1
κατάβηθι κάθισον ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν παρθένος θυγάτηρ Βαβυλῶνος εἴσελθε εἰς τὸ σκότος θυγάτηρ Χαλδαίων ὅτι οὐκέτι προστεθήσῃ κληθῆναι ἁπαλὴ καὶ τρυφερά
Descend and sit on the ground, virgin daughter of Babylon; enter into darkness, daughter of the Chaldeans, for you shall no longer be called delicate and luxurious.
The chapter opens with a direct command to Babylon. Royal refinement is reversed as the imperial city is pushed down into darkness and stripped of its old reputation for softness.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
κατάβηθιgo downVC APD2S · βαίνω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateβαίνω + κατα: meaning 'go down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κάθισονstay / remainVA AAD2S · ἵζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἵζω + κατα: meaning 'stay'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
παρθένοςvirginN2 NSF · παρθένοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπαρθένος: meaning 'virgin'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
θυγάτηρdaughterN3 NSF · θυγάτηρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΒαβυλῶνοςBabylonN3W GSF · Βαβυλώνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationΒαβυλῶνος: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
εἴσελθεgo intoVB AAD2S · ἔρχομαι + εἰςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἔρχομαι + εἰς: meaning 'go into'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκότοςdarknessN3E ASN · σκότοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσκότος: meaning 'darkness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
θυγάτηρdaughterN3 NSF · θυγάτηρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΧαλδαίωνChaldeansN2 GPM · Χαλδαῖοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationΧαλδαίων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὅτιforC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκέτιno longerD · οὐκέτιadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκέτι: meaning 'no longer'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προστεθήσῃyou shall join / be addedVC FPI2S · τίθημι + προςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureτίθημι + προς: meaning 'you shall join'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κληθῆναιto be calledVC APN · καλέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementκαλέω: meaning 'to be called'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἁπαλὴtenderA1 NSF · ἁπαλόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἁπαλός: meaning 'tender'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τρυφεράluxuriousA1A NSF · τρυφερόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτρυφερός: meaning 'luxurious'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
2
λαβὲ μύλον ἄλεσον ἄλευρον ἀποκάλυψαι τὸ κατακάλυμμά σου ἀνακάλυψαι τὰς πολιάς ἀνάσυραι τὰς κνήμας διάβηθι ποταμούς
Take a millstone and grind flour; uncover your veil, uncover your gray hair, pull up your legs, cross the rivers.
The imagery now treats Babylon as a captive woman forced into menial labor and public exposure. The commands pile up to dramatize total humiliation.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
λαβὲtakeVB AAD2S · λαμβάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateλαμβάνω: meaning 'take'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μύλονa mill / millstoneN2 ASM · μύλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμύλος: meaning 'a mill'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἄλεσονgrindVA AAD2S · ἀλέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἀλέω: meaning 'grind'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄλευρονflour / mealN2N ASN · ἄλευρονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄλευρον: meaning 'flour'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀποκάλυψαιuncoverVA AMD2S · καλύπτω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateκαλύπτω + ἀπο: meaning 'uncover'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατακάλυμμάcoveringN3M ASN · κατακάλυμμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκατακάλυμμα: meaning 'covering'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀνακάλυψαιuncoverVA AAD2S · καλύπτω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateκαλύπτω + ἀνα: meaning 'uncover'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολιάςgray hairN1A APF · πολιάaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπολιά: meaning 'gray hair'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀνάσυραιpull upVA AAD2S · σύρω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateσύρω + ἀνα: meaning 'pull up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κνήμαςlegsN1 APF · κνήμηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκνήμη: meaning 'legs'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
διάβηθιcross overVC APD2S · βαίνω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateβαίνω + δια: meaning 'cross over'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ποταμούςriverN2 APM · ποταμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationποταμός: meaning 'river'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
3
ἀνακαλυφθήσεται ἡ αἰσχύνη σου φανήσονται οἱ ὀνειδισμοί σου τὸ δίκαιον ἐκ σοῦ λήμψομαι οὐκέτι μὴ παραδῶ ἀνθρώποις
Your shame shall be uncovered, and your reproaches shall appear. I will exact justice from you; I will no longer hand you over to men.
The Lord states the meaning of the exposure: Babylon will not merely be shamed socially but judged personally by divine justice.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ἀνακαλυφθήσεταιwill be uncoveredVV FPI3S · καλύπτω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκαλύπτω + ἀνα: meaning 'will be uncovered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰσχύνηshameN1 NSF · αἰσχύνηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceαἰσχύνη: meaning 'shame'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
φανήσονταιwill appearVD FPI3P · φαίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureφαίνω: meaning 'will appear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀνειδισμοίreproachesN2 NPM · ὀνειδισμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀνειδισμός: meaning 'reproaches'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δίκαιονrighteousA1A ASN · δίκαιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδίκαιος: meaning 'righteous'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σοῦyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
λήμψομαιtakeVF FMI1S · λαμβάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureλαμβάνω: meaning 'take'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐκέτιno longerD · οὐκέτιadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκέτι: meaning 'no longer'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παραδῶhand overVO AAS1S · δίδωμι + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyδίδωμι + παρα: meaning 'hand over'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀνθρώποιςhuman beingN2 DPM · ἄνθρωποςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἄνθρωπος: meaning 'human being'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
4
εἶπεν ὁ ῥυσάμενός σε κύριος σαβαωθ ὄνομα αὐτῷ ἅγιος Ισραηλ
The one who delivered you said this: the Lord Sabaoth is his name, the Holy One of Israel.
A brief confessional line anchors the taunt in Israel’s theology. The God acting against Babylon is Israel’s redeemer and the Holy One.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥυσάμενόςdeliveringV1 · πμπνσμ ῥύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ ῥύομαι: meaning 'delivering'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σαβαωθSabaothN G · σαβαωθadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastσαβαωθ: meaning 'Sabaoth'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄνομαnameN3M NSN · ὄνομαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὄνομα: meaning 'name'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἅγιοςholyA1A NSM · ἅγιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἅγιος: meaning 'holy'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
5
κάθισον κατανενυγμένη εἴσελθε εἰς τὸ σκότος θυγάτηρ Χαλδαίων οὐκέτι μὴ κληθῇς ἰσχὺς βασιλείας
Sit in silence, stricken one; go into darkness, daughter of the Chaldeans, for you shall no longer be called the strength of a kingdom.
Babylon is renamed by defeat. The title of imperial power is withdrawn, and silence replaces royal self-assertion.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
κάθισονstay / remainVA AAD2S · ἵζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἵζω + κατα: meaning 'stay'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κατανενυγμένηκατανενυγμένηVM · χππνσφ νύσσω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχππνσφ νύσσω + κατα: meaning 'κατανενυγμένη'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἴσελθεgo intoVB AAD2S · ἔρχομαι + εἰςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἔρχομαι + εἰς: meaning 'go into'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκότοςdarknessN3E ASN · σκότοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσκότος: meaning 'darkness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
θυγάτηρdaughterN3 NSF · θυγάτηρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΧαλδαίωνChaldeansN2 GPM · Χαλδαῖοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationΧαλδαίων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οὐκέτιno longerD · οὐκέτιadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκέτι: meaning 'no longer'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κληθῇςbe calledVC APS2S · καλέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyκαλέω: meaning 'be called'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἰσχὺςstrengthN3 NSF · ἰσχύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἰσχύς: meaning 'strength'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
βασιλείαςkingdomN1A GSF · βασιλείαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβασιλεία: meaning 'kingdom'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
6
παρωξύνθην ἐπὶ τῷ λαῷ μου ἐμίανας τὴν κληρονομίαν μου ἐγὼ ἔδωκα εἰς τὴν χεῖρά σου σὺ δὲ οὐκ ἔδωκας αὐτοῖς ἔλεος τοῦ πρεσβυτέρου ἐβάρυνας τὸν ζυγὸν σφόδρα
I was angered against my people; you defiled my inheritance. I gave them into your hand, but you gave them no mercy; upon the elder you made your yoke very heavy.
The Lord acknowledges that Babylon had been used as an instrument of judgment, but her excessive harshness toward the weak and aged becomes grounds for her own condemnation.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
παρωξύνθηνI was angeredVCI API1S · ὀξύνω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὀξύνω + παρα: meaning 'I was angered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαῷpeopleN2 DSM · λαόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐμίαναςthey had defiledVAI AAI2S · μιαίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristμιαίνω: meaning 'they had defiled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κληρονομίανinheritanceN1A ASF · κληρονομίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκληρονομία: meaning 'inheritance'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔδωκαgiveVAI AAI1S · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristδίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖράhandN3 ASF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
σὺyouRP NS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσὺ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκαςgiveVAI AAI2S · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristδίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔλεοςmercyN3E ASN · ἔλεοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔλεος: meaning 'mercy'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρεσβυτέρουeldestN2 GSM · πρεσβύτεροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπρεσβύτερος: meaning 'eldest'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐβάρυναςhave you made heavyVAI AAI2S · βαρύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristβαρύνω: meaning 'have you made heavy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζυγὸνyokeN2 ASM · ζυγόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationζυγός: meaning 'yoke'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σφόδραgreatly / exceedinglyD · σφόδραadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastσφόδρα: meaning 'greatly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
7
καὶ εἶπας εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα ἔσομαι ἄρχουσα οὐκ ἐνόησας ταῦτα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ σου οὐδὲ ἐμνήσθης τὰ ἔσχατα
And you said, I shall be ruler forever. You did not take these things to heart, nor remember the end.
Babylon’s core sin is interpretive: she mistook delegated power for permanent sovereignty and refused to reckon with her latter end.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπαςeiponVAI AAI2S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'eipon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰῶναage / foreverN3W ASM · αἰώνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationαἰών: meaning 'age'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔσομαιbeVF FMI1S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄρχουσαrulingV1 · παπνσφ ἄρχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσφ ἄρχω: meaning 'ruling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνόησαςyou consideredVAI AAI2S · νοέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristνοέω: meaning 'you considered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceταῦτα: meaning 'these things'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίᾳheartN1A DSF · καρδίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμνήσθηςrememberVSI API2S · μιμνήσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristμιμνήσκω: meaning 'remember'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔσχαταfarthestA1 APN · ἔσχατοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔσχατος: meaning 'farthest'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
8
νῦν δὲ ἄκουσον ταῦτα ἡ τρυφερὰ ἡ καθημένη πεποιθυῖα ἡ λέγουσα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς ἐγώ εἰμι καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν ἑτέρα οὐ καθιῶ χήρα οὐδὲ γνώσομαι ὀρφανείαν
But now hear this, luxurious one, who sits in confidence, who says in her heart, I am, and there is no other; I shall not sit as a widow, nor know bereavement.
The city’s inward speech mimics exclusivist divine language. Her confidence rests in imagined uniqueness and immunity from loss.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
νῦνnowD · νῦνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastνῦν: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄκουσονheardVA AAD2S · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἀκούω: meaning 'heard'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceταῦτα: meaning 'these things'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρυφερὰdelicateA1A NSF · τρυφερόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτρυφερός: meaning 'delicate'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθημένηseatedV5 · πμπνσφ ἧμαι + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσφ ἧμαι + κατα: meaning 'seated'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πεποιθυῖαconfident / off guardVX · χαπνσφ πείθωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχαπνσφ πείθω: meaning 'confident'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λέγουσαsayingV1 · παπνσφ λέγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσφ λέγω: meaning 'saying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίᾳheartN1A DSF · καρδίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐγώIRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐγώ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἰμιamV9 PAI1S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'am'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἑτέραanotherA1A APN · ἕτεροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἕτερος: meaning 'another'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθιῶI will sitVF2 FAI1S · ἵζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἵζω + κατα: meaning 'I will sit'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
χήραwidowN1A NSF · χήραnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχήρα: meaning 'widow'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γνώσομαιI shall knowVF FMI1S · γιγνώσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureγιγνώσκω: meaning 'I shall know'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὀρφανείανbereavementN1 ASF · ὀρφανίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀρφανία: meaning 'bereavement'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
9
νῦν δὲ ἥξει ἐξαίφνης ἐπὶ σὲ τὰ δύο ταῦτα ἐν μιᾷ ἡμέρᾳ χηρεία καὶ ἀτεκνία ἥξει ἐξαίφνης ἐπὶ σὲ ἐν τῇ φαρμακείᾳ σου ἐν τῇ ἰσχύι τῶν ἐπαοιδῶν σου σφόδρα
But now these two things shall suddenly come upon you in one day, widowhood and childlessness; they shall suddenly come upon you in your sorcery, in the great strength of your charms.
The very losses Babylon thought impossible arrive all at once. Magical arts and incantations cannot delay what the Lord decrees.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
νῦνnowD · νῦνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastνῦν: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἥξειwill comeVF FAI3S · ἥκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἥκω: meaning 'will come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐξαίφνηςsuddenlyD · ἐξαίφνηςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐξαίφνης: meaning 'suddenly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σὲyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσὲ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δύοtwoM · δύοadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδύο: meaning 'two'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταῦταtheseRD NPN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceταῦτα: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μιᾷoneA1A DSF · εἷςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ measure or countμιᾷ: meaning 'one'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
χηρείαwidowhoodN1A NSF · χηρείαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχηρεία: meaning 'widowhood'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀτεκνίαchildlessnessN1A NSF · ἀτεκνίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀτεκνία: meaning 'childlessness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἥξειwill comeVF FAI3S · ἥκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἥκω: meaning 'will come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐξαίφνηςsuddenlyD · ἐξαίφνηςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐξαίφνης: meaning 'suddenly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σὲyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσὲ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φαρμακείᾳsorceryN1A DSF · φαρμακίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceφαρμακία: meaning 'sorcery'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰσχύιstrengthN3U DSF · ἰσχύςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἰσχύς: meaning 'strength'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπαοιδῶνincantationsN2 GPM · ἐπαοιδόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἐπαοιδός: meaning 'incantations'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
σφόδραgreatly / exceedinglyD · σφόδραadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastσφόδρα: meaning 'greatly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
10
τῇ ἐλπίδι τῆς πονηρίας σου σὺ γὰρ εἶπας ἐγώ εἰμι καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν ἑτέρα γνῶθι ὅτι ἡ σύνεσις τούτων καὶ ἡ πορνεία σου ἔσται σοι αἰσχύνη καὶ εἶπας τῇ καρδίᾳ σου ἐγώ εἰμι καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν ἑτέρα
In the hope of your wickedness you said, I am, and there is no other. Know that your understanding of these things and your harlotry shall be shame to you; and you said in your heart, I am, and there is no other.
Babylon’s evil confidence, illicit religiosity, and self-assured wisdom collapse together into public disgrace.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐλπίδιin confidenceN3D DSF · ἐλπίςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἐλπίς: meaning 'in confidence'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρίαςwicked deedsN1A GSF · πονηρίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπονηρία: meaning 'wicked deeds'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
σὺyouRP NS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσὺ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπαςeiponVAI AAI2S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'eipon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐγώIRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐγώ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἰμιamV9 PAI1S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'am'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἑτέραanotherA1A APN · ἕτεροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἕτερος: meaning 'another'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
γνῶθιknowingVZ AAD2S · γιγνώσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateγιγνώσκω: meaning 'knowing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅτιforC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σύνεσιςunderstandingN3I NSF · σύνεσιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσύνεσις: meaning 'understanding'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τούτωνtheseRD GPN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationτούτων: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πορνείαharlotryN1A NSF · πορνείαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπορνεία: meaning 'harlotry'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'shall be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
αἰσχύνηshameN1 NSF · αἰσχύνηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceαἰσχύνη: meaning 'shame'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπαςeiponVAI AAI2S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'eipon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίᾳheartN1A DSF · καρδίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐγώIRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐγώ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἰμιamV9 PAI1S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'am'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἑτέραanotherA1A APN · ἕτεροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἕτερος: meaning 'another'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
11
καὶ ἥξει ἐπὶ σὲ ἀπώλεια καὶ οὐ μὴ γνῷς βόθυνος καὶ ἐμπεσῇ εἰς αὐτόν καὶ ἥξει ἐπὶ σὲ ταλαιπωρία καὶ οὐ μὴ δυνήσῃ καθαρὰ γενέσθαι καὶ ἥξει ἐπὶ σὲ ἐξαπίνης ἀπώλεια καὶ οὐ μὴ γνῷς
And destruction shall come upon you, and you shall by no means know the pit; and you shall fall into it. Misery shall come upon you, and you shall not be able to become clean; sudden destruction shall come upon you, and you shall not know it.
The oracle stacks terms for ruin to emphasize surprise, entrapment, and the inability of Babylon to purify or rescue herself.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἥξειwill comeVF FAI3S · ἥκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἥκω: meaning 'will come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σὲyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσὲ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀπώλειαdestructionN1A NSF · ἀπώλειαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀπώλεια: meaning 'destruction'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γνῷςknowingVZ AAS2S · γιγνώσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyγιγνώσκω: meaning 'knowing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
βόθυνοςpitN2 NSM · βόθυνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβόθυνος: meaning 'pit'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμπεσῇyou will fallVF FMI2S · πίπτω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπίπτω + ἐν: meaning 'you will fall'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἥξειwill comeVF FAI3S · ἥκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἥκω: meaning 'will come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σὲyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσὲ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ταλαιπωρίαdevastation / miseryN1S NSF · ταλαιπωρίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceταλαιπωρία: meaning 'devastation'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δυνήσῃyou will be ableVF FMI2S · δύναμαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureδύναμαι: meaning 'you will be able'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καθαρὰcleanA1A APN · καθαρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκαθαρός: meaning 'clean'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
γενέσθαιbecome / happenVB AMN · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementγίγνομαι: meaning 'become'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἥξειwill comeVF FAI3S · ἥκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἥκω: meaning 'will come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σὲyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσὲ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐξαπίνηςsuddenlyD · ἐξαπίνηςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐξαπίνης: meaning 'suddenly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπώλειαdestructionN1A NSF · ἀπώλειαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀπώλεια: meaning 'destruction'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γνῷςknowingVZ AAS2S · γιγνώσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyγιγνώσκω: meaning 'knowing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
12
στῆθι νῦν ἐν ταῖς ἐπαοιδαῖς σου καὶ τῇ πολλῇ φαρμακείᾳ σου ἃ ἐμάνθανες ἐκ νεότητός σου εἰ δυνήσῃ ὠφεληθῆναι
Stand now in your charms and in your much sorcery, which you learned from your youth, in case you may be able to profit.
The prophet sarcastically invites Babylon to rely on her accumulated occult expertise and see whether any gain can still be found there.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
στῆθιstandVH AAD2S · ἵστημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἵστημι: meaning 'stand'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
νῦνnowD · νῦνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastνῦν: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπαοιδαῖςcharmsN1 DPF · ἐπαοιδήdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἐπαοιδή: meaning 'charms'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολλῇgreatA1 DSF · πολύςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπολύς: meaning 'great'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
φαρμακείᾳsorceryN1A DSF · φαρμακίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceφαρμακία: meaning 'sorcery'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἃwhichRR APN · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἃ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐμάνθανεςyou learnedV1I IAI2S · μανθάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processμανθάνω: meaning 'you learned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
νεότητόςyouthN3T GSF · νεότηςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationνεότης: meaning 'youth'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἰifX · εἰadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δυνήσῃyou will be ableVF FMI2S · δύναμαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureδύναμαι: meaning 'you will be able'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὠφεληθῆναιprofitVC APN · ὠφελέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementὠφελέω: meaning 'profit'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
13
κεκοπίακας ἐν ταῖς βουλαῖς σου στήτωσαν καὶ σωσάτωσάν σε οἱ ἀστρολόγοι τοῦ οὐρανοῦ οἱ ὁρῶντες τοὺς ἀστέρας ἀναγγειλάτωσάν σοι τί μέλλει ἐπὶ σὲ ἔρχεσθαι
You are wearied in your counsels. Let the astrologers of heaven stand and save you, those who watch the stars; let them announce to you what is about to come upon you.
Babylon’s counselors are singled out for ridicule. Those who claim celestial insight are challenged to predict and prevent the judgment now approaching.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
κεκοπίακαςyou have wearied yourselfVX XAI2S · κοπιάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateκοπιάω: meaning 'you have wearied yourself'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βουλαῖςboylN1 DPF · βουλήdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceβουλή: meaning 'boyl'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
στήτωσανlet standVH AAD3P · ἵστημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἵστημι: meaning 'let stand'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σωσάτωσάνlet them saveVA AAD3P · σώζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateσώζω: meaning 'let them save'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀστρολόγοιastrologersN2 NPM · ἀστρολόγοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀστρολόγος: meaning 'astrologers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανοῦheavenN2 GSM · οὐρανόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationοὐρανός: meaning 'heaven'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁρῶντεςseeingV3 · παπνπμ ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ ὁράω: meaning 'seeing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀστέραςasterasN3 APM · ἀστήρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀστήρ: meaning 'asteras'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀναγγειλάτωσάνproclaimVA AAD3P · ἀγγέλλω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἀγγέλλω + ἀνα: meaning 'proclaim'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τίwhatRI ASN · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μέλλειis aboutV1 PAI3S · μέλλωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processμέλλω: meaning 'is about'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σὲyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσὲ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔρχεσθαιcomeV1 PMN · ἔρχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἔρχομαι: meaning 'come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
14
ἰδοὺ πάντες ὡς φρύγανα ἐπὶ πυρὶ κατακαήσονται καὶ οὐ μὴ ἐξέλωνται τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτῶν ἐκ φλογός ὅτι ἔχεις ἄνθρακας πυρός κάθισαι ἐπ' αὐτούς
Behold, all of them shall be burned up like brushwood in the fire, and they shall certainly not rescue their own life from the flame; because you have coals of fire, sit upon them.
The promised saviors share Babylon’s doom. Rather than mastering the fire, they become fuel for it and cannot even save themselves.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδοὺ: meaning 'behold'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φρύγαναbrushwoodN2N APN · φρύγανονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφρύγανον: meaning 'brushwood'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πυρὶfireN3 DSN · πῦρdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
κατακαήσονταιbe burned upVD FPI3P · λαίω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureλαίω + κατα: meaning 'be burned up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξέλωνταιrescueVB AMS3P · αἱρέω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyαἱρέω + ἐκ: meaning 'rescue'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχὴνlifeN1 ASF · ψυχήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationψυχή: meaning 'life'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
φλογόςthe flameN3G GSF · φλόξgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationφλόξ: meaning 'the flame'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὅτιforC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔχειςhaveV1 PAI2S · ἔχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἔχω: meaning 'have'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄνθρακαςcoalsN3K APM · ἄνθραξaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄνθραξ: meaning 'coals'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πυρόςfireN3 GSN · πῦρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
κάθισαιsitVA AAN · ἵζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἵζω + κατα: meaning 'sit'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
15
οὗτοι ἔσονταί σοι βοήθεια ἐκοπίασας ἐν τῇ μεταβολῇ σου ἐκ νεότητος ἄνθρωπος καθ' ἑαυτὸν ἐπλανήθη σοὶ δὲ οὐκ ἔσται σωτηρία
Such will they be as help to you; you labored in your trade from youth. Each man wandered off by himself, and for you there shall be no salvation.
The chapter ends with abandonment. Commercial and ritual networks disintegrate, leaving Babylon without communal loyalty or deliverance.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
οὗτοιtheseRD NPM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceοὗτοι: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔσονταίwill beVF FMI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'will be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
βοήθειαhelpN1A NSF · βοήθειαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβοήθεια: meaning 'help'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐκοπίασαςyou laboredVAI AAI2S · κοπιάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκοπιάω: meaning 'you labored'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μεταβολῇtradeN1 DSF · μεταβολήdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceμεταβολή: meaning 'trade'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
νεότητοςyouthN3T GSF · νεότηςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationνεότης: meaning 'youth'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἄνθρωποςman / human beingN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καθ'in / duringP · κατάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingκαθ': meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἑαυτὸνhimselfRD ASM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἑαυτὸν: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπλανήθηwandered astrayVCI API3S · πλανάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπλανάω: meaning 'wandered astray'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοὶyouRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοὶ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'shall be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σωτηρίαdeliveranceN1A NSF · σωτηρίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσωτηρία: meaning 'deliverance'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.