbal form expressing command, request, or exhortation→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeἀκούω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "hear"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

παῖςservantN3D NSM · παῖςnominative element functioning within the clauseπαῖς: lexical item rendered here as "servant"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal dependent marking possession or relationἐγώ: pronoun rendered here as "my"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

ΙακωβJacobN VSM · Ἰακώβproper name functioning within the clause or phraseΙακωβ: proper name preserved in Greek form and rendered here as "Jacob" within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

ΙσραηλIsraelN VSM · Ἰσραήλproper name functioning within the clause or phraseΙσραηλ: proper name preserved in Greek form and rendered here as "Israel" within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

ὃνwhomRR ASM · ὅςpronominal element functioning as object or goalὅς: pronoun rendered here as "whom"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

ἐξελεξάμηνchooseVAI AMI1S · λέγω + ἐκverbal form presenting the action as a whole within the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeλέγω + ἐκ: verbal lexeme rendered here as "choose"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

2

οὕτως λέγει κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὁ ποιήσας σε καὶ ὁ πλάσας σε ἐκ κοιλίας ἔτι βοηθηθήσῃ μὴ φοβοῦ παῖς μου Ιακωβ καὶ ὁ ἠγαπημένος Ισραηλ ὃν ἐξελεξάμην

Thus says the Lord God, the one who made you and the one who formed you from the womb: You shall still be helped. Do not fear, my servant Jacob, and beloved Israel, whom I have chosen.

Reassurance Oracleasyndeton

The maker-from-the-womb reassures the chosen servant that help, not abandonment, is coming.

Word-by-word analysis· 27 words

οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςparticle or adverb shaping the clause’s discourse force or mannerοὕτως: particle or adverb rendered here as "thus"; it shapes the clause's manner, emphasis, or discourse flow.

λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωmain verbal form carrying the clause’s action or assertion→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingλέγω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "say"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning within the clauseκύριος: lexical item rendered here as "Lord"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; marks a noun phrase as definite and helps signal case, gender, and number.

θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning within the clauseθεός: lexical item rendered here as "God"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; marks a noun phrase as definite and helps signal case, gender, and number.

ποιήσαςhaving madeVA · ααπνσμ ποιέωverbal form carrying or qualifying the action within the clause→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionααπνσμ ποιέω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "having made"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal element functioning as object or goalσύ: pronoun rendered here as "you"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; marks a noun phrase as definite and helps signal case, gender, and number.

πλάσαςwho formedVA · ααπνσμ πλάσσωverbal form carrying or qualifying the action within the clause→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionααπνσμ πλάσσω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "who formed"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal element functioning as object or goalσύ: pronoun rendered here as "you"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complementἐκ: preposition rendered here as "from"; it introduces its complement and marks relation within the clause.

κοιλίαςbelly / wombN1A GSF · κοιλίαgenitive dependent within the phraseκοιλία: lexical item rendered here as "belly / womb"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

ἔτιstillD · ἔτιparticle or adverb shaping the clause’s discourse force or mannerἔτι: particle or adverb rendered here as "still"; it shapes the clause's manner, emphasis, or discourse flow.

βοηθηθήσῃβοηθέωVC FPI2S · βοηθέωmain verbal form carrying the clause’s action or assertion→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardβοηθέω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "βοηθέω"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

μὴnotD · μήparticle or adverb shaping the clause’s discourse force or mannerμή: particle or adverb rendered here as "not"; it shapes the clause's manner, emphasis, or discourse flow.

φοβοῦfearV2 PMD2S · φοβέωverbal form expressing command, request, or exhortation→ middle verbal form highlighting the subject’s participation in the actionφοβέω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "fear"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

παῖςservantN3D NSM · παῖςnominative element functioning within the clauseπαῖς: lexical item rendered here as "servant"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal dependent marking possession or relationἐγώ: pronoun rendered here as "my"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

ΙακωβJacobN NSM · Ἰακώβproper name functioning within the clause or phraseΙακωβ: proper name preserved in Greek form and rendered here as "Jacob" within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; marks a noun phrase as definite and helps signal case, gender, and number.

ἠγαπημένοςχμπνσμVM · χμπνσμ ἀγαπάωverbal form carrying or qualifying the action within the clause→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionχμπνσμ ἀγαπάω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "χμπνσμ"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

ΙσραηλIsraelN NSM · Ἰσραήλproper name functioning within the clause or phraseΙσραηλ: proper name preserved in Greek form and rendered here as "Israel" within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

ὃνwhomRR ASM · ὅςpronominal element functioning as object or goalὅς: pronoun rendered here as "whom"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

ἐξελεξάμηνchooseVAI AMI1S · λέγω + ἐκverbal form presenting the action as a whole within the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeλέγω + ἐκ: verbal lexeme rendered here as "choose"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

3

ὅτι ἐγὼ δώσω ὕδωρ ἐν δίψει τοῖς πορευομένοις ἐν ἀνύδρῳ ἐπιθήσω τὸ πνεῦμά μου ἐπὶ τὸ σπέρμα σου καὶ τὰς εὐλογίας μου ἐπὶ τὰ τέκνα σου

Because I will give water in thirst to those walking in dry land; I will put my Spirit upon your seed and my blessings upon your children.

Spirit Promiseasyndeton

Water imagery is joined to Spirit and blessing, extending restoration to the coming generation.

Word-by-word analysis· 26 words

ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsὅτι: connective rendered here as "that"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώpronominal element functioning within the clause coreἐγώ: pronoun rendered here as "I"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

δώσωgiveVF FAI1S · δίδωμιverbal form projecting the action or state forward→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardδίδωμι: verbal lexeme rendered here as "give"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

ὕδωρwaterN3 ASN · ὕδωρaccusative element functioning as object or goalὕδωρ: lexical item rendered here as "water"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complementἐν: preposition rendered here as "in"; it introduces its complement and marks relation within the clause.

δίψειδίψοςN3E DSM · δίψοςdative element marking reference, means, or locationδίψος: lexical item rendered here as "δίψος"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; marks a noun phrase as definite and helps signal case, gender, and number.

πορευομένοιςπμπδπμ πορεύομαιV1 · πμπδπμ πορεύομαιverbal form carrying or qualifying the action within the clause→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionπμπδπμ πορεύομαι: verbal lexeme rendered here as "πμπδπμ πορεύομαι"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complementἐν: preposition rendered here as "in"; it introduces its complement and marks relation within the clause.

ἀνύδρῳἄνυδροςA1B DSF · ἄνυδροςdative element marking reference, means, or locationἄνυδρος: lexical item rendered here as "ἄνυδρος"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

ἐπιθήσωτίθημιVF FAI1S · τίθημι + ἐπιverbal form projecting the action or state forward→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardτίθημι + ἐπι: verbal lexeme rendered here as "τίθημι"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; marks a noun phrase as definite and helps signal case, gender, and number.

πνεῦμάspiritN3M ASN · πνεῦμαaccusative element functioning as object or goalπνεῦμα: lexical item rendered here as "spirit"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal dependent marking possession or relationἐγώ: pronoun rendered here as "my"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complementἐπί: preposition rendered here as "upon"; it introduces its complement and marks relation within the clause.

τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; marks a noun phrase as definite and helps signal case, gender, and number.

σπέρμαseedN3M ASN · σπέρμαaccusative element functioning as object or goalσπέρμα: lexical item rendered here as "seed"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal dependent marking possession or relationσύ: pronoun rendered here as "you"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; marks a noun phrase as definite and helps signal case, gender, and number.

εὐλογίαςεὐλογίαN1A APF · εὐλογίαaccusative element functioning as object or goalεὐλογία: lexical item rendered here as "εὐλογία"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal dependent marking possession or relationἐγώ: pronoun rendered here as "my"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complementἐπί: preposition rendered here as "upon"; it introduces its complement and marks relation within the clause.

τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; marks a noun phrase as definite and helps signal case, gender, and number.

τέκναchildrenN2N APN · τέκνονaccusative element functioning as object or goalτέκνον: lexical item rendered here as "children"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal dependent marking possession or relationσύ: pronoun rendered here as "you"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

4

καὶ ἀνατελοῦσιν ὡσεὶ χόρτος ἀνὰ μέσον ὕδατος καὶ ὡς ἰτέα ἐπὶ παραρρέον ὕδωρ

And they shall spring up like grass in the midst of water and like willows beside flowing water.

Flourishing Imageasyndeton

The promise is visualized as luxuriant growth beside abundant water.

Word-by-word analysis· 13 words

καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

ἀνατελοῦσιντέλλωVF2 FAI3P · τέλλω + ἀναmain verbal form carrying the clause’s action or assertion→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardτέλλω + ἀνα: verbal lexeme rendered here as "τέλλω"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

ὡσεὶaboutD · ὡσείparticle or adverb shaping the clause’s discourse force or mannerὡσεί: particle or adverb rendered here as "about"; it shapes the clause's manner, emphasis, or discourse flow.

χόρτοςgrassN2 NSM · χόρτοςnominative element functioning within the clauseχόρτος: lexical item rendered here as "grass"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

ἀνὰbetweenP · ἀνάpreposition governing its complementἀνά: preposition rendered here as "between"; it introduces its complement and marks relation within the clause.

μέσονmidstA1 ASN · μέσοςaccusative element functioning as object or goalμέσος: lexical item rendered here as "midst"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

ὕδατοςwaterN3T GSN · ὕδωρgenitive dependent within the phraseὕδωρ: lexical item rendered here as "water"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

ὡςasD · ὡςparticle or adverb shaping the clause’s discourse force or mannerὡς: particle or adverb rendered here as "as"; it shapes the clause's manner, emphasis, or discourse flow.

ἰτέαἰτέαN1A NSF · ἰτέαnominative element functioning within the clauseἰτέα: lexical item rendered here as "ἰτέα"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complementἐπί: preposition rendered here as "upon"; it introduces its complement and marks relation within the clause.

παραρρέονπαπασνV2 · παπασν ῥέω + παραparticiple adding circumstance, description, or attendant action within the clause→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionπαπασν ῥέω + παρα: verbal lexeme rendered here as "παπασν"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

ὕδωρwaterN3 ASN · ὕδωρaccusative element functioning as object or goalὕδωρ: lexical item rendered here as "water"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

5

οὗτος ἐρεῖ τοῦ θεοῦ εἰμι καὶ οὗτος βοήσεται ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματι Ιακωβ καὶ ἕτερος ἐπιγράψει τοῦ θεοῦ εἰμι ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματι Ισραηλ

One will say, I belong to God, and another will cry out over the name of Jacob, and another will write, I belong to God, over the name of Israel.

Identity Confessionasyndeton

Restored blessing produces public declarations of belonging to God and to Israel’s name.

Word-by-word analysis· 22 words

οὗτοςthisRD NSM · οὗτοςpronominal element functioning within the clause coreοὗτος: pronoun rendered here as "this"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

ἐρεῖsayVF2 FAI3S · εἶπονverbal form projecting the action or state forward→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardεἶπον: verbal lexeme rendered here as "say"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; marks a noun phrase as definite and helps signal case, gender, and number.

θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive dependent within the phraseθεός: lexical item rendered here as "God"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

εἰμιamV9 PAI1S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause’s action or assertion→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: verbal lexeme rendered here as "am"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

οὗτοςthisRD NSM · οὗτοςpronominal element functioning within the clause coreοὗτος: pronoun rendered here as "this"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

βοήσεταιwill cry outVF FMI3S · βοάωverbal form projecting the action or state forward→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardβοάω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "will cry out"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complementἐπί: preposition rendered here as "upon"; it introduces its complement and marks relation within the clause.

τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; marks a noun phrase as definite and helps signal case, gender, and number.

ὀνόματιnameN3M DSN · ὄνομαdative element marking reference, means, or locationὄνομα: lexical item rendered here as "name"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

ΙακωβJacobN GSM · Ἰακώβproper name functioning within the clause or phraseΙακωβ: proper name preserved in Greek form and rendered here as "Jacob" within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

ἕτεροςotherA1A NSM · ἕτεροςnominative element functioning within the clauseἕτερος: lexical item rendered here as "other"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

ἐπιγράψειγράφωVF FAI3S · γράφω + ἐπιverbal form projecting the action or state forward→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardγράφω + ἐπι: verbal lexeme rendered here as "γράφω"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; marks a noun phrase as definite and helps signal case, gender, and number.

θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive dependent within the phraseθεός: lexical item rendered here as "God"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

εἰμιamV9 PAI1S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause’s action or assertion→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: verbal lexeme rendered here as "am"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complementἐπί: preposition rendered here as "upon"; it introduces its complement and marks relation within the clause.

τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; marks a noun phrase as definite and helps signal case, gender, and number.

ὀνόματιnameN3M DSN · ὄνομαdative element marking reference, means, or locationὄνομα: lexical item rendered here as "name"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name functioning within the clause or phraseΙσραηλ: proper name preserved in Greek form and rendered here as "Israel" within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

6

οὕτως λέγει ὁ θεὸς ὁ βασιλεὺς τοῦ Ισραηλ ὁ ῥυσάμενος αὐτὸν θεὸς σαβαωθ ἐγὼ πρῶτος καὶ ἐγὼ μετὰ ταῦτα πλὴν ἐμοῦ οὐκ ἔστιν θεός

Thus says God, the king of Israel, the God who rescued him, God Sabaoth: I am first, and I am after these things; besides me there is no God.

Exclusive Deity Claimasyndeton

The Lord identifies himself as Israel’s king and redeemer and denies the existence of any rival god.

Word-by-word analysis· 24 words

οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςparticle or adverb shaping the clause’s discourse force or mannerοὕτως: particle or adverb rendered here as "thus"; it shapes the clause's manner, emphasis, or discourse flow.

λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωmain verbal form carrying the clause’s action or assertion→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingλέγω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "say"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; marks a noun phrase as definite and helps signal case, gender, and number.

θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning within the clauseθεός: lexical item rendered here as "God"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; marks a noun phrase as definite and helps signal case, gender, and number.

βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative element functioning within the clauseβασιλεύς: lexical item rendered here as "king"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; marks a noun phrase as definite and helps signal case, gender, and number.

ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name functioning within the clause or phraseΙσραηλ: proper name preserved in Greek form and rendered here as "Israel" within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; marks a noun phrase as definite and helps signal case, gender, and number.

ῥυσάμενοςrescuedVA · αμπνσμ ῥύομαιverbal form carrying or qualifying the action within the clause→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionαμπνσμ ῥύομαι: verbal lexeme rendered here as "rescued"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning as object or goalαὐτός: pronoun rendered here as "him"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning within the clauseθεός: lexical item rendered here as "God"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

σαβαωθSabaothN G · σαβαωθindeclinable or particle-like element functioning within the clauseσαβαωθ: lexical item rendered here as "Sabaoth"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώpronominal element functioning within the clause coreἐγώ: pronoun rendered here as "I"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

πρῶτοςfirstA1 NSMS · πρῶτοςnominative element functioning within the clauseπρῶτος: lexical item rendered here as "first"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώpronominal element functioning within the clause coreἐγώ: pronoun rendered here as "I"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing its complementμετά: preposition rendered here as "with"; it introduces its complement and marks relation within the clause.

ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal element functioning as object or goalοὗτος: pronoun rendered here as "these things"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

πλὴνexceptP · πλήνpreposition governing its complementπλήν: preposition rendered here as "except"; it introduces its complement and marks relation within the clause.

ἐμοῦIRP GS · ἐγώpronominal dependent marking possession or relationἐγώ: pronoun rendered here as "I"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

οὐκnotD · οὐparticle or adverb shaping the clause’s discourse force or mannerοὐ: particle or adverb rendered here as "not"; it shapes the clause's manner, emphasis, or discourse flow.

ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause’s action or assertion→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: verbal lexeme rendered here as "there is"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

θεόςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning within the clauseθεός: lexical item rendered here as "God"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

7

τίς ὥσπερ ἐγώ στήτω καλεσάτω καὶ ἑτοιμασάτω μοι ἀφ' οὗ ἐποίησα ἄνθρωπον εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα καὶ τὰ ἐπερχόμενα πρὸ τοῦ ἐλθεῖν ἀναγγειλάτωσαν ὑμῖν

Who is like me? Let him stand, call, and prepare it for me, from the time that I made humankind for the age; and let them announce to you the things that are coming before they arrive.

Challenge Oracleasyndeton

Any would-be rival is invited to predict and order history if it can match the creator’s authority.

Word-by-word analysis· 23 words

τίςwho / whatRI NSM · τίςpronominal element functioning within the clause coreτίς: pronoun rendered here as "who / what"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερparticle or adverb shaping the clause’s discourse force or mannerὥσπερ: particle or adverb rendered here as "just as"; it shapes the clause's manner, emphasis, or discourse flow.

ἐγώIRP NS · ἐγώpronominal element functioning within the clause coreἐγώ: pronoun rendered here as "I"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

στήτωἵστημιVH AAD3S · ἵστημιverbal form expressing command, request, or exhortation→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeἵστημι: verbal lexeme rendered here as "ἵστημι"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

καλεσάτωκαλέωVA AAD3S · καλέωverbal form expressing command, request, or exhortation→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeκαλέω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "καλέω"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

ἑτοιμασάτωἑτοιμάζωVA AAD3S · ἑτοιμάζωverbal form expressing command, request, or exhortation→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeἑτοιμάζω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "ἑτοιμάζω"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

μοιto meRP DS · ἐγώpronominal element marking reference, means, or recipientἐγώ: pronoun rendered here as "to me"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

ἀφ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complementἀπό: preposition rendered here as "from"; it introduces its complement and marks relation within the clause.

οὗwhereRR GSM · ὅςpronominal dependent marking possession or relationὅς: pronoun rendered here as "where"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

ἐποίησαdo / makeVAI AAI1S · ποιέωverbal form presenting the action as a whole within the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeποιέω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "do / make"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

ἄνθρωπονmanN2 ASM · ἄνθρωποςaccusative element functioning as object or goalἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered here as "man"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complementεἰς: preposition rendered here as "into"; it introduces its complement and marks relation within the clause.

τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; marks a noun phrase as definite and helps signal case, gender, and number.

αἰῶναage / foreverN3W ASM · αἰώνaccusative element functioning as object or goalαἰών: lexical item rendered here as "age / forever"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; marks a noun phrase as definite and helps signal case, gender, and number.

ἐπερχόμεναἔρχομαι + ἐπιV1 · πμπαπν ἔρχομαι + ἐπιparticiple adding circumstance, description, or attendant action within the clause→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionπμπαπν ἔρχομαι + ἐπι: verbal lexeme rendered here as "ἔρχομαι + ἐπι"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

πρὸbeforeP · πρόpreposition governing its complementπρό: preposition rendered here as "before"; it introduces its complement and marks relation within the clause.

τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; marks a noun phrase as definite and helps signal case, gender, and number.

ἐλθεῖνto comeVB AAN · ἔρχομαιverbal form functioning in a dependent or non-finite role within the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeἔρχομαι: verbal lexeme rendered here as "to come"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

ἀναγγειλάτωσανproclaimVA AAD3P · ἀγγέλλω + ἀναverbal form expressing command, request, or exhortation→ imperatival verbal form directing the action of the clauseἀγγέλλω + ἀνα: verbal lexeme rendered here as "proclaim"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

ὑμῖνto youRP DP · σύpronominal element marking reference, means, or recipientσύ: pronoun rendered here as "to you"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

8

μὴ παρακαλύπτεσθε οὐκ ἀπ' ἀρχῆς ἠνωτίσασθε καὶ ἀπήγγειλα ὑμῖν μάρτυρες ὑμεῖς ἐστε εἰ ἔστιν θεὸς πλὴν ἐμοῦ καὶ οὐκ ἦσαν τότε

Do not hide yourselves. Have you not heard from the beginning, and I declared it to you? You are my witnesses whether there is a god besides me, and there were none then.

Witness Assuranceasyndeton

Israel is told not to cower but to stand as witness to the Lord’s uniqueness.

Word-by-word analysis· 21 words

μὴnotD · μήparticle or adverb shaping the clause’s discourse force or mannerμή: particle or adverb rendered here as "not"; it shapes the clause's manner, emphasis, or discourse flow.

παρακαλύπτεσθεκαλύπτωV1 PMD2P · καλύπτω + παραparticiple adding circumstance, description, or attendant action within the clause→ middle verbal form highlighting the subject’s participation in the actionκαλύπτω + παρα: verbal lexeme rendered here as "καλύπτω"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

οὐκnotD · οὐparticle or adverb shaping the clause’s discourse force or mannerοὐ: particle or adverb rendered here as "not"; it shapes the clause's manner, emphasis, or discourse flow.

ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complementἀπό: preposition rendered here as "from"; it introduces its complement and marks relation within the clause.

ἀρχῆςbeginningN1 GSF · ἀρχήgenitive dependent within the phraseἀρχή: lexical item rendered here as "beginning"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

ἠνωτίσασθεἐνωτίζομαιVAI AMI2P · ἐνωτίζομαιmain verbal form carrying the clause’s action or assertion→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeἐνωτίζομαι: verbal lexeme rendered here as "ἐνωτίζομαι"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

ἀπήγγειλαaggello + apoVAI AAI1S · ἀγγέλλω + ἀποverbal form presenting the action as a whole within the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeἀγγέλλω + ἀπο: verbal lexeme rendered here as "aggello + apo"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

ὑμῖνto youRP DP · σύpronominal element marking reference, means, or recipientσύ: pronoun rendered here as "to you"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

μάρτυρεςμάρτυςN3 NPM · μάρτυςnominative element functioning within the clauseμάρτυς: lexical item rendered here as "μάρτυς"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

ὑμεῖςyouRP NP · σύpronominal element functioning within the clause coreσύ: pronoun rendered here as "you"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

ἐστεisV9 PAI2P · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause’s action or assertion→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: verbal lexeme rendered here as "is"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

εἰifC · εἰconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsεἰ: connective rendered here as "if"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause’s action or assertion→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: verbal lexeme rendered here as "there is"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning within the clauseθεός: lexical item rendered here as "God"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

πλὴνexceptP · πλήνpreposition governing its complementπλήν: preposition rendered here as "except"; it introduces its complement and marks relation within the clause.

ἐμοῦIRP GS · ἐγώpronominal dependent marking possession or relationἐγώ: pronoun rendered here as "I"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

οὐκnotD · οὐparticle or adverb shaping the clause’s discourse force or mannerοὐ: particle or adverb rendered here as "not"; it shapes the clause's manner, emphasis, or discourse flow.

ἦσανwereV9 IAI3P · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause’s action or assertion→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: verbal lexeme rendered here as "were"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

τότεthenD · τότεparticle or adverb shaping the clause’s discourse force or mannerτότε: particle or adverb rendered here as "then"; it shapes the clause's manner, emphasis, or discourse flow.

9

οἱ πλάσσοντες καὶ γλύφοντες πάντες μάταιοι οἱ ποιοῦντες τὰ καταθύμια αὐτῶν ἃ οὐκ ὠφελήσει αὐτούς ἀλλὰ αἰσχυνθήσονται

Those who form and carve are all vain; those who make their votive objects, things that will not profit them, shall instead be put to shame.

Idol Polemicasyndeton

The prophet turns directly against image-makers, declaring their products useless and shameful.

Word-by-word analysis· 17 words

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; marks a noun phrase as definite and helps signal case, gender, and number.

πλάσσοντεςπαπνπμV1 · παπνπμ πλάσσωparticiple adding circumstance, description, or attendant action within the clause→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionπαπνπμ πλάσσω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "παπνπμ"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

γλύφοντεςπαπνπμV1 · παπνπμ γλύφωparticiple adding circumstance, description, or attendant action within the clause→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionπαπνπμ γλύφω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "παπνπμ"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative element functioning within the clauseπᾶς: lexical item rendered here as "all"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

μάταιοιμάταιοςA1A NPM · μάταιοςnominative element functioning within the clauseμάταιος: lexical item rendered here as "μάταιος"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; marks a noun phrase as definite and helps signal case, gender, and number.

ποιοῦντεςdo / makeV2 · παπνπμ ποιέωparticiple adding circumstance, description, or attendant action within the clause→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionπαπνπμ ποιέω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "do / make"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; marks a noun phrase as definite and helps signal case, gender, and number.

καταθύμιακαταθύμιοςA1 APN · καταθύμιοςaccusative element functioning as object or goalκαταθύμιος: lexical item rendered here as "καταθύμιος"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal dependent marking possession or relationαὐτός: pronoun rendered here as "their"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

ἃwhichRR APN · ὅςpronominal element functioning as object or goalὅς: pronoun rendered here as "which"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

οὐκnotD · οὐparticle or adverb shaping the clause’s discourse force or mannerοὐ: particle or adverb rendered here as "not"; it shapes the clause's manner, emphasis, or discourse flow.

ὠφελήσειopheleseiVF FAI3S · ὠφελέωverbal form projecting the action or state forward→ future verbal form projecting the announced actionὠφελέω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "ophelesei"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning as object or goalαὐτός: pronoun rendered here as "them"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsἀλλά: connective rendered here as "but"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

αἰσχυνθήσονταιaischynoVC FPI3P · αἰσχύνωmain verbal form carrying the clause’s action or assertion→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardαἰσχύνω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "aischyno"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

10

πάντες οἱ πλάσσοντες θεὸν καὶ γλύφοντες ἀνωφελῆ

All who form a god and carve useless things are worthless.

Summary Exposureasyndeton

The indictment is compressed into a simple verdict on fashioned gods: they are useless.

Word-by-word analysis· 7 words

πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative element functioning within the clauseπᾶς: lexical item rendered here as "all"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; marks a noun phrase as definite and helps signal case, gender, and number.

πλάσσοντεςπαπνπμV1 · παπνπμ πλάσσωparticiple adding circumstance, description, or attendant action within the clause→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionπαπνπμ πλάσσω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "παπνπμ"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

θεὸνGodN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative element functioning as object or goalθεός: lexical item rendered here as "God"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

γλύφοντεςπαπνπμV1 · παπνπμ γλύφωparticiple adding circumstance, description, or attendant action within the clause→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionπαπνπμ γλύφω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "παπνπμ"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

ἀνωφελῆἀνωφελήςA3H APN · ἀνωφελήςaccusative element functioning as object or goalἀνωφελής: lexical item rendered here as "ἀνωφελής"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

11

καὶ πάντες ὅθεν ἐγένοντο ἐξηράνθησαν καὶ κωφοὶ ἀπὸ ἀνθρώπων συναχθήτωσαν πάντες καὶ στήτωσαν ἅμα ἐντραπήτωσαν καὶ αἰσχυνθήτωσαν ἅμα

And all those from whom they came have dried up, and they are deaf beyond human help. Let them all be gathered and stand together; let them be ashamed and disgraced together.

Shame Announcementasyndeton

Makers and products alike are gathered under an oracle of exposure and disgrace.

Word-by-word analysis· 18 words

καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative element functioning within the clauseπᾶς: lexical item rendered here as "all"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

ὅθενthereforeD · ὅθενparticle or adverb shaping the clause’s discourse force or mannerὅθεν: particle or adverb rendered here as "therefore"; it shapes the clause's manner, emphasis, or discourse flow.

ἐγένοντοcame to beVBI AMI3P · γίγνομαιmain verbal form carrying the clause’s action or assertion→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeγίγνομαι: verbal lexeme rendered here as "came to be"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

ἐξηράνθησανdry upVCI API3P · ξηραίνωmain verbal form carrying the clause’s action or assertion→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingξηραίνω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "dry up"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

κωφοὶdeafA1 NPM · κωφόςnominative element functioning within the clauseκωφός: lexical item rendered here as "deaf"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complementἀπό: preposition rendered here as "from"; it introduces its complement and marks relation within the clause.

ἀνθρώπωνman / human beingN2 GPM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive dependent within the phraseἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered here as "man / human being"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

συναχθήτωσανἄγωVQ APD3P · ἄγω + συνmain verbal form carrying the clause’s action or assertion→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingἄγω + συν: verbal lexeme rendered here as "ἄγω"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative element functioning within the clauseπᾶς: lexical item rendered here as "all"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

στήτωσανlet standVH AAD3P · ἵστημιverbal form expressing command, request, or exhortation→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeἵστημι: verbal lexeme rendered here as "let stand"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

ἅμαtogetherD · ἅμαparticle or adverb shaping the clause’s discourse force or mannerἅμα: particle or adverb rendered here as "together"; it shapes the clause's manner, emphasis, or discourse flow.

ἐντραπήτωσαντρέπωVD APD3P · τρέπω + ἐνmain verbal form carrying the clause’s action or assertion→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingτρέπω + ἐν: verbal lexeme rendered here as "τρέπω"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

αἰσχυνθήτωσανlet them be put to shameVC APD3P · αἰσχύνωmain verbal form carrying the clause’s action or assertion→ aorist passive imperativeαἰσχύνω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "let them be put to shame"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

ἅμαtogetherD · ἅμαparticle or adverb shaping the clause’s discourse force or mannerἅμα: particle or adverb rendered here as "together"; it shapes the clause's manner, emphasis, or discourse flow.

12

ὅτι ὤξυνεν τέκτων σίδηρον σκεπάρνῳ εἰργάσατο αὐτὸ καὶ ἐν τερέτρῳ ἔτρησεν αὐτό εἰργάσατο αὐτὸ ἐν τῷ βραχίονι τῆς ἰσχύος αὐτοῦ καὶ πεινάσει καὶ ἀσθενήσει καὶ οὐ μὴ πίῃ ὕδωρ ἐκλεξάμενος

For the smith sharpened iron with an axe, worked it, and bored it with a drill; he worked it with the arm of his strength, then he will hunger and grow weak and certainly will not drink water, exhausted after choosing it out.

Craftsman Satireasyndeton

The satire slows down to show the exhausting labor of the smith who manufactures an idol.

Word-by-word analysis· 30 words

ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsὅτι: connective rendered here as "that"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

ὤξυνενὀξύνωVAI AAI3S · ὀξύνωverbal form presenting the action as a whole within the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeὀξύνω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "ὀξύνω"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

τέκτωνcraftsmanN3N NSM · τέκτωνnominative element functioning within the clauseτέκτων: lexical item rendered here as "craftsman"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

σίδηρονironN2 ASM · σίδηροςaccusative element functioning as object or goalσίδηρος: lexical item rendered here as "iron"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

σκεπάρνῳσκεπάρνῳN2N DSN · σκεπάρνῳdative element marking reference, means, or locationσκεπάρνῳ: lexical item rendered here as "σκεπάρνῳ"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

εἰργάσατοἐργάζομαιVAI AMI3S · ἐργάζομαιverbal form presenting the action as a whole within the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeἐργάζομαι: verbal lexeme rendered here as "ἐργάζομαι"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

αὐτὸitRD ASN · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning as object or goalαὐτός: pronoun rendered here as "it"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complementἐν: preposition rendered here as "in"; it introduces its complement and marks relation within the clause.

τερέτρῳτέρετονN2N DSN · τέρετονdative element marking reference, means, or locationτέρετον: lexical item rendered here as "τέρετον"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

ἔτρησεντετραίνωVZ AAI3S · τετραίνωverbal form presenting the action as a whole within the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeτετραίνω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "τετραίνω"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

αὐτόitRD ASN · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning as object or goalαὐτός: pronoun rendered here as "it"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

εἰργάσατοἐργάζομαιVAI AMI3S · ἐργάζομαιverbal form presenting the action as a whole within the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeἐργάζομαι: verbal lexeme rendered here as "ἐργάζομαι"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

αὐτὸitRD ASN · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning as object or goalαὐτός: pronoun rendered here as "it"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complementἐν: preposition rendered here as "in"; it introduces its complement and marks relation within the clause.

τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; marks a noun phrase as definite and helps signal case, gender, and number.

βραχίονιβραχίωνN3N DSM · βραχίωνdative element marking reference, means, or locationβραχίων: lexical item rendered here as "βραχίων"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; marks a noun phrase as definite and helps signal case, gender, and number.

ἰσχύοςarmy / forceN3U GSF · ἰσχύςgenitive dependent within the phraseἰσχύς: lexical item rendered here as "army / force"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal dependent marking possession or relationαὐτός: pronoun rendered here as "his"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

πεινάσειshall hungerVF FAI3S · πεινάωverbal form projecting the action or state forward→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardπεινάω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "shall hunger"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

ἀσθενήσειastheneoVF FAI3S · ἀσθενέωverbal form projecting the action or state forward→ future verbal form projecting the announced actionἀσθενέω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "astheneo"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

οὐnotD · οὐparticle or adverb shaping the clause’s discourse force or mannerοὐ: particle or adverb rendered here as "not"; it shapes the clause's manner, emphasis, or discourse flow.

μὴnotD · μήparticle or adverb shaping the clause’s discourse force or mannerμή: particle or adverb rendered here as "not"; it shapes the clause's manner, emphasis, or discourse flow.

πίῃπίνωVA AAS3S · πίνωverbal form presenting the action as a whole within the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeπίνω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "πίνω"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

ὕδωρwaterN3 ASN · ὕδωρaccusative element functioning as object or goalὕδωρ: lexical item rendered here as "water"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

ἐκλεξάμενοςwho choseVA · αμπνσμ λέγω + ἐκverbal form carrying or qualifying the action within the clause→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionαμπνσμ λέγω + ἐκ: verbal lexeme rendered here as "who chose"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

13

τέκτων ξύλον ἔστησεν αὐτὸ ἐν μέτρῳ καὶ ἐν κόλλῃ ἐρρύθμισεν αὐτό ἐποίησεν αὐτὸ ὡς μορφὴν ἀνδρὸς καὶ ὡς ὡραιότητα ἀνθρώπου στῆσαι αὐτὸ ἐν οἴκῳ

The carpenter set it out with a measure and arranged it with glue; he made it like the form of a man and like human beauty, to set it in a house.

Craftsman Satireasyndeton

The carpenter joins the satire, fashioning an image after human beauty for domestic placement.

Word-by-word analysis· 24 words

τέκτωνcraftsmanN3N NSM · τέκτωνnominative element functioning within the clauseτέκτων: lexical item rendered here as "craftsman"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

ξύλονwood / shaftN2N ASN · ξύλονaccusative element functioning as object or goalξύλον: lexical item rendered here as "wood / shaft"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

ἔστησενistemiVAI AAI3S · ἵστημιverbal form presenting the action as a whole within the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeἵστημι: verbal lexeme rendered here as "istemi"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

αὐτὸitRD ASN · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning as object or goalαὐτός: pronoun rendered here as "it"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complementἐν: preposition rendered here as "in"; it introduces its complement and marks relation within the clause.

μέτρῳμέτρονN2N DSN · μέτρονdative element marking reference, means, or locationμέτρον: lexical item rendered here as "μέτρον"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complementἐν: preposition rendered here as "in"; it introduces its complement and marks relation within the clause.

κόλλῃκόλληN1 DSF · κόλληdative element marking reference, means, or locationκόλλη: lexical item rendered here as "κόλλη"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

ἐρρύθμισενῥυθμίζωVAI AAI3S · ῥυθμίζωverbal form presenting the action as a whole within the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeῥυθμίζω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "ῥυθμίζω"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

αὐτόitRD ASN · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning as object or goalαὐτός: pronoun rendered here as "it"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

ἐποίησενdidVAI AAI3S · ποιέωverbal form presenting the action as a whole within the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeποιέω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "did"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

αὐτὸitRD ASN · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning as object or goalαὐτός: pronoun rendered here as "it"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

ὡςasD · ὡςparticle or adverb shaping the clause’s discourse force or mannerὡς: particle or adverb rendered here as "as"; it shapes the clause's manner, emphasis, or discourse flow.

μορφὴνgood appearanceN1 ASF · μορφήaccusative element functioning as object or goalμορφή: lexical item rendered here as "good appearance"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

ἀνδρὸςmanN3 GSM · ἀνήρgenitive dependent within the phraseἀνήρ: lexical item rendered here as "man"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

ὡςasD · ὡςparticle or adverb shaping the clause’s discourse force or mannerὡς: particle or adverb rendered here as "as"; it shapes the clause's manner, emphasis, or discourse flow.

ὡραιότηταὡραιότηςN1M ASM · ὡραιότηςaccusative element functioning as object or goalὡραιότης: lexical item rendered here as "ὡραιότης"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

ἀνθρώπουmanN2 GSM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive dependent within the phraseἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered here as "man"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

στῆσαιto establishVA AAN · ἵστημιverbal form functioning in a dependent or non-finite role within the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeἵστημι: verbal lexeme rendered here as "to establish"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

αὐτὸitRD ASN · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning as object or goalαὐτός: pronoun rendered here as "it"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complementἐν: preposition rendered here as "in"; it introduces its complement and marks relation within the clause.

οἴκῳhouseN2 DSM · οἶκοςdative element marking reference, means, or locationοἶκος: lexical item rendered here as "house"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

14

ὃ ἔκοψεν ξύλον ἐκ τοῦ δρυμοῦ ὃ ἐφύτευσεν κύριος καὶ ὑετὸς ἐμήκυνεν

He cut wood from the forest, wood that the Lord planted and rain made grow long.

Material Originasyndeton

The prophet reminds the audience that the idol’s material began as ordinary wood nourished by God’s rain.

Word-by-word analysis· 12 words

ὃwhich / whoRR NSM · ὅςpronominal element functioning within the clause coreὅς: pronoun rendered here as "which / who"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

ἔκοψενstruck / cut downVAI AAI3S · κόπτωverbal form presenting the action as a whole within the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeκόπτω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "struck / cut down"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

ξύλονwood / shaftN2N ASN · ξύλονaccusative element functioning as object or goalξύλον: lexical item rendered here as "wood / shaft"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complementἐκ: preposition rendered here as "from"; it introduces its complement and marks relation within the clause.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; marks a noun phrase as definite and helps signal case, gender, and number.

δρυμοῦforestN2 GSM · δρυμόςgenitive dependent within the phraseδρυμός: lexical item rendered here as "forest"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

ὃwhich / whoRR NSM · ὅςpronominal element functioning within the clause coreὅς: pronoun rendered here as "which / who"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

ἐφύτευσενφυτεύωVAI AAI3S · φυτεύωverbal form presenting the action as a whole within the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeφυτεύω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "φυτεύω"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning within the clauseκύριος: lexical item rendered here as "Lord"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

ὑετὸςrainN2 NSM · ὑετόςnominative element functioning within the clauseὑετός: lexical item rendered here as "rain"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

ἐμήκυνενμηκύνωV1I IAI3S · μηκύνωverbal form carrying or qualifying the action within the clause→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionμηκύνω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "μηκύνω"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

15

ἵνα ᾖ ἀνθρώποις εἰς καῦσιν καὶ λαβὼν ἀπ' αὐτοῦ ἐθερμάνθη καὶ καύσαντες ἔπεψαν ἄρτους ἐπ' αὐτῶν τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν εἰργάσαντο εἰς θεούς καὶ προσκυνοῦσιν αὐτούς

So that it might serve people for burning; and taking some of it, he warmed himself, and after burning it they baked loaves upon it, but with what remained they made gods and worship them.

Absurd Contrastasyndeton

The same wood that serves ordinary human warmth and bread becomes an object of worship.

Word-by-word analysis· 25 words

ἵναso thatC · ἵναconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsἵνα: connective rendered here as "so that"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

ᾖeimiV9 PAS3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause’s action or assertion→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: verbal lexeme rendered here as "eimi"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

ἀνθρώποιςhuman beingN2 DPM · ἄνθρωποςdative element marking reference, means, or locationἄνθρωπος: lexical item rendered here as "human being"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complementεἰς: preposition rendered here as "into"; it introduces its complement and marks relation within the clause.

καῦσινburningN3I ASF · καῦσιςaccusative element functioning as object or goalκαῦσις: lexical item rendered here as "burning"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

λαβὼνhaving takenVB · ααπνσμ λαμβάνωverbal form carrying or qualifying the action within the clause→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionααπνσμ λαμβάνω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "having taken"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complementἀπό: preposition rendered here as "from"; it introduces its complement and marks relation within the clause.

αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal dependent marking possession or relationαὐτός: pronoun rendered here as "his"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

ἐθερμάνθηθερμαίνωVZI API3S · θερμαίνωmain verbal form carrying the clause’s action or assertion→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingθερμαίνω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "θερμαίνω"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

καύσαντεςααπνπμVA · ααπνπμ καίωverbal form carrying or qualifying the action within the clause→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionααπνπμ καίω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "ααπνπμ"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

ἔπεψανπέσσωVAI AAI3P · πέσσωmain verbal form carrying the clause’s action or assertion→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeπέσσω: verbal lexeme rendered here as "πέσσω"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

ἄρτουςbreadN2 APM · ἄρτοςaccusative element functioning as object or goalἄρτος: lexical item rendered here as "bread"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complementἐπί: preposition rendered here as "upon"; it introduces its complement and marks relation within the clause.

αὐτῶνhisRD GPN · αὐτόςpronominal dependent marking possession or relationαὐτός: pronoun rendered here as "his"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; marks a noun phrase as definite and helps signal case, gender, and number.

δὲbutX · δέconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsδέ: connective rendered here as "but"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

λοιπὸνfutureA1 ASN · λοιπόςaccusative element functioning as object or goalλοιπός: lexical item rendered here as "future"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

εἰργάσαντοἐργάζομαιVAI AMI3P · ἐργάζομαιmain verbal form carrying the clause’s action or assertion→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeἐργάζομαι: verbal lexeme rendered here as "ἐργάζομαι"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complementεἰς: preposition rendered here as "into"; it introduces its complement and marks relation within the clause.

θεούςGodN2 APM · θεόςaccusative element functioning as object or goalθεός: lexical item rendered here as "God"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

καὶandC · καίconnective linking clauses, phrases, or discourse stepsκαί: connective rendered here as "and"; it links clauses, phrases, or discourse movements within Isaiah's oracle.

προσκυνοῦσινprosV2 PAI3P · κυνέω + προςmain verbal form carrying the clause’s action or assertion→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingκυνέω + προς: verbal lexeme rendered here as "pros"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal element functioning as object or goalαὐτός: pronoun rendered here as "them"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

16

οὗ τὸ ἥμισυ αὐτοῦ κατέκαυσαν ἐν πυρὶ καὶ καύσαντες ἔπεψαν ἄρτους ἐπ' αὐτῶν καὶ ἐπ' αὐτοῦ κρέας ὀπτήσας ἔφαγεν καὶ ἐνεπλήσθη καὶ θερμανθεὶς εἶπεν ἡδύ μοι ὅτι ἐθερμάνθην καὶ εἶδον πῦρ

Half of it they burned in the fire, and after burning it they baked loaves upon it, and roasting meat over it he ate and was filled; and being warmed he said, It is pleasant for me, because I have been warmed and seen fire.

Absurd Contrastasyndeton

Half the wood satisfies bodily hunger and warmth, intensifying the absurdity of what follows.

Word-by-word analysis· 31 words

οὗwhereRR GSM · ὅςpronominal dependent marking possession or relationὅς: pronoun rendered here as "where"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; marks a noun phrase as definite and helps signal case, gender, and number.

ἥμισυhalfA3U ASN · ἥμισυςaccusative element functioning as object or goalἥμισυς: lexical item rendered here as "half"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.

αὐτοῦsame / her / himRD GSN · αὐτόςpronominal dependent marking possession or relationαὐτός: pronoun rendered here as "same / her / him"; it marks person, possession, or reference within Isaiah's discourse.

κατέκαυσανκαίωVAI AAI3P · καίω + καταmain verbal form carrying the clause’s action or assertion→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeκαίω + κατα: verbal lexeme rendered here as "καίω"; in this context it carries the action, process, or speech-act that moves Isaiah's oracle forward.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complementἐν: preposition rendered here as "in"; it introduces its complement and marks relation within the clause.

πυρὶfireN3 DSN · πῦρdative element marking reference, means, or locationπῦρ: lexical item rendered here as "fire"; in this context it contributes its ordinary sense within Isaiah's prophetic discourse.