1
καὶ ἐγένετο τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ οὗ ἀπέθανεν Οζιας ὁ βασιλεύς εἶδον τὸν κύριον καθήμενον ἐπὶ θρόνου ὑψηλοῦ καὶ ἐπηρμένου καὶ πλήρης ὁ οἶκος τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ
And it came to pass in the year in which King Uzziah died, I saw the Lord sitting upon a high and lifted-up throne, and the house was full of his glory.
The call vision is anchored in the year of Uzziah's death and immediately shifts attention from earthly kingship to the enthroned Lord.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοbecameVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'became'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνιαυτοῦyearN2 GSM · ἐνιαυτόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἐνιαυτός: meaning 'year'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οὗwhichRR GSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationοὗ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀπέθανενdiedVBI AAI3S · θνήσκω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristθνήσκω + ἀπο: meaning 'died'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΟζιαςUzziahN NSM · Οζιαςnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΟζιας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἶδονI sawVBI AAI1S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁράω: meaning 'I saw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριονLordN2 ASM · κύριοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καθήμενονsittingV5 · πμπασμ ἧμαι + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπασμ ἧμαι + κατα: meaning 'sitting'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
θρόνουthroneN2 GSM · θρόνοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθρόνος: meaning 'throne'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὑψηλοῦhighA1 GSM · ὑψηλόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὑψηλός: meaning 'high'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπηρμένουlifted upVZ · αμπγσμ αἴρω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateαμπγσμ αἴρω + ἐπι: meaning 'lifted up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλήρηςfullA3H NSM · πλήρηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπλήρης: meaning 'full'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκοςhouseN2 NSM · οἶκοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δόξηςgloryN1S GSF · δόξαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδόξα: meaning 'glory'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
2
καὶ σεραφιν εἱστήκεισαν κύκλῳ αὐτοῦ ἓξ πτέρυγες τῷ ἑνὶ καὶ ἓξ πτέρυγες τῷ ἑνί καὶ ταῖς μὲν δυσὶν κατεκάλυπτον τὸ πρόσωπον καὶ ταῖς δυσὶν κατεκάλυπτον τοὺς πόδας καὶ ταῖς δυσὶν ἐπέταντο
And seraphim stood around him, six wings to one and six wings to the other; and with two they covered the face, and with two they covered the feet, and with two they flew.
The seraphim are described in liturgical and bodily detail, marking the scene as one of overwhelming holiness.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σεραφινseraphimN NP · σεραφινadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastσεραφιν: meaning 'seraphim'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἱστήκεισανstoodVXI YAI3P · ἵστημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἵστημι: meaning 'stood'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύκλῳaroundN2 DSM · κύκλοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκύκλος: meaning 'around'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἓξsixM · ἕξadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἓξ: meaning 'six'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πτέρυγεςwingN3G NPF · πτέρυξnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπτέρυξ: meaning 'wing'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑνὶoneA3 DSM · εἷςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceεἷς: meaning 'one'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἓξsixM · ἕξadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἓξ: meaning 'six'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πτέρυγεςwingN3G NPF · πτέρυξnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπτέρυξ: meaning 'wing'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑνίone / eachA3 DSM · εἷςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceεἷς: meaning 'one'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὲνon the one handX · μένadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὲν: meaning 'on the one hand'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δυσὶνtwoM DPF · δύοadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδυσὶν: meaning 'two'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατεκάλυπτονthey were coveringV1I IAI3P · καλύπτω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processκαλύπτω + κατα: meaning 'they were covering'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόσωπονfaceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυσὶνtwoM DPF · δύοadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδυσὶν: meaning 'two'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατεκάλυπτονthey were coveringV1I IAI3P · καλύπτω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processκαλύπτω + κατα: meaning 'they were covering'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόδαςfeetN3D APM · πούςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπούς: meaning 'feet'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυσὶνtwoM DPF · δύοadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδυσὶν: meaning 'two'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέταντοflyVAI IAI3P · πέτομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπέτομαι: meaning 'fly'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
3
καὶ ἐκέκραγον ἕτερος πρὸς τὸν ἕτερον καὶ ἔλεγον ἅγιος ἅγιος ἅγιος κύριος σαβαωθ πλήρης πᾶσα ἡ γῆ τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ
And one cried out to another and said, 'Holy, holy, holy is the Lord Sabaoth; the whole earth is full of his glory.'
The trisagion interprets the vision: the Lord's holiness fills not merely the temple but the whole earth with glory.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκέκραγονcry outV1I IAI3P · κράζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processκράζω: meaning 'cry out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἕτεροςanotherA1A NSM · ἕτεροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἕτερος: meaning 'another'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἕτερονanotherA1A ASM · ἕτεροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἕτερος: meaning 'another'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλεγονsayV1I IAI3P · λέγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processλέγω: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἅγιοςholyA1A NSM · ἅγιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἅγιος: meaning 'holy'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἅγιοςholyA1A NSM · ἅγιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἅγιος: meaning 'holy'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἅγιοςholyA1A NSM · ἅγιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἅγιος: meaning 'holy'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σαβαωθSabaothN G · σαβαωθadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastσαβαωθ: meaning 'Sabaoth'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλήρηςfullA3H NSM · πλήρηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπλήρης: meaning 'full'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πᾶσαallA1S NSF · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandN1 NSF · γῆnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δόξηςgloryN1S GSF · δόξαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδόξα: meaning 'glory'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
4
καὶ ἐπήρθη τὸ ὑπέρθυρον ἀπὸ τῆς φωνῆς ἧς ἐκέκραγον καὶ ὁ οἶκος ἐπλήσθη καπνοῦ
And the lintel was lifted by the voice with which they were crying out, and the house was filled with smoke.
The created environment responds physically to the praise, as thresholds shake and smoke fills the house.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπήρθηwas liftedVCI API3S · αἴρω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristαἴρω + ἐπι: meaning 'was lifted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑπέρθυρονlintelN2N ASN · ὑπέρθυρονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὑπέρθυρον: meaning 'lintel'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φωνῆςvoiceN1 GSF · φωνήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationφωνή: meaning 'voice'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἧςwhichRR GSF · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἧς: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκέκραγονcried outV1I IAI3P · κράζω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processκράζω + ἐκ: meaning 'cried out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκοςhouseN2 NSM · οἶκοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπλήσθηfillVSI API3S · πίμπλημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπίμπλημι: meaning 'fill'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καπνοῦsmokeN2 GSM · καπνόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκαπνός: meaning 'smoke'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
5
καὶ εἶπα ὦ τάλας ἐγώ ὅτι κατανένυγμαι ὅτι ἄνθρωπος ὢν καὶ ἀκάθαρτα χείλη ἔχων ἐν μέσῳ λαοῦ ἀκάθαρτα χείλη ἔχοντος ἐγὼ οἰκῶ καὶ τὸν βασιλέα κύριον σαβαωθ εἶδον τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς μου
And I said, 'Alas, I am wretched, for I am pierced to the heart, because, being a man and having unclean lips, I dwell in the midst of a people having unclean lips; and I have seen the King, the Lord Sabaoth, with my eyes.'
Isaiah answers the vision with self-condemnation, recognizing both his own impurity and that of the people among whom he lives.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπαI saidVAI AAI1S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'I said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὦalasI · ὦadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὦ: meaning 'alas'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τάλαςwretchedA3P NSM · τάλαςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτάλας: meaning 'wretched'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐγώmyRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐγώ: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατανένυγμαιpiercedVM XMI1S · νύσσω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateνύσσω + κατα: meaning 'pierced'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄνθρωποςmanN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὢνbeingV9 · παπνσμ εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ εἰμί: meaning 'being'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκάθαρταuncleanA1B APN · ἀκάθαρτοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀκάθαρτος: meaning 'unclean'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
χείληlipsN3E APN · χεῖλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχεῖλος: meaning 'lips'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔχωνhavingV1 · παπνσμ ἔχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ἔχω: meaning 'having'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μέσῳmidstA1 DSN · μέσοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
λαοῦpeopleN2 GSM · λαόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀκάθαρταuncleanA1B APN · ἀκάθαρτοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀκάθαρτος: meaning 'unclean'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
χείληlipsN3E APN · χεῖλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχεῖλος: meaning 'lips'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔχοντοςhavingV1 · παπγσμ ἔχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγσμ ἔχω: meaning 'having'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐγὼmyRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οἰκῶdwellV2 PAI1S · οἰκέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processοἰκέω: meaning 'dwell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingN3V ASM · βασιλεύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κύριονLordN2 ASM · κύριοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σαβαωθSabaothN G · σαβαωθadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastσαβαωθ: meaning 'Sabaoth'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδονI sawVBI AAI1S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁράω: meaning 'I saw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθαλμοῖςeyesN2 DPM · ὀφθαλμόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eyes'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
6
καὶ ἀπεστάλη πρός με ἓν τῶν σεραφιν καὶ ἐν τῇ χειρὶ εἶχεν ἄνθρακα ὃν τῇ λαβίδι ἔλαβεν ἀπὸ τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου
And one of the seraphim was sent to me, and in his hand he had a coal, which he had taken with the tongs from the altar.
A seraph mediates cleansing from the altar, joining heavenly worship to sacrificial purification.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπεστάληwas sentVDI API3S · στέλλω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristστέλλω + ἀπο: meaning 'was sent'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πρόςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μεmyRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἓνoneA3 ASN · εἷςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ measure or countἓν: meaning 'one'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σεραφινseraphimN GPM · σεραφινadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastσεραφιν: meaning 'seraphim'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρὶhandN3 DSF · χείρdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
εἶχενhe hadV1I IAI3S · ἔχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἔχω: meaning 'he had'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄνθρακαcoalN3K ASN · ἄνθραξaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄνθραξ: meaning 'coal'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὃνwhichRR ASM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαβίδιtongsN3S DSF · λαβίςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceλαβίς: meaning 'tongs'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἔλαβενtakeVBI AAI3S · λαμβάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: meaning 'take'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίουaltarN2N GSN · θυσιαστήριονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: meaning 'altar'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
7
καὶ ἥψατο τοῦ στόματός μου καὶ εἶπεν ἰδοὺ ἥψατο τοῦτο τῶν χειλέων σου καὶ ἀφελεῖ τὰς ἀνομίας σου καὶ τὰς ἁμαρτίας σου περικαθαριεῖ
And he touched my mouth and said, 'Behold, this has touched your lips, and it will take away your lawless deeds and cleanse away your sins.'
The touch of the coal is interpreted verbally: guilt is removed and sin is cleansed.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἥψατοtouchVAI AMI3S · ἅπτομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἅπτομαι: meaning 'touch'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στόματόςmouthN3M GSN · στόμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationστόμα: meaning 'mouth'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενhe saidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'he said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδοὺ: meaning 'behold'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἥψατοtouchVAI AMI3S · ἅπτομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἅπτομαι: meaning 'touch'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειλέωνlipsN3E GPN · χεῖλοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationχεῖλος: meaning 'lips'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφελεῖtake awayVF2 FAI3S · αἱρέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureαἱρέω + ἀπο: meaning 'take away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνομίαςlawlessnessN1A APF · ἀνομίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀνομία: meaning 'lawlessness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsinN1A APF · ἁμαρτίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἁμαρτία: meaning 'sin'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
περικαθαριεῖcleanse awayVF2 FAI3S · καθαρίζω + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκαθαρίζω + περι: meaning 'cleanse away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
8
καὶ ἤκουσα τῆς φωνῆς κυρίου λέγοντος τίνα ἀποστείλω καὶ τίς πορεύσεται πρὸς τὸν λαὸν τοῦτον καὶ εἶπα ἰδού εἰμι ἐγώ ἀπόστειλόν με
And I heard the voice of the Lord saying, 'Whom shall I send, and who will go to this people?' And I said, 'Behold, here I am; send me.'
Once cleansed, Isaiah can answer the divine call with willing availability.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤκουσαhearVAI AAI1S · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀκούω: meaning 'hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φωνῆςvoiceN1 GSF · φωνήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationφωνή: meaning 'voice'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
κυρίουLordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
λέγοντοςwhile speakingV1 · παπγσμ λέγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγσμ λέγω: meaning 'while speaking'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τίναwhat? who?RI NSN · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίνα: meaning 'what? who?'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀποστείλωshall I sendVF2 FAI1S · στέλλω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureστέλλω + ἀπο: meaning 'shall I send'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίςwhatRI ASN · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πορεύσεταιgoVF FMI3S · πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπορεύομαι: meaning 'go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸνpeopleN2 ASM · λαόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦτονthisRD ASM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτον: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπαI saidVAI AAI1S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'I said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἰδούbeholdI · ἰδούadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: meaning 'behold'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰμιisV9 PAI1S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐγώmyRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐγώ: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀπόστειλόνsendVA AAD2S · στέλλω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateστέλλω + ἀπο: meaning 'send'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μεmyRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
9
καὶ εἶπεν πορεύθητι καὶ εἰπὸν τῷ λαῷ τούτῳ ἀκοῇ ἀκούσετε καὶ οὐ μὴ συνῆτε καὶ βλέποντες βλέψετε καὶ οὐ μὴ ἴδητε
And he said, 'Go, and say to this people: You will indeed hear, and you shall certainly not understand; and seeing, you will indeed see, and you shall certainly not perceive.'
The mission is paradoxical: Isaiah must announce a hearing that does not yield understanding.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενhe saidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'he said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πορεύθητιgoV1 PMD2S · πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπορεύομαι: meaning 'go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰπὸνsayVBI AAI3P · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαῷpeopleN2 DSM · λαόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τούτῳthisRD DSM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestτούτῳ: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀκοῇhearingN1 DSF · ἀκοήdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀκοή: meaning 'hearing'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἀκούσετεhearVF FAI2P · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἀκούω: meaning 'hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνῆτεunderstandVB AAS2P · ἵημι + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἵημι + συν: meaning 'understand'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βλέποντεςseeingV1 · παπνπμ βλέπωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ βλέπω: meaning 'seeing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
βλέψετεseeVF FAI2P · βλέπωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβλέπω: meaning 'see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἴδητεyou should perceiveVB AAS2P · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyὁράω: meaning 'you should perceive'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
10
ἐπαχύνθη γὰρ ἡ καρδία τοῦ λαοῦ τούτου καὶ τοῖς ὠσὶν αὐτῶν βαρέως ἤκουσαν καὶ τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς αὐτῶν ἐκάμμυσαν μήποτε ἴδωσιν τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς καὶ τοῖς ὠσὶν ἀκούσωσιν καὶ τῇ καρδίᾳ συνῶσιν καὶ ἐπιστρέψωσιν καὶ ἰάσομαι αὐτούς
For the heart of this people has grown dull, and with their ears they heard heavily, and they shut their eyes, lest they see with their eyes and hear with their ears and understand with their heart and turn back, and I will heal them.
The people's closed heart, ears, and eyes are described as the condition that prevents healing.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
ἐπαχύνθηgrow dullVCI API3S · παχύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπαχύνω: meaning 'grow dull'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleN2 GSM · λαόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τούτουthisRD GSM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationτούτου: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὠσὶνearN3T DPN · οὖςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceοὖς: meaning 'ear'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
βαρέωςheavilyD · βαρέωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastβαρέως: meaning 'heavily'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤκουσανhearVAI AAI3P · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀκούω: meaning 'hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθαλμοὺςeyesN2 APM · ὀφθαλμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eyes'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκάμμυσανshutVAI AAI3P · καμμύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκαμμύω: meaning 'shut'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μήποτεlestD · μήποτεadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμήποτε: meaning 'lest'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἴδωσινseeVB AAS3P · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyὁράω: meaning 'see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθαλμοῖςeyesN2 DPM · ὀφθαλμόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eyes'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὠσὶνearN3T DPN · οὖςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceοὖς: meaning 'ear'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἀκούσωσινthey may hear / understandVA AAS3P · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἀκούω: meaning 'they may hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίᾳheartN1A DSF · καρδίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
συνῶσινthey may understandVA AAS3P · ἴημι + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἴημι + συν: meaning 'they may understand'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιστρέψωσινturned backVA AAS3P · στρέφω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyστρέφω + ἐπι: meaning 'turned back'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰάσομαιwill healVF FAI1S · ἰάομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἰάομαι: meaning 'will heal'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτούςhisRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
11
καὶ εἶπα ἕως πότε κύριε καὶ εἶπεν ἕως ἂν ἐρημωθῶσιν πόλεις παρὰ τὸ μὴ κατοικεῖσθαι καὶ οἶκοι παρὰ τὸ μὴ εἶναι ἀνθρώπους καὶ ἡ γῆ καταλειφθήσεται ἔρημος
And I said, 'How long, Lord?' And he said, 'Until cities are laid waste so as not to be inhabited, and houses so as to have no people, and the land will be left desolate.'
Isaiah asks about the duration of the commission, and the answer stretches to sweeping desolation.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπαI saidVAI AAI1S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'I said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἕωςuntilD · ἕωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: meaning 'until'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πότεwhenD · πότεadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπότε: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κύριεLordN2 VSM · κύριοςvocative nominal element used in direct address→ direct addressκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενhe saidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'he said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἕωςuntilD · ἕωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: meaning 'until'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἂνeverX · ἄνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρημωθῶσινbe laid wasteVC APS3P · ἐρημόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἐρημόω: meaning 'be laid waste'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πόλειςcitiesN3I NPF · πόλιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπόλις: meaning 'cities'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
παρὰwithoutP · παράpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'without'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατοικεῖσθαιbe inhabitedV2 PMN · οἰκέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementοἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'be inhabited'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἶκοιhouseN2 NPM · οἶκοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
παρὰwithoutP · παράpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'without'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶναιisV9 PAN · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀνθρώπουςmanN2 APM · ἄνθρωποςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandN1 NSF · γῆnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καταλειφθήσεταιbe leftVV FPI3S · λείπω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureλείπω + κατα: meaning 'be left'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔρημοςdesolateN2 NSF · ἔρημοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔρημος: meaning 'desolate'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
12
καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα μακρυνεῖ ὁ θεὸς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους καὶ οἱ καταλειφθέντες πληθυνθήσονται ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς
And after these things God will remove the people far away, and those who are left behind will multiply upon the land.
Even after devastation, the text speaks of removal and yet also of survivors multiplied upon the land.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ταῦταthisRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceταῦτα: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μακρυνεῖremove far awayVF2 FAI3S · μακρύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureμακρύνω: meaning 'remove far away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνθρώπουςmanN2 APM · ἄνθρωποςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταλειφθέντεςthe ones left behindVV · αππνπμ λείπω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateαππνπμ λείπω + κατα: meaning 'the ones left behind'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πληθυνθήσονταιbe multipliedVC FPI3P · πληθύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπληθύνω: meaning 'be multiplied'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
13
καὶ ἔτι ἐπ' αὐτῆς ἔστιν τὸ ἐπιδέκατον καὶ πάλιν ἔσται εἰς προνομὴν ὡς τερέβινθος καὶ ὡς βάλανος ὅταν ἐκπέσῃ ἀπὸ τῆς θήκης αὐτῆς
And yet upon it there is a tenth, and again it shall be for plundering, like a terebinth and like an oak whenever it falls from its husk.'
The closing image holds judgment and survival together: a reduced tenth is ravaged again, yet the tree image implies life from what seems cut down.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἔτι: meaning 'still'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτῆςhisRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔστινisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιδέκατονa tenthA1 ASN · ἐπιδέκατοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐπιδέκατος: meaning 'a tenth'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάλινagainD · πάλινadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπάλιν: meaning 'again'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιisVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
προνομὴνfor plunderingN1 ASF · προνομήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπρονομή: meaning 'for plundering'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τερέβινθοςterebinthN2 NSF · τερέβινθοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτερέβινθος: meaning 'terebinth'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βάλανοςoakN2 NSF · βάλανοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβάλανος: meaning 'oak'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὅτανwhenD · ὅτανadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὅταν: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκπέσῃfalls offVA AAS3S · πίπτω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyπίπτω + ἐκ: meaning 'falls off'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θήκηςhuskN1 GSF · θήκηgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθήκη: meaning 'husk'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῆςhisRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.