1
λόγος κυρίου ὃς ἐγενήθη πρὸς Ιωηλ τὸν τοῦ Βαθουηλ
The word of the Lord that came to Joel son of Bethuel.
A conventional prophetic superscription introduces both the speaker and the source of the message. The chapter begins not with narrative setting but with revelation: this is a word that has come from the Lord to Joel.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
λόγοςwordN2 NSM · λόγοςcommon noun within the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ὃςwhoRR NSM · ὅςnominal element within the genealogical notice→ locust devastation and communal lamentὅς: meaning 'who'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
ἐγενήθηbecome / happenVCI API3S · γίγνομαιmain verbal form advancing the narrative or description→ ingressive aorist middle/passiveγίγνομαι: meaning 'become'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
ΙωηλIoelN ASM · Ιωηλproper name within the list or clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentΙωηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒαθουηλBethuelN GSM · Βαθουηλadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ locust devastation and communal lamentΒαθουηλ: meaning 'Bethuel'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
2
ἀκούσατε δὴ ταῦτα οἱ πρεσβύτεροι καὶ ἐνωτίσασθε πάντες οἱ κατοικοῦντες τὴν γῆν εἰ γέγονεν τοιαῦτα ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ὑμῶν ἢ ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις τῶν πατέρων ὑμῶν
Hear these things, elders, and give ear, all who dwell in the land. Has anything like this happened in your days or in the days of your fathers?
The prophet addresses the elders first, then broadens the appeal to the whole land. The rhetorical question frames the coming report as something historically extraordinary and worthy of collective memory.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
ἀκούσατεhearVA AAD2P · ἀκούωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ ingressive aorist imperative (give heed now)ἀκούω: meaning 'hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
δὴnow / indeedX · δήsubstantive, modifier, or particle functioning within the clause according to context→ locust devastation and communal lamentδὴ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ locust devastation and communal lamentταῦτα: meaning 'these things'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρεσβύτεροιelderA1A NPM · πρεσβύτεροςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ locust devastation and communal lamentπρεσβύτερος: meaning 'elder'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνωτίσασθεgive earVA AMD2P · ἐνωτίζομαιfinite verb carrying the clause's action, process, speech, or state→ locust devastation and communal lamentἐνωτίζομαι: meaning 'give ear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb carrying the clause's action, process, speech, or state.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦντεςdwellingV2 · παπνπμ οἰκέω + καταparticiple identifying the residence of the scribal families→ present participle of residenceπαπνπμ οἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'dwelling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle identifying the residence of the scribal families.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆcommon noun within the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
εἰifC · εἰconjunction linking clauses, commands, or list items→ conditional / interrogative markerεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γέγονενhas occurred / come aboutVX XAI3S · γίγνομαιverb of indirect question (perfect of result)→ locust devastation and communal lamentγίγνομαι: meaning 'has occurred'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of indirect question (perfect of result).
τοιαῦτατοιουτοςA1 NPN · τοιοῦτοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ locust devastation and communal lamentτοιοῦτος: meaning 'τοιουτος'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ locust devastation and communal lamentταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιςdayN1A DPF · ἡμέραnominal term functioning as a dative complement→ locust devastation and communal lamentἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a dative complement.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ locust devastation and communal lamentὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ locust devastation and communal lamentταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιςdayN1A DPF · ἡμέραnominal term functioning as a dative complement→ locust devastation and communal lamentἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a dative complement.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersN3 GPM · πατήρgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ locust devastation and communal lamentπατήρ: meaning 'fathers'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ locust devastation and communal lamentὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
3
ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν τοῖς τέκνοις ὑμῶν διηγήσασθε καὶ τὰ τέκνα ὑμῶν τοῖς τέκνοις αὐτῶν καὶ τὰ τέκνα αὐτῶν εἰς γενεὰν ἑτέραν
Tell of these things to your children, and let your children tell them to their children, and their children to another generation.
The disaster is to become communal tradition. The repeated generational chain turns the plague into a lesson that must be preserved and retold.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ὑπὲρfor / on behalf ofP · ὑπέρpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionὑπὲρ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέκνοιςchildN2N DPN · τέκνονdative element functioning within the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentτέκνον: meaning 'child'; it serves as dative element functioning within the clause.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ locust devastation and communal lamentὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
διηγήσασθεtellVAI AMD2P · ἡγέομαι + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentἡγέομαι + δια: meaning 'tell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ locust devastation and communal lamentτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέκναchildN2N NPN · τέκνονsubject of the verbal action→ locust devastation and communal lamentτέκνον: meaning 'child'; it serves as subject of the verbal action.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ locust devastation and communal lamentὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέκνοιςchildN2N DPN · τέκνονdative element functioning within the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentτέκνον: meaning 'child'; it serves as dative element functioning within the clause.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ locust devastation and communal lamentτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέκναchildN2N NPN · τέκνονsubject of the verbal action→ locust devastation and communal lamentτέκνον: meaning 'child'; it serves as subject of the verbal action.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
γενεὰνgenerationN1A ASF · γενεάhead noun or nominal element within the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentγενεά: meaning 'generation'; it serves as head noun or nominal element within the clause.
ἑτέρανanotherA1A ASF · ἕτεροςobject or complement within the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentἕτερος: meaning 'another'; it serves as object or complement within the clause.
4
τὰ κατάλοιπα τῆς κάμπης κατέφαγεν ἡ ἀκρίς καὶ τὰ κατάλοιπα τῆς ἀκρίδος κατέφαγεν ὁ βροῦχος καὶ τὰ κατάλοιπα τοῦ βρούχου κατέφαγεν ἡ ἐρυσίβη
What the cutting-locust left, the locust consumed; what the locust left, the hopper consumed; and what the hopper left, the blight consumed.
The verse uses a cascading sequence of consuming agents to depict total loss. The repeated 'what was left' formula emphasizes that each new wave completes what the previous one spared.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατάλοιπαthe remainderA1B APN · κατάλοιποςadjectival or numeral modifier within its phrase→ locust devastation and communal lamentκατάλοιπος: meaning 'the remainder'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within its phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κάμπηςcutting-locustN1 GSF · κάμπηgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ locust devastation and communal lamentκάμπη: meaning 'cutting-locust'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
κατέφαγενconsumeVBI AAI3S · ἐσθίω + καταfinite verb advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἐσθίω + κατα: meaning 'consume'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀκρίςἀκρίςN3D NSF · ἀκρίςhead noun or nominative element within the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentἀκρίς: meaning 'ἀκρίς'; it serves as head noun or nominative element within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατάλοιπαthe remainderA1B APN · κατάλοιποςadjectival or numeral modifier within its phrase→ locust devastation and communal lamentκατάλοιπος: meaning 'the remainder'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within its phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀκρίδοςlocustN3D GSF · ἀκρίςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ locust devastation and communal lamentἀκρίς: meaning 'locust'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
κατέφαγενconsumeVBI AAI3S · ἐσθίω + καταfinite verb advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἐσθίω + κατα: meaning 'consume'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βροῦχοςβροῦχοςN2 NSM · βροῦχοςhead noun or nominative element within the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentβροῦχος: meaning 'βροῦχος'; it serves as head noun or nominative element within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατάλοιπαthe remainderA1B APN · κατάλοιποςadjectival or numeral modifier within its phrase→ locust devastation and communal lamentκατάλοιπος: meaning 'the remainder'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within its phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βρούχουhopperN2 GSM · βροῦχοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ locust devastation and communal lamentβροῦχος: meaning 'hopper'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
κατέφαγενconsumeVBI AAI3S · ἐσθίω + καταfinite verb advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἐσθίω + κατα: meaning 'consume'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρυσίβηblightN1 NSF · ἐρυσίβηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ locust devastation and communal lamentἐρυσίβη: meaning 'blight'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
5
ἐκνήψατε οἱ μεθύοντες ἐξ οἴνου αὐτῶν καὶ κλαύσατε θρηνήσατε πάντες οἱ πίνοντες οἶνον εἰς μέθην ὅτι ἐξῆρται ἐκ στόματος ὑμῶν εὐφροσύνη καὶ χαρά
Wake up, you drunkards, from your wine, and weep; lament, all you who drink wine to drunkenness, because joy and gladness have been removed from your mouth.
Those formerly defined by wine and revelry are summoned into mourning. The removal of joy from the mouth reverses festive consumption and marks the social effects of agricultural collapse.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ἐκνήψατεwake upVA AAD2P · νήφω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentνήφω + ἐκ: meaning 'wake up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μεθύοντεςbeing drunkV1 · παπνπμ μεθύωverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentπαπνπμ μεθύω: meaning 'being drunk'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
οἴνουwineN2 GSM · οἶνοςcommon noun within the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentοἶνος: meaning 'wine'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κλαύσατεweepVA AAD2P · κλαίωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentκλαίω: meaning 'weep'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θρηνήσατεlamentVA AAD2P · θρηνέωverbal form issuing command or exhortation→ aorist imperative of summary commandθρηνέω: meaning 'lament'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form issuing command or exhortation.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πίνοντεςdrinkingV1 · παπνπμ πίνωparticiple modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive force→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressπαπνπμ πίνω: meaning 'drinking'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive force.
οἶνονwineN2 ASM · οἶνοςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ locust devastation and communal lamentοἶνος: meaning 'wine'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
μέθηνdrunkennessN1 ASF · μέθηaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentμέθη: meaning 'drunkenness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆρταιremoveVX XMI3S · αἴρω + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentαἴρω + ἐκ: meaning 'remove'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
στόματοςmouthN3M GSN · στόμαgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ locust devastation and communal lamentστόμα: meaning 'mouth'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ locust devastation and communal lamentὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
εὐφροσύνηgladnessN1 NSF · εὐφροσύνηnominative subject / predicate element in the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentεὐφροσύνη: meaning 'gladness'; it serves as nominative subject / predicate element in the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χαράjoyN1A NSF · χαράnominative term functioning in the clause core→ locust devastation and communal lamentχαρά: meaning 'joy'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
6
ὅτι ἔθνος ἀνέβη ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν μου ἰσχυρὸν καὶ ἀναρίθμητον οἱ ὀδόντες αὐτοῦ ὀδόντες λέοντος καὶ αἱ μύλαι αὐτοῦ σκύμνου
For a nation has come up upon my land, strong and without number; its teeth are lions' teeth, and its fangs are those of a lion's whelp.
The plague is described as an invading nation, which gives the locust image military force. Leonine teeth and fangs make the destroyer both innumerable and predatory.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθνοςnationN3E NSN · ἔθνοςnominative term in clause/list→ locust devastation and communal lamentἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as nominative term in clause/list.
ἀνέβηwent upVZI AAI3S · βαίνω + ἀναfinite verb advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeβαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'went up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆcommon noun within the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ locust devastation and communal lamentμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἰσχυρὸνtermA1A NSN · ἰσχυρόςnominative nominal functioning as subject or predicate within the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentἰσχυρός: meaning 'term'; it serves as nominative nominal functioning as subject or predicate within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναρίθμητονwithout numberA1B NSN · ἀναρίθμητοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ locust devastation and communal lamentἀναρίθμητος: meaning 'without number'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀδόντεςteethN3 NPM · ὀδούςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ locust devastation and communal lamentὀδούς: meaning 'teeth'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ὀδόντεςteethN3 NPM · ὀδούςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ locust devastation and communal lamentὀδούς: meaning 'teeth'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
λέοντοςlionN3 GSM · λέωνgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ locust devastation and communal lamentλέων: meaning 'lion'; it serves as genitive element qualifying a related head term.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαἱ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
μύλαιfangsN1 NPF · μύληnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ locust devastation and communal lamentμύλη: meaning 'fangs'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
σκύμνουlion’s whelpN2 GSM · σκύμνοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ locust devastation and communal lamentσκύμνος: meaning 'lion’s whelp'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
7
ἔθετο τὴν ἄμπελόν μου εἰς ἀφανισμὸν καὶ τὰς συκᾶς μου εἰς συγκλασμόν ἐρευνῶν ἐξηρεύνησεν αὐτὴν καὶ ἔρριψεν ἐλεύκανεν κλήματα αὐτῆς
It has made my vine a desolation and my fig trees a ruin; thoroughly searching it out, it stripped it bare and cast it down; its branches were made white.
The invader's work is described with deliberate completeness: vine and fig are searched out, shattered, and stripped. The whitening of the branches conveys total bark-loss and agricultural death.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ἔθετοplace / appointVEI AMI3S · τίθημιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristτίθημι: meaning 'place'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄμπελόνvineN2 ASF · ἄμπελοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ locust devastation and communal lamentἄμπελος: meaning 'vine'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ locust devastation and communal lamentμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἀφανισμὸνobliterationN2 ASM · ἀφανισμόςaccusative of result (with εἰς, climactic)→ locust devastation and communal lamentἀφανισμός: meaning 'obliteration'; it serves as accusative of result (with εἰς, climactic).
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συκᾶςfig treeN1 APF · συκῆaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ locust devastation and communal lamentσυκῆ: meaning 'fig tree'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ locust devastation and communal lamentμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
συγκλασμόνruinN2 ASM · συγκλασμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ locust devastation and communal lamentσυγκλασμός: meaning 'ruin'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐρευνῶνsearching outV3 · παπνσμ ἐρευνάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentπαπνσμ ἐρευνάω: meaning 'searching out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐξηρεύνησενsearch outVAI AAI3S · ἐρευνάω + ἐκfinite verb advancing the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentἐρευνάω + ἐκ: meaning 'search out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
αὐτὴνitRD ASF · αὐτόςdirect object→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὴν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔρριψενhe threwVAI AAI3S · ῥίπτωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentῥίπτω: meaning 'he threw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ἐλεύκανενmade whiteV1I IAI3S · λευκαίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentλευκαίνω: meaning 'made white'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κλήματαbranchN3M APN · κλῆμαaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentκλῆμα: meaning 'branch'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
8
θρήνησον πρός με ὑπὲρ νύμφην περιεζωσμένην σάκκον ἐπὶ τὸν ἄνδρα αὐτῆς τὸν παρθενικόν
Lament before me like a bride clothed in sackcloth for the husband of her youth.
The mode of lament is compared to the grief of a newly married woman bereaved of her youthful husband. The bridal image gives the chapter's mourning a visceral and intimate register.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
θρήνησονlamentVA AAD2S · θρήνέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentθρήνέω: meaning 'lament'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πρόςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ locust devastation and communal lamentμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ὑπὲρfor / on behalf ofP · ὑπέρpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionὑπὲρ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
νύμφηνbrideN1 ASF · νύμφηdirect object of ἄγουσιν→ locust devastation and communal lamentνύμφη: meaning 'bride'; it serves as direct object of ἄγουσιν.
περιεζωσμένηνclothed aroundVM · χμπασφ ζώννυμι + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentχμπασφ ζώννυμι + περι: meaning 'clothed around'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σάκκονsackclothN2 ASM · σάκκοςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentσάκκος: meaning 'sackcloth'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνδραmanN3 ASM · ἀνήρaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ locust devastation and communal lamentἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρθενικόνof youthN2 ASM · παρθενικόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ locust devastation and communal lamentπαρθενικός: meaning 'of youth'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
9
ἐξῆρται θυσία καὶ σπονδὴ ἐξ οἴκου κυρίου πενθεῖτε οἱ ἱερεῖς οἱ λειτουργοῦντες θυσιαστηρίῳ
Sacrifice and libation have been removed from the house of the Lord; mourn, priests, who minister at the altar.
Agricultural devastation reaches the sanctuary because grain and drink offerings can no longer be supplied. Priestly mourning shows that the crisis is not only economic but liturgical.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἐξῆρταιremoveVX XMI3S · αἴρω + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentαἴρω + ἐκ: meaning 'remove'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
θυσίαsacrificeN1A NSF · θυσίαsubject (verbless clause)→ locust devastation and communal lamentθυσία: meaning 'sacrifice'; it serves as subject (verbless clause).
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σπονδὴlibationN1 NSF · σπονδήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ locust devastation and communal lamentσπονδή: meaning 'libation'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ locust devastation and communal lamentοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
πενθεῖτεmournV2 PAD2P · πενθέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentπενθέω: meaning 'mourn'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖςpriestsN3V NPM · ἱερεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ locust devastation and communal lamentἱερεύς: meaning 'priests'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λειτουργοῦντεςministeringV2 · παπνπμ λειτουργέωparticiple describing ongoing sacred service→ verbal form carrying the discourse forwardπαπνπμ λειτουργέω: meaning 'ministering'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle describing ongoing sacred service.
θυσιαστηρίῳaltarN2N DSN · θυσιαστήριονgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ locust devastation and communal lamentθυσιαστήριον: meaning 'altar'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
10
ὅτι τεταλαιπώρηκεν τὰ πεδία πενθείτω ἡ γῆ ὅτι τεταλαιπώρηκεν σῖτος ἐξηράνθη οἶνος ὠλιγώθη ἔλαιον
The fields have suffered; let the land mourn, because the grain has suffered, the wine has dried up, the oil has diminished.
The whole landscape is personified as grieving. Grain, wine, and oil, the standard signs of fertility and blessing, are each named as failing in turn.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τεταλαιπώρηκενafflict / ruinVX XAI3S · ταλαιπωρέωperfect verb describing a resulting state→ perfectταλαιπωρέω: meaning 'afflict'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as perfect verb describing a resulting state.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ locust devastation and communal lamentτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεδίαfieldsN2N NPN · πεδίονcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ locust devastation and communal lamentπεδίον: meaning 'fields'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
πενθείτωlet mournV2 PAD3S · πενθέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentπενθέω: meaning 'let mourn'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandN1 NSF · γῆnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ locust devastation and communal lamentγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τεταλαιπώρηκενafflict / ruinVX XAI3S · ταλαιπωρέωperfect verb describing a resulting state→ perfectταλαιπωρέω: meaning 'afflict'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as perfect verb describing a resulting state.
σῖτοςgrainN2 NSM · σῖτοςfirst nominative item in the list of prohibited provisions→ locust devastation and communal lamentσῖτος: meaning 'grain'; it serves as first nominative item in the list of prohibited provisions.
ἐξηράνθηdried upVCI API3S · ξηραίνωparticiple modifying the clause with verbal force→ aorist verbal form presenting the action as a complete predicationξηραίνω: meaning 'dried up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the clause with verbal force.
οἶνοςwineN2 NSM · οἶνοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ locust devastation and communal lamentοἶνος: meaning 'wine'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
ὠλιγώθηwitheringVCI API3S · ὀλιγόωfinite verb governing the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentὀλιγόω: meaning 'withering'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
ἔλαιονoilN2N NSN · ἔλαιονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ locust devastation and communal lamentἔλαιον: meaning 'oil'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
11
ἐξηράνθησαν οἱ γεωργοί θρηνεῖτε κτήματα ὑπὲρ πυροῦ καὶ κριθῆς ὅτι ἀπόλωλεν τρυγητὸς ἐξ ἀγροῦ
The farmers are dried up; lament, you estates, over wheat and barley, because the harvest of the field has perished.
Those who depend on the land are called to share its grief. Wheat and barley, staples of subsistence, locate the disaster in the heart of ordinary provision.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ἐξηράνθησανdry upVCI API3P · ξηραίνωmain or subordinate verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeξηραίνω: meaning 'dry up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main or subordinate verbal form carrying the clause forward.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γεωργοίfarmersN2 NPM · γεωργόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ locust devastation and communal lamentγεωργός: meaning 'farmers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
θρηνεῖτεlamentV2 PAD2P · θρηνέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentθρηνέω: meaning 'lament'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κτήματαestatesN3M APN · κτῆμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ locust devastation and communal lamentκτῆμα: meaning 'estates'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὑπὲρfor / on behalf ofP · ὑπέρpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionὑπὲρ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πυροῦwheatN2 GSM · πυρόςnominal term functioning as a genitive dependent→ locust devastation and communal lamentπυρός: meaning 'wheat'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a genitive dependent.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κριθῆςof barleyN1 GSF · κριθήcommon noun within the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentκριθή: meaning 'of barley'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπόλωλενhad perishedVX XAI3S · ὀλλύω + ἀποfinite verb governing the second content clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentὀλλύω + ἀπο: meaning 'had perished'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the second content clause.
τρυγητὸςharvestN2 NSM · τρύγητοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ locust devastation and communal lamentτρύγητος: meaning 'harvest'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἀγροῦfieldN2 GSM · ἀγρόςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ locust devastation and communal lamentἀγρός: meaning 'field'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
12
ἡ ἄμπελος ἐξηράνθη καὶ αἱ συκαῖ ὠλιγώθησαν ῥόα καὶ φοῖνιξ καὶ μῆλον καὶ πάντα τὰ ξύλα τοῦ ἀγροῦ ἐξηράνθησαν ὅτι ᾔσχυναν χαρὰν οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων
The vine has dried up, and the fig trees have diminished, the pomegranate and the palm and the apple, and all the trees of the field have dried up; for joy has been put to shame among the children of men.
The list of trees widens the devastation beyond staple crops to the full range of cultivated delight. Human joy itself is shamed as the orchard withers.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄμπελοςvineN2 NSF · ἄμπελοςobject of ὑπὸ in the first security image→ locust devastation and communal lamentἄμπελος: meaning 'vine'; it serves as object of ὑπὸ in the first security image.
ἐξηράνθηdried upVCI API3S · ξηραίνωparticiple modifying the clause with verbal force→ aorist verbal form presenting the action as a complete predicationξηραίνω: meaning 'dried up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the clause with verbal force.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαἱ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
συκαῖfig treeN1 NPF · συκῆsecond object of ὑπὸ by ellipsis→ locust devastation and communal lamentσυκῆ: meaning 'fig tree'; it serves as second object of ὑπὸ by ellipsis.
ὠλιγώθησανdiminishedVCI API3P · ὀλιγόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentὀλιγόω: meaning 'diminished'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ῥόαpomegranateN1A NSF · ῥόαnominative term functioning in the clause core→ locust devastation and communal lamentῥόα: meaning 'pomegranate'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φοῖνιξpalmN3K NSM · φοῖνιξnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ locust devastation and communal lamentφοῖνιξ: meaning 'palm'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μῆλονappleN2N NSN · μῆλονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ locust devastation and communal lamentμῆλον: meaning 'apple'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallA3 NPN · πᾶςnom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ locust devastation and communal lamentπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ locust devastation and communal lamentτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ξύλαtree / woodN2N NPN · ξύλονnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ locust devastation and communal lamentξύλον: meaning 'tree'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγροῦfieldN2 GSM · ἀγρόςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ locust devastation and communal lamentἀγρός: meaning 'field'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
ἐξηράνθησανdry upVCI API3P · ξηραίνωmain or subordinate verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeξηραίνω: meaning 'dry up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main or subordinate verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾔσχυνανwas put to shameVAI AAI3P · αἰσχύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentαἰσχύνω: meaning 'was put to shame'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
χαρὰνjoyN1A ASF · χαράhead noun or nominal element within the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentχαρά: meaning 'joy'; it serves as head noun or nominal element within the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςhead noun within the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνθρώπωνman / human beingN2 GPM · ἄνθρωποςcommon noun within the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
13
περιζώσασθε καὶ κόπτεσθε οἱ ἱερεῖς θρηνεῖτε οἱ λειτουργοῦντες θυσιαστηρίῳ εἰσέλθατε ὑπνώσατε ἐν σάκκοις λειτουργοῦντες θεῷ ὅτι ἀπέσχηκεν ἐξ οἴκου θεοῦ ὑμῶν θυσία καὶ σπονδή
Gird yourselves and beat your breasts, priests; lament, you who minister at the altar. Enter in, sleep in sackcloth, you who minister to God, because sacrifice and libation have been withheld from the house of your God.
The priests are summoned to embodied mourning and prolonged vigil. Their sackcloth sleep dramatizes the suspension of normal worship when offerings cease.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
περιζώσασθεgird yourselvesVA AMD2P · ζώννυμι + περιfinite verbal form carrying the clause forward→ locust devastation and communal lamentζώννυμι + περι: meaning 'gird yourselves'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal form carrying the clause forward.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κόπτεσθεbeat yourselvesV1 PMD2P · κόπτωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ present verbal form presenting the action as ongoing or imperfectiveκόπτω: meaning 'beat yourselves'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖςpriestsN3V NPM · ἱερεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ locust devastation and communal lamentἱερεύς: meaning 'priests'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
θρηνεῖτεlamentV2 PAI2P · θρηνέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentθρηνέω: meaning 'lament'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λειτουργοῦντεςministeringV2 · παπνπμ λειτουργέωparticiple describing ongoing sacred service→ verbal form carrying the discourse forwardπαπνπμ λειτουργέω: meaning 'ministering'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle describing ongoing sacred service.
θυσιαστηρίῳaltarN2N DSN · θυσιαστήριονgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ locust devastation and communal lamentθυσιαστήριον: meaning 'altar'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
εἰσέλθατεenterVB AAD2P · ἔρχομαι + εἰςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentἔρχομαι + εἰς: meaning 'enter'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑπνώσατεsleepVA AAD2P · ὑπνόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentὑπνόω: meaning 'sleep'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
σάκκοιςsakkoisN2 DPM · σάκκοςcommon noun within the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentσάκκος: meaning 'sakkois'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
λειτουργοῦντεςministeringV2 · παπνπμ λειτουργέωparticiple describing ongoing sacred service→ verbal form carrying the discourse forwardπαπνπμ λειτουργέω: meaning 'ministering'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle describing ongoing sacred service.
θεῷGodN2 DSM · θεόςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ locust devastation and communal lamentθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέσχηκενhas been withheldVX XAI3S · ἔχω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentἔχω + ἀπο: meaning 'has been withheld'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ locust devastation and communal lamentοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ locust devastation and communal lamentθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ locust devastation and communal lamentὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
θυσίαsacrificeN1A NSF · θυσίαsubject (verbless clause)→ locust devastation and communal lamentθυσία: meaning 'sacrifice'; it serves as subject (verbless clause).
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σπονδήlibationN1 NSF · σπονδήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ locust devastation and communal lamentσπονδή: meaning 'libation'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
14
ἁγιάσατε νηστείαν κηρύξατε θεραπείαν συναγάγετε πρεσβυτέρους πάντας κατοικοῦντας γῆν εἰς οἶκον θεοῦ ὑμῶν καὶ κεκράξατε πρὸς κύριον ἐκτενῶς
Sanctify a fast; proclaim a solemn service. Gather the elders, all who dwell in the land, into the house of your God, and cry out earnestly to the Lord.
Private grief becomes public liturgy. Fast, assembly, and sustained crying out form the appropriate communal response to covenantal crisis.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἁγιάσατεἁγιάζωVA AAD2P · ἁγιάζωimperative verbal form issuing a direct command→ aorist imperativeἁγιάζω: meaning 'ἁγιάζω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as imperative verbal form issuing a direct command.
νηστείανfastN1A ASF · νηστείαaccusative nominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement→ locust devastation and communal lamentνηστεία: meaning 'fast'; it serves as accusative nominal element functioning as object, extent, or complement.
κηρύξατεproclaimVA AAD2P · κηρύσσωsecond imperative of the command→ locust devastation and communal lamentκηρύσσω: meaning 'proclaim'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as second imperative of the command.
θεραπείανsolemn serviceN1A ASF · θεραπείαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ locust devastation and communal lamentθεραπεία: meaning 'solemn service'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
συναγάγετεgather togetherVB AAD2P · ἄγω + συνfinite verb advancing the clause→ imperatival verbal form directing the hearerἄγω + συν: meaning 'gather together'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
πρεσβυτέρουςeldersA1A APM · πρεσβύτεροςcommon noun within the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentπρεσβύτερος: meaning 'elders'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
πάνταςall / everyA3 APM · πᾶςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
κατοικοῦνταςthose dwellingV2 · παπαπμ οἰκέω + καταparticiple modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive force→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressπαπαπμ οἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'those dwelling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive force.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆcommon noun within the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ locust devastation and communal lamentθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ locust devastation and communal lamentὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κεκράξατεcry outVAI AAD2P · κράζωaorist imperative commanding appeal→ locust devastation and communal lamentκράζω: meaning 'cry out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as aorist imperative commanding appeal.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἐκτενῶςurgently / ferventlyD · ἐκτενῶςadverb (manner of prayer — intensity)→ locust devastation and communal lamentἐκτενῶς: meaning 'urgently'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
15
οἴμμοι οἴμμοι οἴμμοι εἰς ἡμέραν ὅτι ἐγγὺς ἡμέρα κυρίου καὶ ὡς ταλαιπωρία ἐκ ταλαιπωρίας ἥξει
Alas, alas, alas for the day, because the day of the Lord is near, and it will come as misery from misery.
The triple cry of woe heightens urgency. The coming day of the Lord is not abstract future but an imminent intensification of the present calamity.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
οἴμμοιalasI · οἴμμοιinterjection expressing grief and anguish→ locust devastation and communal lamentοἴμμοι: meaning 'alas'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
οἴμμοιalasI · οἴμμοιinterjection expressing grief and anguish→ locust devastation and communal lamentοἴμμοι: meaning 'alas'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
οἴμμοιalasI · οἴμμοιinterjection expressing grief and anguish→ locust devastation and communal lamentοἴμμοι: meaning 'alas'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἡμέρανdayN1A ASF · ἡμέραaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ locust devastation and communal lamentἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγγὺςnearD · ἐγγύςparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flow→ locust devastation and communal lamentἐγγὺς: meaning 'near'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμέραdayN1A NSF · ἡμέραnominative substantive functioning within the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning within the clause.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ταλαιπωρίαdevastation / miseryN1A NSF · ταλαιπωρίαnominal element functioning within the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentταλαιπωρία: meaning 'devastation'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ταλαιπωρίαςmiseryN1A GSF · ταλαιπωρίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ locust devastation and communal lamentταλαιπωρία: meaning 'misery'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἥξειwill comeVF FAI3S · ἥκωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ futureἥκω: meaning 'will come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
16
κατέναντι τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν ὑμῶν βρώματα ἐξωλεθρεύθη ἐξ οἴκου θεοῦ ὑμῶν εὐφροσύνη καὶ χαρά
Before your eyes food has been destroyed, and from the house of your God gladness and joy.
The people need no explanation of the crisis, since its signs lie before their eyes. Both bodily sustenance and temple joy have vanished together.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
κατέναντιoppositeD · κατέναντιparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or time→ adverbial nuanceκατέναντι: meaning 'opposite'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθαλμῶνeyesN2 GPM · ὀφθαλμόςgenitive substantive after ἀπό→ locust devastation and communal lamentὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eyes'; it serves as genitive substantive after ἀπό.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ locust devastation and communal lamentὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
βρώματαfoodN3M NPN · βρῶμαsubject of ἦν→ locust devastation and communal lamentβρῶμα: meaning 'food'; it serves as subject of ἦν.
ἐξωλεθρεύθηhas been destroyedVCI API3S · ὀλεθρεύω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentὀλεθρεύω + ἐκ: meaning 'has been destroyed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ locust devastation and communal lamentοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ locust devastation and communal lamentθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ locust devastation and communal lamentὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
εὐφροσύνηgladnessN1 NSF · εὐφροσύνηnominative subject / predicate element in the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentεὐφροσύνη: meaning 'gladness'; it serves as nominative subject / predicate element in the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χαράjoyN1A NSF · χαράnominative term functioning in the clause core→ locust devastation and communal lamentχαρά: meaning 'joy'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
17
ἐσκίρτησαν δαμάλεις ἐπὶ ταῖς φάτναις αὐτῶν ἠφανίσθησαν θησαυροί κατεσκάφησαν ληνοί ὅτι ἐξηράνθη σῖτος
The heifers leapt about at their mangers; the storehouses disappeared, the wine vats were broken down, because the grain was dried up.
The verse extends the disaster to livestock and infrastructure. Even the places meant to preserve abundance now testify to emptiness.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἐσκίρτησανleapt aboutVAI AAI3P · σκιρτέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentσκιρτέω: meaning 'leapt about'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δαμάλειςheifersN3I NPF · δάμαλιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ locust devastation and communal lamentδάμαλις: meaning 'heifers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ locust devastation and communal lamentταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φάτναιςmangerN1 DPF · φάτνηdative element marking sphere, reference, means, or location→ locust devastation and communal lamentφάτνη: meaning 'manger'; it serves as dative element marking sphere, reference, means, or location.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἠφανίσθησανvanishedVSI API3P · ἵζω + ἀπο + ἀναmain verbal form advancing the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentἵζω + ἀπο + ἀνα: meaning 'vanished'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
θησαυροίstorehousesN2 NPM · θησαυρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ locust devastation and communal lamentθησαυρός: meaning 'storehouses'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κατεσκάφησανwere broken downVVI API3P · σκάπτω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentσκάπτω + κατα: meaning 'were broken down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ληνοίwine vatsN2 NPF · ληνόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ locust devastation and communal lamentληνός: meaning 'wine vats'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξηράνθηdried upVCI API3S · ξηραίνωparticiple modifying the clause with verbal force→ aorist verbal form presenting the action as a complete predicationξηραίνω: meaning 'dried up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the clause with verbal force.
σῖτοςgrainN2 NSM · σῖτοςfirst nominative item in the list of prohibited provisions→ locust devastation and communal lamentσῖτος: meaning 'grain'; it serves as first nominative item in the list of prohibited provisions.
18
τί ἀποθήσομεν ἑαυτοῖς ἔκλαυσαν βουκόλια βοῶν ὅτι οὐχ ὑπῆρχεν νομὴ αὐτοῖς καὶ τὰ ποίμνια τῶν προβάτων ἠφανίσθησαν
What shall we store up for ourselves? The herds of cattle wept, because there was no pasture for them, and the flocks of sheep were destroyed.
The lament now speaks in the voice of shared desperation. Herds and flocks suffer for lack of grazing, showing that the plague has consumed the whole food chain.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
τίwhatRI ASN · τίςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ locust devastation and communal lamentτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
ἀποθήσομενshall we store upVF FAI1P · τίθημι + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentτίθημι + ἀπο: meaning 'shall we store up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἑαυτοῖςhimself / themselvesRD DPM · ἑαυτοῦdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentἑαυτοῖς: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἔκλαυσανweptVAI AAI3P · κλαίωmain verb of lament→ locust devastation and communal lamentκλαίω: meaning 'wept'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of lament.
βουκόλιαherdsN2N NPN · βουκόλιονaccusative object within pastoral inventory→ locust devastation and communal lamentβουκόλιον: meaning 'herds'; it serves as accusative object within pastoral inventory.
βοῶνcattleN3 GPM · βοῦςgenitive dependent→ locust devastation and communal lamentβοῦς: meaning 'cattle'; it serves as genitive dependent.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐχnotD · οὐadverb or adverbial expression modifying the clause or predicate→ simple negationοὐχ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ὑπῆρχενthere was / was availableV1I IAI3S · ἄρχω + ὑποmain verb (existential: 'there was no longer')→ descriptive imperfect (the settled new state of affairs)ἄρχω + ὑπο: meaning 'there was'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (existential: 'there was no longer').
νομὴpastureN1 NSF · νομήnominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentνομή: meaning 'pasture'; it serves as nominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ locust devastation and communal lamentτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποίμνιαποίμνιονN2N NPN · ποίμνιονnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ locust devastation and communal lamentποίμνιον: meaning 'ποίμνιον'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προβάτωνsheepN2N GPN · πρόβατονgenitival dependent within the phrase→ locust devastation and communal lamentπρόβατον: meaning 'sheep'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
ἠφανίσθησανvanishedVSI API3P · ἵζω + ἀπο + ἀναmain verbal form advancing the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentἵζω + ἀπο + ἀνα: meaning 'vanished'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
19
πρὸς σέ κύριε βοήσομαι ὅτι πῦρ ἀνήλωσεν τὰ ὡραῖα τῆς ἐρήμου καὶ φλὸξ ἀνῆψεν πάντα τὰ ξύλα τοῦ ἀγροῦ
To you, O Lord, I will cry out, because fire has consumed the beautiful places of the wilderness, and flame has kindled all the trees of the field.
The chapter turns decisively from description to prayer. Fire imagery now joins locust devastation, making the desolation comprehensive and driving the prophet toward direct address.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
σέyouRP AS · σύacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentσέ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
κύριεLordN2 VSM · κύριοςsubstantive functioning within the clause according to context→ locust devastation and communal lamentκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as substantive functioning within the clause according to context.
βοήσομαιI shall cryVF FMI1S · βοάωmain verb→ locust devastation and communal lamentβοάω: meaning 'I shall cry'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πῦρfireN3 NSN · πῦρnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ locust devastation and communal lamentπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
ἀνήλωσενconsumedVAI AAI3S · ἁλίσκω + ἀναfinite verbal form advancing the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentἁλίσκω + ἀνα: meaning 'consumed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal form advancing the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὡραῖαbeautiful placesA1A APN · ὡραῖοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ locust devastation and communal lamentὡραῖος: meaning 'beautiful places'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμουwildernessN2 GSF · ἔρημοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ locust devastation and communal lamentἔρημος: meaning 'wilderness'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φλὸξa flameN3G NSF · φλόξsubject of ἀνήφθη→ locust devastation and communal lamentφλόξ: meaning 'a flame'; it serves as subject of ἀνήφθη.
ἀνῆψενkindledVAI AAI3S · ἅπτω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentἅπτω + ἀνα: meaning 'kindled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ξύλαtimber / woodN2N APN · ξύλονaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ locust devastation and communal lamentξύλον: meaning 'timber'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγροῦfieldN2 GSM · ἀγρόςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ locust devastation and communal lamentἀγρός: meaning 'field'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
20
καὶ τὰ κτήνη τοῦ πεδίου ἀνέβλεψαν πρὸς σέ ὅτι ἐξηράνθησαν ἀφέσεις ὑδάτων καὶ πῦρ κατέφαγεν τὰ ὡραῖα τῆς ἐρήμου
Even the beasts of the field looked up to you, because the channels of waters were dried up, and fire consumed the beautiful places of the wilderness.
The final verse gives the land's creatures a posture of dependence toward God. Dry streams and scorched pasture leave all creation looking upward for relief.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandD · καίadverbial modifier of the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ locust devastation and communal lamentτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτήνηcattleN3E NPN · κτῆνοςaccusative object or complement→ locust devastation and communal lamentκτῆνος: meaning 'cattle'; it serves as accusative object or complement.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεδίουfield / plainN2N GSN · πεδίονgenitive (with κόχλαξιν: 'flints of the field')→ locust devastation and communal lamentπεδίον: meaning 'field'; it serves as genitive (with κόχλαξιν: 'flints of the field').
ἀνέβλεψανlooked upVAI AAI3P · βλέπω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentβλέπω + ἀνα: meaning 'looked up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
σέyouRP AS · σύacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ locust devastation and communal lamentσέ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξηράνθησανdry upVCI API3P · ξηραίνωmain or subordinate verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeξηραίνω: meaning 'dry up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main or subordinate verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἀφέσειςchannelsN3I NPF · ἄφεσιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ locust devastation and communal lamentἄφεσις: meaning 'channels'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὑδάτωνὕδωρN3T GPN · ὕδωρGenitive modifier→ locust devastation and communal lamentὕδωρ: meaning 'ὕδωρ'; it serves as Genitive modifier.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πῦρfireN3 NSN · πῦρnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ locust devastation and communal lamentπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
κατέφαγενconsumeVBI AAI3S · ἐσθίω + καταfinite verb advancing the clause→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἐσθίω + κατα: meaning 'consume'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὡραῖαbeautiful placesA1A APN · ὡραῖοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ locust devastation and communal lamentὡραῖος: meaning 'beautiful places'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμουwildernessN2 GSF · ἔρημοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ locust devastation and communal lamentἔρημος: meaning 'wilderness'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.