Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Joshua, Chapter 13ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΓ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Though much land remains, Joshua begins allotting the inheritance and recounts the Transjordan grants.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of Joshua 13 follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. Joshua (Ἰησοῦς) in the LXX is one of the most textually complex books of the Greek canon, the Old Greek being markedly shorter than the Masoretic Text in places; chapter 13 is dense with transliterated Palestinian toponyms and tribal gentilics, many of which fluctuate orthographically across the manuscript tradition (e.g. Γεσιρι for the Geshurite, Μαχατι for the Maacathite, Μισωρ for the Mishor tableland). The chapter opens the great land-distribution section of the book (chs. 13–21) with the divine refrain that Joshua is now πρεσβύτερος προβεβηκὼς τῶν ἡμερῶν ('an elder advanced in days') while ἡ γῆ ὑπολέλειπται πολλὴ εἰς κληρονομίαν ('much land still remains to be inherited', v. 1). The LORD inventories the unconquered territories — Philistia with its five satrapies (αἱ πέντε σατραπεῖαι τῶν Φυλιστιιμ, v. 3), the Geshurites, the Sidonians, and the Lebanon — promising ἐγὼ αὐτοὺς ἐξολεθρεύσω ('I myself will destroy them', v. 6) before commanding Joshua to apportion the land by lot (vv. 6–7). The bulk of the chapter (vv. 8–32) is a retrospective survey of the Transjordan inheritance that Moses (Μωυσῆς ὁ παῖς κυρίου, v. 8) had already granted to Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh: the kingdom of Sihon the Amorite of Heshbon (Σηων, vv. 10, 21) and the kingdom of Og of Bashan (Ωγ, vv. 12, 30–31), the latter described as a survivor ἀπὸ τῶν γιγάντων ('from among the giants', v. 12). A notable casualty-notice records that Balaam son of Beor the diviner (Βαλααμ τὸν τοῦ Βεωρ τὸν μάντιν) was slain ἐν τῇ ῥοπῇ ('in the rout', v. 22; cf. Num 31:8). Twice the chapter sounds the Levite-inheritance refrain: Levi received no territorial allotment because κύριος ὁ θεὸς Ισραηλ οὗτος αὐτῶν κληρονομία ('the LORD God of Israel, he himself is their inheritance', v. 14; cf. Num 18:20; Deut 18:1–2). The verb κατακληρονομέω and the noun κληρονομία dominate the chapter as the technical vocabulary of inherited allotment.

1

καὶ Ἰησοῦς πρεσβύτερος προβεβηκὼς τῶν ἡμερῶν καὶ εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Ἰησοῦν σὺ προβέβηκας τῶν ἡμερῶν καὶ ἡ γῆ ὑπολέλειπται πολλὴ εἰς κληρονομίαν

And Joshua was old, advanced in days, and the LORD said to Joshua, 'You have advanced in days, and the land is left remaining, much of it, for an inheritance.'

New narrative section opener (transition to the land-distribution unit, chs. 13–21)καὶ Ἰησοῦς
The verse opens the great allotment section with a circumstantial nominal clause (Ἰησοῦς πρεσβύτερος προβεβηκώς) establishing the new situation: the conquest leader is aged, but the task is unfinished. The divine speech σὺ προβέβηκας … καὶ ἡ γῆ ὑπολέλειπται πολλή sets up the chapter's governing tension between Joshua's mortality and the unpossessed land, motivating the apportionment that follows.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis, opening the section)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἸησοῦςJoshuaNominativesubject of the nominal clauseἸησοῦς: the Greek form of Hebrew יְהוֹשֻׁעַ ('YHWH saves'); unlike most names in this chapter it is declined as a first-/third-declension hybrid in the LXX (gen. Ἰησοῦ, acc. Ἰησοῦν); the same form later renders 'Jesus' in the NT, a typological link exploited by patristic exegesis.
πρεσβύτεροςold / an elderNominativepredicate adjective (with implied copula)πρεσβύτερος: comparative of πρέσβυς used absolutely for 'old / aged'; renders Hebrew זָקֵן; here a predicate of Joshua's advanced age, the narrative premise for the urgency of land-division.
προβεβηκὼςadvancedPerf Act Part Nom Sg Masc · προβαίνωperfect participle in predicate apposition (resultant state)→ stative perfect (a settled, completed condition)προβαίνω: 'go forward / advance'; the perfect participle προβεβηκὼς τῶν ἡμερῶν ('having advanced in days') renders the Hebrew idiom בָּא בַּיָּמִים; the perfect stresses the abiding condition of old age, echoed by the finite προβέβηκας in the divine speech below.
τῶνtheGenitivearticleτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμερῶνof daysGenitivegenitive of respect (advanced 'in respect of days')ἡμέρα: 'day'; the genitive plural τῶν ἡμερῶν renders Hebrew בַּיָּמִים; idiom for advanced age.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing divine speech)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (single completed speech-act)λέγω: the aorist εἶπεν introduces direct YHWH-speech; the formula εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Ἰησοῦν parallels the Mosaic commission-formulae and marks Joshua as Moses' divinely authorized successor.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of εἶπενκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the nominative subject marks this as unmediated YHWH-speech to Joshua.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)πρὸς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ἸησοῦνJoshuaAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (recipient of speech)Ἰησοῦς (acc. Ἰησοῦν): the directional object of πρός; the declinable accusative distinguishes Joshua's name from the indeclinable toponyms that dominate the chapter.
σὺyouNominativeemphatic subject pronounσύ: the emphatic second-person pronoun foregrounds Joshua personally — it is you, the aged leader, who must now act before death.
προβέβηκαςyou have advancedPerf Act Indic 2 Sg · προβαίνωmain verb of divine speech (resultant state)→ stative perfect (Joshua's present aged condition)προβαίνω: the finite perfect προβέβηκας τῶν ἡμερῶν repeats the participle above as direct divine address; the perfect underscores that the condition of age is now fixed, lending urgency to the command to apportion.
τῶνtheGenitivearticleτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμερῶνof daysGenitivegenitive of respectἡμερῶν: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (adversative-additive contrast)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
theNominativearticleἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandNominativesubject of ὑπολέλειπταιγῆ: 'land / earth'; renders אֶרֶץ; here the promised land considered as the object of inheritance, the thematic keyword of the whole allotment section.
ὑπολέλειπταιis left remainingPerf Mid/Pass Indic 3 Sg · ὑπολείπωmain verb (resultant-state passive)→ resultative perfect (a standing, unfinished condition)ὑπολείπω: 'leave behind / leave remaining'; the perfect passive ὑπολέλειπται renders Hebrew נִשְׁאֲרָה; the perfect stresses the abiding state — much land is, and remains, unpossessed; this is the chapter's programmatic 'land remaining' theme.
πολλὴmuchNominativepredicate adjective (quantitative, agreeing with γῆ)πολύς: 'much / great in extent'; the feminine πολλή agrees with γῆ; placed after the verb for emphasis — the quantity of unconquered land is the point of the divine word.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose/result: 'for an inheritance')εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
κληρονομίανinheritanceAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (telic)κληρονομία: 'inheritance / inherited portion'; renders נַחֲלָה; the governing technical term of chs. 13–21, denoting the apportioned tribal patrimony allotted by lot (κλῆρος); recurs throughout this chapter.
2

καὶ αὕτη ἡ γῆ ἡ καταλελειμμένη ὅρια Φυλιστιιμ ὁ Γεσιρι καὶ ὁ Χαναναῖος

And this is the land that is left: the borders of the Philistines, the Geshurite, and the Canaanite.

Cataphoric heading (introducing the inventory of unconquered territory, vv. 2–5)καὶ αὕτη ἡ γῆ
The demonstrative αὕτη with the participle ἡ καταλελειμμένη forms a presentational heading ('this is the land that remains'), opening the geographical catalogue. The list begins paratactically with ὅρια Φυλιστιιμ and the gentilics ὁ Γεσιρι, ὁ Χαναναῖος, each region named without a verb in Hebraizing nominal style.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative subject (presentational)οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο: the feminine demonstrative αὕτη agrees with γῆ; presentational 'this is the land', a cataphoric heading pointing forward to the catalogue.
theNominativearticleἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandNominativesubject (in apposition with αὕτη)γῆ: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
theNominativearticle (attributive, with participle)ἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταλελειμμένηthat is leftPerf Mid/Pass Part Nom Sg Fem · καταλείπωattributive participle (modifying γῆ)→ resultative perfect (standing condition of being left over)καταλείπω: 'leave behind / leave remaining'; the perfect passive participle, near-synonymous with ὑπολέλειπται of v. 1, marks the unconquered land as a fixed leftover awaiting possession.
ὅριαborders / territoriesNominativenominative in apposition (the land = these borders)ὅριον (pl. ὅρια): 'boundary / border / territory'; renders גְּבוּל; in the plural it denotes a whole bordered region; recurs throughout the chapter for the demarcated tribal lands.
Φυλιστιιμof the Philistinesindeclinable genitive of relationship (with ὅρια)Φυλιστιιμ: transliteration of Hebrew פְּלִשְׁתִּים ('Philistines'); indeclinable in this LXX form; the coastal Philistine pentapolis lay along the southwest, never fully subdued under Joshua.
theNominativearticle (substantivizing the following name)ὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓεσιριGeshuriteindeclinable gentilic name (in apposition to ὅρια)Γεσιρι: transliteration of Hebrew גְּשׁוּרִי ('the Geshurite'); indeclinable, here articulated by ὁ; a people of the southern Philistine borderland (cf. v. 13; 1 Sam 27:8).
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
theNominativearticle (with gentilic adjective)ὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧαναναῖοςCanaaniteNominativesubstantivized gentilic adjective (nominative in apposition)Χαναναῖος: 'Canaanite'; a Greek-formed gentilic (hence declinable, kind 'n') from Χανααν; collective for the pre-Israelite inhabitants of the land; here named among the regions yet to be possessed.
3

ἀπὸ τῆς ἀοικήτου τῆς κατὰ πρόσωπον Αἰγύπτου ἕως τῶν ὁρίων Ακκαρων ἐξ εὐωνύμων τῶν Χαναναίων προσλογίζεται ταῖς πέντε σατραπείαις τῶν Φυλιστιιμ τῷ Γαζαίῳ καὶ τῷ Ἀζωτίῳ καὶ τῷ Ἀσκαλωνίτῃ καὶ τῷ Γεθθαίῳ καὶ τῷ Ακκαρωνίτῃ καὶ τῷ Ευαίῳ

From the uninhabited region that lies opposite Egypt up to the borders of Ekron on the left, it is reckoned to the Canaanites; to the five satrapies of the Philistines — to the Gazite and the Azotian and the Ashkelonite and the Gittite and the Ekronite — and to the Hivite.

Geographical specification (delimiting the Philistine/Canaanite zone of v. 2)ἀπὸ τῆς ἀοικήτου
The verse delimits the southwestern frontier with an ἀπό…ἕως span ('from … to') from the wilderness facing Egypt to Ekron, then enumerates the five Philistine satrapies by their gentilic rulers. The verb προσλογίζεται ('it is reckoned/added') treats the territory as accounted to the Canaanites, with the five lords listed in datives of attribution.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (starting point of span)ἀπό: opens the ἀπό…ἕως merism marking the southern extent of the unconquered coastal zone.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (substantivizing ἀοικήτου)τῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀοικήτουuninhabited regionGenitivesubstantivized adjective (genitive object of ἀπό)ἀοίκητος: 'uninhabited / desert'; here substantivized (ἡ ἀοίκητος, sc. γῆ/χώρα) for the wilderness tract; renders the desert region bordering Egypt (the Shihor / Brook of Egypt).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (attributive, with κατὰ πρόσωπον phrase)τῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατὰopposite / facingpreposition + accusative (idiom κατὰ πρόσωπον: 'in front of')κατά + acc.: in the idiom κατὰ πρόσωπον ('facing / opposite'), a Hebraism rendering עַל־פְּנֵי / לִפְנֵי, locating the wilderness as fronting Egypt.
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativeaccusative in prepositional idiom (κατὰ πρόσωπον)πρόσωπον: 'face / front'; in κατὰ πρόσωπον + genitive a fixed locative idiom for spatial confrontation.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive with κατὰ πρόσωπον ('opposite Egypt')Αἴγυπτος (gen. Αἰγύπτου): the declinable name of Egypt; the wilderness 'facing Egypt' marks the land's southwestern threshold.
ἕωςup topreposition + genitive (end-point of span)ἕως: 'as far as / up to'; closes the ἀπό…ἕως span at Ekron's territory.
τῶνtheGenitivearticleτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁρίωνbordersGenitivegenitive object of ἕωςὅριον: 'border / territory'; the boundary of Ekron as the northern terminus of the Philistine coast.
Ακκαρωνof Ekronindeclinable genitive of relationship (with ὁρίων)Ακκαρων: transliteration of Hebrew עֶקְרוֹן ('Ekron'); indeclinable; the northernmost of the five Philistine cities.
ἐξon / frompreposition + genitive (ἐξ εὐωνύμων: 'on the left')ἐκ/ἐξ: in the idiom ἐξ εὐωνύμων ('on the left[-hand side]'), i.e. to the north when facing east, a standard Hebrew orientational idiom.
εὐωνύμωνthe leftGenitivesubstantivized adjective (genitive in directional idiom)εὐώνυμος: lit. 'of good name', a euphemism for 'left'; ἐξ εὐωνύμων = 'on the left', i.e. the northern side in east-facing orientation.
τῶνtheGenitivearticleτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Χαναναίωνof the CanaanitesGenitivegenitive (the territory reckoned to them)Χαναναῖος (gen. pl. Χαναναίων): declinable gentilic; the zone is 'reckoned to the Canaanites' as their unconquered domain.
προσλογίζεταιis reckonedPres Mid/Pass Indic 3 Sg · προσλογίζομαιmain verb (accounting/attribution)→ gnomic/descriptive present (a standing reckoning)προσλογίζομαι: 'reckon in addition / count toward'; the present passive treats the described territory as accounted to the Canaanites and the five Philistine lords; an administrative-survey term.
ταῖςto theDativearticle (dative of attribution)ταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πέντεfiveindeclinable numeral (modifying σατραπείαις)πέντε: 'five'; indeclinable numeral; αἱ πέντε σατραπεῖαι τῶν Φυλιστιιμ enumerates the classic Philistine pentapolis (Gaza, Ashdod, Ashkelon, Gath, Ekron).
σατραπείαιςsatrapiesDativedative of attribution (recipients of the reckoning)σατραπεία: 'satrapy / lordship'; a Persian-administrative loanword the LXX uses for the Philistine סְרָנִים ('lords / tyrants'); anachronistically casts the Philistine city-rulers as provincial governors.
τῶνof theGenitivearticleτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΦυλιστιιμPhilistinesindeclinable genitive of relationshipΦυλιστιιμ: indeclinable transliteration; here genitive 'of the Philistines'.
τῷto theDativearticle (dative, with gentilic)τῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓαζαίῳGaziteDativesubstantivized gentilic adjective (dative, first satrapy)Γαζαῖος: 'the Gazite', ruler of Gaza (Γάζα); a Greek-formed gentilic, hence declinable; first of the five Philistine lords.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τῷto theDativearticleτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἈζωτίῳAzotianDativesubstantivized gentilic (dative, second satrapy)Ἀζώτιος: 'the Azotian', ruler of Azotus (Ἄζωτος = Hebrew אַשְׁדּוֹד, Ashdod); declinable gentilic.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τῷto theDativearticleτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἈσκαλωνίτῃAshkeloniteDativesubstantivized gentilic (dative, third satrapy)Ἀσκαλωνίτης: 'the Ashkelonite', ruler of Ashkelon (Ἀσκαλών); declinable gentilic.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τῷto theDativearticleτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓεθθαίῳGittiteDativesubstantivized gentilic (dative, fourth satrapy)Γεθθαῖος: 'the Gittite', ruler of Gath (Γεθ); declinable gentilic; the home city of Goliath (1 Sam 17:4).
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τῷto theDativearticleτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑκκαρωνίτῃEkroniteDativesubstantivized gentilic (dative, fifth satrapy)Ακκαρωνίτης: 'the Ekronite', ruler of Ekron (Ακκαρων); declinable gentilic, completing the pentapolis.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (appending a sixth, non-Philistine group)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τῷto theDativearticleτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΕυαίῳHiviteDativesubstantivized gentilic (dative, appended group)Ευαῖος: 'the Hivite' (Hebrew הַחִוִּי / עַוִּים, the Avvim); declinable gentilic appended beyond the five satrapies, a remnant people of the coastal south (cf. Deut 2:23).
4

ἐκ Θαιμαν καὶ πάσῃ γῇ Χανααν ἐναντίον Γάζης καὶ οἱ Σιδώνιοι ἕως Αφεκ ἕως τῶν ὁρίων τῶν Αμορραίων

from Teman, and all the land of Canaan opposite Gaza, and the Sidonians as far as Aphek, up to the borders of the Amorites;

Continued inventory (extending the catalogue northward to Sidon and the Amorite border)ἐκ Θαιμαν
The catalogue continues paratactically, sweeping from Teman in the south across Canaan opposite Gaza to the Sidonians and Aphek in the north, terminating at the Amorite border. The shift to the nominative οἱ Σιδώνιοι within a list of prepositional phrases reflects the loose, accretive syntax typical of LXX boundary-lists.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (starting point)ἐκ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΘαιμανTemanindeclinable place-name (object of ἐκ)Θαιμαν: transliteration of Hebrew תֵּימָן ('Teman / the south'); indeclinable; here a southern reference point in the boundary-sweep.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πάσῃallDativeattributive adjective (modifying γῇ)πᾶς: 'all / whole'; the dative πάσῃ γῇ ('all the land') continues the enumeration of regions yet to be possessed.
γῇlandDativedative (loosely appended item in the list)γῆ: 'land'; with the following Χανααν, 'all the land of Canaan'.
Χαναανof Canaanindeclinable genitive of relationship (with γῇ)Χανααν: transliteration of Hebrew כְּנַעַן ('Canaan'); indeclinable; the comprehensive name for the promised land west of the Jordan.
ἐναντίονoppositepreposition + genitive (spatial: 'facing Gaza')ἐναντίον: 'opposite / facing'; Hebraism (לִפְנֵי) locating the Canaanite land relative to Gaza.
Γάζηςof GazaGenitivegenitive object of ἐναντίονΓάζα (gen. Γάζης): the declinable name of the chief Philistine city; here a reference point ('opposite Gaza').
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with gentilic)οἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣιδώνιοιSidoniansNominativenominative (loosely appended in the list)Σιδώνιος: 'Sidonian'; declinable gentilic from Σιδών; the Phoenician coast-dwellers of the north, never subdued by Israel (cf. Judg 1:31).
ἕωςas far aspreposition + genitive (extent)ἕως: 'as far as'; marking the northern reach to Aphek.
ΑφεκAphekindeclinable place-name (object of ἕως)Αφεκ: transliteration of Hebrew אֲפֵקָה ('Aphek'); indeclinable; a northern boundary town in the Sidonian/Amorite frontier.
ἕωςup topreposition + genitive (final terminus)ἕως: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῶνtheGenitivearticleτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁρίωνbordersGenitivegenitive object of ἕωςὅριον: 'border'; the Amorite frontier as the terminus of this segment.
τῶνof theGenitivearticleτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑμορραίωνAmoritesGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ὁρίων)Αμορραῖος (gen. pl. Αμορραίων): declinable gentilic from Hebrew אֱמֹרִי; the Amorites, here the northern highland peoples whose border closes the inventory.
5

καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν Γαβλι Φυλιστιιμ καὶ πάντα τὸν Λίβανον ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν ἡλίου ἀπὸ Γαλγαλ ὑπὸ τὸ ὄρος τὸ Αερμων ἕως τῆς εἰσόδου Εμαθ

and all the land of Gebal of the Philistines, and all Lebanon eastward from Galgal under Mount Hermon as far as the entrance of Hamath;

Continued inventory (the northern Lebanon/Hermon zone)καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν
The catalogue reaches its northern climax: Gebal, all Lebanon eastward, the slopes of Hermon, up to the entrance of Hamath (Lebo-Hamath), the traditional ideal northern limit of the land (cf. Num 34:8). The accusatives πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν, πάντα τὸν Λίβανον remain governed by the διάδος / inventory frame.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying γῆν)πᾶς: 'all / whole'; the accusative πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν continues the inventory of unconquered regions.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative (item in the catalogue)γῆν: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
Γαβλιof Gebalindeclinable genitive of relationship (with γῆν)Γαβλι: transliteration of Hebrew גִּבְלִי ('the Gebalite / Gebal', i.e. Byblos); indeclinable; the Phoenician coastal district north of Sidon.
Φυλιστιιμof the Philistinesindeclinable genitive of relationshipΦυλιστιιμ: indeclinable; loosely associated here with the Gebal district.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying Λίβανον)πᾶς: 'all'; masculine accusative πάντα agreeing with Λίβανον.
τὸνtheAccusativearticleτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛίβανονLebanonAccusativeaccusative (item in the catalogue)Λίβανος: the Lebanon range; a declinable second-declension name (gen. Λιβάνου); the great northern mountain frontier of the land.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (directional)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ἀνατολῶνthe risingsGenitivegenitive (ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν ἡλίου: 'from the sunrise / eastward')ἀνατολή (pl. ἀνατολαί): 'rising (of the sun) / east'; ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν ἡλίου = 'from the east', an orientational idiom rendering מִמִּזְרַח הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ.
ἡλίουof the sunGenitivegenitive (with ἀνατολῶν: 'of the sun')ἥλιος: 'sun'; in the idiom ἀνατολαὶ ἡλίου ('sunrise = east').
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (starting point)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΓαλγαλGalgalindeclinable place-name (object of ἀπό)Γαλγαλ: transliteration of Hebrew גִּלְגָּל ('Gilgal'); indeclinable; here a northern Gilgal/Baal-gad region beneath Hermon, distinct from the Jordan-valley Gilgal.
ὑπὸunderpreposition + accusative (position: 'under the mountain')ὑπό + acc.: 'under / at the foot of'; locating Galgal at the base of Hermon.
τὸtheAccusativearticleτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄροςmountainAccusativeaccusative object of ὑπόὄρος: 'mountain'; here Mount Hermon, named in apposition by τὸ Αερμων.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (in apposition with the name)τὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑερμωνHermonindeclinable place-name (apposition to ὄρος)Αερμων: transliteration of Hebrew חֶרְמוֹן ('Hermon'); indeclinable; the snow-capped massif marking the land's northeastern corner.
ἕωςas far aspreposition + genitive (extent)ἕως: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῆςtheGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰσόδουentranceGenitivegenitive object of ἕωςεἴσοδος: 'entrance / way in'; ἡ εἴσοδος Εμαθ renders Hebrew לְבוֹא חֲמָת ('Lebo-Hamath / the entrance of Hamath'), the proverbial northern boundary of the ideal land (Num 34:8; 1 Kgs 8:65).
Εμαθof Hamathindeclinable genitive of relationship (with εἰσόδου)Εμαθ: transliteration of Hebrew חֲמָת ('Hamath'); indeclinable; the great Syrian city-state whose southern approach defines the land's northern limit.
6

πᾶς ὁ κατοικῶν τὴν ὀρεινὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ Λιβάνου ἕως τῆς Μασερεφωθμαιμ πάντας τοὺς Σιδωνίους ἐγὼ αὐτοὺς ἐξολεθρεύσω ἀπὸ προσώπου Ισραηλ ἀλλὰ διάδος αὐτὴν ἐν κλήρῳ τῷ Ισραηλ ὃν τρόπον σοι ἐνετειλάμην

everyone who inhabits the hill country from Lebanon as far as Misrephoth-maim, all the Sidonians — I myself will utterly destroy them from before Israel; only apportion it by lot to Israel, in the manner I commanded you.

Divine pledge + command (climax of the 'land remaining' unit)πᾶς ὁ κατοικῶν
The verse turns from inventory to promise and command: the emphatic ἐγὼ … ἐξολεθρεύσω ('I myself will destroy') pledges YHWH's own action against the highland and Sidonian peoples, while the adversative ἀλλά with the imperative διάδος ('apportion') transfers the practical duty to Joshua. The relative clause ὃν τρόπον σοι ἐνετειλάμην grounds the command in prior divine instruction (cf. Num 33:54).
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
πᾶςeveryoneNominativesubstantival adjective (subject, resumed by αὐτούς)πᾶς: 'everyone / all'; πᾶς ὁ κατοικῶν ('everyone who inhabits') is a casus pendens resumed by πάντας τοὺς Σιδωνίους … αὐτούς, a Hebraizing left-dislocation.
theNominativearticle (with participle)ὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικῶνinhabiting / who dwellsPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · κατοικέωsubstantival participle (with πᾶς: 'everyone dwelling')→ imperfective present participle (ongoing habitation)κατοικέω: 'inhabit / dwell'; renders יָשַׁב; the present participle denotes the settled inhabitants of the hill country marked for dispossession.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with substantivized ὀρεινήν)τὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀρεινὴνhill countryAccusativesubstantivized adjective (object of κατοικῶν)ὀρεινός: 'mountainous'; ἡ ὀρεινή (sc. χώρα) 'the hill country / highlands'; renders הָהָר; the inland highland north.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (starting point)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τοῦtheGenitivearticleτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛιβάνουLebanonGenitivegenitive object of ἀπόΛίβανος (gen. Λιβάνου): declinable; the southern terminus of the span.
ἕωςas far aspreposition + genitive (extent)ἕως: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῆςtheGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜασερεφωθμαιμMisrephoth-maimindeclinable place-name (object of ἕως, articulated by τῆς)Μασερεφωθμαιμ: transliteration of Hebrew מִשְׂרְפוֹת מַיִם ('Misrephoth-maim'); indeclinable; a coastal site near Sidon marking the northern end of the highland zone (cf. Josh 11:8).
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (resumptive object: 'all the Sidonians')πᾶς: here the accusative πάντας τοὺς Σιδωνίους resumes πᾶς ὁ κατοικῶν as the grammatical object of ἐξολεθρεύσω.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticleτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣιδωνίουςSidoniansAccusativedirect object of ἐξολεθρεύσω (resumptive)Σιδώνιος: declinable gentilic; the Phoenicians of Sidon, summing up the highland inhabitants to be destroyed.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronoun (YHWH himself)ἐγώ: the emphatic pronoun foregrounds YHWH's personal agency — the dispossession of these peoples is his own undertaking, not Israel's military feat.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object pronoun (resuming the dislocated subject)αὐτός: the resumptive accusative pronoun, a Hebraizing redundant object after the casus pendens.
ἐξολεθρεύσωI will utterly destroyFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐξολεθρεύωmain verb (divine first-person pledge)→ predictive future (certain divine act)ἐξολεθρεύω: 'utterly destroy / exterminate'; the intensive compound (ἐκ + ὀλοθρεύω) renders הוֹרִישׁ / הִשְׁמִיד; the standard LXX verb for the herem-driving-out of the Canaanite nations; here YHWH is the explicit agent.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (idiom ἀπὸ προσώπου: 'from before')ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
προσώπουface / beforeGenitivegenitive in idiom (ἀπὸ προσώπου: 'from before')πρόσωπον: 'face'; ἀπὸ προσώπου ('from before') is a Hebraism (מִפְּנֵי) for removal from someone's presence/path.
ΙσραηλIsraelindeclinable genitive (with προσώπου: 'from before Israel')Ισραηλ: indeclinable; the covenant nation from whose path the peoples will be removed.
ἀλλὰonly / butadversative conjunction (turning to the command)ἀλλά: 'but / only'; marks the pivot from divine pledge to Joshua's assigned task — YHWH will destroy; you, meanwhile, allot.
διάδοςapportion / distributeAor Act Impv 2 Sg · διαδίδωμιmain verb (divine command to Joshua)→ ingressive aorist imperative (set about distributing)διαδίδωμι: 'distribute / apportion'; the aorist imperative διάδος commands the allotment of the land 'by lot' (ἐν κλήρῳ); the διά- prefix stresses distribution among the tribes.
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object of διάδος (the land, γῆν)αὐτός: the feminine αὐτήν refers to ἡ γῆ, the land to be apportioned.
ἐνby / inpreposition + dative (means: 'by lot')ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
κλήρῳlotDativedative of means (ἐν κλήρῳ: 'by lot')κλῆρος: 'lot / allotted portion'; renders גּוֹרָל; the sacred lot by which tribal territories were assigned (cf. Num 26:55–56); the root of κληρονομία.
τῷtoDativearticle (dative of recipient)τῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelindeclinable dative of recipient (articulated by τῷ)Ισραηλ: indeclinable; the recipient of the allotted land.
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (in idiom ὃν τρόπον: 'in the manner that')ὅς: relative pronoun; ὃν τρόπον ('in which manner / just as') is an adverbial-accusative idiom of comparison.
τρόπονmannerAccusativeadverbial accusative (with ὅν: 'in the manner')τρόπος: 'manner / way'; ὃν τρόπον = 'in the way that', rendering כַּאֲשֶׁר.
σοιyouDativedative indirect object (of ἐνετειλάμην)σύ (dat. σοι): the recipient of the prior command.
ἐνετειλάμηνI commandedAor Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιverb of relative clause (prior divine command)→ constative aorist (a completed past commission)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command / charge / give instruction'; renders צִוָּה; the aorist looks back to YHWH's earlier directive to allot by lot (cf. Num 33:54), grounding the present command.
7

καὶ νῦν μέρισον τὴν γῆν ταύτην ἐν κληρονομίᾳ ταῖς ἐννέα φυλαῖς καὶ τῷ ἡμίσει φυλῆς Μανασση ἀπὸ τοῦ Ιορδάνου ἕως τῆς θαλάσσης τῆς μεγάλης κατὰ δυσμὰς ἡλίου δώσεις αὐτήν ἡ θάλασσα ἡ μεγάλη ὁριεῖ

And now divide this land as an inheritance to the nine tribes and to the half-tribe of Manasseh, from the Jordan as far as the Great Sea westward; you shall give it; the Great Sea shall be the boundary.

Renewed command (καὶ νῦν: 'and now', the practical directive)καὶ νῦν μέρισον
The καὶ νῦν + imperative formula (μέρισον) restates the apportionment command with precise scope: the nine and a half tribes west of the Jordan, bounded by the Jordan on the east and the Great Sea (Mediterranean) on the west. The future δώσεις and ὁριεῖ specify the act of giving and the natural western boundary.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (in καὶ νῦν transition-formula)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (καὶ νῦν: 'and now', resumptive command)νῦν: 'now'; the formula καὶ νῦν + imperative is a standard Hebrew rhetorical hinge (וְעַתָּה) moving from premise to directive.
μέρισονdivide / apportionAor Act Impv 2 Sg · μερίζωmain verb (renewed command to Joshua)→ ingressive aorist imperative (set about dividing)μερίζω: 'divide / distribute / apportion'; renders חִלֵּק; the aorist imperative parallels διάδος of v. 6, naming the allotment of the cisjordan land among the tribes.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of μέρισονγῆ: the land west of the Jordan, object of division.
ταύτηνthisAccusativedemonstrative adjective (modifying γῆν)οὗτος (acc. ταύτην): the demonstrative points to the surveyed land just inventoried.
ἐνas / inpreposition + dative (ἐν κληρονομίᾳ: 'as an inheritance')ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
κληρονομίᾳinheritanceDativedative (ἐν κληρονομίᾳ: capacity 'as inheritance')κληρονομία: 'inheritance'; renders נַחֲלָה; the land is divided 'as inheritance', i.e. as permanent tribal patrimony.
ταῖςto theDativearticle (dative of recipient)ταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐννέαnineindeclinable numeral (modifying φυλαῖς)ἐννέα: 'nine'; indeclinable numeral; the nine tribes (with half-Manasseh) settling west of the Jordan, since two and a half tribes took Transjordan.
φυλαῖςtribesDativedative of recipientφυλή: 'tribe'; renders שֵׁבֶט / מַטֶּה; the recipient tribal units of the allotment.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τῷto theDativearticleτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμίσειhalfDativesubstantivized adjective (dative: 'to the half')ἥμισυς: 'half'; τὸ ἥμισυ φυλῆς Μανασση = 'the half-tribe of Manasseh', the western portion settling in Canaan.
φυλῆςof the tribeGenitivepartitive genitive (with ἡμίσει)φυλή (gen. φυλῆς): partitive 'of the tribe'.
Μανασσηof Manassehindeclinable genitive of relationshipΜανασση: transliteration of Hebrew מְנַשֶּׁה ('Manasseh'); indeclinable; Joseph's elder son, his tribe divided between Transjordan and Cisjordan.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (eastern boundary)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τοῦtheGenitivearticleτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙορδάνουJordanGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (eastern limit)Ιορδάνης (gen. Ιορδάνου): the Jordan river; a declinable first-declension masculine name; the eastern boundary of the cisjordan allotment.
ἕωςas far aspreposition + genitive (western extent)ἕως: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῆςtheGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θαλάσσηςseaGenitivegenitive object of ἕωςθάλασσα: 'sea'; ἡ θάλασσα ἡ μεγάλη ('the Great Sea') is the LXX term for the Mediterranean (Num 34:6), the western boundary of the land.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (attributive)τῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μεγάληςgreatGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying θαλάσσης)μέγας: 'great'; the epithet distinguishes the Mediterranean ('the Great Sea') from inland waters.
κατὰtowardpreposition + accusative (directional: 'westward')κατά + acc.: directional 'toward'; κατὰ δυσμὰς ἡλίου ('toward the setting of the sun') = westward.
δυσμὰςsetting / westAccusativeaccusative (κατὰ δυσμάς: 'westward')δυσμή (pl. δυσμαί): 'setting (of the sun) / west'; δυσμαὶ ἡλίου ('sunset') = the west, balancing ἀνατολαὶ ἡλίου (east) of v. 5.
ἡλίουof the sunGenitivegenitive (with δυσμάς: 'of the sun')ἥλιος: 'sun'; in the idiom δυσμαὶ ἡλίου ('sunset = west').
δώσειςyou shall giveFut Act Indic 2 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (future with imperatival force)→ imperatival future (binding directive to Joshua)δίδωμι: 'give'; the future δώσεις αὐτήν has imperatival force ('you are to give it'), reinforcing the allotment command.
αὐτήνitAccusativedirect object of δώσεις (the land)αὐτός (fem. αὐτήν): the land, object of the giving.
theNominativearticleἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θάλασσαseaNominativesubject of ὁριεῖθάλασσα: here nominative subject — the Great Sea itself constitutes the natural western boundary.
theNominativearticle (attributive)ἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μεγάληgreatNominativeattributive adjective (modifying θάλασσα)μέγας: 'great'; 'the Great Sea' as the bounding feature.
ὁριεῖshall be the boundaryFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁρίζωmain verb (the sea as natural boundary)→ predictive/gnomic future (a fixed geographical fact)ὁρίζω: 'bound / mark off / define a limit'; the Attic future ὁριεῖ ('it will form the boundary'); the Mediterranean itself delimits the land's western edge.
8

ταῖς δὲ δύο φυλαῖς καὶ τῷ ἡμίσει φυλῆς Μανασση τῷ Ρουβην καὶ τῷ Γαδ ἔδωκεν Μωυσῆς ἐν τῷ πέραν τοῦ Ιορδάνου κατ᾿ ἀνατολὰς ἡλίου δέδωκεν αὐτὴν Μωυσῆς ὁ παῖς κυρίου

But to the two tribes and to the half-tribe of Manasseh, to Reuben and to Gad, Moses had given their portion beyond the Jordan toward the rising of the sun; Moses the servant of the LORD had given it.

Contrastive transition (δέ): from the cisjordan command to the Transjordan retrospect (vv. 8–32)ταῖς δὲ δύο φυλαῖς
The δέ marks the great contrastive pivot of the chapter: over against the nine-and-a-half tribes still to be settled west of the Jordan, the two-and-a-half tribes (Reuben, Gad, half-Manasseh) had already received their land east of the Jordan from Moses. The fronted datives and the doubled δέδωκεν … Μωυσῆς ὁ παῖς κυρίου stress Mosaic authority over the Transjordan grant.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
ταῖςto theDativearticle (fronted dative of recipient)ταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbut / nowcontrastive particle (post-positive, marking the Transjordan pivot)δέ: post-positive; here a strong contrastive turning from the west-Jordan tribes (vv. 6–7) to the already-settled east-Jordan tribes.
δύοtwoindeclinable numeral (modifying φυλαῖς)δύο: 'two'; here indeclinable in the dative context; the two tribes Reuben and Gad, with half-Manasseh making 'two and a half'.
φυλαῖςtribesDativedative of recipientφυλή: 'tribe'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τῷto theDativearticleτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμίσειhalfDativesubstantivized adjective (dative: 'to the half')ἥμισυς: 'half'; the eastern half-tribe of Manasseh.
φυλῆςof the tribeGenitivepartitive genitiveφυλῆς: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
Μανασσηof Manassehindeclinable genitive of relationshipΜανασση: indeclinable; the half of Manasseh settling east of the Jordan.
τῷtoDativearticle (dative, in apposition to φυλαῖς)τῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΡουβηνReubenindeclinable dative of recipient (apposition)Ρουβην: transliteration of Hebrew רְאוּבֵן ('Reuben'); indeclinable; Jacob's firstborn, the first of the two Transjordan tribes.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τῷtoDativearticleτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓαδGadindeclinable dative of recipient (apposition)Γαδ: transliteration of Hebrew גָּד ('Gad'); indeclinable; the second Transjordan tribe.
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (Moses' past grant)→ constative aorist (the completed Mosaic grant)δίδωμι: 'give'; the aorist ἔδωκεν records the historical grant of Transjordan, already accomplished under Moses (Num 32; Deut 3:12–17).
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject of ἔδωκενΜωυσῆς: transliteration of Hebrew מֹשֶׁה; declined as a second-declension noun in the LXX (gen. Μωυσῆ, acc. Μωυσῆν); the grantor of the Transjordan inheritance.
ἐνin / onpreposition + dative (locative: 'on the far side')ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῷtheDativearticle (substantivizing πέραν)τῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πέρανother side / beyondindeclinable adverb substantivized by τῷ ('the region beyond')πέραν: 'across / beyond / the far side'; an indeclinable adverb; ἐν τῷ πέραν τοῦ Ιορδάνου = 'in the region across the Jordan', i.e. Transjordan.
τοῦtheGenitivearticleτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙορδάνουJordanGenitivegenitive (with πέραν: 'beyond the Jordan')Ιορδάνης (gen. Ιορδάνου): the Jordan; the river that divides the eastern (Transjordan) from the western allotments.
κατ᾿towardpreposition + accusative (directional, elided before vowel)κατά + acc.: directional; κατ᾿ ἀνατολὰς ἡλίου ('toward the sunrise') = eastward, locating the Transjordan grant.
ἀνατολὰςrising / eastAccusativeaccusative (κατ᾿ ἀνατολάς: 'eastward')ἀνατολή (pl. ἀνατολαί): 'rising / east'; ἀνατολαὶ ἡλίου ('sunrise') = the east.
ἡλίουof the sunGenitivegenitive (with ἀνατολάς)ἥλιος: 'sun'; in the directional idiom.
δέδωκενhad givenPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (resumptive perfect, emphasizing standing validity)→ resultative perfect (a grant with abiding legal force)δίδωμι: the perfect δέδωκεν, doubling the earlier aorist ἔδωκεν, stresses that Moses' grant stands permanently valid; the shift aorist→perfect underscores the enduring legal title of the two-and-a-half tribes.
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object of δέδωκεν (the inheritance/land)αὐτός (fem. αὐτήν): the granted land/inheritance.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject of δέδωκεν (repeated for emphasis)Μωυσῆς: repeated as subject, with the honorific title following.
theNominativearticle (with title παῖς)ὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παῖςservantNominativepredicate apposition (title of Moses)παῖς: 'servant / child / attendant'; ὁ παῖς κυρίου ('the servant of the LORD') renders עֶבֶד יְהוָה, the honorific title of Moses (Deut 34:5; Josh 1:1); it invests the Transjordan grant with covenantal authority.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of relationship (with παῖς)κύριος (gen. κυρίου): rendering of the Tetragrammaton; 'the servant of the LORD' marks Moses as YHWH's authorized agent in granting the land.
9

ἀπὸ Αροηρ ἥ ἐστιν ἐπὶ τοῦ χείλους χειμάρρου Αρνων καὶ τὴν πόλιν τὴν ἐν μέσῳ τῆς φάραγγος καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν Μισωρ ἀπὸ Μαιδαβα ἕως Δαιβαν

from Aroer, which is on the edge of the wadi Arnon, and the city that is in the middle of the gorge, and all the Mishor from Medeba to Dibon;

Boundary-description (the southern extent of the Transjordan grant)ἀπὸ Αροηρ
The Transjordan survey opens at its southern edge: Aroer on the Arnon gorge, the city within the valley, and the whole Mishor (tableland) from Medeba to Dibon. The relative clause ἥ ἐστιν ἐπὶ τοῦ χείλους ('which is on the edge') is a standard boundary-fixing formula recurring at vv. 16, 25.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (southern starting point)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΑροηρAroerindeclinable place-name (object of ἀπό)Αροηρ: transliteration of Hebrew עֲרוֹעֵר ('Aroer'); indeclinable; the town on the north rim of the Arnon, marking the southern boundary of Transjordan Israel (cf. Deut 2:36).
whichNominativerelative pronoun (fem., subject of ἐστιν)ὅς, ἥ, ὅ: the feminine relative ἥ refers to Αροηρ (treated as feminine, sc. πόλις), introducing the locating clause.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula of relative clause→ stative present (fixed geographical location)εἰμί: 'be'; the locating copula in the boundary-formula ἥ ἐστιν ἐπί ('which is on / upon').
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (location: 'on the edge')ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τοῦtheGenitivearticleτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χείλουςlip / edgeGenitivegenitive object of ἐπίχεῖλος: 'lip / brink / edge'; renders שָׂפָה; here the rim or bank of the Arnon ravine.
χειμάρρουwadi / torrentGenitivegenitive (with χείλους: 'the edge of the wadi')χείμαρρος: 'winter-torrent / wadi'; renders נַחַל; a seasonal watercourse, here the deep Arnon gorge.
ΑρνωνArnonindeclinable place-name (with χειμάρρου)Αρνων: transliteration of Hebrew אַרְנוֹן ('Arnon'); indeclinable; the great canyon-river forming the Moab–Amorite frontier.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλινcityAccusativeaccusative (item in the territory-list)πόλις: 'city'; here the city lying within the Arnon valley (Ar of Moab), included in the grant.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (attributive, with ἐν-phrase)τὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
μέσῳthe middleDativesubstantivized adjective (ἐν μέσῳ: 'in the midst')μέσος: 'middle'; ἐν μέσῳ τῆς φάραγγος = 'in the middle of the gorge'.
τῆςtheGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φάραγγοςravine / gorgeGenitivegenitive (with μέσῳ)φάραγξ: 'ravine / gorge / valley'; renders נַחַל / גַּיְא; the Arnon ravine in which the city sits.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying Μισωρ)πᾶς: 'all / whole'; 'all the Mishor', the entire tableland plain.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with the name Μισωρ)τὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜισωρMishorindeclinable place-name (articulated by τήν)Μισωρ: transliteration of Hebrew הַמִּישֹׁר ('the Mishor / the tableland'); indeclinable here (though originally a common noun 'plain'); the high plateau north of the Arnon, prime pasture-land of Reuben.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (starting point of span)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΜαιδαβαMedebaindeclinable place-name (object of ἀπό)Μαιδαβα: transliteration of Hebrew מֵידְבָא ('Medeba'); indeclinable; a tableland town on the plateau.
ἕωςtopreposition + genitive (end-point)ἕως: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΔαιβανDibonindeclinable place-name (object of ἕως)Δαιβαν: transliteration of Hebrew דִּיבוֹן ('Dibon'); indeclinable; a Moabite plateau town (the Mesha-stele city), here the southern terminus of the Mishor span.
10

πάσας τὰς πόλεις Σηων βασιλέως Αμορραίων ὃς ἐβασίλευσεν ἐν Εσεβων ἕως τῶν ὁρίων υἱῶν Αμμων

all the cities of Sihon king of the Amorites, who reigned in Heshbon, up to the borders of the sons of Ammon;

Continued territory-list (the kingdom of Sihon)πάσας τὰς πόλεις Σηων
The grant absorbs the entire conquered kingdom of Sihon the Amorite, who had ruled from Heshbon; its northern/eastern limit is the Ammonite border. The relative ὃς ἐβασίλευσεν ('who reigned') recalls the defeat of Sihon (Num 21:21–31) that opened the Transjordan to Israel.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying πόλεις)πᾶς: 'all'; 'all the cities of Sihon'.
τὰςtheAccusativearticleτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesAccusativeaccusative (item in the territory-list)πόλις (acc. pl. πόλεις): 'cities'; the urban holdings of Sihon's realm.
Σηωνof Sihonindeclinable genitive of relationship (with πόλεις)Σηων: transliteration of Hebrew סִיחוֹן ('Sihon'); indeclinable; the Amorite king of Heshbon defeated by Israel (Num 21), whose territory became Reuben's and Gad's.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to Σηωνβασιλεύς: 'king'; in apposition, 'Sihon king of the Amorites'.
Αμορραίωνof the AmoritesGenitivegenitive of relationship (with βασιλέως)Αμορραῖος (gen. pl. Αμορραίων): declinable gentilic; Sihon's people, the Amorites of the Transjordan.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἐβασίλευσεν)ὅς: relative pronoun introducing the descriptive clause about Sihon's reign.
ἐβασίλευσενreignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωverb of relative clause (Sihon's former reign)→ constative aorist (a completed reign now ended)βασιλεύω: 'be king / reign'; renders מָלַךְ; the aorist points to Sihon's now-terminated kingship, his realm forfeited to Israel.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: seat of reign)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΕσεβωνHeshbonindeclinable place-name (object of ἐν)Εσεβων: transliteration of Hebrew חֶשְׁבּוֹן ('Heshbon'); indeclinable; the royal capital of Sihon (Num 21:26).
ἕωςup topreposition + genitive (boundary)ἕως: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῶνtheGenitivearticleτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁρίωνbordersGenitivegenitive object of ἕωςὅριον: 'border'; the Ammonite frontier as the limit of Sihon's former realm.
υἱῶνof the sonsGenitivegenitive (with ὁρίων: 'borders of the sons of Ammon')υἱός (gen. pl. υἱῶν): 'sons'; οἱ υἱοὶ Αμμων ('the sons of Ammon') is the standard idiom for the Ammonite people.
Αμμωνof Ammonindeclinable genitive of relationship (with υἱῶν)Αμμων: transliteration of Hebrew עַמּוֹן ('Ammon'); indeclinable; the kingdom east of Sihon's territory, whose border Israel was not to cross (Deut 2:19).
11

καὶ τὴν Γαλααδίτιδα καὶ τὰ ὅρια Γεσιρι καὶ τοῦ Μαχατι πᾶν ὄρος Αερμων καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν Βασανῖτιν ἕως Σελχα

and the Gileaditis, and the borders of the Geshurite and of the Maacathite, all Mount Hermon, and all the Bashanitis as far as Salecah;

Continued territory-list (the northern Transjordan: Gilead, Hermon, Bashan)καὶ τὴν Γαλααδίτιδα
The survey extends northward to Gilead, the Geshurite and Maacathite borderlands, the whole Hermon massif, and all Bashan up to Salecah — the full northern reach of the Transjordan grant, embracing the realm of Og treated in v. 12.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓαλααδίτιδαGileaditisAccusativeaccusative (item in the territory-list)Γαλααδῖτις (acc. Γαλααδίτιδα): the region of Gilead; a Greek-formed territorial name (declinable, hence kind 'n') derived from Hebrew גִּלְעָד; the central Transjordan highland.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὰtheAccusativearticleτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅριαbordersAccusativeaccusative (item in the list)ὅριον: 'border / territory'; the bordered lands of the Geshurite and Maacathite.
Γεσιριof the Geshuriteindeclinable genitive of relationship (with ὅρια)Γεσιρι: indeclinable; here a northern Transjordan Geshur (distinct from the southern Geshurite of v. 2), bordering Bashan (cf. Deut 3:14).
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with the name Μαχατι)τοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜαχατιMaacathiteindeclinable genitive of relationship (articulated by τοῦ)Μαχατι: transliteration of Hebrew מַעֲכָתִי ('the Maacathite'); indeclinable; an Aramean people of the northern Transjordan border, like Geshur left unconquered (v. 13).
πᾶνallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ὄρος)πᾶς: 'all / whole'; neuter πᾶν agreeing with ὄρος.
ὄροςmountainAccusativeaccusative (item in the list)ὄρος: 'mountain'; here all of Mount Hermon, the great northern massif.
ΑερμωνHermonindeclinable place-name (with ὄρος)Αερμων: indeclinable; Mount Hermon, the snow-capped northeastern peak.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying Βασανῖτιν)πᾶς: 'all'; 'all the Bashanitis'.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒασανῖτινBashanitisAccusativeaccusative (item in the territory-list)Βασανῖτις (acc. Βασανῖτιν): the region of Bashan; a Greek-formed territorial name (declinable, kind 'n') from Hebrew בָּשָׁן; the fertile northern Transjordan plateau, kingdom of Og.
ἕωςas far aspreposition + genitive (extent)ἕως: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΣελχαSalecahindeclinable place-name (object of ἕως)Σελχα: transliteration of Hebrew סַלְכָה ('Salecah'); indeclinable; a town at the eastern edge of Bashan, marking its limit (cf. Deut 3:10).
12

πᾶσαν τὴν βασιλείαν Ωγ ἐν τῇ Βασανίτιδι ὃς ἐβασίλευσεν ἐν Ασταρωθ καὶ ἐν Εδραϊν οὗτος κατελείφθη ἀπὸ τῶν γιγάντων καὶ ἐπάταξεν αὐτὸν Μωυσῆς καὶ ἐξωλέθρευσεν

all the kingdom of Og in the Bashanitis, who reigned in Ashtaroth and in Edrei — he was left over from the giants, and Moses struck him and utterly destroyed him.

Continued territory-list + narrative note (the kingdom of Og the giant)πᾶσαν τὴν βασιλείαν Ωγ
The northern grant culminates in Og's whole Bashan kingdom (ruled from Ashtaroth and Edrei). The narratorial aside οὗτος κατελείφθη ἀπὸ τῶν γιγάντων ('he was a survivor of the giants') recalls Og's legendary stature (Deut 3:11, the iron bedstead), and the doubled ἐπάταξεν … καὶ ἐξωλέθρευσεν records his complete destruction by Moses (Num 21:33–35).
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying βασιλείαν)πᾶς: 'all / whole'; 'all the kingdom of Og'.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλείανkingdomAccusativeaccusative (item in the territory-list)βασιλεία: 'kingdom / royal domain'; renders מַמְלָכָה; the whole realm of Og.
Ωγof Ogindeclinable genitive of relationship (with βασιλείαν)Ωγ: transliteration of Hebrew עוֹג ('Og'); indeclinable; the giant king of Bashan defeated at Edrei (Num 21:33–35; Deut 3:1–11).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῇtheDativearticleτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒασανίτιδιBashanitisDativedative of place (object of ἐν)Βασανῖτις (dat. Βασανίτιδι): the region of Bashan; declinable Greek-formed name; Og's kingdom lay in it.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἐβασίλευσεν)ὅς: relative pronoun introducing the description of Og's reign.
ἐβασίλευσενreignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωverb of relative clause (Og's former reign)→ constative aorist (a completed, now-ended reign)βασιλεύω: 'reign'; the aorist marks Og's terminated kingship; he ruled from two royal seats, Ashtaroth and Edrei.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΑσταρωθAshtarothindeclinable place-name (object of ἐν)Ασταρωθ: transliteration of Hebrew עַשְׁתָּרוֹת ('Ashtaroth'); indeclinable; a Bashan royal city named for the goddess Astarte.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΕδραϊνEdreiindeclinable place-name (object of ἐν)Εδραϊν: transliteration of Hebrew אֶדְרֶעִי ('Edrei'); indeclinable; the site of Og's defeat (Num 21:33), his second royal seat.
οὗτοςthis one / heNominativedemonstrative subject (of κατελείφθη)οὗτος: 'this one'; resumptive demonstrative spotlighting Og as the last of his kind.
κατελείφθηwas left overAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · καταλείπωmain verb (descriptive aside)→ constative aorist passive (a residual survival)καταλείπω: 'leave behind / leave remaining'; the passive κατελείφθη ἀπὸ τῶν γιγάντων ('he was left over from the giants') marks Og as the last survivor of the Rephaim, echoing Deut 3:11.
ἀπὸfrom / ofpreposition + genitive (source/partitive)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῶνtheGenitivearticleτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γιγάντωνgiantsGenitivegenitive (with ἀπό: 'from the giants')γίγας (gen. pl. γιγάντων): 'giant'; the standard LXX rendering of רְפָאִים (Rephaim) and נְפִילִים; Og was the last of these legendary giant peoples of the Transjordan.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐπάταξενstruckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (Moses' defeat of Og)→ constative aorist (single decisive military act)πατάσσω: 'strike / smite / defeat'; renders הִכָּה; the standard LXX verb for striking down an enemy in battle; here Moses' defeat of Og (Num 21:35).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἐπάταξεν (Og)αὐτός: the object pronoun referring to Og.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject of ἐπάταξεν / ἐξωλέθρευσενΜωυσῆς: the agent of Og's defeat and destruction.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐξωλέθρευσενutterly destroyedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξολεθρεύωmain verb (completing the defeat)→ constative aorist (decisive, total destruction)ἐξολεθρεύω: 'utterly destroy / exterminate'; the herem-verb (cf. v. 6); the pairing ἐπάταξεν … ἐξωλέθρευσεν marks both the striking and the total annihilation of Og's people (Num 21:35: 'they left him no survivor').
13

καὶ οὐκ ἐξωλέθρευσαν οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ τὸν Γεσιρι καὶ τὸν Μαχατι καὶ τὸν Χαναναῖον καὶ κατῴκει βασιλεὺς Γεσιρι καὶ ὁ Μαχατι ἐν τοῖς υἱοῖς Ισραηλ ἕως τῆς σήμερον ἡμέρας

But the sons of Israel did not utterly destroy the Geshurite and the Maacathite and the Canaanite; and the king of the Geshurite and the Maacathite dwelt among the sons of Israel until the present day.

Narratorial exception (an incomplete conquest note)καὶ οὐκ ἐξωλέθρευσαν
A negative counterpoint to v. 12's total destruction of Og: the Geshurite, Maacathite, and Canaanite were not driven out, and persist 'until the present day' (ἕως τῆς σήμερον ἡμέρας), a recurrent Deuteronomistic etiological formula acknowledging the unfinished conquest that frames the whole 'land remaining' theme.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶand / butnarrative conjunction (adversative force)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
οὐκnotnegative adverb (negating ἐξωλέθρευσαν)οὐ (οὐκ before vowel): the negative particle; here marks the incompleteness of the conquest.
ἐξωλέθρευσανthey utterly destroyedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξολεθρεύωmain verb (negated: failure to destroy)→ constative aorist (negated completed act)ἐξολεθρεύω: the same herem-verb as v. 12, here negated — Israel did not carry out the full extermination against these peoples, an admission of partial obedience.
οἱtheNominativearticleοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject (οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ)υἱός (nom. pl. υἱοί): 'sons'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ('the sons of Israel') is the standard LXX designation of the people.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable genitive of relationship (with υἱοί)Ισραηλ: indeclinable; the covenant nation.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with gentilic name)τὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓεσιριGeshuriteindeclinable gentilic name (direct object, articulated by τόν)Γεσιρι: indeclinable; the Geshurite people not dispossessed.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὸνtheAccusativearticleτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜαχατιMaacathiteindeclinable gentilic name (direct object)Μαχατι: indeclinable; the Maacathite people, likewise left in place.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὸνtheAccusativearticleτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧαναναῖονCanaaniteAccusativedirect object (declinable gentilic adjective)Χαναναῖος (acc. Χαναναῖον): declinable gentilic; the Canaanite, also not destroyed.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
κατῴκειdweltImperf Act Indic 3 Sg · κατοικέωmain verb (durative habitation)→ imperfect of continued state (ongoing residence)κατοικέω: 'dwell / inhabit'; the imperfect κατῴκει denotes ongoing, settled residence — the unconquered kings continued to live among Israel.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject of κατῴκειβασιλεύς: 'king'; the ruler of the Geshurite (and Maacathite) remained in the land.
Γεσιριof the Geshuriteindeclinable genitive of relationship (with βασιλεύς)Γεσιρι: indeclinable; 'king of Geshur'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
theNominativearticle (substantivizing the name)ὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜαχατιMaacathiteindeclinable gentilic name (articulated by ὁ)Μαχατι: indeclinable; the Maacathite, paired with the Geshurite king as a persisting people.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (locative: 'among')ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τοῖςtheDativearticleτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativedative of place (ἐν τοῖς υἱοῖς: 'among the sons')υἱός (dat. pl. υἱοῖς): 'sons'; ἐν τοῖς υἱοῖς Ισραηλ = 'among the Israelites'.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable genitive of relationshipΙσραηλ: indeclinable.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal extent)ἕως: 'until'; in the temporal etiological formula ἕως τῆς σήμερον ἡμέρας ('until the present day').
τῆςtheGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σήμερονtodayindeclinable adverb (attributive: 'present')σήμερον: 'today'; an indeclinable adverb here used attributively within ἡ σήμερον ἡμέρα ('the present day'), rendering הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה.
ἡμέραςdayGenitivegenitive object of ἕως (in the etiological formula)ἡμέρα: 'day'; the formula ἕως τῆς σήμερον ἡμέρας is a Deuteronomistic etiological marker noting a situation persisting to the writer's own time.
14

πλὴν τῆς φυλῆς Λευι οὐκ ἐδόθη κληρονομία κύριος ὁ θεὸς Ισραηλ οὗτος αὐτῶν κληρονομία καθὰ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς κύριος καὶ οὗτος ὁ καταμερισμός ὃν κατεμέρισεν Μωυσῆς τοῖς υἱοῖς Ισραηλ ἐν Αραβωθ Μωαβ ἐν τῷ πέραν τοῦ Ιορδάνου κατὰ Ιεριχω

Only to the tribe of Levi was no inheritance given: the LORD God of Israel — he himself is their inheritance, just as the LORD said to them. And this is the distribution that Moses distributed to the sons of Israel in Araboth Moab, beyond the Jordan, opposite Jericho.

Theological refrain + transitional summary (Levi's non-inheritance)πλὴν τῆς φυλῆς Λευι
The first Levite-inheritance refrain: Levi receives no land because κύριος ὁ θεὸς Ισραηλ οὗτος αὐτῶν κληρονομία ('the LORD God of Israel, he himself is their inheritance', cf. Num 18:20; Deut 18:1–2). The exceptive πλήν sets Levi apart from the tribal allotment. The second half (καὶ οὗτος ὁ καταμερισμός …) functions as a transitional heading to the detailed tribal lists of vv. 15–32, locating the whole distribution in the plains of Moab.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
πλὴνonly / exceptexceptive particle / improper preposition + genitiveπλήν: 'except / only / besides'; here governing the genitive τῆς φυλῆς Λευι, setting Levi apart as the exception to the land-allotment.
τῆςtheGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλῆςtribeGenitivegenitive (with πλήν: 'except the tribe')φυλή: 'tribe'; the tribe of Levi, excepted from territorial inheritance.
Λευιof Leviindeclinable genitive of relationship (with φυλῆς)Λευι: transliteration of Hebrew לֵוִי ('Levi'); indeclinable; the priestly tribe, set apart for cultic service and given no land.
οὐκnotnegative adverb (negating ἐδόθη)οὐ (οὐκ): negative particle.
ἐδόθηwas givenAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (passive: 'no inheritance was given')→ constative aorist passive (a settled non-grant)δίδωμι (aor. pass. ἐδόθη): 'be given'; the divine passive — YHWH is the implied giver who withheld land from Levi by design (Num 18:20; Deut 18:1).
κληρονομίαinheritanceNominativesubject of ἐδόθηκληρονομία: 'inheritance'; here the territorial portion denied to Levi — they have no land-נַחֲלָה.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of the nominal clause (κύριος … αὐτῶν κληρονομία)κύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the climactic declaration that YHWH himself, not land, is Levi's inheritance.
theNominativearticle (with θεός)ὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativeapposition to κύριοςθεός: 'God'; κύριος ὁ θεὸς Ισραηλ ('the LORD God of Israel') is the full covenant title.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable genitive of relationship (with θεός)Ισραηλ: indeclinable; 'God of Israel'.
οὗτοςhe himself / this oneNominativeresumptive demonstrative (emphatic: 'he himself')οὗτος: the demonstrative resumes κύριος ὁ θεὸς Ισραηλ with emphasis — 'this very one is their inheritance', rendering the Hebrew pronominal stress הוּא נַחֲלָתָם.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive (with κληρονομία)αὐτός (gen. pl. αὐτῶν): 'their'; referring to the Levites — the LORD is their inheritance.
κληρονομίαinheritanceNominativepredicate nominative (κύριος = κληρονομία)κληρονομία: here the theological inversion of the term — Levi's 'inheritance' is YHWH himself, the cultic privilege replacing territorial possession (cf. Deut 18:2; Ps 15[16]:5).
καθὰjust ascomparative conjunction (introducing citation of prior word)καθά: 'just as / according as'; renders כַּאֲשֶׁר; grounds the statement in YHWH's prior promise.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb of comparative clause→ constative aorist (a prior completed speech-act)λέγω: the aorist refers to YHWH's earlier declaration that he would be Levi's portion (Num 18:20).
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative indirect object (the Levites)αὐτός (dat. pl. αὐτοῖς): 'to them', the Levites.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of εἶπενκύριος: the LORD, speaker of the prior word.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the transitional heading)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative subject (cataphoric: 'this is the distribution')οὗτος: presentational demonstrative heading the summary of Moses' Transjordan distribution.
theNominativearticleὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταμερισμόςdistributionNominativepredicate nominative (subject complement of οὗτος)καταμερισμός: 'distribution / apportionment'; a cognate of the verb following; the technical noun for the allocation of land among the tribes.
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of κατεμέρισεν)ὅς (acc. ὅν): relative pronoun, cognate-object of the following verb (figura etymologica).
κατεμέρισενdistributedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταμερίζωverb of relative clause (cognate construction with καταμερισμός)→ constative aorist (the completed Mosaic distribution)καταμερίζω: 'distribute / apportion fully'; the cognate verb to καταμερισμός forms a figura etymologica ('the distribution that he distributed'), a Hebraizing intensification; describes Moses' allotment of Transjordan.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject of κατεμέρισενΜωυσῆς: the distributor of the Transjordan inheritance.
τοῖςto theDativearticle (dative of recipient)τοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativedative of recipientυἱός (dat. pl. υἱοῖς): 'sons'; the recipient Israelite tribes.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable genitive of relationshipΙσραηλ: indeclinable.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΑραβωθArabothindeclinable place-name (object of ἐν)Αραβωθ: transliteration of Hebrew עַרְבוֹת ('the plains [of Moab]'); indeclinable; the steppe-plains east of the Jordan opposite Jericho where Israel encamped (Num 22:1).
Μωαβof Moabindeclinable genitive of relationship (with Αραβωθ)Μωαβ: transliteration of Hebrew מוֹאָב ('Moab'); indeclinable; 'the plains of Moab', the staging-ground of the Transjordan distribution.
ἐνin / onpreposition + dative (locative: 'on the far side')ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῷtheDativearticle (substantivizing πέραν)τῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πέρανother side / beyondindeclinable adverb substantivized by τῷπέραν: 'beyond / across'; ἐν τῷ πέραν τοῦ Ιορδάνου = 'in the region across the Jordan'.
τοῦtheGenitivearticleτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙορδάνουJordanGenitivegenitive (with πέραν)Ιορδάνης (gen. Ιορδάνου): the Jordan.
κατὰoppositepreposition + accusative (spatial: 'over against Jericho')κατά + acc.: 'opposite / over against'; locating the plains of Moab directly across from Jericho.
ΙεριχωJerichoindeclinable place-name (object of κατά)Ιεριχω: transliteration of Hebrew יְרִיחוֹ ('Jericho'); indeclinable; the cisjordan city opposite the encampment, soon the first conquest west of the river.
15

καὶ ἔδωκεν Μωυσῆς τῇ φυλῇ Ρουβην κατὰ δήμους αὐτῶν

And Moses gave to the tribe of Reuben according to their clans.

Allotment heading (Reuben)καὶ ἔδωκεν Μωυσῆς
A formulaic heading opening the Reuben allotment (vv. 15–23), echoed for Gad (v. 24) and half-Manasseh (v. 29). The phrase κατὰ δήμους αὐτῶν ('by their clans') is the standard distributive formula for subdividing tribal land among family-groups.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (allotment-heading)→ constative aorist (the completed grant)δίδωμι: 'give'; the aorist opens each tribal allotment; here Reuben's grant from Moses.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject of ἔδωκενΜωυσῆς: the grantor.
τῇto theDativearticle (dative of recipient)τῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλῇtribeDativedative of recipientφυλή: 'tribe'.
Ρουβηνof Reubenindeclinable genitive of relationship (with φυλῇ)Ρουβην: indeclinable; the tribe of Reuben, Jacob's firstborn.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (distributive)κατά + acc.: distributive 'according to'; κατὰ δήμους ('by clans') is the standard subdivision formula.
δήμουςclansAccusativeaccusative (κατὰ δήμους: 'by clans')δῆμος: 'people / clan / family-group'; renders מִשְׁפָּחָה; the kinship subdivisions of a tribe.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive (with δήμους)αὐτός (gen. pl. αὐτῶν): 'their', the Reubenites' clans.
16

καὶ ἐγενήθη αὐτῶν τὰ ὅρια ἀπὸ Αροηρ ἥ ἐστιν κατὰ πρόσωπον φάραγγος Αρνων καὶ ἡ πόλις ἡ ἐν τῇ φάραγγι Αρνων καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν Μισωρ

And their borders were from Aroer, which is opposite the gorge of Arnon, and the city that is in the gorge of Arnon, and all the Mishor;

Boundary-description (Reuben's territory)καὶ ἐγενήθη αὐτῶν τὰ ὅρια
Reuben's borders are described, beginning (like the general Transjordan survey of v. 9) at Aroer on the Arnon and the city within the gorge, then embracing all the Mishor plateau. The repetition of the v. 9 toponyms shows Reuben occupying the southernmost Transjordan tableland.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐγενήθηwere / becameAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (predicate: 'their borders were')→ constative aorist (the established boundary)γίνομαι (aor. pass. ἐγενήθη): 'become / come to be'; here 'their borders came to be / were', a fixed-result statement; the singular verb with neuter plural subject τὰ ὅρια is regular Greek.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive (with τὰ ὅρια)αὐτός: 'their', the Reubenites'.
τὰtheNominativearticleτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅριαbordersNominativesubject of ἐγενήθηὅριον (nom. pl. ὅρια): 'borders / territory'; Reuben's allotted bounds.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (starting point)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΑροηρAroerindeclinable place-name (object of ἀπό)Αροηρ: indeclinable; Aroer on the Arnon, the southern boundary-marker (cf. v. 9).
whichNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἐστιν)ὅς, ἥ: the feminine relative referring to Αροηρ (sc. πόλις), in the boundary-locating formula.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula of relative clause→ stative present (fixed location)εἰμί: the locating copula 'which is opposite'.
κατὰoppositepreposition + accusative (idiom κατὰ πρόσωπον)κατά + acc.: in κατὰ πρόσωπον ('facing / opposite').
πρόσωπονface / frontAccusativeaccusative in locative idiom (κατὰ πρόσωπον)πρόσωπον: 'face'; κατὰ πρόσωπον φάραγγος = 'facing the gorge'.
φάραγγοςgorgeGenitivegenitive (with κατὰ πρόσωπον)φάραγξ (gen. φάραγγος): 'gorge / ravine'; the Arnon canyon.
Αρνωνof Arnonindeclinable genitive of relationship (with φάραγγος)Αρνων: indeclinable; the Arnon ravine.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
theNominativearticleἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλιςcityNominativenominative (item in the boundary-list)πόλις: 'city'; the town within the Arnon valley (cf. v. 9).
theNominativearticle (attributive, with ἐν-phrase)ἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῇtheDativearticleτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φάραγγιgorgeDativedative of place (object of ἐν)φάραγξ (dat. φάραγγι): 'gorge'; the city lies within the Arnon ravine.
Αρνωνof Arnonindeclinable genitive of relationship (with φάραγγι)Αρνων: indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying Μισωρ)πᾶς: 'all'; 'all the Mishor', the tableland in Reuben's portion.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜισωρMishorindeclinable place-name (articulated by τήν)Μισωρ: indeclinable; the plateau tableland (cf. v. 9).
17

ἕως Εσεβων καὶ πάσας τὰς πόλεις τὰς οὔσας ἐν τῇ Μισωρ καὶ Δαιβων καὶ Βαμωθβααλ καὶ οἴκου Βεελμων

up to Heshbon, and all the cities that are in the Mishor, and Dibon, and Bamoth-baal, and the house of Beel-meon;

Continued city-list (Reuben's towns on the plateau)ἕως Εσεβων
The Reuben city-catalogue proper begins: Heshbon (Sihon's former capital, now Reubenite), all the plateau cities, and the named towns Dibon, Bamoth-baal, and Beth-baal-meon — Moabite-plateau sites along the Mishor.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἕωςup topreposition + genitive (extent)ἕως: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΕσεβωνHeshbonindeclinable place-name (object of ἕως)Εσεβων: indeclinable; Heshbon, Sihon's old capital, now within Reuben's territory.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying πόλεις)πᾶς: 'all'; 'all the cities on the plateau'.
τὰςtheAccusativearticleτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesAccusativeaccusative (item in the list)πόλις (acc. pl. πόλεις): 'cities'.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (attributive, with participle)τὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὔσαςthat arePres Act Part Acc Pl Fem · εἰμίattributive participle (modifying πόλεις)→ imperfective present participle (the cities being located there)εἰμί (pres. part. οὔσας): 'being'; the attributive participle 'the cities that are in the Mishor' locates them on the tableland.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῇtheDativearticleτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜισωρMishorindeclinable place-name (object of ἐν, articulated by τῇ)Μισωρ: indeclinable; the plateau on which Reuben's cities stood.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΔαιβωνDibonindeclinable place-name (item in the list)Δαιβων: transliteration of Hebrew דִּיבוֹן ('Dibon'); indeclinable; a plateau town (variant spelling of Δαιβαν, v. 9).
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΒαμωθβααλBamoth-baalindeclinable place-name (item in the list)Βαμωθβααλ: transliteration of Hebrew בָּמוֹת בַּעַל ('Bamoth-baal', 'high places of Baal'); indeclinable; a cultic-height site on the plateau (cf. Num 22:41).
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
οἴκουhouseGenitivegenitive (with toponym Βεελμων: 'house of Beel-meon')οἶκος: 'house'; here in the place-name οἶκος Βεελμων = Beth-baal-meon (Hebrew בֵּית בַּעַל מְעוֹן); the LXX renders the בֵּית ('house of') element with οἴκου.
ΒεελμωνBeel-meonindeclinable place-name (with οἴκου)Βεελμων: transliteration of the בַּעַל מְעוֹן element of Beth-baal-meon; indeclinable; a plateau town of Reuben.
18

καὶ Ιασσα καὶ Κεδημωθ καὶ Μεφααθ

and Jahaz, and Kedemoth, and Mephaath;

Continued city-list (Reuben, asyndetic enumeration)καὶ Ιασσα
A brief paratactic string of three more Reubenite towns; Jahaz (the site of the Sihon battle, Num 21:23), Kedemoth, and Mephaath, the last two later assigned to the Levites (Josh 21:36–37).
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΙασσαJahazindeclinable place-name (item in the list)Ιασσα: transliteration of Hebrew יַהְצָה ('Jahaz'); indeclinable; the site where Israel defeated Sihon (Num 21:23).
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΚεδημωθKedemothindeclinable place-name (item in the list)Κεδημωθ: transliteration of Hebrew קְדֵמוֹת ('Kedemoth'); indeclinable; a plateau town later given to the Levites (Josh 21:37).
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΜεφααθMephaathindeclinable place-name (item in the list)Μεφααθ: transliteration of Hebrew מֵיפַעַת ('Mephaath'); indeclinable; a Reubenite town later given to the Levites (Josh 21:37).
19

καὶ Καριαθαιμ καὶ Σεβαμα καὶ Σεραδα καὶ Σιωρ ἐν τῷ ὄρει Εμακ

and Kiriathaim, and Sibmah, and Zereth-shahar on the mountain of Emak;

Continued city-list (Reuben)καὶ Καριαθαιμ
Further Reubenite towns; Kiriathaim and Sibmah are known Moabite-plateau sites (cf. Num 32:37–38), while Σεραδα / Σιωρ ἐν τῷ ὄρει Εμακ corresponds to Zereth-shahar 'on the hill of the valley' (Hebrew בְּהַר הָעֵמֶק), the LXX transliterating the valley-name as Εμακ.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΚαριαθαιμKiriathaimindeclinable place-name (item in the list)Καριαθαιμ: transliteration of Hebrew קִרְיָתַיִם ('Kiriathaim'); indeclinable; a plateau town of Reuben (Num 32:37).
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΣεβαμαSibmahindeclinable place-name (item in the list)Σεβαμα: transliteration of Hebrew שִׂבְמָה ('Sibmah'); indeclinable; a town noted for its vines (Isa 16:8–9).
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΣεραδαZereth(-shahar)indeclinable place-name (item in the list)Σεραδα: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew צֶרֶת הַשַּׁחַר ('Zereth-shahar'); indeclinable; a town of the Arnon valley.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΣιωρSiorindeclinable place-name (item in the list)Σιωρ: a place-name in this Reubenite list (the LXX here doubling/splitting the Hebrew Zereth-shahar); indeclinable.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῷtheDativearticleτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρειmountain / hillDativedative of place (object of ἐν)ὄρος (dat. ὄρει): 'mountain / hill'; ἐν τῷ ὄρει Εμακ renders בְּהַר הָעֵמֶק ('on the hill of the valley').
ΕμακEmakindeclinable place-name (with ὄρει)Εμακ: transliteration of Hebrew הָעֵמֶק ('the valley'); indeclinable; the LXX treats the valley-name as a proper noun.
20

καὶ Βαιθφογωρ καὶ Ασηδωθ Φασγα καὶ Βαιθασιμωθ

and Beth-peor, and Ashedoth-Pisgah, and Beth-jeshimoth;

Continued city-list (Reuben, closing the town-catalogue)καὶ Βαιθφογωρ
Three further sites near the Jordan's eastern descent: Beth-peor (near Moses' burial, Deut 34:6), Ashedoth-Pisgah (the slopes of Mount Pisgah/Nebo), and Beth-jeshimoth by the Dead Sea — closing the catalogue of Reuben's towns.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΒαιθφογωρBeth-peorindeclinable place-name (item in the list)Βαιθφογωρ: transliteration of Hebrew בֵּית פְּעוֹר ('Beth-peor'); indeclinable; the Baal-Peor cult-site near which Moses was buried (Deut 34:6).
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΑσηδωθAshedothindeclinable place-name (item in the list)Ασηδωθ: transliteration of Hebrew אַשְׁדּוֹת ('the slopes [of Pisgah]'); indeclinable; the spring-fed slopes descending from Pisgah.
ΦασγαPisgahindeclinable place-name (with Ασηδωθ: 'slopes of Pisgah')Φασγα: transliteration of Hebrew פִּסְגָּה ('Pisgah'); indeclinable; the height (part of Mount Nebo) from which Moses viewed the land (Deut 34:1).
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΒαιθασιμωθBeth-jeshimothindeclinable place-name (item in the list)Βαιθασιμωθ: transliteration of Hebrew בֵּית הַיְשִׁמוֹת ('Beth-jeshimoth'); indeclinable; a site near the northeastern Dead Sea, the last of Reuben's listed towns.
21

καὶ πάσας τὰς πόλεις τοῦ Μισωρ καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ Σηων βασιλέως τῶν Αμορραίων ὃν ἐπάταξεν Μωυσῆς αὐτὸν καὶ τοὺς ἡγουμένους Μαδιαμ καὶ τὸν Ευι καὶ τὸν Ροκομ καὶ τὸν Σουρ καὶ τὸν Ουρ καὶ τὸν Ροβε ἄρχοντας παρὰ Σηων καὶ τοὺς κατοικοῦντας τὴν γῆν

and all the cities of the Mishor, and all the kingdom of Sihon king of the Amorites, whom Moses struck down — him and the chiefs of Midian: Evi and Rekem and Zur and Hur and Reba, princes belonging to Sihon, and the inhabitants of the land.

Summary of Reuben's domain + casualty-list (Sihon and the Midianite chiefs)καὶ πάσας τὰς πόλεις
The Reuben section closes with a summation of the plateau cities and Sihon's whole kingdom, then a casualty-list of those Moses struck down: Sihon himself and the five Midianite chiefs (Evi, Rekem, Zur, Hur, Reba) who were Sihon's vassals. This list sets up the Balaam-notice of v. 22, since the same chiefs fell in the Midian campaign of Num 31 in which Balaam died.
Word-by-word analysis· 46 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying πόλεις)πᾶς: 'all'; 'all the cities of the Mishor'.
τὰςtheAccusativearticleτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesAccusativeaccusative (summarizing the plateau towns)πόλις (acc. pl. πόλεις): 'cities'.
τοῦof theGenitivearticleτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜισωρMishorindeclinable place-name (genitive, articulated by τοῦ)Μισωρ: indeclinable; the tableland whose cities are summarized.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying βασιλείαν)πᾶς: 'all'; 'all the kingdom of Sihon'.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλείανkingdomAccusativeaccusative (item in the summary)βασιλεία: 'kingdom'; Sihon's whole realm, now Reuben's.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with the name Σηων)τοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣηωνSihonindeclinable genitive of relationship (articulated by τοῦ)Σηων: indeclinable; the defeated Amorite king.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to Σηωνβασιλεύς: 'king'; 'Sihon king of the Amorites'.
τῶνof theGenitivearticleτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑμορραίωνAmoritesGenitivegenitive of relationship (with βασιλέως)Αμορραῖος (gen. pl. Αμορραίων): declinable gentilic; Sihon's people.
ὃνwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐπάταξεν)ὅς (acc. ὅν): relative pronoun referring to Sihon, resumed redundantly by αὐτόν (Hebraism).
ἐπάταξενstruck downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωverb of relative clause (Moses' defeat of Sihon)→ constative aorist (single decisive defeat)πατάσσω: 'strike / smite'; the defeat of Sihon (Num 21:24); the relative clause expands into the casualty-list of his Midianite allies.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject of ἐπάταξενΜωυσῆς: the agent of the defeat.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeresumptive direct object (redundant pronoun, Hebraism)αὐτός: the resumptive accusative repeating the relative ὅν, a Hebraizing redundant object — 'whom he struck, him'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (adding the chiefs)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with participle ἡγουμένους)τοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡγουμένουςchiefs / leadersPres Mid/Pass Part Acc Pl Masc · ἡγέομαιsubstantivized participle (direct object: 'the leaders')→ imperfective present participle (those holding the office of leading)ἡγέομαι: 'lead / be chief'; the substantivized present participle οἱ ἡγούμενοι ('the leaders / chiefs') renders נְשִׂיאֵי ('the princes of Midian'); the five named below are Midianite chieftains allied with Sihon.
Μαδιαμof Midianindeclinable genitive of relationship (with ἡγουμένους)Μαδιαμ: transliteration of Hebrew מִדְיָן ('Midian'); indeclinable; the desert people whose chiefs were slain with Sihon and in the Num 31 campaign.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with the name)τὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΕυιEviindeclinable personal name (in apposition, direct object)Ευι: transliteration of Hebrew אֱוִי ('Evi'); indeclinable; the first of the five Midianite chiefs (cf. Num 31:8).
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὸνtheAccusativearticleτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΡοκομRekemindeclinable personal name (direct object)Ροκομ: transliteration of Hebrew רֶקֶם ('Rekem'); indeclinable; the second Midianite chief.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὸνtheAccusativearticleτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣουρZurindeclinable personal name (direct object)Σουρ: transliteration of Hebrew צוּר ('Zur'); indeclinable; the third Midianite chief, father of Cozbi (Num 25:15).
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὸνtheAccusativearticleτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΟυρHurindeclinable personal name (direct object)Ουρ: transliteration of Hebrew חוּר ('Hur'); indeclinable; the fourth Midianite chief.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὸνtheAccusativearticleτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΡοβεRebaindeclinable personal name (direct object)Ροβε: transliteration of Hebrew רֶבַע ('Reba'); indeclinable; the fifth Midianite chief, completing the list of Num 31:8.
ἄρχονταςrulers / princesAccusativeaccusative in apposition (the five chiefs as 'princes of Sihon')ἄρχων (acc. pl. ἄρχοντας): 'ruler / prince / commander'; lexicalized as a noun; here the five named chiefs are summed up as ἄρχοντας παρὰ Σηων ('princes belonging to / under Sihon'), i.e. his vassal-rulers.
παρὰbelonging to / frompreposition + (indeclinable) name (dependency: 'under Sihon')παρά: here marking subordination/dependency, 'princes belonging to (the household/vassalage of) Sihon'.
ΣηωνSihonindeclinable name (object of παρά)Σηων: indeclinable; the chiefs were Sihon's vassals.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with participle)τοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦνταςinhabitantsPres Act Part Acc Pl Masc · κατοικέωsubstantivized participle (direct object: 'the inhabitants')→ imperfective present participle (those dwelling in the land)κατοικέω: 'inhabit / dwell'; οἱ κατοικοῦντες τὴν γῆν ('the inhabitants of the land') — the general population struck down with their rulers.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of κατοικοῦνταςγῆ: 'land'; the territory whose inhabitants fell with Sihon.
22

καὶ τὸν Βαλααμ τὸν τοῦ Βεωρ τὸν μάντιν ἀπέκτειναν ἐν τῇ ῥοπῇ

And Balaam son of Beor, the diviner, they killed in the rout.

Embedded casualty-notice (the death of Balaam)καὶ τὸν Βαλααμ
A discrete notice appended to the Sihon/Midian casualty-list: Balaam son of Beor, labelled ὁ μάντις ('the diviner / soothsayer'), was killed ἐν τῇ ῥοπῇ ('in the rout / by the sword') among the Midianite dead (cf. Num 31:8). The pejorative title μάντιν frames Balaam as a pagan seer whose oracles (Num 22–24) ultimately availed nothing against his violent end.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (appending the Balaam notice)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with the name)τὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒαλααμBalaamindeclinable personal name (direct object of ἀπέκτειναν)Βαλααμ: transliteration of Hebrew בִּלְעָם ('Balaam'); indeclinable; the Mesopotamian seer hired by Balak to curse Israel (Num 22–24) who instead blessed them, then counseled the Baal-Peor seduction (Num 31:16).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (attributive, introducing patronymic)τὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοῦthe (son) ofGenitivearticle (genitive of filiation: 'the [son] of')ὁ τοῦ Βεωρ: the article + genitive idiom 'the [son] of Beor', the standard Greek way of expressing patronymic without 'son'.
Βεωρof Beorindeclinable genitive of filiation (patronymic)Βεωρ: transliteration of Hebrew בְּעוֹר ('Beor'); indeclinable; Balaam's father.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with appositional μάντιν)τὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μάντινdiviner / soothsayerAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Βαλααμμάντις: 'diviner / seer / soothsayer'; renders קֹסֵם; a pejorative title in the LXX, associating Balaam with forbidden pagan divination (cf. Deut 18:10) rather than legitimate prophecy.
ἀπέκτεινανthey killedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀποκτείνωmain verb (Israel's slaying of Balaam)→ constative aorist (the completed killing)ἀποκτείνω: 'kill / slay'; the aorist records Balaam's death among the Midianite casualties (Num 31:8); the unexpressed subject is the Israelite forces.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (circumstance/means)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῇtheDativearticleτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥοπῇrout / sword-strokeDativedative of circumstance (ἐν τῇ ῥοπῇ: 'in the rout')ῥοπή: lit. 'inclination / downward swing / decisive turn'; here 'in the turning of battle / the rout', the LXX rendering of the slaying of Balaam 'by the sword' (Num 31:8 בַּחֶרֶב); the term evokes the decisive sweep of the slaughter.
23

ἐγένετο δὲ τὰ ὅρια Ρουβην Ιορδάνης ὅριον αὕτη ἡ κληρονομία υἱῶν Ρουβην κατὰ δήμους αὐτῶν αἱ πόλεις αὐτῶν καὶ αἱ ἐπαύλεις αὐτῶν

And the borders of Reuben were the Jordan as a boundary. This is the inheritance of the sons of Reuben according to their clans, their cities and their settlements.

Closing summary of Reuben's inheritanceἐγένετο δὲ τὰ ὅρια Ρουβην
The Reuben section closes with its western boundary (the Jordan) and the summary formula αὕτη ἡ κληρονομία … κατὰ δήμους αὐτῶν, αἱ πόλεις αὐτῶν καὶ αἱ ἐπαύλεις αὐτῶν — a stereotyped closing repeated for Gad (v. 28) listing the cities and their dependent villages.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ἐγένετοwas / becameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (predicate: 'the borders were')→ constative aorist (the established boundary)γίνομαι (aor. mid. ἐγένετο): 'become / be'; here 'the borders of Reuben were [marked by] the Jordan'.
δὲand / nownarrative continuative (post-positive)δέ: post-positive; marks the closing summary.
τὰtheNominativearticleτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅριαbordersNominativesubject of ἐγένετοὅριον (nom. pl. ὅρια): 'borders'; Reuben's bounds.
Ρουβηνof Reubenindeclinable genitive of relationship (with ὅρια)Ρουβην: indeclinable.
ΙορδάνηςJordanNominativepredicate nominative (the boundary)Ιορδάνης: the Jordan; declinable; named as the western boundary of Reuben.
ὅριονa boundaryNominativepredicate nominative in apposition (Jordan = a boundary)ὅριον: 'boundary'; 'the Jordan [was their] boundary', the river forming the western limit.
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative subject (presentational summary)οὗτος, αὕτη: the demonstrative heading the closing formula 'this is the inheritance'.
theNominativearticleἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κληρονομίαinheritanceNominativepredicate nominative (subject complement of αὕτη)κληρονομία: 'inheritance'; Reuben's allotted patrimony.
υἱῶνof the sonsGenitivegenitive of relationship (with κληρονομία)υἱός (gen. pl. υἱῶν): 'sons'; 'the sons of Reuben'.
Ρουβηνof Reubenindeclinable genitive of relationshipΡουβην: indeclinable.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (distributive)κατά + acc.: distributive; κατὰ δήμους ('by clans').
δήμουςclansAccusativeaccusative (κατὰ δήμους)δῆμος: 'clan / family-group'.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitiveαὐτός: 'their'.
αἱtheNominativearticleαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesNominativenominative in apposition (the inheritance = the cities)πόλις (nom. pl. πόλεις): 'cities'; the towns of Reuben.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitiveαὐτός: 'their'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
αἱtheNominativearticleαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπαύλειςsettlements / villagesNominativenominative in apposition (the dependent hamlets)ἔπαυλις (nom. pl. ἐπαύλεις): 'farmstead / hamlet / settlement'; renders חֲצֵרִים ('villages / unwalled settlements'); the rural dependencies of the cities.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitiveαὐτός: 'their'.
24

ἔδωκεν δὲ Μωυσῆς τοῖς υἱοῖς Γαδ κατὰ δήμους αὐτῶν

And Moses gave to the sons of Gad according to their clans.

Allotment heading (Gad)ἔδωκεν δὲ Μωυσῆς
The Gad allotment opens with the same formula as Reuben's (v. 15), here with δέ marking the transition to the next tribe; κατὰ δήμους αὐτῶν again subdivides the grant by clans.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (allotment-heading)→ constative aorist (the completed grant)δίδωμι: 'give'; opening Gad's allotment from Moses.
δὲand / nownarrative continuative (post-positive, marking the new tribe)δέ: post-positive; transitions from Reuben to Gad.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject of ἔδωκενΜωυσῆς: the grantor.
τοῖςto theDativearticle (dative of recipient)τοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativedative of recipientυἱός (dat. pl. υἱοῖς): 'sons'; 'to the sons of Gad'.
Γαδof Gadindeclinable genitive of relationshipΓαδ: indeclinable; the tribe of Gad.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (distributive)κατά + acc.: 'by clans'.
δήμουςclansAccusativeaccusative (κατὰ δήμους)δῆμος: 'clan'.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitiveαὐτός: 'their'.
25

καὶ ἐγένετο τὰ ὅρια αὐτῶν Ιαζηρ πᾶσαι αἱ πόλεις Γαλααδ καὶ τὸ ἥμισυ γῆς υἱῶν Αμμων ἕως Αροηρ ἥ ἐστιν κατὰ πρόσωπον Ραββα

And their borders were Jazer, all the cities of Gilead, and half the land of the sons of Ammon, up to Aroer, which is opposite Rabbah;

Boundary-description (Gad's territory)καὶ ἐγένετο τὰ ὅρια αὐτῶν
Gad's borders are listed: Jazer, all the cities of Gilead, half the Ammonite land up to Aroer 'which faces Rabbah' (the Ammonite capital). The boundary-locating formula ἥ ἐστιν κατὰ πρόσωπον recurs from vv. 9, 16.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐγένετοwere / becameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (predicate: 'their borders were')→ constative aorist (the established boundary)γίνομαι (aor. ἐγένετο): 'be / become'; 'their borders were'.
τὰtheNominativearticleτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅριαbordersNominativesubject of ἐγένετοὅριον (nom. pl. ὅρια): 'borders'; Gad's bounds.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitiveαὐτός: 'their', the Gadites'.
ΙαζηρJazerindeclinable place-name (predicate: boundary-point)Ιαζηρ: transliteration of Hebrew יַעְזֵר ('Jazer'); indeclinable; a Gileadite town near the Ammonite border (Num 32:1, 35).
πᾶσαιallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying πόλεις)πᾶς (nom. pl. fem. πᾶσαι): 'all'; 'all the cities of Gilead'.
αἱtheNominativearticleαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesNominativenominative (item in the boundary-list)πόλις (nom. pl. πόλεις): 'cities'.
Γαλααδof Gileadindeclinable genitive of relationship (with πόλεις)Γαλααδ: transliteration of Hebrew גִּלְעָד ('Gilead'); here the indeclinable form (contrast the declinable Γαλααδῖτις of v. 11); the central Transjordan highland of Gad.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with ἥμισυ)τὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἥμισυhalfNominativesubstantivized adjective (nominative: 'the half')ἥμισυς (neut. ἥμισυ): 'half'; τὸ ἥμισυ γῆς υἱῶν Αμμων = 'half the land of the Ammonites', the portion Israel took from Ammonite-claimed territory.
γῆςof the landGenitivepartitive genitive (with ἥμισυ)γῆ (gen. γῆς): 'land'; partitive 'half of the land'.
υἱῶνof the sonsGenitivegenitive of relationship (with γῆς)υἱός (gen. pl. υἱῶν): 'sons'; οἱ υἱοὶ Αμμων = the Ammonites.
Αμμωνof Ammonindeclinable genitive of relationshipΑμμων: indeclinable; the Ammonite people.
ἕωςup topreposition + genitive (extent)ἕως: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΑροηρAroerindeclinable place-name (object of ἕως)Αροηρ: indeclinable; here a different Aroer 'before Rabbah' (Josh 13:25), east of the southern Arnon Aroer (vv. 9, 16).
whichNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἐστιν)ὅς, ἥ: feminine relative referring to Αροηρ, in the locating formula.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula of relative clause→ stative present (fixed location)εἰμί: locating copula 'which is opposite'.
κατὰoppositepreposition + accusative (idiom κατὰ πρόσωπον)κατά + acc.: in κατὰ πρόσωπον ('facing').
πρόσωπονface / frontAccusativeaccusative in locative idiom (κατὰ πρόσωπον)πρόσωπον: 'face'; κατὰ πρόσωπον Ραββα = 'facing Rabbah'.
ΡαββαRabbahindeclinable place-name (with κατὰ πρόσωπον)Ραββα: transliteration of Hebrew רַבָּה ('Rabbah'); indeclinable; the chief city of the Ammonites (Rabbath-Ammon, modern Amman).
26

καὶ ἀπὸ Εσεβων ἕως Ραμωθ κατὰ τὴν Μασσηφα καὶ Βοτανιν καὶ Μααναιν ἕως τῶν ὁρίων Δαβιρ

and from Heshbon to Ramoth by Mizpah, and Betonim, and Mahanaim, up to the borders of Debir;

Continued boundary-description (Gad's northern extent)καὶ ἀπὸ Εσεβων
Gad's territory runs from Heshbon (shared on the Reuben/Gad border) north to Ramath-mizpeh and the towns of Betonim and Mahanaim, up to the border of Debir (Lo-debar). The ἀπό…ἕως span fixes Gad's reach across central Gilead.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (starting point)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΕσεβωνHeshbonindeclinable place-name (object of ἀπό)Εσεβων: indeclinable; Heshbon, on the Reuben/Gad frontier.
ἕωςtopreposition + genitive (extent)ἕως: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΡαμωθRamothindeclinable place-name (object of ἕως)Ραμωθ: transliteration of Hebrew רָמַת ('Ramath[-mizpeh]'); indeclinable; a Gileadite height (cf. Ramoth-Gilead).
κατὰby / atpreposition + accusative (spatial: 'by Mizpah')κατά + acc.: 'by / in the region of'.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with the name)τὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜασσηφαMizpahindeclinable place-name (articulated by τήν)Μασσηφα: transliteration of Hebrew מִצְפֶּה ('Mizpah'); indeclinable; the 'Ramath-mizpeh' watchtower-height of Gilead.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΒοτανινBetonimindeclinable place-name (item in the list)Βοτανιν: transliteration of Hebrew בְּטֹנִים ('Betonim'); indeclinable; a Gadite town in Gilead.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΜααναινMahanaimindeclinable place-name (item in the list)Μααναιν: transliteration of Hebrew מַחֲנַיִם ('Mahanaim'); indeclinable; the place where Jacob met the angels (Gen 32:2), later David's refuge (2 Sam 17:24).
ἕωςup topreposition + genitive (extent)ἕως: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῶνtheGenitivearticleτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁρίωνbordersGenitivegenitive object of ἕωςὅριον: 'border'; the boundary of Debir.
ΔαβιρDebirindeclinable place-name (with ὁρίων)Δαβιρ: transliteration of Hebrew דְּבִר / לִדְבִר ('Debir / Lo-debar'); indeclinable; a Gileadite border-site (distinct from the Judean Debir).
27

καὶ ἐν Εμεκ Βαιθαραμ καὶ Βαιθαναβρα καὶ Σοκχωθα καὶ Σαφαν καὶ τὴν λοιπὴν βασιλείαν Σηων βασιλέως Εσεβων καὶ ὁ Ιορδάνης ὁριεῖ ἕως μέρους τῆς θαλάσσης Χενερεθ πέραν τοῦ Ιορδάνου ἀπ᾿ ἀνατολῶν

and in the valley: Beth-haram, and Beth-nimrah, and Succoth, and Zaphon, and the rest of the kingdom of Sihon king of Heshbon; and the Jordan shall be the boundary, up to a part of the Sea of Chinnereth, beyond the Jordan eastward.

Continued territory-list + closing boundary (Gad's valley towns and the Jordan limit)καὶ ἐν Εμεκ
The Gad section names the Jordan-valley towns (Beth-haram, Beth-nimrah, Succoth, Zaphon), assigns the remainder of Sihon's kingdom, and fixes the western boundary at the Jordan up to the Sea of Chinnereth (Galilee). The future ὁριεῖ ('shall form the boundary') echoes v. 7's use of the same verb for the Great Sea.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in the valley')ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
Εμεκthe valley (Emek)indeclinable place-name / common noun (object of ἐν)Εμεκ: transliteration of Hebrew הָעֵמֶק ('the valley'); indeclinable; here the Jordan valley in which the following towns lie.
ΒαιθαραμBeth-haramindeclinable place-name (item in the list)Βαιθαραμ: transliteration of Hebrew בֵּית הָרָם ('Beth-haram'); indeclinable; a Gadite valley town (Num 32:36).
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΒαιθαναβραBeth-nimrahindeclinable place-name (item in the list)Βαιθαναβρα: transliteration of Hebrew בֵּית נִמְרָה ('Beth-nimrah'); indeclinable; a Gadite valley town (Num 32:36).
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΣοκχωθαSuccothindeclinable place-name (item in the list)Σοκχωθα: transliteration of Hebrew סֻכּוֹת ('Succoth'); indeclinable; a Jordan-valley town where Jacob built booths (Gen 33:17).
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΣαφανZaphonindeclinable place-name (item in the list)Σαφαν: transliteration of Hebrew צָפוֹן ('Zaphon'); indeclinable; a Jordan-valley town of Gad (cf. Judg 12:1).
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιπὴνrest / remainingAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying βασιλείαν)λοιπός: 'remaining / the rest of'; ἡ λοιπὴ βασιλεία = 'the rest of the kingdom' of Sihon not already assigned to Reuben.
βασιλείανkingdomAccusativeaccusative (item in the list)βασιλεία: 'kingdom'; the remainder of Sihon's realm allotted to Gad.
Σηωνof Sihonindeclinable genitive of relationship (with βασιλείαν)Σηων: indeclinable.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to Σηωνβασιλεύς: 'king'; 'Sihon king of Heshbon'.
Εσεβωνof Heshbonindeclinable genitive of relationship (with βασιλέως)Εσεβων: indeclinable; Heshbon, Sihon's capital.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the boundary clause)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
theNominativearticle (with Ιορδάνης)ὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙορδάνηςJordanNominativesubject of ὁριεῖΙορδάνης: the Jordan; declinable; here the subject forming Gad's western boundary.
ὁριεῖshall be the boundaryFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁρίζωmain verb (the river as boundary)→ predictive/gnomic future (a fixed geographical limit)ὁρίζω (Attic fut. ὁριεῖ): 'form the boundary'; as at v. 7 (of the Great Sea), here the Jordan delimits Gad's western edge.
ἕωςup topreposition + genitive (extent)ἕως: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
μέρουςa part / edgeGenitivegenitive object of ἕωςμέρος: 'part / portion / edge'; ἕως μέρους τῆς θαλάσσης = 'up to the edge/part of the sea'.
τῆςtheGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θαλάσσηςseaGenitivegenitive (with μέρους)θάλασσα (gen. θαλάσσης): 'sea'; the Sea of Chinnereth (Galilee).
ΧενερεθChinnerethindeclinable place-name (with θαλάσσης)Χενερεθ: transliteration of Hebrew כִּנֶּרֶת ('Chinnereth'); indeclinable; the Sea of Chinnereth (later the Sea of Galilee), the northern limit of the Jordan-boundary.
πέρανbeyondindeclinable adverb / improper preposition (+ genitive)πέραν: 'beyond / across'; πέραν τοῦ Ιορδάνου = 'across the Jordan', specifying the Transjordan side.
τοῦtheGenitivearticleτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙορδάνουJordanGenitivegenitive (with πέραν)Ιορδάνης (gen. Ιορδάνου): the Jordan.
ἀπ᾿from / onpreposition + genitive (directional, elided before vowel)ἀπό (ἀπ᾿): in ἀπ᾿ ἀνατολῶν ('on the east side'), an orientational idiom.
ἀνατολῶνthe eastGenitivegenitive (ἀπ᾿ ἀνατολῶν: 'on the east')ἀνατολή (gen. pl. ἀνατολῶν): 'rising / east'; locating Gad's Transjordan land on the eastern side of the river.
28

αὕτη ἡ κληρονομία υἱῶν Γαδ κατὰ δήμους αὐτῶν αἱ πόλεις αὐτῶν καὶ αἱ ἐπαύλεις αὐτῶν

This is the inheritance of the sons of Gad according to their clans, their cities and their settlements.

Closing summary of Gad's inheritanceαὕτη ἡ κληρονομία υἱῶν Γαδ
The Gad section closes with exactly the stereotyped formula used for Reuben (v. 23b): 'this is the inheritance … by their clans, their cities and their settlements', confirming the parallel structuring of the two tribal allotments.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative subject (presentational summary)οὗτος, αὕτη: presentational demonstrative, 'this is the inheritance'.
theNominativearticleἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κληρονομίαinheritanceNominativepredicate nominativeκληρονομία: 'inheritance'; Gad's allotted patrimony.
υἱῶνof the sonsGenitivegenitive of relationship (with κληρονομία)υἱός (gen. pl. υἱῶν): 'sons'; 'the sons of Gad'.
Γαδof Gadindeclinable genitive of relationshipΓαδ: indeclinable.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (distributive)κατά + acc.: 'by clans'.
δήμουςclansAccusativeaccusative (κατὰ δήμους)δῆμος: 'clan'.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitiveαὐτός: 'their'.
αἱtheNominativearticleαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesNominativenominative in appositionπόλις (nom. pl. πόλεις): 'cities'; the towns of Gad.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitiveαὐτός: 'their'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
αἱtheNominativearticleαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπαύλειςsettlements / villagesNominativenominative in appositionἔπαυλις (nom. pl. ἐπαύλεις): 'settlement / hamlet'; the dependent villages of Gad's cities (cf. v. 23).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitiveαὐτός: 'their'.
29

καὶ ἔδωκεν Μωυσῆς τῷ ἡμίσει φυλῆς Μανασση κατὰ δήμους αὐτῶν

And Moses gave to the half-tribe of Manasseh according to their clans.

Allotment heading (half-Manasseh)καὶ ἔδωκεν Μωυσῆς
The third Transjordan allotment opens with the standard heading (cf. vv. 15, 24), here for the eastern half-tribe of Manasseh, by clans.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (allotment-heading)→ constative aorist (the completed grant)δίδωμι: 'give'; opening the half-Manasseh allotment.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject of ἔδωκενΜωυσῆς: the grantor.
τῷto theDativearticle (dative of recipient)τῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμίσειhalfDativesubstantivized adjective (dative: 'to the half')ἥμισυς: 'half'; the eastern half-tribe of Manasseh.
φυλῆςof the tribeGenitivepartitive genitiveφυλή (gen. φυλῆς): 'tribe'.
Μανασσηof Manassehindeclinable genitive of relationshipΜανασση: indeclinable; the tribe of Manasseh.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (distributive)κατά + acc.: 'by clans'.
δήμουςclansAccusativeaccusative (κατὰ δήμους)δῆμος: 'clan'.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitiveαὐτός: 'their'.
30

καὶ ἐγένετο τὰ ὅρια αὐτῶν ἀπὸ Μααναιμ καὶ πᾶσα βασιλεία Βασανι καὶ πᾶσα βασιλεία Ωγ βασιλέως Βασαν καὶ πάσας τὰς κώμας Ιαϊρ αἵ εἰσιν ἐν τῇ Βασανίτιδι ἑξήκοντα πόλεις

And their borders were from Mahanaim, and all the kingdom of Bashan, and all the kingdom of Og king of Bashan, and all the villages of Jair which are in the Bashanitis, sixty cities;

Boundary-description (half-Manasseh's territory)καὶ ἐγένετο τὰ ὅρια αὐτῶν
Half-Manasseh's borders run from Mahanaim across all Bashan — the whole kingdom of Og — including the sixty 'villages of Jair' (Havvoth-jair) in the Bashanitis. The numeral ἑξήκοντα πόλεις ('sixty cities') quantifies Jair's holdings (cf. Deut 3:4, 14).
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐγένετοwere / becameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (predicate: 'their borders were')→ constative aorist (the established boundary)γίνομαι (aor. ἐγένετο): 'be / become'; 'their borders were'.
τὰtheNominativearticleτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅριαbordersNominativesubject of ἐγένετοὅριον (nom. pl. ὅρια): 'borders'; half-Manasseh's bounds.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitiveαὐτός: 'their'.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (starting point)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΜααναιμMahanaimindeclinable place-name (object of ἀπό)Μααναιμ: transliteration of Hebrew מַחֲנַיִם ('Mahanaim'); indeclinable; here the southern boundary-marker of half-Manasseh, shared with Gad (cf. v. 26 Μααναιν).
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πᾶσαallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying βασιλεία)πᾶς (nom. fem. πᾶσα): 'all'; 'all the kingdom of Bashan'.
βασιλείαkingdomNominativenominative (item in the boundary-list)βασιλεία: 'kingdom'; the realm of Bashan.
Βασανιof Bashanindeclinable genitive of relationship (with βασιλεία)Βασανι: transliteration of Hebrew בָּשָׁן ('Bashan'); indeclinable form; the fertile northern Transjordan plateau.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πᾶσαallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying βασιλεία)πᾶς: 'all'; 'all the kingdom of Og'.
βασιλείαkingdomNominativenominative (item in the list)βασιλεία: 'kingdom'; Og's realm, restated.
Ωγof Ogindeclinable genitive of relationship (with βασιλεία)Ωγ: indeclinable; the giant king of Bashan.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ωγβασιλεύς: 'king'; 'Og king of Bashan'.
Βασανof Bashanindeclinable genitive of relationship (with βασιλέως)Βασαν: transliteration of Hebrew בָּשָׁן ('Bashan'); indeclinable; Og's kingdom.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying κώμας)πᾶς (acc. pl. fem. πάσας): 'all'; 'all the villages of Jair'.
τὰςtheAccusativearticleτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κώμαςvillagesAccusativeaccusative (item in the list)κώμη (acc. pl. κώμας): 'village / unwalled town'; αἱ κῶμαι Ιαϊρ = the 'Havvoth-jair' (tent-villages of Jair), Deut 3:14.
Ιαϊρof Jairindeclinable genitive of relationship (with κώμας)Ιαϊρ: transliteration of Hebrew יָאִיר ('Jair'); indeclinable; the Manassite chief whose Bashan settlements were named Havvoth-jair.
αἵwhichNominativerelative pronoun (subject of εἰσιν)ὅς, ἥ (nom. pl. fem. αἵ): relative pronoun referring to the villages.
εἰσινarePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula of relative clause→ stative present (fixed location)εἰμί (3 pl. εἰσιν): 'are'; the locating copula 'which are in the Bashanitis'.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῇtheDativearticleτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒασανίτιδιBashanitisDativedative of place (object of ἐν)Βασανῖτις (dat. Βασανίτιδι): the region of Bashan; declinable Greek-formed name (cf. v. 12).
ἑξήκονταsixtyindeclinable numeral (modifying πόλεις)ἑξήκοντα: 'sixty'; indeclinable numeral; the sixty fortified towns of Jair in Bashan (Deut 3:4).
πόλειςcitiesAccusativeaccusative in apposition to κώμας (quantifying: 'sixty cities')πόλις (acc. pl. πόλεις): 'cities'; ἑξήκοντα πόλεις sums the Jair villages as sixty fortified towns.
31

καὶ τὸ ἥμισυ τῆς Γαλααδ καὶ ἐν Ασταρωθ καὶ ἐν Εδραϊν πόλεις βασιλείας Ωγ ἐν Βασανίτιδι καὶ ἐδόθησαν τοῖς υἱοῖς Μαχιρ υἱοῦ Μανασση καὶ τοῖς ἡμίσεσιν υἱοῖς Μαχιρ υἱοῦ Μανασση κατὰ δήμους αὐτῶν

and half of Gilead, and Ashtaroth and Edrei, royal cities of Og in the Bashanitis; and they were given to the sons of Machir son of Manasseh, and to the half of the sons of Machir son of Manasseh, according to their clans.

Continued territory-list + recipient-clause (half-Manasseh to Machir)καὶ τὸ ἥμισυ τῆς Γαλααδ
The grant concludes with half of Gilead and Og's royal cities Ashtaroth and Edrei, assigned to the sons of Machir (Manasseh's firstborn) by clans. The doubled mention of Μαχιρ υἱοῦ Μανασση and the partitive τοῖς ἡμίσεσιν underscore that only half the Machirites settled east of the Jordan.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with ἥμισυ)τὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἥμισυhalfNominativesubstantivized adjective (nominative: 'half')ἥμισυς (neut. ἥμισυ): 'half'; 'half of Gilead', the northern portion assigned to Manasseh.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with Γαλααδ)τῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓαλααδGileadindeclinable place-name (genitive, articulated by τῆς)Γαλααδ: indeclinable; Gilead, here in the partitive 'half of Gilead'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΑσταρωθAshtarothindeclinable place-name (object of ἐν)Ασταρωθ: indeclinable; one of Og's two royal cities (cf. v. 12).
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΕδραϊνEdreiindeclinable place-name (object of ἐν)Εδραϊν: indeclinable; Og's second royal city (cf. v. 12).
πόλειςcitiesNominativenominative in apposition (Ashtaroth and Edrei as royal cities)πόλις (nom. pl. πόλεις): 'cities'; the two royal cities of Og's kingdom.
βασιλείαςof the kingdomGenitivegenitive of relationship (with πόλεις)βασιλεία (gen. βασιλείας): 'kingdom'; 'royal cities of Og's kingdom'.
Ωγof Ogindeclinable genitive of relationship (with βασιλείας)Ωγ: indeclinable.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
Βασανίτιδιthe BashanitisDativedative of place (object of ἐν, anarthrous)Βασανῖτις (dat. Βασανίτιδι): the region of Bashan; declinable Greek-formed name.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing recipient-clause)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐδόθησανwere givenAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · δίδωμιmain verb (passive: the cities were given)→ constative aorist passive (the completed grant)δίδωμι (aor. pass. 3 pl. ἐδόθησαν): 'be given'; the divine/Mosaic passive — these territories were assigned to Machir's descendants.
τοῖςto theDativearticle (dative of recipient)τοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativedative of recipientυἱός (dat. pl. υἱοῖς): 'sons'; 'the sons of Machir'.
Μαχιρof Machirindeclinable genitive of relationship (with υἱοῖς)Μαχιρ: transliteration of Hebrew מָכִיר ('Machir'); indeclinable; Manasseh's firstborn, ancestor of the Gileadite clans (Num 26:29; 32:39–40).
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive of filiation (Machir son of Manasseh)υἱός (gen. υἱοῦ): 'son'; 'Machir son of Manasseh'.
Μανασσηof Manassehindeclinable genitive of filiationΜανασση: indeclinable; Machir's father.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τοῖςto theDativearticle (dative of recipient)τοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμίσεσινhalfDativeattributive adjective (dative pl.: 'to the half [of] the sons')ἥμισυς (dat. pl. ἡμίσεσιν): 'half'; the partitive 'to the half of the sons of Machir' marks that only part of the Machirites settled in Transjordan.
υἱοῖςsonsDativedative of recipientυἱός (dat. pl. υἱοῖς): 'sons'.
Μαχιρof Machirindeclinable genitive of relationshipΜαχιρ: indeclinable; repeated for the partitive half.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive of filiationυἱός (gen. υἱοῦ): 'son'.
Μανασσηof Manassehindeclinable genitive of filiationΜανασση: indeclinable.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (distributive)κατά + acc.: 'by clans'.
δήμουςclansAccusativeaccusative (κατὰ δήμους)δῆμος: 'clan'.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitiveαὐτός: 'their'.
32

οὗτοι οὓς κατεκληρονόμησεν Μωυσῆς πέραν τοῦ Ιορδάνου ἐν Αραβωθ Μωαβ ἐν τῷ πέραν τοῦ Ιορδάνου κατὰ Ιεριχω ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν

These are the ones whom Moses gave an inheritance beyond the Jordan, in Araboth Moab, on the far side of the Jordan opposite Jericho, on the east.

Closing summary of the whole Transjordan distribution (chapter colophon)οὗτοι οὓς κατεκληρονόμησεν Μωυσῆς
The chapter closes with a colophon summarizing the entire Transjordan allotment: 'these are [the inheritances] which Moses distributed beyond the Jordan, in the plains of Moab opposite Jericho, on the east.' The repeated locative ἐν Αραβωθ Μωαβ … κατὰ Ιεριχω exactly echoes v. 14b, framing the whole survey (vv. 8–32) as Moses' completed eastern distribution and setting the stage for Joshua's western allotment (chs. 14ff.).
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
οὗτοιtheseNominativedemonstrative subject (summary: 'these are [the inheritances]')οὗτος (nom. pl. masc. οὗτοι): 'these'; the demonstrative heads the closing colophon, referring back to the allotments just enumerated.
οὓςwhom / whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of κατεκληρονόμησεν)ὅς (acc. pl. οὕς): relative pronoun; 'those whom / the [portions] which Moses gave as inheritance'.
κατεκληρονόμησενgave as inheritanceAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατακληρονομέωverb of relative clause (Moses' distribution)→ constative aorist (the completed allotment)κατακληρονομέω: 'give as an inheritance / cause to inherit / apportion by lot'; the causative-allotment verb (cognate with κληρονομία) summarizing Moses' whole Transjordan distribution; the governing technical verb of the land-grant section.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject of κατεκληρονόμησενΜωυσῆς: the distributor of the Transjordan inheritance, his work now summed up.
πέρανbeyondindeclinable adverb / improper preposition (+ genitive)πέραν: 'beyond / across'; πέραν τοῦ Ιορδάνου = 'beyond the Jordan', i.e. on the eastern side.
τοῦtheGenitivearticleτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙορδάνουJordanGenitivegenitive (with πέραν)Ιορδάνης (gen. Ιορδάνου): the Jordan.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΑραβωθArabothindeclinable place-name (object of ἐν)Αραβωθ: indeclinable; 'the plains [of Moab]' (cf. v. 14), the encampment-region east of the Jordan.
Μωαβof Moabindeclinable genitive of relationship (with Αραβωθ)Μωαβ: indeclinable; 'the plains of Moab'.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῷtheDativearticle (substantivizing πέραν)τῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πέρανfar side / beyondindeclinable adverb substantivized by τῷπέραν: 'beyond / across'; ἐν τῷ πέραν τοῦ Ιορδάνου = 'in the region across the Jordan' (cf. vv. 8, 14).
τοῦtheGenitivearticleτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙορδάνουJordanGenitivegenitive (with πέραν)Ιορδάνης (gen. Ιορδάνου): the Jordan.
κατὰoppositepreposition + accusative (spatial: 'over against Jericho')κατά + acc.: 'opposite / over against'; κατὰ Ιεριχω = 'facing Jericho' (cf. v. 14).
ΙεριχωJerichoindeclinable place-name (object of κατά)Ιεριχω: indeclinable; the cisjordan city opposite the encampment.
ἀπὸon / frompreposition + genitive (orientational: 'on the east')ἀπό: in the idiom ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν ('on the east'), closing the chapter's locative frame.
ἀνατολῶνthe eastGenitivegenitive (ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν: 'on the east')ἀνατολή (gen. pl. ἀνατολῶν): 'rising / east'; the chapter's final word, fixing the whole Transjordan inheritance on the eastern side of the river.