1
ᾄσω δὴ τῷ ἠγαπημένῳ ᾆσμα τοῦ ἀγαπητοῦ τῷ ἀμπελῶνί μου ἀμπελὼν ἐγενήθη τῷ ἠγαπημένῳ ἐν κέρατι ἐν τόπῳ πίονι
Let me now sing for my beloved a song of my beloved concerning my vineyard: my beloved had a vineyard on a horn, in a fertile place.
The chapter opens as a prophetic vineyard song. The affectionate language sharpens the tragedy by contrasting the owner's care with the vineyard's failure.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ᾄσωI will singVF FAI1S · ᾄδωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureᾄδω: meaning 'I will sing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὴnowX · δήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὴ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἠγαπημένῳbelovedVM · χμπδσμ ἀγαπάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπδσμ ἀγαπάω: meaning 'beloved'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ᾆσμαsongN3M ASN · ᾆσμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationᾆσμα: meaning 'song'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγαπητοῦbeloved oneA1 GSM · ἀγαπητόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀγαπητός: meaning 'beloved one'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀμπελῶνίvineyardN3W DSM · ἀμπελώνdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀμπελών: meaning 'vineyard'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀμπελὼνvineyardN3W NSM · ἀμπελώνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀμπελών: meaning 'vineyard'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐγενήθηbecameVCI API3S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'became'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἠγαπημένῳbelovedVM · χμπδσμ ἀγαπάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπδσμ ἀγαπάω: meaning 'beloved'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κέρατιwingN3T DSN · κέραςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκέρας: meaning 'wing'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τόπῳplaceN2 DSM · τόποςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceτόπος: meaning 'place'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
πίονιfertileA3N DSM · πίωνdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπίων: meaning 'fertile'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
2
καὶ φραγμὸν περιέθηκα καὶ ἐχαράκωσα καὶ ἐφύτευσα ἄμπελον σωρηχ καὶ ᾠκοδόμησα πύργον ἐν μέσῳ αὐτοῦ καὶ προλήνιον ὤρυξα ἐν αὐτῷ καὶ ἔμεινα τοῦ ποιῆσαι σταφυλήν ἐποίησεν δὲ ἀκάνθας
And I put a hedge around it, and staked it off, and planted it with a choice vine, and built a tower in its midst, and dug a wine vat in it; and I waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced thorns.
The owner's careful preparation is detailed step by step, so the final failure appears irrational and culpable rather than accidental.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φραγμὸνwall / fenceN2 ASM · φραγμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφραγμός: meaning 'wall'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
περιέθηκαset aroundVAI AAI1S · τίθημι + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristτίθημι + περι: meaning 'set around'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐχαράκωσαstake offVAI AAI1S · χαρακόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristχαρακόω: meaning 'stake off'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐφύτευσαplantVAI AAI1S · φυτεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristφυτεύω: meaning 'plant'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄμπελονvineN2 ASF · ἄμπελοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄμπελος: meaning 'vine'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σωρηχchoice vineA3 ASF · σωρήκaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσωρήκ: meaning 'choice vine'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾠκοδόμησαbuildVAI AAI1S · οἰκοδομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'build'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πύργονtowerN2 ASM · πύργοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπύργος: meaning 'tower'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μέσῳmidstA1 DSN · μέσοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προλήνιονwine vatN2N ASN · προλήνιονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπρολήνιον: meaning 'wine vat'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὤρυξαdigVAI AAI1S · ὀρύσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὀρύσσω: meaning 'dig'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτῷhisRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔμειναremainVAI AAI1S · μένωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristμένω: meaning 'remain'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιῆσαιmakeVA AAN · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementποιέω: meaning 'make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σταφυλήνgrapeN1 ASF · σταφυλήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσταφυλή: meaning 'grape'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐποίησενmakeVAI AAI3S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκάνθαςthornN1A APF · ἄκανθαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄκανθα: meaning 'thorn'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
3
καὶ νῦν ἄνθρωπος τοῦ Ιουδα καὶ οἱ ἐνοικοῦντες ἐν Ιερουσαλημ κρίνατε ἐν ἐμοὶ καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ ἀμπελῶνός μου
And now, O man of Judah and you who dwell in Jerusalem, judge between me and my vineyard.
The song turns into a lawsuit as Judah and Jerusalem are summoned to judge the case for themselves.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νῦνnowD · νῦνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastνῦν: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄνθρωποςmanN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδαJudahN GSM · Ιουδαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνοικοῦντεςdwellingV2 · παπνπμ οἰκέω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ οἰκέω + ἐν: meaning 'dwelling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
κρίνατεjudgeVA AAD2P · κρίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateκρίνω: meaning 'judge'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐμοὶmyRP DS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἐμοὶ: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνὰbetweenP · ἀνάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ: meaning 'between'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μέσονmidstA1 ASN · μέσοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀμπελῶνόςvineyardN3W GSM · ἀμπελώνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀμπελών: meaning 'vineyard'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
4
τί ποιήσω ἔτι τῷ ἀμπελῶνί μου καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησα αὐτῷ διότι ἔμεινα τοῦ ποιῆσαι σταφυλήν ἐποίησεν δὲ ἀκάνθας
What shall I still do for my vineyard that I have not done for it? Because I waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced thorns.
The owner asks what more could have been done, exposing the vineyard's barrenness as inexcusable.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
τίwhatRI ASN · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ποιήσωmakeVF FAI1S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureποιέω: meaning 'make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἔτι: meaning 'still'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀμπελῶνίvineyardN3W DSM · ἀμπελώνdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀμπελών: meaning 'vineyard'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησαmakeVAI AAI1S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῷhisRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
διότιbecauseC · διότιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔμειναremainVAI AAI1S · μένωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristμένω: meaning 'remain'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιῆσαιmakeVA AAN · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementποιέω: meaning 'make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σταφυλήνgrapeN1 ASF · σταφυλήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσταφυλή: meaning 'grape'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐποίησενmakeVAI AAI3S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκάνθαςthornN1A APF · ἄκανθαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄκανθα: meaning 'thorn'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
5
νῦν δὲ ἀναγγελῶ ὑμῖν τί ποιήσω τῷ ἀμπελῶνί μου ἀφελῶ τὸν φραγμὸν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔσται εἰς διαρπαγήν καὶ καθελῶ τὸν τοῖχον αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔσται εἰς καταπάτημα
And now I will tell you what I will do to my vineyard: I will take away its hedge, and it shall be for plundering; and I will pull down its wall, and it shall be for trampling.
The sentence is now declared: the protections that marked the vineyard as cherished will be removed.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
νῦνnowD · νῦνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastνῦν: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναγγελῶlet me tell / I will declareVF2 FAI1S · ἀγγέλλω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἀγγέλλω + ἀνα: meaning 'let me tell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑμῖνyouRP DP · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τίwhatRI ASN · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ποιήσωmakeVF FAI1S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureποιέω: meaning 'make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀμπελῶνίvineyardN3W DSM · ἀμπελώνdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀμπελών: meaning 'vineyard'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀφελῶtake awayVF2 FAI1S · αἱρέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureαἱρέω + ἀπο: meaning 'take away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φραγμὸνwall / fenceN2 ASM · φραγμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφραγμός: meaning 'wall'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιisVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
διαρπαγήνplunderingN1 ASF · διαρπαγήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδιαρπαγή: meaning 'plundering'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθελῶbring downVF2 FAI1S · αἱρέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureαἱρέω + κατα: meaning 'bring down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοῖχονwallN2 ASM · τοῖχοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτοῖχος: meaning 'wall'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιisVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
καταπάτημαtramplingA3M ASN · καταπάτημαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκαταπάτημα: meaning 'trampling'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
6
καὶ ἀνήσω τὸν ἀμπελῶνά μου καὶ οὐ μὴ τμηθῇ οὐδὲ μὴ σκαφῇ καὶ ἀναβήσεται εἰς αὐτὸν ὡς εἰς χέρσον ἄκανθα καὶ ταῖς νεφέλαις ἐντελοῦμαι τοῦ μὴ βρέξαι εἰς αὐτὸν ὑετόν
And I will abandon my vineyard, and it shall surely not be pruned, nor shall it be dug; and thorns shall come up on it as on wasteland; and I will command the clouds not to rain a shower upon it.
The announced devastation includes both agricultural abandonment and heavenly restraint, showing judgment on every side.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνήσωlet goVF FAI1S · ἵημι + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἵημι + ἀνα: meaning 'let go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀμπελῶνάvineyardN3W ASM · ἀμπελώνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀμπελών: meaning 'vineyard'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τμηθῇpruneVC APS3S · τέμνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyτέμνω: meaning 'prune'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σκαφῇdigVC FPI3S · σκάπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureσκάπτω: meaning 'dig'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναβήσεταιgo upVF FMI3S · βαίνω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'go up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτὸνhisRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
χέρσονwastelandN2 ASF · χέρσοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχέρσος: meaning 'wasteland'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἄκανθαthornN1A ASF · ἄκανθαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄκανθα: meaning 'thorn'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεφέλαιςcloudN1 DPF · νεφέληdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceνεφέλη: meaning 'cloud'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐντελοῦμαιcommandVF2 FMI1S · τέλλομαι + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureτέλλομαι + ἐν: meaning 'command'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βρέξαιrainVA AAN · βρέχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementβρέχω: meaning 'rain'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτὸνhisRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὑετόνrainN2 ASM · ὑετόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὑετός: meaning 'rain'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
7
ὁ γὰρ ἀμπελὼν κυρίου σαβαωθ οἶκος τοῦ Ισραηλ ἐστίν καὶ ἄνθρωπος τοῦ Ιουδα νεόφυτον ἠγαπημένον ἔμεινα τοῦ ποιῆσαι κρίσιν ἐποίησεν δὲ ἀνομίαν καὶ οὐ δικαιοσύνην ἀλλὰ κραυγήν
For the vineyard of the Lord Sabaoth is the house of Israel, and the man of Judah is a beloved new planting. I waited for him to produce justice, but he produced lawlessness; and not righteousness, but a cry.
The metaphor is decoded directly: Israel and Judah are the vineyard, and the sought-for justice is contrasted with the found injustice.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀμπελὼνvineyardN3W NSM · ἀμπελώνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀμπελών: meaning 'vineyard'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κυρίουLordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σαβαωθSabaothN G · σαβαωθadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastσαβαωθ: meaning 'Sabaoth'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἶκοςhouseN2 NSM · οἶκοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἐστίνisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄνθρωποςmanN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδαJudahN GSM · Ιουδαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
νεόφυτονnew plantingA1B NSN · νεόφυτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceνεόφυτος: meaning 'new planting'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἠγαπημένονbelovedVM · χμπασμ ἀγαπάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπασμ ἀγαπάω: meaning 'beloved'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔμειναremainVAI AAI1S · μένωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristμένω: meaning 'remain'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιῆσαιmakeVA AAN · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementποιέω: meaning 'make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κρίσινjusticeN3I ASF · κρίσιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκρίσις: meaning 'justice'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐποίησενmakeVAI AAI3S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνομίανiniquitiesN1A ASF · ἀνομίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀνομία: meaning 'iniquities'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δικαιοσύνηνrighteousnessN1 ASF · δικαιοσύνηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδικαιοσύνη: meaning 'righteousness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλὰ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κραυγήνcryN1 ASF · κραυγήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκραυγή: meaning 'cry'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
8
οὐαὶ οἱ συνάπτοντες οἰκίαν πρὸς οἰκίαν καὶ ἀγρὸν πρὸς ἀγρὸν ἐγγίζοντες ἵνα τοῦ πλησίον ἀφέλωνταί τι μὴ οἰκήσετε μόνοι ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς
Woe to those who join house to house and bring field near to field, so as to take away something from their neighbor; will you dwell alone upon the land?
The first woe attacks predatory land accumulation that devours a neighbor's share of the land.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
οὐαὶwoeI · οὐαίadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐαὶ: meaning 'woe'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συνάπτοντεςjoiningV1 · παπνπμ ἅπτω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ ἅπτω + συν: meaning 'joining'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἰκίανhouseN1A ASF · οἰκίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἰκία: meaning 'house'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
οἰκίανhouseN1A ASF · οἰκίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἰκία: meaning 'house'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀγρὸνfieldN2 ASM · ἀγρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀγρός: meaning 'field'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀγρὸνfieldN2 ASM · ἀγρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀγρός: meaning 'field'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐγγίζοντεςbringing nearV1 · παπνπμ ἐγγίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ ἐγγίζω: meaning 'bringing near'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἵναso thatC · ἵναconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλησίονneighborD · πλησίονadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπλησίον: meaning 'neighbor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφέλωνταίtake awayVB AMS3P · αἱρέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyαἱρέω + ἀπο: meaning 'take away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τιanythingRI ASN · τιςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτι: meaning 'anything'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἰκήσετεdwellVF FAI2P · οἰκέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureοἰκέω: meaning 'dwell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μόνοιaloneA1 NPM · μόνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμόνος: meaning 'alone'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
9
ἠκούσθη γὰρ εἰς τὰ ὦτα κυρίου σαβαωθ ταῦτα ἐὰν γὰρ γένωνται οἰκίαι πολλαί εἰς ἔρημον ἔσονται μεγάλαι καὶ καλαί καὶ οὐκ ἔσονται οἱ ἐνοικοῦντες ἐν αὐταῖς
For these things were heard in the ears of the Lord Sabaoth: even if many houses come to be, they shall become desolate, great and fine houses, with no inhabitants in them.
The Lord's hearing guarantees that the social crime of greed will end in empty houses and failed estates.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
ἠκούσθηhearVCI API3S · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀκούω: meaning 'hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὦταearN3T APN · οὖςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοὖς: meaning 'ear'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κυρίουLordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σαβαωθSabaothN G · σαβαωθadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastσαβαωθ: meaning 'Sabaoth'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταῦταthisRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceταῦτα: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γένωνταιmay becomeVB AMS3P · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyγίγνομαι: meaning 'may become'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἰκίαιhouseN1A NPF · οἰκίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοἰκία: meaning 'house'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πολλαίmanyA1 NPF · πολύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπολύς: meaning 'many'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἔρημονdesolateN2 ASF · ἔρημοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔρημος: meaning 'desolate'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔσονταιisVF FMI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μεγάλαιlargeA1 NPF · μέγαςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμέγας: meaning 'large'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καλαίgoodA1 NPF · καλόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαλός: meaning 'good'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσονταιisVF FMI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνοικοῦντεςdwellingV2 · παπνπμ οἰκέω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ οἰκέω + ἐν: meaning 'dwelling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐταῖςhisRD DPF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐταῖς: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
10
οὗ γὰρ ἐργῶνται δέκα ζεύγη βοῶν ποιήσει κεράμιον ἕν καὶ ὁ σπείρων ἀρτάβας ἓξ ποιήσει μέτρα τρία
For where ten yoke of oxen work, they will produce one jarful; and the one who sows six artabas will produce three measures.
Economic futility answers economic greed: large inputs now produce meager returns.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
οὗwhereD · οὗadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὗ: meaning 'where'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐργῶνταιworkV1 PMI3P · ἐργάζομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἐργάζομαι: meaning 'work'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δέκαtenM · δέκαadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδέκα: meaning 'ten'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ζεύγηyokeN3E APN · ζεῦγοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationζεῦγος: meaning 'yoke'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
βοῶνoxenN3 GPM · βοῦςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβοῦς: meaning 'oxen'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ποιήσειmakeVF FAI3S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureποιέω: meaning 'make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κεράμιονjarfulN2N ASN · κεράμιονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκεράμιον: meaning 'jarful'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἕνoneA3 ASN · εἷςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ measure or countἕν: meaning 'one'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σπείρωνsowingV1 · παπνσμ σπείρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ σπείρω: meaning 'sowing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀρτάβαςartabaN1 APF · ἀρτάβηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀρτάβη: meaning 'artaba'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἓξsixM · ἕξadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἓξ: meaning 'six'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειmakeVF FAI3S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureποιέω: meaning 'make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μέτραmeasureN2N APN · μέτρονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμέτρον: meaning 'measure'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τρίαthreeA3 APN · τρεῖςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ measure or countτρία: meaning 'three'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
11
οὐαὶ οἱ ἐγειρόμενοι τὸ πρωὶ καὶ τὸ σικερα διώκοντες οἱ μένοντες τὸ ὀψέ ὁ γὰρ οἶνος αὐτοὺς συγκαύσει
Woe to those who rise early and pursue strong drink, to those who remain late; for the wine will burn them up.
The next woe condemns a life structured around intoxication from morning to night.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
οὐαὶwoeI · οὐαίadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐαὶ: meaning 'woe'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐγειρόμενοιrisingV1 · πμπνπμ ἐγείρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνπμ ἐγείρω: meaning 'rising'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρωὶearlyD · πρωίadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπρωὶ: meaning 'early'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σικεραstrong drinkN3 ASN · σίκεραaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσίκερα: meaning 'strong drink'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
διώκοντεςpursuersV1 · παπνπμ διώκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ διώκω: meaning 'pursuers'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μένοντεςremainingV1 · παπνπμ μένωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ μένω: meaning 'remaining'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀψέlateD · ὀψέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὀψέ: meaning 'late'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἶνοςwineN2 NSM · οἶνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοἶνος: meaning 'wine'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοὺςhisRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
συγκαύσειwill burn upVF FAI3S · καυσόω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκαυσόω + συν: meaning 'will burn up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
12
μετὰ γὰρ κιθάρας καὶ ψαλτηρίου καὶ τυμπάνων καὶ αὐλῶν τὸν οἶνον πίνουσιν τὰ δὲ ἔργα κυρίου οὐκ ἐμβλέπουσιν καὶ τὰ ἔργα τῶν χειρῶν αὐτοῦ οὐ κατανοοῦσιν
For they drink wine with lyre and harp and tambourines and flutes, but they do not regard the works of the Lord, nor do they consider the works of his hands.
The revelry is not neutral pleasure; it is blindness to the Lord's works and rule.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κιθάραςlyreN1A GSF · κιθάραgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκιθάρα: meaning 'lyre'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ψαλτηρίουharpN2N GSN · ψαλτήριονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationψαλτήριον: meaning 'harp'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τυμπάνωνtambourineN2N GPN · τύμπανονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτύμπανον: meaning 'tambourine'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐλῶνfluteN2 GPM · αὐλόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationαὐλός: meaning 'flute'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶνονwineN2 ASM · οἶνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἶνος: meaning 'wine'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πίνουσινdrinkV1 PAI3P · πίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπίνω: meaning 'drink'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔργαworkN2N APN · ἔργονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔργον: meaning 'work'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κυρίουLordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμβλέπουσινlook uponV1 PAI3P · βλέπω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processβλέπω + ἐν: meaning 'look upon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργαworkN2N APN · ἔργονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔργον: meaning 'work'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρῶνhandN3 GPF · χείρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατανοοῦσινconsiderV2 PAI3P · νοέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processνοέω + κατα: meaning 'consider'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
13
τοίνυν αἰχμάλωτος ὁ λαός μου ἐγενήθη διὰ τὸ μὴ εἰδέναι αὐτοὺς τὸν κύριον καὶ πλῆθος ἐγενήθη νεκρῶν διὰ λιμὸν καὶ δίψαν ὕδατος
Therefore my people have become captive because they did not know the Lord, and a multitude of dead has come about through hunger and thirst for water.
Because the people refuse true knowledge of the Lord, exile and mass death become the consequence.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
τοίνυνthereforeX · τοίνυνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastτοίνυν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἰχμάλωτοςcaptivityA1B NSM · αἰχμάλωτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceαἰχμάλωτος: meaning 'captivity'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐγενήθηbecameVCI API3S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'became'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
διὰbecause ofP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'because of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰδέναιto knowVXI XAN · οἶδαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementοἶδα: meaning 'to know'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοὺςhisRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριονLordN2 ASM · κύριοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλῆθοςmultitudeN3E ASN · πλῆθοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπλῆθος: meaning 'multitude'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐγενήθηbecameVCI API3S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'became'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
νεκρῶνdeadN2 GPM · νεκρόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationνεκρός: meaning 'dead'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
διὰbecause ofP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'because of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
λιμὸνfamineN2 ASM · λιμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλιμός: meaning 'famine'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δίψανthirstN1S ASF · δίψαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδίψα: meaning 'thirst'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὕδατοςwaterN3T GSN · ὕδωρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
14
καὶ ἐπλάτυνεν ὁ ᾅδης τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ καὶ διήνοιξεν τὸ στόμα αὐτοῦ τοῦ μὴ διαλιπεῖν καὶ καταβήσονται οἱ ἔνδοξοι καὶ οἱ μεγάλοι καὶ οἱ πλούσιοι καὶ οἱ λοιμοὶ αὐτῆς
And Hades has enlarged its appetite and opened its mouth without ceasing, and her glorious ones and her great ones and her rich ones and her rabble shall go down.
The underworld is personified as a devouring mouth swallowing the city's honored and careless alike.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπλάτυνενhas enlargedV1I IAI3S · πλατύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπλατύνω: meaning 'has enlarged'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ᾅδηςHades / SheolN1M NSM · ᾅδηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceᾅδης: meaning 'Hades'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχὴνthroatN1 ASF · ψυχήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationψυχή: meaning 'throat'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διήνοιξενopenedVAI AAI3S · οἴγω + δια + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristοἴγω + δια + ἀνα: meaning 'opened'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στόμαmouthN3M ASN · στόμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationστόμα: meaning 'mouth'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διαλιπεῖνto ceaseVB AAN · λείπω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementλείπω + δια: meaning 'to cease'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταβήσονταιshall go downVF FMI3P · βαίνω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβαίνω + κατα: meaning 'shall go down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔνδοξοιnoblesA1B NPM · ἔνδοξοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔνδοξος: meaning 'nobles'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μεγάλοιgreatA1 NPM · μέγαςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμέγας: meaning 'great'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλούσιοιrichA1A NPM · πλούσιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπλούσιος: meaning 'rich'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιμοὶrabbleA1 NPM · λοιμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλοιμός: meaning 'rabble'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῆςhisRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
15
καὶ ταπεινωθήσεται ἄνθρωπος καὶ ἀτιμασθήσεται ἀνήρ καὶ οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ οἱ μετέωροι ταπεινωθήσονται
And man shall be humbled, and each person shall be dishonored, and the lofty eyes shall be brought low.
Human pride collapses, with both ordinary and elevated figures brought low.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταπεινωθήσεταιhumbleVC FPI3S · ταπεινόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureταπεινόω: meaning 'humble'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄνθρωποςmanN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀτιμασθήσεταιdishonorVS FPI3S · ἀτιμάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἀτιμάζω: meaning 'dishonor'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀνήρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθαλμοὶeyesN2 NPM · ὀφθαλμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eyes'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μετέωροιloftyA1B NPM · μετέωροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμετέωρος: meaning 'lofty'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ταπεινωθήσονταιhumbleVC FPI3P · ταπεινόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureταπεινόω: meaning 'humble'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
16
καὶ ὑψωθήσεται κύριος σαβαωθ ἐν κρίματι καὶ ὁ θεὸς ὁ ἅγιος δοξασθήσεται ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ
But the Lord Sabaoth shall be exalted in judgment, and God, the Holy One, shall be glorified in righteousness.
Human abasement reveals the opposite truth: the Lord is exalted precisely through just judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑψωθήσεταιbe exaltedVC FPI3S · ὑψόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureὑψόω: meaning 'be exalted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σαβαωθSabaothN G · σαβαωθadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastσαβαωθ: meaning 'Sabaoth'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κρίματιcustom / mannerN3M DSN · κρίμαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκρίμα: meaning 'custom'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅγιοςholyA1A NSM · ἅγιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἅγιος: meaning 'holy'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δοξασθήσεταιbe glorifiedVS FPI3S · δοξάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureδοξάζω: meaning 'be glorified'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δικαιοσύνῃrighteousnessN1 DSF · δικαιοσύνηdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceδικαιοσύνη: meaning 'righteousness'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
17
καὶ βοσκηθήσονται οἱ διηρπασμένοι ὡς ταῦροι καὶ τὰς ἐρήμους τῶν ἀπειλημμένων ἄρνες φάγονται
And those who were despoiled shall be grazed like bulls, and lambs shall eat the deserted places of those who have been taken away.
The land passes to others in a scene of desolation, emphasizing how thoroughly the former order has been stripped.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βοσκηθήσονταιgrazeVC FPI3P · βόσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβόσκω: meaning 'graze'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διηρπασμένοιthose despoiledVT · χμπνπμ ἁρπάζω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπνπμ ἁρπάζω + δια: meaning 'those despoiled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταῦροιbullsN2 NPM · ταῦροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceταῦρος: meaning 'bulls'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμουςbereftN2 APF · ἔρημοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔρημος: meaning 'bereft'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπειλημμένωνthose carried awayVP · χμπγπμ λαμβάνω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπγπμ λαμβάνω + ἀπο: meaning 'those carried away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄρνεςlambsN3 NPM · ἀρνόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀρνός: meaning 'lambs'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
φάγονταιeatsVF FMI3P · ἐσθίωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἐσθίω: meaning 'eats'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
18
οὐαὶ οἱ ἐπισπώμενοι τὰς ἁμαρτίας ὡς σχοινίῳ μακρῷ καὶ ὡς ζυγοῦ ἱμάντι δαμάλεως τὰς ἀνομίας
Woe to those who drag sins with a long rope and lawless deeds as with the strap of a heifer's yoke,
Another woe addresses those who deliberately drag sin behind them as though harnessed to it.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
οὐαὶwoeI · οὐαίadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐαὶ: meaning 'woe'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπισπώμενοιspaopiV3 · πμπνπμ σπάω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνπμ σπάω + ἐπι: meaning 'spaopi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsinN1A APF · ἁμαρτίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἁμαρτία: meaning 'sin'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σχοινίῳropeN2 DSN · σχοινίονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσχοινίον: meaning 'rope'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
μακρῷlongA1A DSN · μακρόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceμακρός: meaning 'long'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ζυγοῦyokeN2 GSM · ζυγόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationζυγός: meaning 'yoke'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἱμάντιstrapN3T DSM · ἱμάςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἱμάς: meaning 'strap'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
δαμάλεωςof a heiferN3I GSF · δάμαλιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδάμαλις: meaning 'of a heifer'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνομίαςlawlessnessN1A APF · ἀνομίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀνομία: meaning 'lawlessness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
19
οἱ λέγοντες τὸ τάχος ἐγγισάτω ἃ ποιήσει ἵνα ἴδωμεν καὶ ἐλθάτω ἡ βουλὴ τοῦ ἁγίου Ισραηλ ἵνα γνῶμεν
who say, 'Let what he will do come quickly and draw near, so that we may see it; and let the counsel of the Holy One of Israel come, so that we may know it.'
The sinners mock prophetic warning by demanding that God act quickly so they can inspect it for themselves.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λέγοντεςsayingV1 · παπνπμ λέγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ λέγω: meaning 'saying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τάχοςquicklyN3E ASN · τάχοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτάχος: meaning 'quickly'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐγγισάτωdraw nearVA AAD3S · ἐγγίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἐγγίζω: meaning 'draw near'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἃwhichRR APN · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἃ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ποιήσειmakeVF FAI3S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureποιέω: meaning 'make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἵναso thatC · ἵναconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἴδωμενwe may seeVB AAS1P · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyὁράω: meaning 'we may see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλθάτωlet it comeVB AAD3S · ἐλθάτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἐλθάτω: meaning 'let it come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βουλὴcounselN1 NSF · βουλήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβουλή: meaning 'counsel'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁγίουholyA1A GSM · ἅγιοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἅγιος: meaning 'holy'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἵναso thatC · ἵναconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γνῶμενwe may knowVZ AAS1P · γιγνώσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyγιγνώσκω: meaning 'we may know'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
20
οὐαὶ οἱ λέγοντες τὸ πονηρὸν καλὸν καὶ τὸ καλὸν πονηρόν οἱ τιθέντες τὸ σκότος φῶς καὶ τὸ φῶς σκότος οἱ τιθέντες τὸ πικρὸν γλυκὺ καὶ τὸ γλυκὺ πικρόν
Woe to those who call evil good and good evil, who make darkness light and light darkness, who make bitter sweet and sweet bitter.
Moral inversion stands at the center of this indictment: values have been publicly reversed.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
οὐαὶwoeI · οὐαίadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐαὶ: meaning 'woe'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λέγοντεςsayingV1 · παπνπμ λέγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ λέγω: meaning 'saying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνevilA1A ASN · πονηρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπονηρός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καλὸνgoodA1 ASN · καλόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκαλός: meaning 'good'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καλὸνgoodA1 ASN · καλόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκαλός: meaning 'good'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πονηρόνevilA1A ASN · πονηρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπονηρός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τιθέντεςsettingV7 · παπνπμ τίθημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ τίθημι: meaning 'setting'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκότοςdarknessN3E ASN · σκότοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσκότος: meaning 'darkness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
φῶςlightN3T ASN · φῶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφῶς: meaning 'light'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φῶςlightN3T ASN · φῶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφῶς: meaning 'light'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σκότοςdarknessN3E ASN · σκότοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσκότος: meaning 'darkness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τιθέντεςsettingV7 · παπνπμ τίθημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ τίθημι: meaning 'setting'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πικρὸνbitterA1A ASM · πικρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπικρός: meaning 'bitter'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
γλυκὺsweetA3U ASN · γλυκύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγλυκύς: meaning 'sweet'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γλυκὺsweetA3U ASN · γλυκύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγλυκύς: meaning 'sweet'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πικρόνbitterA1A ASN · πικρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπικρός: meaning 'bitter'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
21
οὐαὶ οἱ συνετοὶ ἐν ἑαυτοῖς καὶ ἐνώπιον ἑαυτῶν ἐπιστήμονες
Woe to those who are wise in themselves and knowledgeable in their own sight.
Self-certified wisdom is condemned because it refuses correction from divine judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
οὐαὶwoeI · οὐαίadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐαὶ: meaning 'woe'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συνετοὶwiseA1 NPM · συνετόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσυνετός: meaning 'wise'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἑαυτοῖςthemselvesRD DPM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἑαυτοῖς: meaning 'themselves'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνώπιονbeforeP · ἐνώπιονpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἑαυτῶνthemselvesRD GPM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἑαυτῶν: meaning 'themselves'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπιστήμονεςunderstandingA3N NPM · ἐπιστήμωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐπιστήμων: meaning 'understanding'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
22
οὐαὶ οἱ ἰσχύοντες ὑμῶν οἱ τὸν οἶνον πίνοντες καὶ οἱ δυνάσται οἱ κεραννύντες τὸ σικερα
Woe to your strong men, those who drink wine, and the mighty who mix strong drink,
Prestige and strength are mocked when they are used chiefly for drinking and indulgence.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
οὐαὶwoeI · οὐαίadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐαὶ: meaning 'woe'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰσχύοντεςstrongV1 · παπνπμ ἰσχύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ ἰσχύω: meaning 'strong'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑμῶνyouRP GP · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶνονwineN2 ASM · οἶνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἶνος: meaning 'wine'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πίνοντεςdrinkingV1 · παπνπμ πίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ πίνω: meaning 'drinking'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνάσταιmighty manN1M NPM · δυνάστηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδυνάστης: meaning 'mighty man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεραννύντεςmixingV5 · παπνπμ κεράννυμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ κεράννυμι: meaning 'mixing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σικεραstrong drinkN3 ASN · σίκεραaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσίκερα: meaning 'strong drink'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
23
οἱ δικαιοῦντες τὸν ἀσεβῆ ἕνεκεν δώρων καὶ τὸ δίκαιον τοῦ δικαίου αἴροντες
those who justify the wicked for the sake of gifts and take away the righteous claim of the righteous.
The social corruption underneath the revelry appears in bribery and the stripping away of rightful claims.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δικαιοῦντεςjustifyingV4 · παπνπμ δικαιόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ δικαιόω: meaning 'justifying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀσεβῆwickedA3H ASM · ἀσεβήςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀσεβής: meaning 'wicked'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἕνεκενfor the sake ofP · ἕνεκενpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἕνεκεν: meaning 'for the sake of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δώρωνgiftN2N GPN · δῶρονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδῶρον: meaning 'gift'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δίκαιονrighteousA1A ASM · δίκαιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδίκαιος: meaning 'righteous'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δικαίουjustA1A GSM · δίκαιοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδίκαιος: meaning 'just'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αἴροντεςtaking awayV1 · παπνπμ αἴρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ αἴρω: meaning 'taking away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
24
διὰ τοῦτο ὃν τρόπον καυθήσεται καλάμη ὑπὸ ἄνθρακος πυρὸς καὶ συγκαυθήσεται ὑπὸ φλογὸς ἀνειμένης ἡ ῥίζα αὐτῶν ὡς χνοῦς ἔσται καὶ τὸ ἄνθος αὐτῶν ὡς κονιορτὸς ἀναβήσεται οὐ γὰρ ἠθέλησαν τὸν νόμον κυρίου σαβαωθ ἀλλὰ τὸ λόγιον τοῦ ἁγίου Ισραηλ παρώξυναν
Therefore, as stubble will be burned by a coal of fire and consumed by a rushing flame, so their root shall be like down and their blossom shall rise like dust, because they were unwilling for the law of the Lord Sabaoth, but provoked the oracle of the Holy One of Israel.
The consequence is total disintegration because the people rejected the Lord's law and spurned his word.
Word-by-word analysis· 41 words
διὰbecause ofP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'because of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὃνwhichRR ASM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τρόπονmannerN2 ASM · τρόποςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτρόπος: meaning 'manner'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καυθήσεταιburnVC FPI3S · καίωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκαίω: meaning 'burn'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καλάμηstubbleN1 NSF · καλάμηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαλάμη: meaning 'stubble'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὑπὸunderP · ὑπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὸ: meaning 'under'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἄνθρακοςcoalN3K GSM · ἄνθραξgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄνθραξ: meaning 'coal'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πυρὸςfireN3 GSM · πύρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπύρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συγκαυθήσεταιwill be consumedVC FPI3S · καίω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκαίω + συν: meaning 'will be consumed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑπὸunderP · ὑπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὸ: meaning 'under'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
φλογὸςflameN3G GSF · φλόξgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationφλόξ: meaning 'flame'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀνειμένηςrushingVM · χμπγσφ ἵημι + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπγσφ ἵημι + ἀνα: meaning 'rushing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥίζαrootN1S NSF · ῥίζαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceῥίζα: meaning 'root'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χνοῦςdownN3 ASN · χνοῦςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχνοῦς: meaning 'down'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔσταιisVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθοςblossomN3E ASN · ἄνθοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄνθος: meaning 'blossom'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κονιορτὸςdustN2 NSM · κονιορτόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκονιορτός: meaning 'dust'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀναβήσεταιgo upVF FMI3S · βαίνω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'go up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἠθέλησανthey were willingVAI AAI3P · θέλωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristθέλω: meaning 'they were willing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμονlawN2 ASM · νόμοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationνόμος: meaning 'law'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κυρίουLordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σαβαωθSabaothN G · σαβαωθadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastσαβαωθ: meaning 'Sabaoth'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλὰ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγιονoracleN2 ASN · λόγιονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλόγιον: meaning 'oracle'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁγίουholyA1A GSM · ἅγιοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἅγιος: meaning 'holy'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΙσραηλIsraelM GSM · Ἰσραήλnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
παρώξυνανprovokeVAI AAI3P · ὀξύνω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὀξύνω + παρα: meaning 'provoke'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
25
καὶ ἐθυμώθη ὀργῇ κύριος σαβαωθ ἐπὶ τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐπέβαλεν τὴν χεῖρα αὐτοῦ ἐπ' αὐτοὺς καὶ ἐπάταξεν αὐτούς καὶ παρωξύνθη τὰ ὄρη καὶ ἐγενήθη τὰ θνησιμαῖα αὐτῶν ὡς κοπρία ἐν μέσῳ ὁδοῦ καὶ ἐν πᾶσι τούτοις οὐκ ἀπεστράφη ὁ θυμός ἀλλ' ἔτι ἡ χεὶρ ὑψηλή
And the Lord Sabaoth grew angry with wrath against his people, and laid his hand upon them, and struck them; and the mountains were stirred, and their corpses became like dung in the middle of the road. In all this his anger was not turned away, but his hand is still raised.
The prophet describes the Lord's hand already striking the people, yet the refrain insists that the anger is not finished.
Word-by-word analysis· 46 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθυμώθηbe angryVCI API3S · θυμόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristθυμόω: meaning 'be angry'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὀργῇwrathN1 DSF · ὀργήdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὀργή: meaning 'wrath'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σαβαωθSabaothN G · σαβαωθadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastσαβαωθ: meaning 'Sabaoth'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸνpeopleN2 ASM · λαόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέβαλενlaid uponVBI AAI3S · βάλλω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristβάλλω + ἐπι: meaning 'laid upon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραhandN3 ASF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτοὺςhisRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstrikeVAI AAI3S · πατάσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπατάσσω: meaning 'strike'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτούςhisRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρωξύνθηwas provokedVCI API3S · ὀξύνω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὀξύνω + παρα: meaning 'was provoked'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρηmountainsN3E APN · ὄροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὄρος: meaning 'mountains'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγενήθηbecameVCI API3S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'became'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θνησιμαῖαcorpsesA1A APN · θνησιμαῖοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθνησιμαῖος: meaning 'corpses'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κοπρίαdungN2N APN · κόπριονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκόπριον: meaning 'dung'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μέσῳmidstA1 DSN · μέσοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὁδοῦroadN2 GSF · ὁδόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὁδός: meaning 'road'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πᾶσιallA3 DPM · πᾶςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τούτοιςthisRD DPM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestτούτοις: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπεστράφηwas turned awayVDI API3S · στρέφω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristστρέφω + ἀπο: meaning 'was turned away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυμόςangerN2 NSM · θυμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθυμός: meaning 'anger'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀλλ'butC · ἀλλάconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλ': meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἔτι: meaning 'still'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεὶρhandN3 NSF · χείρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὑψηλήhighA1 NSF · ὑψηλόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὑψηλός: meaning 'high'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
26
τοιγαροῦν ἀρεῖ σύσσημον ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν τοῖς μακρὰν καὶ συριεῖ αὐτοῖς ἀπ' ἄκρου τῆς γῆς καὶ ἰδοὺ ταχὺ κούφως ἔρχονται
Therefore he will raise a signal among the nations far away, and whistle for them from the end of the earth; and behold, swiftly and lightly they come.
A distant nation is summoned as the next instrument of judgment, responding immediately to the Lord's call.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
τοιγαροῦνthereforeX · τοιγαροῦνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastτοιγαροῦν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀρεῖwill raiseVF2 FAI3S · αἴρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureαἴρω: meaning 'will raise'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σύσσημονsignalN2N ASN · σύσσημονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσύσσημον: meaning 'signal'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔθνεσινnationsN3E DPN · ἔθνοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἔθνος: meaning 'nations'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μακρὰνfar awayD · μακράνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμακρὰν: meaning 'far away'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συριεῖwill hissVF2 FAI3S · συρίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureσυρίζω: meaning 'will hiss'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοῖςhisRD DPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἄκρουendA1A GSM · ἄκροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄκρος: meaning 'end'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδοὺ: meaning 'behold'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταχὺswiftA3U B · ταχύςnominal element functioning within the clause→ clausal contributionταχύς: meaning 'swift'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause.
κούφωςlightlyD · κούφωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastκούφως: meaning 'lightly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔρχονταιcomeV1 PMI3P · ἔρχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἔρχομαι: meaning 'come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
27
οὐ πεινάσουσιν οὐδὲ κοπιάσουσιν οὐδὲ νυστάξουσιν οὐδὲ κοιμηθήσονται οὐδὲ λύσουσιν τὰς ζώνας αὐτῶν ἀπὸ τῆς ὀσφύος αὐτῶν οὐδὲ μὴ ῥαγῶσιν οἱ ἱμάντες τῶν ὑποδημάτων αὐτῶν
They shall not hunger nor grow weary, nor slumber nor sleep, nor shall they loosen the belts from their loins, nor shall the straps of their sandals be broken.
The invaders are portrayed as tireless and perfectly prepared, heightening the inevitability of their advance.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πεινάσουσινbe hungryVF FAI3P · πεινάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπεινάω: meaning 'be hungry'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κοπιάσουσινgrow wearyVF FAI3P · κοπιάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκοπιάω: meaning 'grow weary'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νυστάξουσινslumberVF2 FAI3P · νυστάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureνυστάζω: meaning 'slumber'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κοιμηθήσονταιshall sleepVC FPI3P · κοιμάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκοιμάω: meaning 'shall sleep'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λύσουσινloosenVF FAI3P · λύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureλύω: meaning 'loosen'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζώναςbeltsN1 APF · ζωνήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationζωνή: meaning 'belts'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀσφύοςloinsN3U GSF · ὀσφύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὀσφύς: meaning 'loins'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ῥαγῶσινbreakVD APS3P · ῥήγνυμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyῥήγνυμι: meaning 'break'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάντεςstrapN3 NPM · ἱμάςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἱμάς: meaning 'strap'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑποδημάτωνsandalN3M GPN · ὑπόδημαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὑπόδημα: meaning 'sandal'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
28
ὧν τὰ βέλη ὀξεῖά ἐστιν καὶ τὰ τόξα αὐτῶν ἐντεταμένα οἱ πόδες τῶν ἵππων αὐτῶν ὡς στερεὰ πέτρα ἐλογίσθησαν οἱ τροχοὶ τῶν ἁρμάτων αὐτῶν ὡς καταιγίς
Their arrows are sharp and their bows drawn tight; the feet of their horses were reckoned like solid rock, and the wheels of their chariots like a storm.
Weapons, horses, and chariots are pictured in hard, stormlike terms that underscore destructive force.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
ὧνwhichRR GPN · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationὧν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βέληarrowsN3E APN · βέλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβέλος: meaning 'arrows'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὀξεῖάsharpA3U NSF · ὀξύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀξύς: meaning 'sharp'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐστινisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόξαbowN2N APN · τόξονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτόξον: meaning 'bow'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐντεταμέναdrawn tightVM · χμπαπν τείνω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπαπν τείνω + ἐν: meaning 'drawn tight'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόδεςfeetN3D NPM · πούςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπούς: meaning 'feet'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἵππωνhorseN2 GPM · ἵπποςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἵππος: meaning 'horse'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
στερεὰhardA1A APN · στερεόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationστερεός: meaning 'hard'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πέτραrockN1A ASF · πέτραaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπέτρα: meaning 'rock'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐλογίσθησανconsider / reckonVSI API3P · λογίζομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλογίζομαι: meaning 'consider'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τροχοὶwheelN2 NPM · τροχόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτροχός: meaning 'wheel'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁρμάτωνchariotN3M GPN · ἅρμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἅρμα: meaning 'chariot'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταιγίςstormN3D ASF · καταιγίςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκαταιγίς: meaning 'storm'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
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ὁρμῶσιν ὡς λέοντες καὶ παρέστηκαν ὡς σκύμνος λέοντος καὶ ἐπιλήμψεται καὶ βοήσει ὡς θηρίου καὶ ἐκβαλεῖ καὶ οὐκ ἔσται ὁ ῥυόμενος αὐτούς
They rush like lions and stand ready like a lion's whelp; and it will seize and roar like a beast, and it will carry off, and there will be none to rescue them.
The army is likened to lions and wild beasts that seize prey with no rescuer available.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ὁρμῶσινrushV3 PAI3P · ὁρμάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processὁρμάω: meaning 'rush'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λέοντεςlionN3 NPM · λέωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλέων: meaning 'lion'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρέστηκανstand readyVXI XAI3P · ἵστημι + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἵστημι + παρα: meaning 'stand ready'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σκύμνοςyoung lionN2 NSM · σκύμνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσκύμνος: meaning 'young lion'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
λέοντοςlionN3 GSM · λέωνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationλέων: meaning 'lion'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιλήμψεταιwill seizeVF FMI3S · λαμβάνω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureλαμβάνω + ἐπι: meaning 'will seize'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βοήσειroarVF FAI3S · βοάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβοάω: meaning 'roar'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θηρίουbeastN2N GSN · θηρίονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθηρίον: meaning 'beast'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκβαλεῖwill carry offVF2 FAI3S · βάλλω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβάλλω + ἐκ: meaning 'will carry off'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιisVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥυόμενοςrescuerV1 · πμπνσμ ῥύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ ῥύομαι: meaning 'rescuer'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτούςhisRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
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καὶ βοήσει δι' αὐτοὺς ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ ὡς φωνὴ θαλάσσης κυμαινούσης καὶ ἐμβλέψονται εἰς τὴν γῆν καὶ ἰδοὺ σκότος σκληρὸν ἐν τῇ ἀπορίᾳ αὐτῶν
And it will roar over them in that day like the sound of a surging sea; and they will look toward the land, and behold, harsh darkness in their distress.
The chapter closes with sea-like roaring and a landscape swallowed by dark distress.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βοήσειroarVF FAI3S · βοάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβοάω: meaning 'roar'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δι'because ofP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδι': meaning 'because of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτοὺςhisRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐκείνῃthatRD DSF · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἐκείνῃ: meaning 'that'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὡςasD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φωνὴvoiceN1 NSF · φωνήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφωνή: meaning 'voice'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
θαλάσσηςseaN1S GSF · θάλασσαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθάλασσα: meaning 'sea'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
κυμαινούσηςsurgingV1 · παπγσφ κυμαίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγσφ κυμαίνω: meaning 'surging'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμβλέψονταιlook uponVF FMI3P · βλέπω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβλέπω + ἐν: meaning 'look upon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδοὺ: meaning 'behold'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σκότοςdarknessN3E ASN · σκότοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσκότος: meaning 'darkness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σκληρὸνharshA1A ASN · σκληρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσκληρός: meaning 'harsh'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπορίᾳdistressN1A DSF · ἀπορίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀπορία: meaning 'distress'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.