Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Joshua, Chapter 15ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΕ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Judah receives its broad inheritance, with Caleb's household and Jerusalem's unfinished conquest in view.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of Joshua 15 follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. Joshua 15 is the long charter of Judah's tribal inheritance, and it falls into two great genres. The first half (vv. 1–12) is a continuous boundary itinerary written in vivid sustained present-tense verbs: the border-line is personified as a living traveller that 'goes up' (ἀναβαίνει), 'goes down' (καταβαίνει), 'passes through / exits' (διεκβάλλει / διεκβαλεῖ), 'passes alongside' (παραπορεύεται / παρελεύσεται), 'goes around' (περιπορεύεται / περιελεύσεται) and 'goes up further' (προσαναβαίνει) from station to station — a Hebraism rendering the Hebrew imperfect-narrative of the survey, fixing the line by topographical verbs rather than coordinates. The recurring noun ὅρια / ὅριον ('borders / boundary', rendering גְּבוּל) and διέξοδος ('the outgoing / terminus of the borders', rendering תֹּצְאוֹת) are the technical vocabulary of the survey; λίψ (gen. λιβός) is 'the southwest / the Negeb-direction' (rendering נֶגֶב), βορρᾶς 'north', ἀνατολαί 'east', δυσμαί 'west'. The Salt Sea (ἡ θάλασσα ἡ ἁλυκή, rendering יָם הַמֶּלַח) is the Dead Sea; ἡ θάλασσα ἡ μεγάλη ('the Great Sea') is the Mediterranean, the western boundary (v. 12). The second half is a vast administrative city-catalogue (vv. 20–62) grouped by district — the Negeb (vv. 21–32), the Shephelah or lowland (ἐν τῇ πεδινῇ, vv. 33–47), the hill country (ἐν τῇ ὀρεινῇ, vv. 48–60), and the wilderness (vv. 61–62) — each block closed by a numeral tally of πόλεις ('cities') and the formula καὶ αἱ κῶμαι αὐτῶν ('and their villages'). The LXX toponyms are heavily transliterated and frequently diverge from the Masoretic forms, and the Greek city-counts often do not match the listed names — a well-known feature of the Old Greek of Joshua, which preserves a textual tradition shorter and differently arranged than MT (the Greek of v. 59 lacks the eleven-town Bethlehem cluster present in MT, here marked as a secondary hexaplaric supplement [a]). Embedded between border and catalogue stands the narrative of Caleb (vv. 13–19): by divine decree (διὰ προστάγματος τοῦ θεοῦ) he receives Hebron (the city of Arbok, mother-city of Enak), drives out the three Anakim, and offers his daughter Achsah to whoever takes Kiriath-sepher ('City of Letters', Πόλις γραμμάτων); Othniel takes it, and Achsah, dismounting from her donkey, asks her father for 'a blessing' and for springs of water — 'you have given me the land of the Negeb, give me also Golathmain' — and receives the upper and the lower springs (cf. Judg 1:11–15). The chapter closes (v. 63) with a candid admission of incomplete conquest: the sons of Judah could not dispossess the Jebusite of Jerusalem, 'and the Jebusites dwell in Jerusalem to this day.' κύριος, where it occurs, renders the Tetragrammaton.

1

καὶ ἐγένετο τὰ ὅρια φυλῆς Ιουδα κατὰ δήμους αὐτῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ὁρίων τῆς Ιδουμαίας ἀπὸ τῆς ἐρήμου Σιν ἕως Καδης πρὸς λίβα

And the borders of the tribe of Judah according to their clans were from the borders of Idumea, from the wilderness of Sin as far as Kadesh toward the south.

New section: heading of Judah's boundary-survey (main narrative)καὶ ἐγένετο τὰ ὅρια
The chapter opens the great allotment-charter with the survey-heading καὶ ἐγένετο τὰ ὅρια φυλῆς Ιουδα; the verb ἐγένετο ('came to be / were') fixes the territory as settled fact. κατὰ δήμους αὐτῶν ('by their clans') is the standard administrative formula of the allotment narrative. The south point of departure is given first: the Edomite frontier and the wilderness of Sin down to Kadesh, πρὸς λίβα ('toward the southwest / Negeb').
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐγένετοwere / came to beAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (existential: the borders 'came to be')→ constative aorist (settled fact of the territory's extent)γίνομαι: 'become / come to be / be'; renders הָיָה; the singular ἐγένετο with the neuter plural subject τὰ ὅρια follows the Greek rule of neuter-plural-with-singular-verb; it introduces the boundary description as accomplished allotment.
τὰtheNominativearticleτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅριαbordersNominativesubject (neuter plural)ὅριον (pl. ὅρια): 'boundary / border / territory'; the keyword of the survey, rendering Hebrew גְּבוּל; recurs throughout vv. 1–12 as the technical term for the demarcation-line of the tribal allotment.
φυλῆςof the tribeGenitivegenitive of possession (the tribe's borders)φυλή: 'tribe'; renders מַטֶּה / שֵׁבֶט; the standard term for the twelve tribal units among whom Canaan is allotted.
Ιουδαof Judahindeclinable genitive (in apposition: the tribe of Judah)Ιουδα: transliteration of Hebrew יְהוּדָה; indeclinable in the LXX; the foremost tribe, receiving its allotment first and largest.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (distributive)κατὰ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
δήμουςclansAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (distributive: 'by clans')δῆμος: 'people / clan / district'; renders מִשְׁפָּחָה ('family / clan'); κατὰ δήμους αὐτῶν is the recurring allotment-formula for distribution by family-units (cf. v. 12).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (the clans 'of them')αὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (starting point of the border)ἀπό: 'from'; marks the origin-point of the survey-line; pervasive in the boundary itinerary.
τῶνtheGenitivearticleτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁρίωνbordersGenitivegenitive object of ἀπόὅριον (gen. pl.): see above; here the Edomite frontier as the starting line.
τῆςof theGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ιδουμαίαςof Idumea / EdomGenitivegenitive of relationship (the borders of Edom)Ιδουμαία: the Greek name for Edom (rendering אֱדוֹם); declined as a first-declension noun in the LXX; the south-eastern neighbour of Judah, here the frontier from which the survey begins.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (restating the starting point)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῆςtheGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμουwildernessGenitivegenitive object of ἀπόἔρημος: 'desert / wilderness'; renders מִדְבָּר; the wilderness of Sin (Zin) is the south-eastern desert region adjoining Edom.
Σινof Sin / Zinindeclinable proper noun (genitival apposition: the wilderness of Zin)Σιν: transliteration of Hebrew צִן (the Wilderness of Zin); indeclinable; not to be confused with the Wilderness of Sin (סִין) of Exod 16.
ἕωςas far aspreposition + genitive (limit of extent)ἕως: 'as far as / until'; the standard terminus-marker of the boundary survey, recurring in vv. 1–11.
ΚαδηςKadeshindeclinable proper noun (object of ἕως)Καδης: transliteration of Hebrew קָדֵשׁ (Kadesh-barnea); indeclinable; the southern oasis-station of the wilderness wanderings (Num 13:26).
πρὸςtowardpreposition + accusative (direction)πρὸς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
λίβαthe southAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (directional: 'toward the south')λίψ (acc. λίβα): properly 'the southwest wind', hence 'the south / the Negeb-direction'; the LXX's regular rendering of Hebrew נֶגֶב; throughout this chapter πρὸς λίβα / ἀπὸ λιβός orients the line to the south.
2

καὶ ἐγενήθη αὐτῶν τὰ ὅρια ἀπὸ λιβὸς ἕως μέρους τῆς θαλάσσης τῆς ἁλυκῆς ἀπὸ τῆς λοφιᾶς τῆς φερούσης ἐπὶ λίβα

And their border on the south was from the edge of the Salt Sea, from the height that faces toward the south.

Continuation: defining the south border's eastern anchor (main narrative)καὶ ἐγενήθη
The south border is now anchored at its eastern end: it runs from the southern bay (μέρους, 'part/edge') of the Salt (Dead) Sea, from the 'height/ridge that faces south.' ἐγενήθη is the aorist passive of γίνομαι used here, as often in LXX Joshua, as a simple equivalent of ἐγένετο.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐγενήθηwas / came to beAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (existential, with neuter plural subject)→ constative aorist (settled fact)γίνομαι (aor. pass. ἐγενήθη): a Koine/LXX deponent-passive form functioning identically to the middle ἐγένετο of v. 1; renders הָיָה; the passive carries no distinct sense here.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (fronted: 'their border')αὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
τὰtheNominativearticleτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅριαborderNominativesubject (neuter plural)ὅριον: see v. 1; the survey-keyword.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (starting point)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
λιβὸςthe southGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό ('from the south')λίψ (gen. λιβός): 'south / Negeb-direction'; see v. 1; ἀπὸ λιβός = 'on/from the south side.'
ἕωςas far aspreposition + genitive (limit)ἕως: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
μέρουςedge / partGenitivegenitive object of ἕως ('to the edge')μέρος: 'part / portion / edge'; renders קָצֶה ('end / extremity'); here the southern extremity (bay) of the Dead Sea.
τῆςof theGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θαλάσσηςseaGenitivegenitive (the sea whose edge is meant)θάλασσα: 'sea'; renders יָם; with the qualifier τῆς ἁλυκῆς it denotes the Salt Sea (Dead Sea), the eastern boundary of Judah.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (attributive)τῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁλυκῆςsaltGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying θαλάσσης: 'the Salt Sea')ἁλυκός: 'salty / salt-'; renders the מֶלַח of יָם הַמֶּלַח ('Sea of Salt'); ἡ θάλασσα ἡ ἁλυκή is the LXX's standard name for the Dead Sea (cf. v. 5).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (restating origin)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῆςtheGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοφιᾶςheight / ridgeGenitivegenitive object of ἀπόλοφιά: 'ridge / crest / neck (of a hill)'; an unusual rendering here of the Hebrew לָשׁוֹן ('tongue', i.e. the bay/tongue of the sea); the Greek reads it as a topographic 'ridge' that faces south.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with participle)τῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φερούσηςthat faces / leadsPres Act Ptcp Fem Gen Sg · φέρωattributive participle (modifying λοφιᾶς: 'the ridge that leads/faces')→ imperfective participle (continuing orientation)φέρω: 'bear / carry / lead'; the intransitive participle ἡ φέρουσα ἐπί ('the one leading/facing toward') is idiomatic for a slope or road that 'runs' in a direction — here the ridge that inclines toward the south.
ἐπὶtowardpreposition + accusative (direction)ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
λίβαthe southAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (direction)λίψ (acc.): see v. 1; the ridge faces southward.
3

καὶ διαπορεύεται ἀπέναντι τῆς προσαναβάσεως Ακραβιν καὶ ἐκπεριπορεύεται Σεννα καὶ ἀναβαίνει ἀπὸ λιβὸς ἐπὶ Καδης Βαρνη καὶ ἐκπορεύεται Ασωρων καὶ προσαναβαίνει εἰς Αδδαρα καὶ περιπορεύεται τὴν κατὰ δυσμὰς Καδης

And it passes over against the Ascent of Akrabbim, and goes round to Senna, and goes up from the south to Kadesh-barnea, and goes out to Hasor, and goes up to Addara, and circles around the western side of Kadesh.

Border itinerary: the south line traced station by station (main narrative)καὶ διαπορεύεται
The survey shifts into the vivid sustained present-tense of the boundary-itinerary: the line is personified as a traveller that διαπορεύεται ('passes through'), ἐκπεριπορεύεται ('goes around out'), ἀναβαίνει ('goes up'), ἐκπορεύεται ('goes out'), προσαναβαίνει ('goes up further') and περιπορεύεται ('circles around'). These motion-verbs, all rendering Hebrew imperfect-narrative survey forms, recur through vv. 3–11 and are annotated fully at first occurrence here.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
διαπορεύεταιit passes throughPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · διαπορεύομαιmain verb (border as subject: the line 'passes through')→ descriptive present (sustained survey-present)διαπορεύομαι: 'pass through / traverse'; the border-line is the implied subject; the LXX uses a chain of such present-tense motion-verbs to trace the survey, rendering the Hebrew imperfect-narrative; first of the recurring itinerary-verbs.
ἀπέναντιoppositepreposition + genitive (position: 'over against')ἀπέναντι: 'opposite / facing / over against'; renders Hebrew מוּל / נֶגֶד; locates the line facing the Ascent of Akrabbim.
τῆςtheGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσαναβάσεωςascentGenitivegenitive object of ἀπέναντιπροσανάβασις: 'ascent / way up / steep approach'; renders Hebrew מַעֲלֵה ('ascent of'); here the Ascent of Akrabbim ('Scorpion Pass'), the south-eastern climb of the Judean frontier.
Ακραβινof Akrabbimindeclinable proper noun (genitival apposition)Ακραβιν: transliteration of Hebrew עַקְרַבִּים ('scorpions'); indeclinable; the Ascent of Akrabbim is the 'Scorpion Pass' south of the Dead Sea.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐκπεριπορεύεταιit goes round aboutPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐκπεριπορεύομαιmain verb (border as subject)→ descriptive present (survey-present)ἐκπεριπορεύομαι: 'go out and around / circle outward'; a double-compound (ἐκ- + περι-) intensifying the rounding motion of the line; a survey-verb; renders Hebrew סָבַב ('go around').
ΣενναSenna / Zinindeclinable place-name (goal of the verb)Σεννα: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew צִנָה / Zin; indeclinable place-name on the south line.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἀναβαίνειit goes upPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (border as subject)→ descriptive present (survey-present)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up / ascend'; the principal 'rising' verb of the itinerary, rendering Hebrew עָלָה; recurs at vv. 6, 8 of the boundary-line's ascent; noted here once for all occurrences.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (origin)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
λιβὸςthe southGenitivegenitive object of ἀπόλίψ: see v. 1.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (goal)ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΚαδηςKadeshindeclinable place-name (goal of ἀναβαίνει)Καδης: see v. 1; here with the epithet Βαρνη = Kadesh-barnea.
Βαρνηbarneaindeclinable place-name (qualifier of Kadesh)Βαρνη: transliteration of Hebrew בַּרְנֵעַ; with Καδης forms 'Kadesh-barnea', the great southern oasis.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐκπορεύεταιit goes outPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐκπορεύομαιmain verb (border as subject)→ descriptive present (survey-present)ἐκπορεύομαι: 'go out / proceed forth'; survey-verb of the line's egress toward the next station; renders Hebrew יָצָא.
ΑσωρωνHasor / Hezronindeclinable place-name (goal)Ασωρων: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew חֶצְרוֹן (Hezron); indeclinable; a southern station.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
προσαναβαίνειit goes up furtherPres Act Indic 3 Sg · προσαναβαίνωmain verb (border as subject)→ descriptive present (survey-present)προσαναβαίνω: 'go up toward / ascend further'; the compound προσ- adds 'toward (the next point)'; a survey-verb recurring at vv. 6, 7; renders Hebrew עָלָה.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΑδδαραAddara / Addarindeclinable place-name (goal)Αδδαρα: transliteration of Hebrew אַדָּר (Addar / Hazar-addar); indeclinable; a south-frontier station.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
περιπορεύεταιit circles aroundPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · περιπορεύομαιmain verb (border as subject)→ descriptive present (survey-present)περιπορεύομαι: 'go around / circle'; survey-verb of the line's curving course; renders Hebrew סָבַב; cf. the related περιελεύσεται (v. 10).
τὴνthe (region)Accusativearticle (substantival, with κατὰ δυσμάς: 'the western part')ἡ κατὰ δυσμάς (sc. πλευρά/μέρος): 'the side toward the west'; the article + prepositional phrase forms a noun-equivalent, 'the western (side) of Kadesh.'
κατὰtowardpreposition + accusative (direction: 'westward')κατὰ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
δυσμὰςthe westAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (direction)δυσμαί (pl.): 'the setting (of the sun) / the west'; renders Hebrew מַעֲרָב / יָם; the western orientation of this stretch of the line.
Καδηςof Kadeshindeclinable place-name (genitival: 'of Kadesh')Καδης: see v. 1; the western side of Kadesh.
4

καὶ πορεύεται ἐπὶ Ασεμωνα καὶ διεκβαλεῖ ἕως φάραγγος Αἰγύπτου καὶ ἔσται αὐτοῦ ἡ διέξοδος τῶν ὁρίων ἐπὶ τὴν θάλασσαν τοῦτό ἐστιν αὐτῶν ὅρια ἀπὸ λιβός

And it goes on to Asemona, and goes out as far as the Wadi of Egypt, and the outgoing of the borders shall be at the sea. This is their border on the south.

Border itinerary: terminus of the south line at the Wadi of Egypt and the sea (main narrative)καὶ πορεύεται
The south line reaches its western terminus: it goes on to Azmon, breaks out (διεκβαλεῖ, future) to the Wadi (φάραγξ) of Egypt, and its διέξοδος ('outgoing / terminus') is at the (Great) Sea. The closing summary τοῦτό ἐστιν αὐτῶν ὅρια ἀπὸ λιβός ('this is their south border') seals the first quadrant of the survey.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πορεύεταιit goesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (border as subject)→ descriptive present (survey-present)πορεύομαι: 'go / proceed / travel'; the general motion-verb of the line; renders Hebrew הָלַךְ / יָצָא.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (goal)ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΑσεμωναAsemona / Azmonindeclinable place-name (goal)Ασεμωνα: transliteration of Hebrew עַצְמוֹן (Azmon); indeclinable; the last inland station before the Wadi of Egypt.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
διεκβαλεῖit shall go out / break outFut Act Indic 3 Sg · διεκβάλλωmain verb (border as subject; future amid survey-presents)→ predictive/gnomic future (the line's terminal egress)διεκβάλλω: 'break through / go out to / debouch'; the key terminus-verb of the survey ('the border goes out to'), rendering Hebrew יָצָא; the future διεκβαλεῖ alternates with the present διεκβάλλει (vv. 8, 9, 11) without change of sense; annotated here once for all occurrences.
ἕωςas far aspreposition + genitive (limit)ἕως: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
φάραγγοςwadi / ravineGenitivegenitive object of ἕωςφάραγξ: 'ravine / gorge / wadi'; renders Hebrew נַחַל ('wadi / torrent-valley'); the φάραγξ Αἰγύπτου is the Wadi of Egypt (Wadi el-Arish), the conventional south-western boundary of the land; cf. χείμαρρος Αἰγύπτου at v. 47.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of relationship (the Wadi 'of Egypt')Αἴγυπτος: standard LXX form of מִצְרַיִם; here qualifying the boundary-wadi.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predicate: 'the outgoing shall be at the sea')→ predictive future (terminus statement)εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'will be'; the formula ἔσται … ἡ διέξοδος (recurring at vv. 7, 11) declares where the border-line terminates.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession (the border's outgoing)αὐτοῦ: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
theNominativearticleἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διέξοδοςoutgoing / terminusNominativesubject of ἔσταιδιέξοδος: 'way out / outlet / terminus'; renders Hebrew תֹּצְאוֹת ('goings-out / extremities'); the technical term for where the boundary-line ends; recurs at vv. 7, 11.
τῶνof theGenitivearticleτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁρίωνbordersGenitivegenitive (the outgoing 'of the borders')ὅριον: see v. 1.
ἐπὶat / topreposition + accusative (terminus)ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θάλασσανseaAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (terminus: the Great Sea)θάλασσα: here the Mediterranean ('the sea' absolute = ἡ θάλασσα ἡ μεγάλη of v. 12), the western terminus of the south line.
τοῦτόthisNominativedemonstrative subject (summary statement)οὗτος: the summary-demonstrative 'this is …', closing the south-border description; cf. ταῦτα τὰ ὅρια at v. 12 and αὕτη ἡ κληρονομία at v. 20.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (summary predication)→ stative present (definitional)εἰμί: 'be'; the copula of the summary formula τοῦτό ἐστιν … ὅρια.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
ὅριαborderNominativepredicate nominative (neuter plural)ὅριον: see v. 1.
ἀπὸon / frompreposition + genitive (orientation)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
λιβόςthe southGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό ('on the south')λίψ: see v. 1; ἀπὸ λιβός closes the south-border unit.
5

καὶ τὰ ὅρια ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν πᾶσα ἡ θάλασσα ἡ ἁλυκὴ ἕως τοῦ Ιορδάνου καὶ τὰ ὅρια αὐτῶν ἀπὸ βορρᾶ καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς λοφιᾶς τῆς θαλάσσης καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ μέρους τοῦ Ιορδάνου

And the border on the east is the whole Salt Sea as far as the Jordan; and their border on the north is from the height of the sea and from the edge of the Jordan.

Border survey: the east border and the start of the north border (main narrative)καὶ τὰ ὅρια ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν
Two quadrants are sketched: the east border is the whole Salt Sea up to the mouth of the Jordan; the north border begins from the northern bay/ridge of the sea where the Jordan enters it. The verbless nominal clauses (τὰ ὅρια ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν … πᾶσα ἡ θάλασσα) are characteristic of the survey's static demarcation statements.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὰtheNominativearticleτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅριαborderNominativesubject of verbless clauseὅριον: see v. 1; here the east border.
ἀπὸon / frompreposition + genitive (orientation)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ἀνατολῶνthe eastGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό ('on the east')ἀνατολή (pl. ἀνατολαί): 'the rising (of the sun) / the east'; renders Hebrew מִזְרָח / קֶדֶם; the eastern orientation of the border.
πᾶσαthe wholeNominativeattributive adjective (modifying θάλασσα)πᾶς: 'all / whole'; the east border is the entire Dead Sea coast.
theNominativearticleἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θάλασσαseaNominativepredicate nominative (the east border = the sea)θάλασσα: see v. 2; the Salt (Dead) Sea as the eastern boundary.
theNominativearticle (attributive)ἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁλυκὴsaltNominativeattributive adjective ('the Salt Sea')ἁλυκός: see v. 2.
ἕωςas far aspreposition + genitive (limit)ἕως: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τοῦtheGenitivearticleτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙορδάνουJordanGenitivegenitive object of ἕωςΙορδάνης: the river Jordan (rendering יַרְדֵּן); declined as a first-declension masculine; the Dead Sea border reaches as far as the Jordan's mouth.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (shift to north border)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὰtheNominativearticleτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅριαborderNominativesubject (north border)ὅριον: see v. 1.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
ἀπὸon / frompreposition + genitive (orientation)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
βορρᾶthe northGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό ('on the north')βορρᾶς (gen. βορρᾶ): 'the north (wind)'; renders Hebrew צָפוֹן; orients this stretch of the line; recurs at vv. 6, 8, 10, 11.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (starting point)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῆςtheGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοφιᾶςheight / ridgeGenitivegenitive object of ἀπόλοφιά: see v. 2; here the northern 'tongue/bay' of the Dead Sea where the Jordan empties.
τῆςof theGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θαλάσσηςseaGenitivegenitive (the ridge 'of the sea')θάλασσα: see v. 2.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (starting point)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τοῦtheGenitivearticleτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μέρουςedge / partGenitivegenitive object of ἀπόμέρος: see v. 2; the edge/mouth of the Jordan.
τοῦof theGenitivearticleτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙορδάνουJordanGenitivegenitive of relationship (the edge of the Jordan)Ιορδάνης: see above; the northern anchor of the survey at the Jordan's mouth.
6

ἐπιβαίνει τὰ ὅρια ἐπὶ Βαιθαγλα καὶ παραπορεύεται ἀπὸ βορρᾶ ἐπὶ Βαιθαραβα καὶ προσαναβαίνει τὰ ὅρια ἐπὶ λίθον Βαιων υἱοῦ Ρουβην

The border goes up to Beth-hoglah, and passes along on the north to Beth-arabah; and the border goes up to the stone of Bohan, son of Reuben.

Border itinerary: the north line by Beth-hoglah and the stone of Bohan (main narrative)ἐπιβαίνει τὰ ὅρια
The north line is traced in the survey-present: it ἐπιβαίνει ('mounts up') to Beth-hoglah, παραπορεύεται ('passes alongside') to Beth-arabah, and προσαναβαίνει to the boundary-marker 'stone of Bohan son of Reuben' — a named landmark from the eastern tribes' allotment story.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ἐπιβαίνειit goes upPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιβαίνωmain verb (border as subject)→ descriptive present (survey-present)ἐπιβαίνω: 'go up onto / mount / set foot on'; a survey motion-verb; here the line climbs to Beth-hoglah; renders Hebrew עָבַר / עָלָה.
τὰtheNominativearticleτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅριαborderNominativesubjectὅριον: see v. 1.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (goal)ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΒαιθαγλαBeth-hoglahindeclinable place-name (goal)Βαιθαγλα: transliteration of Hebrew בֵּית חָגְלָה (Beth-hoglah, 'house of the partridge'); indeclinable; a station near the Jordan.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
παραπορεύεταιit passes alongPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · παραπορεύομαιmain verb (border as subject)→ descriptive present (survey-present)παραπορεύομαι: 'pass alongside / go past'; survey-verb of the line running parallel to a feature; renders Hebrew עָבַר; cf. the related παρελεύσεται (v. 10).
ἀπὸon / frompreposition + genitive (orientation)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
βορρᾶthe northGenitivegenitive object of ἀπόβορρᾶς: see v. 5.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (goal)ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΒαιθαραβαBeth-arabahindeclinable place-name (goal)Βαιθαραβα: transliteration of Hebrew בֵּית הָעֲרָבָה (Beth-arabah, 'house of the Arabah/desert-plain'); indeclinable.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
προσαναβαίνειit goes up furtherPres Act Indic 3 Sg · προσαναβαίνωmain verb (border as subject)→ descriptive present (survey-present)προσαναβαίνω: see v. 3.
τὰtheNominativearticleτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅριαborderNominativesubjectὅριον: see v. 1.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (goal)ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
λίθονstoneAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the boundary-marker)λίθος: 'stone'; renders Hebrew אֶבֶן; the 'Stone of Bohan' was a known boundary-marker (cf. Josh 18:17).
Βαιωνof Bohanindeclinable proper noun (genitival: 'stone of Bohan')Βαιων: transliteration of Hebrew בֹּהַן (Bohan); indeclinable personal name.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive of relationship ('son of Reuben')υἱός: 'son'; renders בֵּן; Bohan is identified as a Reubenite.
Ρουβηνof Reubenindeclinable proper noun (genitival)Ρουβην: transliteration of Hebrew רְאוּבֵן (Reuben); indeclinable; the eponymous ancestor of the eastern tribe.
7

καὶ προσαναβαίνει τὰ ὅρια ἐπὶ τὸ τέταρτον τῆς φάραγγος Αχωρ καὶ καταβαίνει ἐπὶ Γαλγαλ ἥ ἐστιν ἀπέναντι τῆς προσβάσεως Αδδαμιν ἥ ἐστιν κατὰ λίβα τῇ φάραγγι καὶ διεκβαλεῖ ἐπὶ τὸ ὕδωρ πηγῆς ἡλίου καὶ ἔσται αὐτοῦ ἡ διέξοδος πηγὴ Ρωγηλ

And the border goes up to the fourth part of the Valley of Achor, and goes down to Gilgal, which is opposite the Ascent of Adummim, which is on the south side of the wadi; and it goes out to the water of En-shemesh ('spring of the sun'), and its outgoing is at En-rogel.

Border itinerary: the north line by the Valley of Achor, Gilgal, and the springs (main narrative)καὶ προσαναβαίνει τὰ ὅρια
The line continues: up to the Valley of Achor, down (καταβαίνει — the first descent-verb of the survey) to Gilgal opposite the Ascent of Adummim, out (διεκβαλεῖ) to the water of En-shemesh ('spring of the sun'), terminating (διέξοδος) at En-rogel. The two relative clauses (ἥ ἐστιν …) locate Gilgal and Adummim geographically.
Word-by-word analysis· 40 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
προσαναβαίνειit goes up furtherPres Act Indic 3 Sg · προσαναβαίνωmain verb (border as subject)→ descriptive present (survey-present)προσαναβαίνω: see v. 3.
τὰtheNominativearticleτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅριαborderNominativesubjectὅριον: see v. 1.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (goal)ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τὸtheAccusativearticleτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέταρτονfourth partAccusativesubstantival adjective (object of ἐπί)τέταρτος: 'fourth'; τὸ τέταρτον = 'the fourth (part)'; renders an obscure Hebrew geographical expression (cf. MT's reference to Achor/Debir); here a sector of the Valley of Achor.
τῆςof theGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φάραγγοςvalley / wadiGenitivegenitive of relationshipφάραγξ: see v. 4; the Valley of Achor ('valley of trouble', Josh 7:24–26).
Αχωρof Achorindeclinable proper noun (genitival)Αχωρ: transliteration of Hebrew עָכוֹר (Achor); indeclinable; the valley of Achan's judgment.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
καταβαίνειit goes downPres Act Indic 3 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb (border as subject)→ descriptive present (survey-present)καταβαίνω: 'go down / descend'; the principal 'descent' verb of the itinerary, the antonym of ἀναβαίνω; renders Hebrew יָרַד; recurs at v. 10; noted here once for all occurrences.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (goal)ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΓαλγαλGilgalindeclinable place-name (goal)Γαλγαλ: transliteration of Hebrew גִּלְגָּל (Gilgal); indeclinable; here Geliloth/Gilgal near Adummim (cf. Josh 18:17).
whichNominativerelative pronoun (fem., locating Gilgal)ὅς, ἥ, ὅ: relative pronoun; the feminine ἥ agrees with the place understood as πόλις/χώρα.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula of relative clause→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; locating-formula ἥ ἐστιν ἀπέναντι ('which is opposite').
ἀπέναντιoppositepreposition + genitive (position)ἀπέναντι: see v. 3.
τῆςtheGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσβάσεωςascentGenitivegenitive object of ἀπέναντιπρόσβασις: 'approach / way up / ascent'; near-synonym of προσανάβασις (v. 3); renders Hebrew מַעֲלֵה; here the Ascent of Adummim ('Red Ascent'), the Jerusalem–Jericho road.
Αδδαμινof Adummimindeclinable proper noun (genitival)Αδδαμιν: transliteration of Hebrew אֲדֻמִּים (Adummim); indeclinable.
whichNominativerelative pronoun (second locating clause)ὅς: see above.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula of relative clause→ stative presentεἰμί: see above.
κατὰon / towardpreposition + accusative (direction: 'on the south')κατὰ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
λίβαthe southAccusativeaccusative object of κατάλίψ: see v. 1; the ascent lies south of the wadi.
τῇtheDativearticleτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φάραγγιwadiDativedative of reference ('south with respect to the wadi')φάραγξ: see v. 4; the wadi here is the torrent-bed below Adummim.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
διεκβαλεῖit goes outFut Act Indic 3 Sg · διεκβάλλωmain verb (border as subject)→ predictive/gnomic future (survey-terminus verb)διεκβάλλω: see v. 4.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (goal)ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τὸtheAccusativearticleτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδωρwaterAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπίὕδωρ: 'water'; renders מֵי ('waters of'); the spring En-shemesh.
πηγῆςof the springGenitivegenitive of relationship ('water of the spring')πηγή: 'spring / fountain'; renders עֵין ('spring of'); πηγὴ ἡλίου = En-shemesh ('spring of the sun').
ἡλίουof the sunGenitivegenitive of relationship (translating the name En-shemesh)ἥλιος: 'sun'; the LXX translates rather than transliterates the name שֶׁמֶשׁ ('sun'), yielding 'spring of the sun' (En-shemesh).
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (terminus formula)→ predictive futureεἰμί: see v. 4; the διέξοδος-formula.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτοῦ: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
theNominativearticleἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διέξοδοςoutgoing / terminusNominativesubject of ἔσταιδιέξοδος: see v. 4.
πηγὴthe springNominativepredicate nominative (the terminus = the spring)πηγή: see above; here πηγὴ Ρωγηλ = En-rogel ('spring of the fuller'), the terminus.
Ρωγηλof Rogelindeclinable proper noun (genitival: 'spring of Rogel')Ρωγηλ: transliteration of Hebrew רֹגֵל (Rogel); indeclinable; En-rogel is a spring just south of Jerusalem (cf. 2 Sam 17:17).
8

καὶ ἀναβαίνει τὰ ὅρια εἰς φάραγγα Ονομ ἐπὶ νώτου Ιεβους ἀπὸ λιβός αὕτη ἐστὶν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ διεκβάλλει τὰ ὅρια ἐπὶ κορυφὴν ὄρους ἥ ἐστιν κατὰ πρόσωπον φάραγγος Ονομ πρὸς θαλάσσης ἥ ἐστιν ἐκ μέρους γῆς Ραφαϊν ἐπὶ βορρᾶ

And the border goes up to the Valley of Hinnom, to the shoulder of the Jebusite on the south — this is Jerusalem — and the border goes out to the top of the mountain that faces the Valley of Hinnom toward the sea, which is at the edge of the land of Rephaim on the north.

Border itinerary: the line past Jerusalem (the Jebusite) and the Valley of Hinnom (main narrative)καὶ ἀναβαίνει τὰ ὅρια
The dramatic centre of the north survey: the line goes up the Valley of Hinnom to the southern 'shoulder' (νῶτον) of the Jebusite — glossed by the narrator αὕτη ἐστὶν Ιερουσαλημ ('this is Jerusalem') — then out to the mountaintop facing Hinnom, at the edge of the land of Rephaim. The identifying aside anticipates v. 63's note on the unconquered Jebus.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἀναβαίνειit goes upPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (border as subject)→ descriptive present (survey-present)ἀναβαίνω: see v. 3.
τὰtheNominativearticleτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅριαborderNominativesubjectὅριον: see v. 1.
εἰςto / intopreposition + accusative (goal)εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
φάραγγαvalleyAccusativeaccusative object of εἰςφάραγξ: see v. 4; here the Valley of Hinnom (Ge-Hinnom), south of Jerusalem.
Ονομof Hinnomindeclinable proper noun (genitival: Valley of Hinnom)Ονομ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew הִנֹּם (Hinnom); indeclinable; the valley whose name later yields γέεννα (Gehenna).
ἐπὶto / uponpreposition + genitive (position)ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
νώτουshoulder / ridgeGenitivegenitive object of ἐπίνῶτον / νῶτος: 'back / shoulder / slope'; renders Hebrew כָּתֵף ('shoulder, mountain-flank'); a topographic 'shoulder' of the Jebusite ridge; recurs at v. 10.
Ιεβουςof the Jebusiteindeclinable proper noun (genitival)Ιεβους: transliteration of Hebrew יְבוּס (Jebus); indeclinable; the pre-Israelite name of Jerusalem; cf. ὁ Ιεβουσαῖος at v. 63.
ἀπὸon / frompreposition + genitive (orientation)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
λιβόςthe southGenitivegenitive object of ἀπόλίψ: see v. 1; the southern shoulder of the Jebusite.
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative subject (narrator's identifying aside)οὗτος (fem. αὕτη): the identifying-formula αὕτη ἐστίν ('this is …') glosses an old name with its known equivalent; recurs at vv. 9, 10, 13, 25, 49, 54, 60.
ἐστὶνisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (identifying aside)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; the equative copula of the gloss.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemindeclinable proper noun (predicate of the aside)Ιερουσαλημ: transliteration of Hebrew יְרוּשָׁלִַם; indeclinable; identified here with the older Jebus.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
διεκβάλλειit goes outPres Act Indic 3 Sg · διεκβάλλωmain verb (border as subject)→ descriptive present (survey-present)διεκβάλλω: see v. 4; here the present-tense form (alternating with future διεκβαλεῖ).
τὰtheNominativearticleτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅριαborderNominativesubjectὅριον: see v. 1.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (goal)ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
κορυφὴνtop / summitAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπίκορυφή: 'top / summit / crest'; renders Hebrew רֹאשׁ ('head, top'); the mountaintop overlooking Hinnom.
ὄρουςof a mountainGenitivegenitive of relationship ('top of the mountain')ὄρος: 'mountain / hill'; renders הַר.
whichNominativerelative pronoun (locating clause)ὅς: see v. 7.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula of relative clause→ stative presentεἰμί: see above.
κατὰfacing / againstpreposition + accusative (position)κατὰ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
πρόσωπονface / frontAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (idiom: 'in front of')πρόσωπον: 'face / front'; κατὰ πρόσωπον ('facing / opposite') is a Hebraism rendering עַל־פְּנֵי ('on the face of').
φάραγγοςof the valleyGenitivegenitive of relationshipφάραγξ: see v. 4.
Ονομof Hinnomindeclinable proper noun (genitival)Ονομ: see above.
πρὸςtowardpreposition + genitive (direction)πρὸς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
θαλάσσηςthe seaGenitivegenitive object of πρός (direction: 'westward')θάλασσα: see v. 2; πρὸς θαλάσσης = 'toward the sea' = westward.
whichNominativerelative pronoun (second locating clause)ὅς: see v. 7.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula of relative clause→ stative presentεἰμί: see above.
ἐκfrom / atpreposition + genitive (position)ἐκ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
μέρουςedge / partGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ ('at the edge of')μέρος: see v. 2.
γῆςof the landGenitivegenitive of relationshipγῆ: 'land / earth'; renders אֶרֶץ / עֵמֶק; the 'land/valley of Rephaim' southwest of Jerusalem.
Ραφαϊνof Rephaimindeclinable proper noun (genitival)Ραφαϊν: transliteration of Hebrew רְפָאִים (Rephaim); indeclinable; the Valley of Rephaim, a fertile plain SW of Jerusalem.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (orientation)ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
βορρᾶthe northGenitivegenitive object of ἐπίβορρᾶς: see v. 5.
9

καὶ διεκβάλλει τὸ ὅριον ἀπὸ κορυφῆς τοῦ ὄρους ἐπὶ πηγὴν ὕδατος Ναφθω καὶ διεκβάλλει εἰς τὸ ὄρος Εφρων καὶ ἐξάξει τὸ ὅριον εἰς Βααλ αὕτη ἐστὶν πόλις Ιαριμ

And the border goes out from the top of the mountain to the spring of the water of Nephtoah, and goes out to Mount Ephron; and the border leads out to Baal — this is Kiriath-jearim.

Border itinerary: the line by the Waters of Nephtoah to Baal/Kiriath-jearim (main narrative)καὶ διεκβάλλει τὸ ὅριον
The line runs from the mountaintop to the spring of Nephtoah, out to Mount Ephron, and is 'led out' (ἐξάξει) to Baal, glossed αὕτη ἐστὶν πόλις Ιαριμ ('this is Kiriath-jearim, City of Forests'). Note the alternation of singular τὸ ὅριον with plural τὰ ὅρια through the survey without difference of meaning.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
διεκβάλλειit goes outPres Act Indic 3 Sg · διεκβάλλωmain verb (border as subject)→ descriptive present (survey-present)διεκβάλλω: see v. 4.
τὸtheNominativearticleτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅριονborderNominativesubject (singular form)ὅριον: see v. 1; here the singular alternates with the plural τὰ ὅρια.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (origin)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
κορυφῆςtop / summitGenitivegenitive object of ἀπόκορυφή: see v. 8.
τοῦof theGenitivearticleτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρουςmountainGenitivegenitive of relationshipὄρος: see v. 8.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (goal)ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
πηγὴνspringAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπίπηγή: see v. 7; here the spring of Nephtoah.
ὕδατοςof waterGenitivegenitive of relationship ('spring of water')ὕδωρ (gen. ὕδατος): see v. 7.
Ναφθωof Nephtoahindeclinable proper noun (genitival)Ναφθω: transliteration of Hebrew נֶפְתּוֹחַ (Nephtoah); indeclinable; the Waters of Nephtoah, a spring near Jerusalem.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
διεκβάλλειit goes outPres Act Indic 3 Sg · διεκβάλλωmain verb (border as subject)→ descriptive present (survey-present)διεκβάλλω: see v. 4.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τὸtheAccusativearticleτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄροςmountainAccusativeaccusative object of εἰςὄρος: see v. 8; Mount Ephron.
ΕφρωνEphronindeclinable place-name (qualifying ὄρος)Εφρων: transliteration of Hebrew עֶפְרוֹן (Ephron); indeclinable; here the mountain of Ephron.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐξάξειit shall lead outFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξάγωmain verb (border as subject; transitive-causative used absolutely)→ predictive/gnomic future (survey-verb)ἐξάγω: 'lead out / bring out'; here used quasi-intransitively of the border 'leading out' to Baal; renders Hebrew תָּאַר / יָצָא; a survey-verb variant.
τὸtheNominativearticleτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅριονborderNominativesubjectὅριον: see v. 1.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΒααλBaalindeclinable place-name (goal)Βααλ: transliteration of Hebrew בַּעֲלָה (Baalah); indeclinable; here = Kiriath-jearim, glossed in the aside.
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative subject (identifying aside)οὗτος: see v. 8; the αὕτη ἐστίν gloss.
ἐστὶνisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: see v. 8.
πόλιςcityNominativepredicate nominative (City of Jearim)πόλις: 'city'; πόλις Ιαριμ renders קִרְיַת יְעָרִים ('city of forests', Kiriath-jearim), the LXX translating קִרְיַת as πόλις; cf. v. 60.
Ιαριμof Jearimindeclinable proper noun (genitival: 'city of Jearim')Ιαριμ: transliteration of Hebrew יְעָרִים ('forests'); indeclinable.
10

καὶ περιελεύσεται ὅριον ἀπὸ Βααλ ἐπὶ θάλασσαν καὶ παρελεύσεται εἰς ὄρος Ασσαρες ἐπὶ νώτου πόλιν Ιαριμ ἀπὸ βορρᾶ αὕτη ἐστὶν Χασλων καὶ καταβήσεται ἐπὶ Πόλιν ἡλίου καὶ παρελεύσεται ἐπὶ λίβα

And the border circles round from Baal to the sea, and passes along to Mount Seir on the shoulder of Kiriath-jearim on the north — this is Chaslon — and goes down to Beth-shemesh ('city of the sun'), and passes along to the south.

Border itinerary: the western swing toward the sea (main narrative)καὶ περιελεύσεται ὅριον
The line swings: it περιελεύσεται ('circles around') from Baal toward the sea, παρελεύσεται ('passes by') to Mount Seir on the north shoulder of Kiriath-jearim (glossed αὕτη ἐστὶν Χασλων), καταβήσεται ('goes down') to Beth-shemesh ('city of the sun'), and παρελεύσεται southward. The future forms (περιελεύσεται, παρελεύσεται, καταβήσεται) function as survey-presents.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
περιελεύσεταιit circles roundFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · περιέρχομαιmain verb (border as subject)→ predictive/gnomic future (survey-verb)περιέρχομαι (fut. περιελεύσεται): 'go around / circle'; survey-verb equivalent to περιπορεύεται (v. 3); renders Hebrew סָבַב; the future is used as a vivid survey-present.
ὅριονborderNominativesubject (anarthrous)ὅριον: see v. 1.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (origin)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΒααλBaalindeclinable place-name (origin)Βααλ: see v. 9.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (goal)ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
θάλασσανseaAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπίθάλασσα: see v. 2; here the Mediterranean direction (westward).
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
παρελεύσεταιit passes alongFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · παρέρχομαιmain verb (border as subject)→ predictive/gnomic future (survey-verb)παρέρχομαι (fut. παρελεύσεται): 'pass by / go past'; survey-verb equivalent to παραπορεύεται (v. 6); renders Hebrew עָבַר; recurs later in this verse.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ὄροςmountainAccusativeaccusative object of εἰςὄρος: see v. 8; Mount Seir (a hill west of Kiriath-jearim, not Edomite Seir).
ΑσσαρεςSeir / Assaresindeclinable place-name (qualifying ὄρος)Ασσαρες: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew שֵׂעִיר (Seir); indeclinable; here the mountain of that name in Judah's hills.
ἐπὶon / uponpreposition + genitive (position)ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
νώτουshoulderGenitivegenitive object of ἐπίνῶτον: see v. 8; the shoulder/flank of Kiriath-jearim.
πόλινcityAccusativeaccusative (loose apposition: 'the city Jearim')πόλις: see v. 9; πόλιν Ιαριμ = Kiriath-jearim, here in a loosely-construed accusative.
Ιαριμof Jearimindeclinable proper noun (genitival)Ιαριμ: see v. 9.
ἀπὸon / frompreposition + genitive (orientation)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
βορρᾶthe northGenitivegenitive object of ἀπόβορρᾶς: see v. 5.
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative subject (identifying aside)οὗτος: see v. 8.
ἐστὶνisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: see v. 8.
ΧασλωνChaslon / Chesalonindeclinable place-name (predicate of aside)Χασλων: transliteration of Hebrew כְּסָלוֹן (Chesalon); indeclinable; identified with Mount Seir here.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
καταβήσεταιit shall go downFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb (border as subject)→ predictive/gnomic future (survey-verb)καταβαίνω: see v. 7; here the future-form descent toward Beth-shemesh.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (goal)ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΠόλινCityAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (translated name)πόλις: see v. 9; Πόλις ἡλίου ('City of the Sun') renders בֵּית שֶׁמֶשׁ (Beth-shemesh), the LXX translating rather than transliterating; cf. πηγὴ ἡλίου at v. 7.
ἡλίουof the sunGenitivegenitive of relationship ('City of the Sun')ἥλιος: see v. 7; rendering שֶׁמֶשׁ.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
παρελεύσεταιit passes alongFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · παρέρχομαιmain verb (border as subject)→ predictive/gnomic future (survey-verb)παρέρχομαι: see above in this verse.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (direction)ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
λίβαthe southAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (direction)λίψ: see v. 1.
11

καὶ διεκβαλεῖ τὸ ὅριον κατὰ νώτου Ακκαρων ἐπὶ βορρᾶν καὶ διεκβαλεῖ τὰ ὅρια εἰς Σακχαρωνα καὶ παρελεύσεται ὄρος τῆς Βαλα καὶ διεκβαλεῖ ἐπὶ Ιαβνηλ καὶ ἔσται ἡ διέξοδος τῶν ὁρίων ἐπὶ θάλασσαν

And the border goes out to the shoulder of Ekron on the north, and the border goes out to Shikkeron, and passes along to Mount Baalah, and goes out to Jabneel; and the outgoing of the borders is at the sea.

Border itinerary: the north-west line to the sea (main narrative)καὶ διεκβαλεῖ τὸ ὅριον
The north-west stretch is traced by repeated διεκβαλεῖ ('goes out') — to the shoulder of Ekron, to Shikkeron, by Mount Baalah, to Jabneel — and terminates with the διέξοδος-formula at the (Great) Sea, completing the circuit of the border before the west-border summary of v. 12.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
διεκβαλεῖit goes outFut Act Indic 3 Sg · διεκβάλλωmain verb (border as subject)→ predictive/gnomic future (survey-verb)διεκβάλλω: see v. 4.
τὸtheNominativearticleτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅριονborderNominativesubjectὅριον: see v. 1.
κατὰtoward / alongpreposition + genitive (position)κατὰ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
νώτουshoulderGenitivegenitive object of κατάνῶτον: see v. 8; the shoulder/flank of Ekron.
Ακκαρωνof Ekronindeclinable proper noun (genitival)Ακκαρων: transliteration of Hebrew עֶקְרוֹן (Ekron); indeclinable; the northernmost Philistine city; cf. v. 45.
ἐπὶto / onpreposition + accusative (direction)ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
βορρᾶνthe northAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (direction)βορρᾶς (acc. βορρᾶν): see v. 5.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
διεκβαλεῖit goes outFut Act Indic 3 Sg · διεκβάλλωmain verb (border as subject)→ predictive/gnomic future (survey-verb)διεκβάλλω: see v. 4.
τὰtheNominativearticleτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅριαborderNominativesubject (plural form)ὅριον: see v. 1.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΣακχαρωναShikkeronindeclinable place-name (goal)Σακχαρωνα: transliteration of Hebrew שִׁכְּרוֹן (Shikkeron); indeclinable.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
παρελεύσεταιit passes alongFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · παρέρχομαιmain verb (border as subject)→ predictive/gnomic future (survey-verb)παρέρχομαι: see v. 10.
ὄροςmountainAccusativeaccusative object of παρελεύσεται (transitive: 'pass Mount Baalah')ὄρος: see v. 8; Mount Baalah.
τῆςof theGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Βαλαof Baalahindeclinable proper noun (genitival: 'mountain of Baalah')Βαλα: transliteration of Hebrew הַבַּעֲלָה (Baalah); indeclinable.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
διεκβαλεῖit goes outFut Act Indic 3 Sg · διεκβάλλωmain verb (border as subject)→ predictive/gnomic future (survey-verb)διεκβάλλω: see v. 4.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (goal)ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΙαβνηλJabneelindeclinable place-name (goal)Ιαβνηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יַבְנְאֵל (Jabneel); indeclinable; later Jamnia/Yavneh, near the coast.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (terminus formula)→ predictive futureεἰμί: see v. 4; the διέξοδος-formula.
theNominativearticleἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διέξοδοςoutgoing / terminusNominativesubject of ἔσταιδιέξοδος: see v. 4.
τῶνof theGenitivearticleτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁρίωνbordersGenitivegenitive ('outgoing of the borders')ὅριον: see v. 1.
ἐπὶat / topreposition + accusative (terminus)ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
θάλασσανseaAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (terminus)θάλασσα: see v. 2; the Great Sea (Mediterranean).
12

καὶ τὰ ὅρια αὐτῶν ἀπὸ θαλάσσης ἡ θάλασσα ἡ μεγάλη ὁριεῖ ταῦτα τὰ ὅρια υἱῶν Ιουδα κύκλῳ κατὰ δήμους αὐτῶν

And their border on the west: the Great Sea forms the boundary. These are the borders of the sons of Judah round about, according to their clans.

Border survey: the west border and closing summary (main narrative)καὶ τὰ ὅρια αὐτῶν ἀπὸ θαλάσσης
The west border is the Great Sea, which 'will be the boundary' (ὁριεῖ, the denominative verb cognate with ὅριον). The chapter's first half closes with the summary ταῦτα τὰ ὅρια υἱῶν Ιουδα κύκλῳ κατὰ δήμους αὐτῶν, echoing the heading of v. 1 (κατὰ δήμους αὐτῶν) and forming an inclusio around the whole boundary-survey.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὰtheNominativearticleτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅριαborderNominativesubject (west border)ὅριον: see v. 1.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
ἀπὸon / frompreposition + genitive (orientation: 'on the west')ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
θαλάσσηςthe seaGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (the west = the sea side)θάλασσα: see v. 2; ἀπὸ θαλάσσης = 'on the west' (the sea being westward).
theNominativearticleἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θάλασσαseaNominativesubject of ὁριεῖθάλασσα: here ἡ θάλασσα ἡ μεγάλη = the Great Sea (Mediterranean), the western boundary.
theNominativearticle (attributive)ἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μεγάληgreatNominativeattributive adjective ('the Great Sea')μέγας: 'great'; ἡ θάλασσα ἡ μεγάλη renders הַיָּם הַגָּדוֹל, the standard OT name for the Mediterranean.
ὁριεῖshall form the boundaryFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁρίζωmain verb (the sea 'bounds' the territory)→ predictive/gnomic futureὁρίζω: 'mark out / bound / define'; the denominative verb cognate with ὅριον; renders Hebrew גָּבַל; the sea itself serves as the demarcating boundary.
ταῦταtheseNominativedemonstrative subject (summary formula)οὗτος: the closing summary-demonstrative ταῦτα τὰ ὅρια ('these are the borders'); cf. τοῦτό ἐστιν at v. 4.
τὰtheNominativearticleτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅριαbordersNominativepredicate nominativeὅριον: see v. 1.
υἱῶνof the sonsGenitivegenitive of possession ('borders of the sons of Judah')υἱός: see v. 6; οἱ υἱοὶ Ιουδα = 'the sons/people of Judah.'
Ιουδαof Judahindeclinable proper noun (genitival)Ιουδα: see v. 1.
κύκλῳround aboutDativeadverbial dative ('all around')κύκλος (dat. κύκλῳ): used adverbially, 'round about / on every side'; renders Hebrew סָבִיב; summarizing the complete circuit of the border just traced.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (distributive)κατὰ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
δήμουςclansAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (distributive)δῆμος: see v. 1; the formula κατὰ δήμους αὐτῶν forms an inclusio with v. 1.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
13

καὶ τῷ Χαλεβ υἱῷ Ιεφοννη ἔδωκεν μερίδα ἐν μέσῳ υἱῶν Ιουδα διὰ προστάγματος τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ Ἰησοῦς τὴν πόλιν Αρβοκ μητρόπολιν Ενακ αὕτη ἐστὶν Χεβρων

And to Caleb son of Jephunneh he gave a portion in the midst of the sons of Judah, by command of God; and Joshua gave him the city of Arbok, mother-city of Enak — this is Hebron.

Narrative shift: Caleb's special portion within Judah (main narrative)καὶ τῷ Χαλεβ
The boundary-survey gives way to narrative: Caleb son of Jephunneh receives a portion 'by command of God' (διὰ προστάγματος τοῦ θεοῦ) — the fulfillment of the promise of Num 14:24 and Josh 14:9–13. Joshua grants him the city of Arbok (Kiriath-arba), 'mother-city of Enak', glossed αὕτη ἐστὶν Χεβρων ('this is Hebron').
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τῷtoDativearticle (with indirect object)τῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧαλεβCalebindeclinable proper noun (dative: indirect object of ἔδωκεν)Χαλεβ: transliteration of Hebrew כָּלֵב (Caleb); indeclinable; the faithful spy of Num 13–14 who alone with Joshua trusted YHWH.
υἱῷsonDativedative in apposition ('to Caleb son of...')υἱός: see v. 6.
Ιεφοννηof Jephunnehindeclinable proper noun (genitival)Ιεφοννη: transliteration of Hebrew יְפֻנֶּה (Jephunneh); indeclinable; Caleb's father.
ἔδωκενhe gaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (allotment-giving)→ constative aorist (completed grant)δίδωμι: 'give'; renders נָתַן; the subject is Joshua (or impersonal 'it was given'); the verb of allotment recurs at vv. 16, 17, 19.
μερίδαportionAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκενμερίς: 'portion / share'; renders חֵלֶק; the special grant to Caleb within Judah's territory.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
μέσῳthe midstDativedative of place ('in the midst of')μέσος: 'middle / midst'; ἐν μέσῳ renders בְּתוֹךְ ('in the midst of'); Caleb's portion is embedded within Judah.
υἱῶνof the sonsGenitivegenitive ('in the midst of the sons of Judah')υἱός: see v. 6.
Ιουδαof Judahindeclinable proper noun (genitival)Ιουδα: see v. 1.
διὰthrough / bypreposition + genitive (means)διὰ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
προστάγματοςcommand / decreeGenitivegenitive object of διά (means: 'by command')πρόσταγμα: 'ordinance / command / decree'; renders Hebrew פִּי / מִצְוָה ('mouth/command of'); διὰ προστάγματος τοῦ θεοῦ marks the grant as divinely authorized (cf. Josh 14:9).
τοῦof theGenitivearticleτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of source ('command of God')θεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים / יהוה; here the divine authority behind Caleb's grant.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (Joshua as subject)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: see above; here with explicit subject Ἰησοῦς.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object (to Caleb)αὐτῷ: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
ἸησοῦςJoshuaNominativesubject of ἔδωκενἸησοῦς: the Greek form of Hebrew יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (Joshua), declined as a contracted noun (gen./dat. Ἰησοῦ); the same form later renders 'Jesus'; here Joshua son of Nun, who apportions the land.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλινcityAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκενπόλις: see v. 9; the city of Arbok (Kiriath-arba).
Αρβοκof Arbaindeclinable proper noun (genitival: 'city of Arba')Αρβοκ: transliteration of Hebrew אַרְבַּע (Arba); indeclinable; Kiriath-arba ('city of Arba'), the old name of Hebron, named after the Anakite forefather; cf. v. 54.
μητρόπολινmother-cityAccusativeaccusative in apposition (Arbok = mother-city of Enak)μητρόπολις: 'mother-city / capital'; renders Hebrew אֲבִי ('father of') in the sense of chief/founding city of the Anakim; cf. Josh 14:15.
Ενακof Enak / Anakindeclinable proper noun (genitival)Ενακ: transliteration of Hebrew עֲנָק (Anak); indeclinable; ancestor of the Anakim, the giant clan of Hebron (Num 13:33).
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative subject (identifying aside)οὗτος: see v. 8.
ἐστὶνisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: see v. 8.
ΧεβρωνHebronindeclinable proper noun (predicate of aside)Χεβρων: transliteration of Hebrew חֶבְרוֹן (Hebron); indeclinable; the great patriarchal city, Caleb's inheritance; cf. v. 54.
14

καὶ ἐξωλέθρευσεν ἐκεῖθεν Χαλεβ υἱὸς Ιεφοννη τοὺς τρεῖς υἱοὺς Ενακ τὸν Σουσι καὶ τὸν Θολμι καὶ τὸν Αχιμα

And from there Caleb son of Jephunneh utterly destroyed the three sons of Enak — Sheshai, and Talmai, and Ahiman.

Narrative: Caleb drives out the three Anakim (main narrative)καὶ ἐξωλέθρευσεν
Caleb makes good his portion by destroying the three named Anakim — Sheshai, Talmai, Ahiman — the giant sons of Anak whose presence had terrified the ten faithless spies (Num 13:22, 28). The verb ἐξωλέθρευσεν ('utterly destroyed') is the LXX's strong herem-vocabulary; cf. the parallel Judg 1:10, 20.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐξωλέθρευσενhe utterly destroyedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξολεθρεύωmain verb (Caleb's conquest)→ constative aorist (completed extermination)ἐξολεθρεύω: 'destroy utterly / exterminate'; renders Hebrew יָרַשׁ (Hiphil, 'dispossess') / שָׁמַד; strong herem-vocabulary for the eradication of the Anakim from Hebron.
ἐκεῖθενfrom thereadverb of place (source: 'thence')ἐκεῖθεν: 'from there / thence'; renders Hebrew מִשָּׁם; refers back to Hebron; recurs at v. 15.
ΧαλεβCalebindeclinable proper noun (subject)Χαλεβ: see v. 13.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition ('Caleb son of...')υἱός: see v. 6.
Ιεφοννηof Jephunnehindeclinable proper noun (genitival)Ιεφοννη: see v. 13.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticleτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρεῖςthreeAccusativenumeral adjective (modifying υἱούς)τρεῖς: 'three'; renders שְׁלֹשָׁה; the three Anakite chieftains.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativedirect object of ἐξωλέθρευσενυἱός: see v. 6; the 'sons of Anak' = the Anakim clans of Hebron.
Ενακof Enak / Anakindeclinable proper noun (genitival)Ενακ: see v. 13.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with proper name)τὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣουσιSheshaiindeclinable proper noun (apposition)Σουσι: transliteration of Hebrew שֵׁשַׁי (Sheshai); indeclinable; one of the three Anakim (Num 13:22).
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὸνtheAccusativearticleτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΘολμιTalmaiindeclinable proper noun (apposition)Θολμι: transliteration of Hebrew תַּלְמַי (Talmai); indeclinable; second of the Anakim.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὸνtheAccusativearticleτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑχιμαAhimanindeclinable proper noun (apposition)Αχιμα: transliteration of Hebrew אֲחִימַן (Ahiman); indeclinable; third of the Anakim.
15

καὶ ἀνέβη ἐκεῖθεν Χαλεβ ἐπὶ τοὺς κατοικοῦντας Δαβιρ τὸ δὲ ὄνομα Δαβιρ ἦν τὸ πρότερον Πόλις γραμμάτων

And Caleb went up from there against the inhabitants of Debir; and the name of Debir formerly was 'City of Letters.'

Narrative: Caleb's campaign against Debir (main narrative)καὶ ἀνέβη ἐκεῖθεν Χαλεβ
Caleb advances against Debir; the narrator supplies the etiological note that its earlier name was Πόλις γραμμάτων ('City of Letters/Writings', Kiriath-sepher), translating rather than transliterating the Hebrew name — a detail that sets up the contest of v. 16 and the toponym of v. 49.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἀνέβηhe went upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (Caleb's advance)→ constative aorist (single military advance)ἀναβαίνω: see v. 3; here in the aorist of a person 'going up' (to war) against a city; renders Hebrew עָלָה.
ἐκεῖθενfrom thereadverb of place (source)ἐκεῖθεν: see v. 14.
ΧαλεβCalebindeclinable proper noun (subject)Χαλεβ: see v. 13.
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction)ἐπί + acc.: here 'against' in a hostile military sense.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with participle)τοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦνταςinhabitants / those dwellingPres Act Ptcp Masc Acc Pl · κατοικέωsubstantival participle (object of ἐπί: 'the inhabitants')→ imperfective participle (settled dwelling)κατοικέω: 'dwell / inhabit'; the articular participle οἱ κατοικοῦντες ('the inhabitants') renders Hebrew יֹשְׁבֵי; cf. the finite κατῴκει / κατῴκησαν of v. 63.
ΔαβιρDebirindeclinable place-name (object of the participle)Δαβιρ: transliteration of Hebrew דְּבִיר (Debir); indeclinable; a hill-country city; cf. v. 49.
τὸtheNominativearticleτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲnownarrative continuative (post-positive, introducing aside)δέ: post-positive particle introducing the narrator's etiological note.
ὄνομαnameNominativesubject of ἦνὄνομα: 'name'; renders שֵׁם; introduces the old-name gloss.
Δαβιρof Debirindeclinable proper noun (genitival: 'name of Debir')Δαβιρ: see above.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (imperfect: past state)→ imperfect (former, continuing past state)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'was'; the imperfect marks the former name as a past condition now superseded.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (adverbial: 'formerly')τὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρότερονformerlyAccusativeadverbial accusative ('beforehand / formerly')πρότερος (τὸ πρότερον): 'former / earlier'; the neuter τὸ πρότερον used adverbially, 'formerly'; renders Hebrew לְפָנִים.
ΠόλιςCityNominativepredicate nominative (the old name)πόλις: see v. 9; Πόλις γραμμάτων ('City of Letters') translates קִרְיַת סֵפֶר (Kiriath-sepher), the LXX rendering סֵפֶר ('book/writing') as γράμματα; cf. v. 16, 49.
γραμμάτωνof letters / writingsGenitivegenitive of relationship ('City of Letters')γράμμα (pl. γράμματα): 'letter / written character / document'; renders Hebrew סֵפֶר; the name suggests a scribal or archive town.
16

καὶ εἶπεν Χαλεβ ὃς ἐὰν λάβῃ καὶ ἐκκόψῃ τὴν Πόλιν τῶν γραμμάτων καὶ κυριεύσῃ αὐτῆς δώσω αὐτῷ τὴν Αχσαν θυγατέρα μου εἰς γυναῖκα

And Caleb said, 'Whoever takes and strikes down the City of Letters and gains mastery of it, to him I will give Achsah my daughter as a wife.'

Direct speech: Caleb's offer of his daughter (embedded speech-act)καὶ εἶπεν Χαλεβ
Caleb issues a conquest-challenge framed as an indefinite relative clause (ὃς ἐὰν λάβῃ … δώσω): whoever captures Kiriath-sepher wins Achsah. The three subjunctives (λάβῃ, ἐκκόψῃ, κυριεύσῃ) describe a complete conquest — take, strike down, and master the city — and the apodosis δώσω promises the reward.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aorist (single speech-act)λέγω: see Exod 11:1; here introducing Caleb's challenge.
ΧαλεβCalebindeclinable proper noun (subject)Χαλεβ: see v. 13.
ὃςwhoeverNominativerelative pronoun (subject of conditional relative clause)ὅς (with ἐάν): the construction ὃς ἐάν + subjunctive = 'whoever'; a generalizing conditional relative; renders Hebrew אֲשֶׁר.
ἐὰνeverconditional particle (with subjunctive)ἐάν: here joined to ὅς to form the indefinite 'whoever'; takes the subjunctive.
λάβῃtakes / capturesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · λαμβάνωverb of conditional relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (potential single act)λαμβάνω: 'take / seize / capture'; renders Hebrew לָכַד; first of the three conquest-verbs.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐκκόψῃstrikes down / cuts offAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἐκκόπτωverb of conditional relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (potential single act)ἐκκόπτω: 'cut down / strike down / destroy'; renders Hebrew נָכָה (Hiphil); the second conquest-verb, of subduing the city.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΠόλινCityAccusativedirect objectπόλις: see v. 9; the City of Letters (Kiriath-sepher = Debir).
τῶνof theGenitivearticleτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γραμμάτωνof lettersGenitivegenitive of relationship ('City of Letters')γράμμα: see v. 15.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
κυριεύσῃgains mastery ofAor Act Subj 3 Sg · κυριεύωverb of conditional relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (potential single act)κυριεύω: 'rule over / gain mastery of / become lord of'; renders Hebrew לָכַד; takes the genitive αὐτῆς; third conquest-verb, completing the capture.
αὐτῆςof itGenitivegenitive object of κυριεύσῃαὐτῆς: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
δώσωI will giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (apodosis: Caleb's promise)→ predictive future (promise/reward)δίδωμι: see v. 13; the apodosis of the conquest-challenge: the reward of Caleb's daughter.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect objectαὐτῷ: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑχσανAchsahAccusativedirect object of δώσωΑχσα (acc. Αχσαν): transliteration of Hebrew עַכְסָה (Achsah); Caleb's daughter, here declined with the Greek accusative ending -ν.
θυγατέραdaughterAccusativeaccusative in apposition ('Achsah my daughter')θυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; renders Hebrew בַּת.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possessionμου: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
εἰςas / forpreposition + accusative (predicative: 'as a wife')εἰς + acc.: predicative use ('to be / as'), a Hebraism rendering לְ ('for/as a wife').
γυναῖκαwifeAccusativeaccusative (predicative: 'as a wife')γυνή: 'woman / wife'; renders אִשָּׁה.
17

καὶ ἔλαβεν αὐτὴν Γοθονιηλ υἱὸς Κενεζ ἀδελφὸς Χαλεβ ὁ νεώτερος καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ τὴν Αχσαν θυγατέρα αὐτοῦ αὐτῷ γυναῖκα

And Othniel son of Kenaz, the younger brother of Caleb, took it; and he gave him Achsah his daughter as a wife.

Narrative: Othniel captures the city and wins Achsah (main narrative)καὶ ἔλαβεν αὐτὴν Γοθονιηλ
Othniel son of Kenaz, Caleb's younger kinsman (and Israel's first judge, Judg 3:9), captures the city (ἔλαβεν αὐτήν) and so wins Achsah; Caleb fulfills his promise (ἔδωκεν … γυναῖκα). The redundant double dative (αὐτῷ … αὐτῷ) is a Hebraistic feature of the Greek.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔλαβενtook / capturedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (Othniel's capture)→ constative aorist (completed capture)λαμβάνω: see v. 16; here the fulfillment of λάβῃ — Othniel 'took' the city.
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object (the city)αὐτὴν: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
ΓοθονιηλOthnielindeclinable proper noun (subject)Γοθονιηλ: transliteration of Hebrew עָתְנִיאֵל (Othniel); indeclinable; Caleb's kinsman, later the first judge of Israel (Judg 3:9–11).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in appositionυἱός: see v. 6.
Κενεζof Kenazindeclinable proper noun (genitival)Κενεζ: transliteration of Hebrew קְנַז (Kenaz); indeclinable; Othniel's father (Caleb is also called 'the Kenizzite').
ἀδελφὸςbrotherNominativenominative in apposition ('brother of Caleb')ἀδελφός: 'brother / kinsman'; renders אָח; here 'younger brother/kinsman of Caleb' (the exact relation is debated in the Hebrew).
Χαλεβof Calebindeclinable proper noun (genitival)Χαλεβ: see v. 13.
theNominativearticle (with adjective)ὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεώτεροςyoungerNominativeattributive adjective (comparative: 'the younger')νέος (compar. νεώτερος): 'young / younger'; renders Hebrew קָטֹן ('small/younger'); marks Othniel as the junior kinsman.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔδωκενhe gaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (Caleb fulfills his promise)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: see v. 13; subject is Caleb, giving Achsah.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object (to Othniel)αὐτῷ: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑχσανAchsahAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκενΑχσα: see v. 16.
θυγατέραdaughterAccusativeaccusative in appositionθυγάτηρ: see v. 16.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτοῦ: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
αὐτῷto himDativedative (resumptive/redundant: Hebraism)the repeated αὐτῷ is a redundant resumptive dative, a Hebraism reflecting the doubled pronoun of the source.
γυναῖκαas a wifeAccusativeaccusative (predicative: 'as a wife')γυνή: see v. 16.
18

καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ εἰσπορεύεσθαι αὐτὴν καὶ συνεβουλεύσατο αὐτῷ λέγουσα αἰτήσομαι τὸν πατέρα μου ἀγρόν καὶ ἐβόησεν ἐκ τοῦ ὄνου καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῇ Χαλεβ τί ἐστίν σοι

And it came to pass, as she was going in, that she consulted with him, saying, 'I will ask my father for a field'; and she cried out from the donkey, and Caleb said to her, 'What is it with you?'

Narrative: Achsah's approach and request (main narrative)καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ εἰσπορεύεσθαι
The καὶ ἐγένετο … καί construction is a Hebraism (וַיְהִי … and …) framing Achsah's initiative. As she comes in, she resolves to ask her father for a field; dismounting (lit. 'cried out from the donkey'), she prompts Caleb's question τί ἐστίν σοι ('what is it with you?'). The scene closely parallels Judg 1:14.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (temporal-narrative frame)→ constative aorist (event-introducing)γίνομαι: see v. 1; καὶ ἐγένετο renders the Hebrew narrative formula וַיְהִי ('and it came to pass'), introducing a temporal episode.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal, with articular infinitive)ἐν τῷ + infinitive: a temporal construction ('while/as ...'), rendering the Hebrew בְּ + infinitive construct.
τῷtheDativearticle (with infinitive)τῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰσπορεύεσθαιgoing inPres Mid Infin · εἰσπορεύομαιarticular infinitive (temporal: 'as she was going in')→ imperfective present infinitive (ongoing action)εἰσπορεύομαι: 'go in / enter'; here in the articular-infinitive temporal construction; the subject of the infinitive (αὐτήν) is accusative.
αὐτὴνshe / herAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitiveαὐτὴν: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
καὶ(then)apodotic καί (Hebraism: resumes after the temporal clause)καί: the 'apodotic' καί after καὶ ἐγένετο + temporal clause is a Hebraism (rendering the waw of the apodosis); left untranslated or as 'that' in English.
συνεβουλεύσατοshe consulted / urgedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · συμβουλεύωmain verb (Achsah's action)→ constative aoristσυμβουλεύω (mid. συμβουλεύομαι): 'take counsel with / consult / urge'; the middle renders Hebrew סוּת (Hiphil, 'incite/urge') — Achsah urges/consults with Othniel about the request.
αὐτῷwith himDativedative (object of συνεβουλεύσατο: 'with him')αὐτῷ: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
λέγουσαsayingPres Act Ptcp Fem Nom Sg · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing direct speech)→ imperfective participle (attendant speech)λέγω: the speech-participle λέγουσα ('saying') is a Hebraism (rendering לֵאמֹר) marking the onset of direct discourse.
αἰτήσομαιI will askFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · αἰτέωmain verb of direct speech (Achsah's resolve)→ predictive/volitive future (intention)αἰτέω (mid. αἰτήσομαι): 'ask / request (for oneself)'; renders Hebrew שָׁאַל; the middle stresses asking for one's own benefit.
τὸνthe / myAccusativearticleτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέραfatherAccusativeaccusative object of αἰτήσομαι (person asked)πατήρ: 'father'; renders אָב; αἰτέω here takes a double accusative (person + thing): 'ask my father for a field.'
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possessionμου: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
ἀγρόνa fieldAccusativesecond accusative object of αἰτήσομαι (thing asked)ἀγρός: 'field / farmland'; renders Hebrew שָׂדֶה; the object of Achsah's request, which she then enlarges to springs (v. 19).
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐβόησενshe cried outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βοάωmain verb (Achsah's exclamation)→ constative aoristβοάω: 'cry out / call aloud'; here renders Hebrew צָנַח ('dismount / alight'), the Greek interpreting the gesture as a call from the donkey to attract Caleb's attention.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)ἐκ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τοῦtheGenitivearticleτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνουdonkeyGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ ('from the donkey')ὄνος: 'donkey / ass'; renders Hebrew חֲמוֹר; Achsah cries out / dismounts from her donkey to address her father.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Caleb's reply)→ constative aoristλέγω: see v. 16.
αὐτῇto herDativeindirect object (to Achsah)αὐτῇ: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
ΧαλεβCalebindeclinable proper noun (subject)Χαλεβ: see v. 13.
τίwhatNominativeinterrogative pronoun (subject of ἐστίν)τίς, τί: interrogative pronoun; τί ἐστίν σοι ('what is it to/with you?') renders Hebrew מַה־לָּךְ, an idiom of solicitous inquiry.
ἐστίνisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (interrogative)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; in the idiom τί ἐστίν σοι.
σοιto you / with youDativedative of interest ('with you')σύ (dat. σοι): 2nd-person pronoun; the dative of interest in the idiom 'what is it with you?'
19

καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ δός μοι εὐλογίαν ὅτι εἰς γῆν Ναγεβ δέδωκάς με δός μοι τὴν Γολαθμαιν καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτῇ Χαλεβ τὴν Γολαθμαιν τὴν ἄνω καὶ τὴν Γολαθμαιν τὴν κάτω

And she said to him, 'Give me a blessing, for you have given me into the land of the Negeb; give me also Golathmain.' And Caleb gave her Golathmain the upper and Golathmain the lower.

Direct speech and resolution: Achsah's request for springs granted (main narrative)καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ
The climactic request: Achsah asks for a 'blessing' (εὐλογία) — concretely, water — arguing that since her father has given her arid Negeb land (εἰς γῆν Ναγεβ), she needs springs; she asks for Golathmain (the Hebrew גֻּלֹּת, 'basins/springs'). Caleb grants both the upper and the lower springs. The episode flags water-rights as inheritance and parallels Judg 1:15.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Achsah's reply)→ constative aoristλέγω: see v. 16.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object (to Caleb)αὐτῷ: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
δόςgiveAor Act Impv 2 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (Achsah's request: imperative)→ aorist imperative (urgent request)δίδωμι (aor. impv. δός): 'give'; the urgent petition δός μοι ('give me') frames Achsah's two-part request.
μοιto meDativeindirect objectμοι: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
εὐλογίανa blessingAccusativedirect object of δόςεὐλογία: 'blessing / benefaction / gift'; renders Hebrew בְּרָכָה; here a concrete benefaction — a well-watered plot — granted out of a father's blessing.
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunctionὅτι: 'because / that'; introduces the grounds of the request: the dryness of the Negeb portion.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction/result)εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative object of εἰςγῆ: see v. 8; γῆ Ναγεβ = the arid 'land of the Negeb / the south.'
Ναγεβof the Negebindeclinable proper noun (genitival: 'land of the Negeb')Ναγεβ: transliteration of Hebrew נֶגֶב ('the dry land / the South'); indeclinable; here transliterated rather than rendered λίψ (contrast vv. 1–11), naming the parched southern region.
δέδωκάςyou have givenPerf Act Indic 2 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb of causal clause (Caleb's prior gift)→ perfect (completed act with abiding result)δίδωμι (perf. δέδωκας): 'have given'; the perfect stresses the settled, abiding state of the grant — she is now permanently settled in the dry land and so needs water.
μεmeAccusativedirect object ('given me [into]')ἐγώ (acc. με): the construction δέδωκάς με εἰς γῆν ('you have given me into a land') is a Hebraism: to give a person 'into' a territory = to settle them there.
δόςgiveAor Act Impv 2 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (second petition)→ aorist imperative (urgent request)δίδωμι: see above; the renewed δός μοι makes the specific request for the springs.
μοιto meDativeindirect objectμοι: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓολαθμαινGolathmain (the springs)indeclinable proper noun (direct object of δός)Γολαθμαιν: transliteration of Hebrew גֻּלֹּת מָיִם ('basins/springs of water'), taken by the LXX as a place-name; indeclinable; the watered land Achsah requests.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (Caleb grants the request)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: see v. 13; Caleb grants both springs.
αὐτῇto herDativeindirect object (to Achsah)αὐτῇ: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
ΧαλεβCalebindeclinable proper noun (subject)Χαλεβ: see v. 13.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓολαθμαινGolathmainindeclinable proper noun (direct object)Γολαθμαιν: see above; here qualified as 'the upper.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with adverb-adjective)τὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνωupperadverb used adjectivally ('the upper [springs]')ἄνω: 'above / upper'; renders Hebrew עִלִּית ('upper'); the upper springs.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τὴνtheAccusativearticleτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓολαθμαινGolathmainindeclinable proper noun (direct object)Γολαθμαιν: see above; here 'the lower.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with adverb-adjective)τὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κάτωloweradverb used adjectivally ('the lower [springs]')κάτω: 'below / lower'; renders Hebrew תַּחְתִּית ('lower'); the lower springs; the pair ἄνω … κάτω completes the grant of both watered plots.
20

αὕτη ἡ κληρονομία φυλῆς υἱῶν Ιουδα

This is the inheritance of the tribe of the sons of Judah.

Heading: summary-title introducing the city-catalogues (main narrative)αὕτη ἡ κληρονομία
A verbless summary-heading (αὕτη ἡ κληρονομία …) closes the boundary-and-Caleb section and introduces the great administrative city-lists that follow (vv. 21–62); cf. the parallel heading at v. 1 and the closing of v. 12.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative subject (heading-formula)οὗτος: see v. 8; the heading-demonstrative 'this is …'.
theNominativearticleἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κληρονομίαinheritanceNominativepredicate nominativeκληρονομία: 'inheritance / allotted possession'; renders Hebrew נַחֲלָה; the technical term for the tribal land received by lot (κλῆρος); the keyword of the allotment chapters.
φυλῆςof the tribeGenitivegenitive of possessionφυλή: see v. 1.
υἱῶνof the sonsGenitivegenitive ('tribe of the sons of Judah')υἱός: see v. 6.
Ιουδαof Judahindeclinable proper noun (genitival)Ιουδα: see v. 1.
21

ἐγενήθησαν δὲ αἱ πόλεις αὐτῶν πόλις πρώτη φυλῆς υἱῶν Ιουδα ἐφ᾿ ὁρίων Εδωμ ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου Καιβαισελεηλ καὶ Αρα καὶ Ασωρ

And their cities were: the first city of the tribe of the sons of Judah, on the borders of Edom toward the wilderness, was Kabseel, and Ara, and Hazor;

Heading of the Negeb catalogue and first entries (main narrative)ἐγενήθησαν δὲ αἱ πόλεις
The first district-catalogue (the Negeb, vv. 21–32) opens with ἐγενήθησαν δὲ αἱ πόλεις αὐτῶν and locates the southernmost towns on the Edomite frontier toward the wilderness. From here the text becomes a bare toponym-list strung on καί; the place-names are transliterated and often diverge from MT.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ἐγενήθησανwere / came to beAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · γίνομαιmain verb (existential, with plural subject)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: see v. 2; the plural ἐγενήθησαν agrees with αἱ πόλεις, introducing the city-list.
δὲnownarrative continuative (post-positive)δέ: marks the transition from heading to enumerated list.
αἱtheNominativearticleαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesNominativesubject (plural)πόλις: see v. 9; the cities of the allotment now enumerated by district.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
πόλιςcityNominativenominative (heading: 'the first city')πόλις: see v. 9.
πρώτηfirstNominativeattributive adjective (ordinal: 'the first city')πρῶτος: 'first'; the southernmost/first-listed town of the Negeb district.
φυλῆςof the tribeGenitivegenitive of possessionφυλή: see v. 1.
υἱῶνof the sonsGenitivegenitiveυἱός: see v. 6.
Ιουδαof Judahindeclinable proper noun (genitival)Ιουδα: see v. 1.
ἐφ᾿onpreposition + genitive (position; elided ἐπί before vowel)ἐπί: 'on / at'; ἐφ᾿ ὁρίων = 'on the borders (of Edom).'
ὁρίωνbordersGenitivegenitive object of ἐπίὅριον: see v. 1; the Edomite frontier.
Εδωμof Edomindeclinable proper noun (genitival)Εδωμ: transliteration of Hebrew אֱדוֹם (Edom); indeclinable; cf. Ιδουμαία at v. 1.
ἐπὶtoward / atpreposition + genitive (position)ἐπὶ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῆςtheGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμουwildernessGenitivegenitive object of ἐπίἔρημος: see v. 1; the Negeb desert.
ΚαιβαισελεηλKabseelindeclinable place-name (first city)Καιβαισελεηλ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew קַבְצְאֵל (Kabzeel); indeclinable; the Greek form conflates the name with the following entry.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΑραAra / Ederindeclinable place-nameΑρα: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew עֵדֶר (Eder); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΑσωρHazorindeclinable place-nameΑσωρ: transliteration of Hebrew חָצוֹר (Hazor); indeclinable; a Negeb town (distinct from northern Hazor).
22

καὶ Ικαμ καὶ Ρεγμα καὶ Αρουηλ

and Ithnan, and Regma, and Aruel;

Negeb city-list (continuation)καὶ Ικαμ
Bare toponym-list of the Negeb district, strung on καί; each name kind 'x' (indeclinable).
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΙκαμIthnanindeclinable place-nameΙκαμ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew יִתְנָן (Ithnan); indeclinable Negeb town.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΡεγμαRegma / Ziphindeclinable place-nameΡεγμα: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew זִיף (Ziph); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΑρουηλAruel / Telemindeclinable place-nameΑρουηλ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew טֶלֶם (Telem); indeclinable.
23

καὶ Καδης καὶ Ασοριωναιν

and Kadesh, and Hazor-ithnan;

Negeb city-list (continuation)καὶ Καδης
Continuation of the Negeb toponym-list.
Word-by-word analysis· 4 words
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΚαδηςKadeshindeclinable place-nameΚαδης: see v. 1; here listed as a Negeb town.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΑσοριωναινHazor-ithnanindeclinable place-nameΑσοριωναιν: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew חֲצוֹר (Hazor); indeclinable.
24

καὶ Μαιναμ καὶ Βαλμαιναν καὶ αἱ κῶμαι αὐτῶν

and Ziph, and Telem, and their villages;

Negeb city-list with village-formula (continuation)καὶ Μαιναμ
Continuation of the Negeb list, closing a sub-group with the recurring village-formula καὶ αἱ κῶμαι αὐτῶν ('and their villages').
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΜαιναμMainam / Ziphindeclinable place-nameΜαιναμ: transliteration of a Negeb town-name; indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΒαλμαινανBalmainanindeclinable place-nameΒαλμαιναν: transliteration of a Negeb town-name; indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
αἱtheNominativearticleαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κῶμαιvillagesNominativesubject of the village-formulaκώμη: 'village / unwalled settlement'; renders Hebrew חָצֵר ('settlement') / בַּת ('daughter-town'); the formula καὶ αἱ κῶμαι αὐτῶν ('and their villages') closes the sub-groups of each district-list and recurs throughout vv. 24–62.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
25

καὶ αἱ πόλεις Ασερων αὕτη Ασωρ

and the cities of Hezron — this is Hazor;

Negeb city-list with identifying gloss (continuation)καὶ αἱ πόλεις Ασερων
The list groups 'the cities of Hezron', glossed αὕτη Ασωρ ('this is Hazor') in the abbreviated identifying-formula (without the copula).
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
αἱtheNominativearticleαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesNominativesubject (the cities of Hezron)πόλις: see v. 9.
Ασερωνof Hezronindeclinable proper noun (genitival)Ασερων: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew חֶצְרוֹן (Hezron); indeclinable.
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative subject (abbreviated identifying gloss)οὗτος: see v. 8; here the copula is omitted (αὕτη Ασωρ = 'this is Hazor').
ΑσωρHazorindeclinable place-name (predicate of gloss)Ασωρ: see v. 21.
26

καὶ Σην καὶ Σαλμαα καὶ Μωλαδα

and Shema, and Salmaa, and Moladah;

Negeb city-list (continuation)καὶ Σην
Continuation of the Negeb toponym-list.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΣηνShemaindeclinable place-nameΣην: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew שְׁמַע (Shema); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΣαλμααSalmaaindeclinable place-nameΣαλμαα: transliteration of a Negeb town-name; indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΜωλαδαMoladahindeclinable place-nameΜωλαδα: transliteration of Hebrew מוֹלָדָה (Moladah); indeclinable.
27

καὶ Σερι καὶ Βαιφαλαδ

and Seri, and Beth-pelet;

Negeb city-list (continuation)καὶ Σερι
Continuation of the Negeb toponym-list.
Word-by-word analysis· 4 words
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΣεριSeri / Hazar-gaddahindeclinable place-nameΣερι: transliteration of a Negeb town-name; indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΒαιφαλαδBeth-peletindeclinable place-nameΒαιφαλαδ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew בֵּית פֶּלֶט (Beth-pelet); indeclinable.
28

καὶ Χολασεωλα καὶ Βηρσαβεε καὶ αἱ κῶμαι αὐτῶν καὶ αἱ ἐπαύλεις αὐτῶν

and Hazar-shual, and Beer-sheba, and their villages and their hamlets;

Negeb city-list with village/hamlet formula (continuation)καὶ Χολασεωλα
Continuation including Beer-sheba, the great southern town; closed by the doubled formula 'their villages and their hamlets.'
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΧολασεωλαHazar-shualindeclinable place-nameΧολασεωλα: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew חֲצַר שׁוּעָל (Hazar-shual); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΒηρσαβεεBeer-shebaindeclinable place-nameΒηρσαβεε: transliteration of Hebrew בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע (Beer-sheba, 'well of the oath/seven'); indeclinable; the proverbial southern limit of the land ('from Dan to Beer-sheba').
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
αἱtheNominativearticleαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κῶμαιvillagesNominativevillage-formulaκώμη: see v. 24.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
αἱtheNominativearticleαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπαύλειςhamlets / farmsteadsNominativesecond formula ('and their hamlets')ἔπαυλις: 'farmstead / encampment / hamlet'; renders Hebrew חָצֵר ('enclosure/settlement'); the formula καὶ αἱ ἐπαύλεις αὐτῶν supplements the village-formula and recurs at vv. 36, 45, 46, 47, 54, 60.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
29

Βαλα καὶ Βακωκ καὶ Ασομ

Baalah, and Iim, and Ezem;

Negeb city-list (continuation)Βαλα
Continuation of the Negeb toponym-list; here the first name lacks the leading καί.
Word-by-word analysis· 5 words
ΒαλαBaalahindeclinable place-nameΒαλα: transliteration of Hebrew בַּעֲלָה (Baalah); indeclinable; a Negeb town (distinct from Baalah/Kiriath-jearim of vv. 9–11).
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΒακωκIim / Bakokindeclinable place-nameΒακωκ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew עִיִּים (Iim); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΑσομEzemindeclinable place-nameΑσομ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew עֶצֶם (Ezem); indeclinable.
30

καὶ Ελβωυδαδ καὶ Βαιθηλ καὶ Ερμα

and Eltolad, and Bethel (Chesil), and Hormah;

Negeb city-list (continuation)καὶ Ελβωυδαδ
Continuation of the Negeb toponym-list.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΕλβωυδαδEltoladindeclinable place-nameΕλβωυδαδ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew אֶלְתּוֹלַד (Eltolad); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΒαιθηλBethel / Chesilindeclinable place-nameΒαιθηλ: here corresponding to Hebrew בְּתוּל / כְּסִיל (Chesil/Bethul); indeclinable; a southern town, not the famous Bethel of central Canaan.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΕρμαHormahindeclinable place-nameΕρμα: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew חָרְמָה (Hormah); indeclinable.
31

καὶ Σεκελακ καὶ Μαχαριμ καὶ Σεθεννακ

and Ziklag, and Madmannah, and Sansannah;

Negeb city-list (continuation)καὶ Σεκελακ
Continuation of the Negeb toponym-list, including Ziklag (later David's town, 1 Sam 27:6).
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΣεκελακZiklagindeclinable place-nameΣεκελακ: transliteration of Hebrew צִקְלַג (Ziklag); indeclinable; later granted to David by Achish (1 Sam 27:6).
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΜαχαριμMadmannahindeclinable place-nameΜαχαριμ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew מַדְמַנָּה (Madmannah); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΣεθεννακSansannahindeclinable place-nameΣεθεννακ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew סַנְסַנָּה (Sansannah); indeclinable.
32

καὶ Λαβως καὶ Σαλη καὶ Ερωμωθ πόλεις κθ᾿ καὶ αἱ κῶμαι αὐτῶν

and Lebaoth, and Shilhim, and Ain and Rimmon: twenty-nine cities, and their villages.

Close of the Negeb catalogue with numeral tally (main narrative)καὶ Λαβως
The Negeb catalogue closes with the summary tally πόλεις κθ᾿ ('twenty-nine cities') and the village-formula. The tally-numerals are written as Greek alphabetic numerals (κθ᾿ = 29); the listed names and the count do not always match in the Old Greek of Joshua.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΛαβωςLebaothindeclinable place-nameΛαβως: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew לְבָאוֹת (Lebaoth); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΣαληShilhimindeclinable place-nameΣαλη: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew שִׁלְחִים (Shilhim); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΕρωμωθAin and Rimmonindeclinable place-nameΕρωμωθ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew עַיִן רִמּוֹן (Ain Rimmon), here taken as one name; indeclinable.
πόλειςcitiesNominativesummary tally (apposition: 'twenty-nine cities')πόλις: see v. 9; here heading the numeral tally that closes the district.
κθ᾿twenty-nine (29)Nominativenumeral (alphabetic: κ=20, θ=9)κθ᾿: the Greek alphabetic numeral 29 (κ + θ), with keraia; the tally of cities in the Negeb district; the count does not exactly match the named towns, a feature of the Old Greek.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
αἱtheNominativearticleαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κῶμαιvillagesNominativevillage-formulaκώμη: see v. 24.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
33

ἐν τῇ πεδινῇ Ασταωλ καὶ Ραα καὶ Ασσα

In the lowland: Eshtaol, and Zorah, and Ashnah;

Heading of the Shephelah catalogue (main narrative)ἐν τῇ πεδινῇ
The second district-catalogue opens with the locating-heading ἐν τῇ πεδινῇ ('in the lowland', the Shephelah), the western foothills between the hill-country and the coastal plain (vv. 33–47).
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative heading)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῇtheDativearticleτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεδινῇlowland / plainDativesubstantival adjective (dative of place: 'in the lowland')πεδινός: 'level / lowland'; ἡ πεδινή ('the lowland') renders Hebrew הַשְּׁפֵלָה (the Shephelah), the foothill region; cf. ἡ ὀρεινή at v. 48.
ΑσταωλEshtaolindeclinable place-nameΑσταωλ: transliteration of Hebrew אֶשְׁתָּאוֹל (Eshtaol); indeclinable; associated with Samson (Judg 13:25).
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΡααZorahindeclinable place-nameΡαα: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew צָרְעָה (Zorah); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΑσσαAshnahindeclinable place-nameΑσσα: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew אַשְׁנָה (Ashnah); indeclinable.
34

καὶ Ραμεν καὶ Τανω καὶ Ιλουθωθ καὶ Μαιανι

and Zanoah, and En-gannim, and Tappuah, and Enam;

Shephelah city-list (continuation)καὶ Ραμεν
Continuation of the Shephelah toponym-list.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΡαμενZanoahindeclinable place-nameΡαμεν: transliteration corresponding to a Shephelah town-name (Hebrew זָנוֹחַ, Zanoah); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΤανωEn-gannim / Tanoindeclinable place-nameΤανω: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew עֵין גַּנִּים (En-gannim); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΙλουθωθTappuahindeclinable place-nameΙλουθωθ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew תַּפּוּחַ (Tappuah); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΜαιανιEnamindeclinable place-nameΜαιανι: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew הָעֵינָם (Enam); indeclinable.
35

καὶ Ιερμουθ καὶ Οδολλαμ καὶ Μεμβρα καὶ Σαωχω καὶ Αζηκα

and Jarmuth, and Adullam, and Membra (Socoh), and Socoh, and Azekah;

Shephelah city-list (continuation)καὶ Ιερμουθ
Continuation including Jarmuth and Adullam (cities of the southern coalition, Josh 10:3; cf. David's cave, 1 Sam 22:1) and Azekah.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΙερμουθJarmuthindeclinable place-nameΙερμουθ: transliteration of Hebrew יַרְמוּת (Jarmuth); indeclinable; one of the five Amorite cities of Josh 10:3.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΟδολλαμAdullamindeclinable place-nameΟδολλαμ: transliteration of Hebrew עֲדֻלָּם (Adullam); indeclinable; site of David's cave (1 Sam 22:1).
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΜεμβραMembraindeclinable place-nameΜεμβρα: transliteration of a Shephelah town-name; indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΣαωχωSocohindeclinable place-nameΣαωχω: transliteration of Hebrew שׂוֹכֹה (Socoh); indeclinable; near the Valley of Elah (1 Sam 17:1).
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΑζηκαAzekahindeclinable place-nameΑζηκα: transliteration of Hebrew עֲזֵקָה (Azekah); indeclinable; where the hailstones fell on the fleeing Amorites (Josh 10:10–11).
36

καὶ Σακαριμ καὶ Γαδηρα καὶ αἱ ἐπαύλεις αὐτῆς πόλεις δέκα τέσσαρες καὶ αἱ κῶμαι αὐτῶν

and Shaaraim, and Gederah and its hamlets: fourteen cities, and their villages.

Close of a Shephelah sub-block with numeral tally (main narrative)καὶ Σακαριμ
First Shephelah sub-block closes with the spelled-out tally πόλεις δέκα τέσσαρες ('fourteen cities') and both the hamlet- and village-formulae.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΣακαριμShaaraimindeclinable place-nameΣακαριμ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew שַׁעֲרַיִם (Shaaraim); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΓαδηραGederahindeclinable place-nameΓαδηρα: transliteration of Hebrew גְּדֵרָה (Gederah); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
αἱtheNominativearticleαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπαύλειςhamletsNominativehamlet-formula (singular referent: 'its hamlets')ἔπαυλις: see v. 28; here αὐτῆς (sing. fem.) refers to Gederah.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (of Gederah)αὐτῆς: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
πόλειςcitiesNominativesummary tallyπόλις: see v. 9.
δέκαtennumeral (indeclinable, with τέσσαρες: 'fourteen')δέκα: 'ten'; indeclinable cardinal; with τέσσαρες forms 'fourteen.'
τέσσαρεςfourNominativenumeral (with δέκα: 'fourteen cities')τέσσαρες: 'four'; δέκα τέσσαρες = 14, the tally of this Shephelah sub-block (here written out rather than as alphabetic numerals).
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
αἱtheNominativearticleαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κῶμαιvillagesNominativevillage-formulaκώμη: see v. 24.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
37

Σεννα καὶ Αδασαν καὶ Μαγαδαγαδ

Zenan, and Hadashah, and Migdal-gad;

Shephelah city-list, second sub-block (continuation)Σεννα
Begins the second Shephelah sub-block; the first name lacks the leading καί.
Word-by-word analysis· 5 words
ΣενναZenanindeclinable place-nameΣεννα: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew צְנָן (Zenan); indeclinable (distinct from Σεννα of v. 3).
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΑδασανHadashahindeclinable place-nameΑδασαν: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew חֲדָשָׁה (Hadashah); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΜαγαδαγαδMigdal-gadindeclinable place-nameΜαγαδαγαδ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew מִגְדַּל גָּד (Migdal-gad); indeclinable.
38

καὶ Δαλαλ καὶ Μασφα καὶ Ιακαρεηλ

and Dilan, and Mizpeh, and Joktheel;

Shephelah city-list (continuation)καὶ Δαλαλ
Continuation of the Shephelah toponym-list.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΔαλαλDilanindeclinable place-nameΔαλαλ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew דִּלְעָן (Dilan); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΜασφαMizpehindeclinable place-nameΜασφα: transliteration of Hebrew מִצְפֶּה (Mizpeh, 'watchtower'); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΙακαρεηλJoktheelindeclinable place-nameΙακαρεηλ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew יָקְתְאֵל (Joktheel); indeclinable.
39

καὶ Λαχης καὶ Βασηδωθ καὶ Ιδεαδαλεα

and Lachish, and Bozkath, and Eglon;

Shephelah city-list (continuation)καὶ Λαχης
Continuation including Lachish, a major fortified Shephelah city (Josh 10:31–32).
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΛαχηςLachishindeclinable place-nameΛαχης: transliteration of Hebrew לָכִישׁ (Lachish); indeclinable; a great fortress-city of the Shephelah (Josh 10:31).
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΒασηδωθBozkathindeclinable place-nameΒασηδωθ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew בָּצְקַת (Bozkath); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΙδεαδαλεαEglonindeclinable place-nameΙδεαδαλεα: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew עֶגְלוֹן (Eglon); indeclinable; another of the southern-coalition cities (Josh 10:3).
40

καὶ Χαβρα καὶ Μαχες καὶ Μααχως

and Cabbon, and Lahmas, and Chitlish;

Shephelah city-list (continuation)καὶ Χαβρα
Continuation of the Shephelah toponym-list.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΧαβραCabbonindeclinable place-nameΧαβρα: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew כַּבּוֹן (Cabbon); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΜαχεςLahmasindeclinable place-nameΜαχες: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew לַחְמָס (Lahmas); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΜααχωςChitlishindeclinable place-nameΜααχως: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew כִּתְלִישׁ (Chitlish); indeclinable.
41

καὶ Γεδδωρ καὶ Βαγαδιηλ καὶ Νωμαν καὶ Μακηδαν πόλεις δεκαὲξ καὶ αἱ κῶμαι αὐτῶν

and Gederoth, and Beth-dagon, and Naamah, and Makkedah: sixteen cities, and their villages.

Close of a Shephelah sub-block with numeral tally (main narrative)καὶ Γεδδωρ
Second Shephelah sub-block closes with the tally πόλεις δεκαὲξ ('sixteen cities', written as one word) and the village-formula. Makkedah is the cave-city of the five kings (Josh 10:16–28).
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΓεδδωρGederothindeclinable place-nameΓεδδωρ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew גְּדֵרוֹת (Gederoth); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΒαγαδιηλBeth-dagonindeclinable place-nameΒαγαδιηλ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew בֵּית דָּגוֹן (Beth-dagon); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΝωμανNaamahindeclinable place-nameΝωμαν: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew נַעֲמָה (Naamah); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΜακηδανMakkedahindeclinable place-nameΜακηδαν: transliteration of Hebrew מַקֵּדָה (Makkedah); indeclinable; the cave where the five Amorite kings were trapped (Josh 10:16–28).
πόλειςcitiesNominativesummary tallyπόλις: see v. 9.
δεκαὲξsixteen (16)Nominativenumeral (compound, written as one word)δεκαέξ: 'sixteen'; the cardinal δέκα + ἕξ written as a single word; the tally of this Shephelah sub-block.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
αἱtheNominativearticleαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κῶμαιvillagesNominativevillage-formulaκώμη: see v. 24.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
42

Λεμνα καὶ Ιθακ

Libnah, and Ether;

Shephelah city-list, third sub-block (continuation)Λεμνα
Begins the third Shephelah sub-block; the first name lacks the leading καί.
Word-by-word analysis· 3 words
ΛεμναLibnahindeclinable place-nameΛεμνα: transliteration of Hebrew לִבְנָה (Libnah); indeclinable; later a Levitical and priestly city (Josh 21:13).
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΙθακEtherindeclinable place-nameΙθακ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew עֶתֶר (Ether); indeclinable.
43

καὶ Ανωχ καὶ Ιανα καὶ Νασιβ

and Ashan, and Iphtah, and Nezib;

Shephelah city-list (continuation)καὶ Ανωχ
Continuation of the third Shephelah sub-block.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΑνωχAshanindeclinable place-nameΑνωχ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew עָשָׁן (Ashan); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΙαναIphtahindeclinable place-nameΙανα: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew יִפְתָּח (Iphtah); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΝασιβNezibindeclinable place-nameΝασιβ: transliteration of Hebrew נְצִיב (Nezib); indeclinable.
44

καὶ Κεϊλαμ καὶ Ακιεζι καὶ Κεζιβ καὶ Βαθησαρ καὶ Αιλων πόλεις δέκα καὶ αἱ κῶμαι αὐτῶν

and Keilah, and Achzib, and Mareshah, and Bath-zur, and Aijalon: ten cities, and their villages.

Close of a Shephelah sub-block with numeral tally (main narrative)καὶ Κεϊλαμ
Third Shephelah sub-block closes with the tally πόλεις δέκα ('ten cities') and the village-formula. Keilah is the town David rescued (1 Sam 23).
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΚεϊλαμKeilahindeclinable place-nameΚεϊλαμ: transliteration of Hebrew קְעִילָה (Keilah); indeclinable; David delivered it from the Philistines (1 Sam 23:1–13).
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΑκιεζιAchzibindeclinable place-nameΑκιεζι: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew אַכְזִיב (Achzib); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΚεζιβMareshah / Kezibindeclinable place-nameΚεζιβ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew מַרֵאשָׁה (Mareshah); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΒαθησαρBath-zurindeclinable place-nameΒαθησαρ: transliteration of a Shephelah town-name; indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΑιλωνAijalonindeclinable place-nameΑιλων: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew עֵגְלוֹן/אַיָּלוֹן (Aijalon); indeclinable.
πόλειςcitiesNominativesummary tallyπόλις: see v. 9.
δέκαten (10)numeral (indeclinable)δέκα: 'ten'; the tally of this Shephelah sub-block.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
αἱtheNominativearticleαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κῶμαιvillagesNominativevillage-formulaκώμη: see v. 24.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
45

Ακκαρων καὶ αἱ κῶμαι αὐτῆς καὶ αἱ ἐπαύλεις αὐτῶν

Ekron, and its villages and their hamlets;

Philistine coastal cities (Ekron) (main narrative)Ακκαρων
The catalogue turns to the Philistine coastal plain (vv. 45–47): Ekron, the northernmost Philistine city, with its dependent villages and hamlets.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ΑκκαρωνEkronindeclinable place-name (subject)Ακκαρων: see v. 11; the northernmost of the five Philistine cities.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
αἱtheNominativearticleαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κῶμαιvillagesNominativevillage-formula ('its villages')κώμη: see v. 24; here αὐτῆς (sing.) refers to Ekron.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (of Ekron)αὐτῆς: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
αἱtheNominativearticleαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπαύλειςhamletsNominativehamlet-formulaἔπαυλις: see v. 28.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
46

ἀπὸ Ακκαρων Γεμνα καὶ πᾶσαι ὅσαι εἰσὶν πλησίον Ασηδωθ καὶ αἱ κῶμαι αὐτῶν

from Ekron to the sea, all that are near Ashdod, and their villages;

Philistine coastal cities (the region of Ashdod) (main narrative)ἀπὸ Ακκαρων
The coastal entry sweeps from Ekron seaward, embracing 'all (the towns) that are near Ashdod' — a relative clause (ὅσαι εἰσὶν πλησίον) rather than a bare name-list — with their villages.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (origin)ἀπὸ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΑκκαρωνEkronindeclinable place-name (origin)Ακκαρων: see v. 11.
Γεμναseaward / Iamniaindeclinable place-name (goal)Γεμνα: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew יָמָּה ('seaward') / Jabneh; indeclinable; the region extends from Ekron to the sea.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πᾶσαιallNominativesubject (substantival: 'all [the towns]')πᾶς: 'all'; feminine plural agreeing with implied πόλεις/κῶμαι; 'all those that are near Ashdod.'
ὅσαιas many asNominativerelative pronoun (introducing relative clause)ὅσος: 'as many as / all that'; the relative ὅσαι εἰσίν ('all that are') generalizes over the dependent settlements.
εἰσὶνarePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίverb of relative clause→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; 'as many as are near Ashdod.'
πλησίονnearadverb / improper preposition (+ genitive: 'near')πλησίον: 'near / close to'; here adverbial with genitive Ασηδωθ; cf. its substantival use ('neighbor') at Exod 11:2.
Ασηδωθof Ashdodindeclinable place-name (genitival with πλησίον)Ασηδωθ: transliteration of Hebrew אַשְׁדּוֹד (Ashdod); indeclinable; a Philistine coastal city (cf. v. 47).
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
αἱtheNominativearticleαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κῶμαιvillagesNominativevillage-formulaκώμη: see v. 24.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
47

Ασιεδωθ καὶ αἱ κῶμαι αὐτῆς καὶ αἱ ἐπαύλεις αὐτῆς Γάζα καὶ αἱ κῶμαι αὐτῆς καὶ αἱ ἐπαύλεις αὐτῆς ἕως τοῦ χειμάρρου Αἰγύπτου καὶ ἡ θάλασσα ἡ μεγάλη διορίζει

Ashdod, and its villages and its hamlets; Gaza, and its villages and its hamlets, as far as the Wadi of Egypt; and the Great Sea forms the boundary.

Close of the Shephelah/coastal catalogue at the Wadi of Egypt and the Great Sea (main narrative)Ασιεδωθ
The coastal block closes with Ashdod and Gaza and their dependencies, extending to the Wadi (χείμαρρος) of Egypt, with the Great Sea forming the western limit (διορίζει). χείμαρρος here renders the same נַחַל מִצְרַיִם as φάραγξ in v. 4.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
ΑσιεδωθAshdodindeclinable place-name (subject)Ασιεδωθ: variant transliteration of Hebrew אַשְׁדּוֹד (Ashdod); indeclinable; cf. Ασηδωθ v. 46.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
αἱtheNominativearticleαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κῶμαιvillagesNominativevillage-formula ('its villages')κώμη: see v. 24.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (of Ashdod)αὐτῆς: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
αἱtheNominativearticleαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπαύλειςhamletsNominativehamlet-formulaἔπαυλις: see v. 28.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτῆς: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
ΓάζαGazaNominativesubject (a declinable Greek place-name)Γάζα: Greek form of Hebrew עַזָּה (Gaza); the southernmost Philistine city; here treated as a declinable first-declension noun (hence kind 'n').
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
αἱtheNominativearticleαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κῶμαιvillagesNominativevillage-formula ('its villages')κώμη: see v. 24.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (of Gaza)αὐτῆς: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
αἱtheNominativearticleαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπαύλειςhamletsNominativehamlet-formulaἔπαυλις: see v. 28.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτῆς: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
ἕωςas far aspreposition + genitive (limit)ἕως: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τοῦtheGenitivearticleτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειμάρρουwadi / torrentGenitivegenitive object of ἕωςχείμαρρος: 'winter-torrent / wadi'; renders Hebrew נַחַל; ὁ χείμαρρος Αἰγύπτου is the Wadi of Egypt, the south-western limit (= φάραγξ Αἰγύπτου, v. 4).
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of relationship ('Wadi of Egypt')Αἴγυπτος: see v. 4.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
theNominativearticleἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θάλασσαseaNominativesubject of διορίζειθάλασσα: see v. 2; the Great Sea (Mediterranean).
theNominativearticle (attributive)ἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μεγάληgreatNominativeattributive adjective ('the Great Sea')μέγας: see v. 12.
διορίζειforms the boundaryPres Act Indic 3 Sg · διορίζωmain verb (the sea 'bounds' the territory)→ gnomic/descriptive presentδιορίζω: 'mark off / set as boundary / delimit'; cognate with ὁρίζω (v. 12); the Great Sea delimits Judah on the west.
48

καὶ ἐν τῇ ὀρεινῇ Σαμιρ καὶ Ιεθερ καὶ Σωχα

And in the hill country: Shamir, and Jattir, and Socoh;

Heading of the hill-country catalogue (main narrative)καὶ ἐν τῇ ὀρεινῇ
The third district-catalogue opens with the locating-heading ἐν τῇ ὀρεινῇ ('in the hill country', the Judean highlands), vv. 48–60; cf. ἐν τῇ πεδινῇ at v. 33.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative heading)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῇtheDativearticleτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀρεινῇhill countryDativesubstantival adjective (dative of place: 'in the hill country')ὀρεινός: 'mountainous'; ἡ ὀρεινή ('the hill country') renders Hebrew הָהָר ('the mountain'), the Judean highlands; cf. ἡ πεδινή at v. 33.
ΣαμιρShamirindeclinable place-nameΣαμιρ: transliteration of Hebrew שָׁמִיר (Shamir); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΙεθερJattirindeclinable place-nameΙεθερ: transliteration of Hebrew יַתִּיר (Jattir); indeclinable; later a priestly city (Josh 21:14).
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΣωχαSocohindeclinable place-nameΣωχα: transliteration of Hebrew שׂוֹכֹה (Socoh, the hill-country one); indeclinable.
49

καὶ Ρεννα καὶ Πόλις γραμμάτων αὕτη Δαβιρ

and Dannah, and the City of Letters — this is Debir;

Hill-country city-list with identifying gloss (continuation)καὶ Ρεννα
Continuation of the hill-country list; the 'City of Letters' (Kiriath-sannah/sepher) is glossed αὕτη Δαβιρ ('this is Debir'), recalling the Caleb-narrative of vv. 15–17.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΡενναDannahindeclinable place-nameΡεννα: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew דַּנָּה (Dannah); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΠόλιςCityNominativesubject (translated name 'City of Letters')πόλις: see v. 9; Πόλις γραμμάτων = Kiriath-sannah/sepher = Debir (cf. v. 15).
γραμμάτωνof lettersGenitivegenitive of relationship ('City of Letters')γράμμα: see v. 15.
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative subject (abbreviated identifying gloss)οὗτος: see v. 8; copula omitted.
ΔαβιρDebirindeclinable place-name (predicate of gloss)Δαβιρ: see v. 15.
50

καὶ Ανων καὶ Εσκαιμαν καὶ Αισαμ

and Anab, and Eshtemoh, and Anim;

Hill-country city-list (continuation)καὶ Ανων
Continuation of the hill-country toponym-list.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΑνωνAnabindeclinable place-nameΑνων: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew עֲנָב (Anab); indeclinable; once an Anakite town (Josh 11:21).
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΕσκαιμανEshtemohindeclinable place-nameΕσκαιμαν: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew אֶשְׁתְּמֹה (Eshtemoh); indeclinable; later a priestly city (Josh 21:14).
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΑισαμAnimindeclinable place-nameΑισαμ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew עָנִים (Anim); indeclinable.
51

καὶ Γοσομ καὶ Χαλου καὶ Χαννα πόλεις ἕνδεκα καὶ αἱ κῶμαι αὐτῶν

and Goshen, and Holon, and Giloh: eleven cities, and their villages.

Close of a hill-country sub-block with numeral tally (main narrative)καὶ Γοσομ
First hill-country sub-block closes with the tally πόλεις ἕνδεκα ('eleven cities') and the village-formula.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΓοσομGoshenindeclinable place-nameΓοσομ: transliteration of Hebrew גֹּשֶׁן (Goshen); indeclinable; the hill-country Goshen (not the Egyptian region).
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΧαλουHolonindeclinable place-nameΧαλου: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew חֹלֹן (Holon); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΧανναGilohindeclinable place-nameΧαννα: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew גִּלֹה (Giloh); indeclinable; home of Ahithophel (2 Sam 15:12).
πόλειςcitiesNominativesummary tallyπόλις: see v. 9.
ἕνδεκαeleven (11)numeral (indeclinable)ἕνδεκα: 'eleven'; the tally of this hill-country sub-block.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
αἱtheNominativearticleαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κῶμαιvillagesNominativevillage-formulaκώμη: see v. 24.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
52

Αιρεμ καὶ Ρεμνα καὶ Σομα

Arab, and Dumah, and Eshan;

Hill-country city-list, second sub-block (continuation)Αιρεμ
Begins the second hill-country sub-block; the first name lacks the leading καί.
Word-by-word analysis· 5 words
ΑιρεμArabindeclinable place-nameΑιρεμ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew אֲרַב (Arab); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΡεμναDumahindeclinable place-nameΡεμνα: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew רוּמָה/דּוּמָה (Dumah); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΣομαEshanindeclinable place-nameΣομα: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew אֶשְׁעָן (Eshan); indeclinable.
53

καὶ Ιεμαϊν καὶ Βαιθαχου καὶ Φακουα

and Janim, and Beth-tappuah, and Aphekah;

Hill-country city-list (continuation)καὶ Ιεμαϊν
Continuation of the second hill-country sub-block.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΙεμαϊνJanimindeclinable place-nameΙεμαϊν: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew יָנִים (Janim); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΒαιθαχουBeth-tappuahindeclinable place-nameΒαιθαχου: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew בֵּית תַּפּוּחַ (Beth-tappuah); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΦακουαAphekahindeclinable place-nameΦακουα: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew אֲפֵקָה (Aphekah); indeclinable.
54

καὶ Ευμα καὶ πόλις Αρβοκ αὕτη ἐστὶν Χεβρων καὶ Σωρθ πόλεις ἐννέα καὶ αἱ ἐπαύλεις αὐτῶν

and Humtah, and the city of Arba — this is Hebron — and Zior: nine cities, and their hamlets.

Close of a hill-country sub-block with the Hebron gloss and numeral tally (main narrative)καὶ Ευμα
Second hill-country sub-block closes with the full identifying gloss for Hebron (πόλις Αρβοκ … αὕτη ἐστὶν Χεβρων, echoing v. 13) and the tally πόλεις ἐννέα ('nine cities') with the hamlet-formula.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΕυμαHumtahindeclinable place-nameΕυμα: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew חֻמְטָה (Humtah); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
πόλιςcityNominativesubject (the city of Arba)πόλις: see v. 9; πόλις Αρβοκ = Kiriath-arba.
Αρβοκof Arbaindeclinable proper noun (genitival)Αρβοκ: see v. 13.
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative subject (identifying gloss)οὗτος: see v. 8.
ἐστὶνisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: see v. 8; the full gloss αὕτη ἐστὶν Χεβρων echoes v. 13.
ΧεβρωνHebronindeclinable place-name (predicate of gloss)Χεβρων: see v. 13.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΣωρθZiorindeclinable place-nameΣωρθ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew צִיֹר (Zior); indeclinable.
πόλειςcitiesNominativesummary tallyπόλις: see v. 9.
ἐννέαnine (9)numeral (indeclinable)ἐννέα: 'nine'; the tally of this hill-country sub-block.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
αἱtheNominativearticleαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπαύλειςhamletsNominativehamlet-formulaἔπαυλις: see v. 28.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
55

Μαωρ καὶ Χερμελ καὶ Οζιβ καὶ Ιταν

Maon, and Carmel, and Ziph, and Juttah;

Hill-country city-list, third sub-block (continuation)Μαωρ
Begins the third hill-country sub-block; Maon, Carmel, and Ziph are the towns of David's wilderness wanderings and the Nabal episode (1 Sam 25).
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
ΜαωρMaonindeclinable place-nameΜαωρ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew מָעוֹן (Maon); indeclinable; the wilderness where David hid (1 Sam 23:24–25).
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΧερμελCarmelindeclinable place-nameΧερμελ: transliteration of Hebrew כַּרְמֶל (Carmel); indeclinable; Nabal's town (1 Sam 25:2) — the Judean Carmel, not the northern mountain.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΟζιβZiphindeclinable place-nameΟζιβ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew זִיף (Ziph); indeclinable; the wilderness of the Ziphites' betrayal of David (1 Sam 23:19).
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΙτανJuttahindeclinable place-nameΙταν: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew יוּטָּה (Juttah); indeclinable.
56

καὶ Ιαριηλ καὶ Ιαρικαμ καὶ Ζακαναϊμ

and Jezreel, and Jokdeam, and Zanoah;

Hill-country city-list (continuation)καὶ Ιαριηλ
Continuation of the third hill-country sub-block.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΙαριηλJezreelindeclinable place-nameΙαριηλ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew יִזְרְעֶאל (Jezreel); indeclinable; the Judean Jezreel, home of Ahinoam (1 Sam 25:43).
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΙαρικαμJokdeamindeclinable place-nameΙαρικαμ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew יָקְדְעָם (Jokdeam); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΖακαναϊμZanoahindeclinable place-nameΖακαναϊμ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew זָנוֹחַ (Zanoah, the hill-country one); indeclinable.
57

καὶ Γαβαα καὶ Θαμναθα πόλεις ἐννέα καὶ αἱ κῶμαι αὐτῶν

and Gibeah, and Timnah: nine cities, and their villages.

Close of a hill-country sub-block with numeral tally (main narrative)καὶ Γαβαα
Third hill-country sub-block closes with the tally πόλεις ἐννέα ('nine cities') and the village-formula.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΓαβααGibeahindeclinable place-nameΓαβαα: transliteration of Hebrew גִּבְעָה (Gibeah); indeclinable; the Judean Gibeah.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΘαμναθαTimnahindeclinable place-nameΘαμναθα: transliteration of Hebrew תִּמְנָה (Timnah); indeclinable.
πόλειςcitiesNominativesummary tallyπόλις: see v. 9.
ἐννέαnine (9)numeral (indeclinable)ἐννέα: 'nine'; the tally of this sub-block (cf. v. 54).
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
αἱtheNominativearticleαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κῶμαιvillagesNominativevillage-formulaκώμη: see v. 24.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
58

Αλουα καὶ Βαιθσουρ καὶ Γεδδων

Halhul, and Beth-zur, and Gedor;

Hill-country city-list, fourth sub-block (continuation)Αλουα
Begins the fourth hill-country sub-block; Beth-zur was a strategic fortress near Hebron (cf. 2 Chr 11:7).
Word-by-word analysis· 5 words
ΑλουαHalhulindeclinable place-nameΑλουα: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew חַלְחוּל (Halhul); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΒαιθσουρBeth-zurindeclinable place-nameΒαιθσουρ: transliteration of Hebrew בֵּית צוּר (Beth-zur); indeclinable; later fortified by Rehoboam (2 Chr 11:7).
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΓεδδωνGedorindeclinable place-nameΓεδδων: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew גְּדוֹר (Gedor); indeclinable.
59

καὶ Μαγαρωθ καὶ Βαιθαναμ καὶ Θεκουμ πόλεις ἓξ καὶ αἱ κῶμαι αὐτῶν Θεκω καὶ Εφραθα αὕτη ἐστὶν Βαιθλεεμ καὶ Φαγωρ καὶ Αιταν καὶ Κουλον καὶ Ταταμ καὶ Εωβης καὶ Καρεμ καὶ Γαλεμ καὶ Θεθηρ καὶ Μανοχω πόλεις ἕνδεκα καὶ αἱ κῶμαι αὐτῶν

and Maarath, and Beth-anoth, and Eltekon: six cities, and their villages. [a] (Old Greek plus, lost in the Masoretic Text:) Tekoa, and Ephratah — this is Bethlehem — and Peor, and Etam, and Kulon, and Tatam, and Eowbes, and Karem, and Gallim, and Bether, and Manocho: eleven cities, and their villages.

Close of the hill-country sub-block, with the marked Bethlehem-cluster supplement (main narrative)καὶ Μαγαρωθ
The fourth hill-country sub-block closes with πόλεις ἓξ ('six cities'). There follows, marked [a], a second eleven-town district (the Bethlehem cluster): present in the Old Greek (and some LXX witnesses) but absent from the Masoretic Text at this point; it includes Ephratah, glossed αὕτη ἐστὶν Βαιθλεεμ ('this is Bethlehem'). The siglum [a] flags this as the supplementary/secondary block.
Word-by-word analysis· 42 words
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΜαγαρωθMaarathindeclinable place-nameΜαγαρωθ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew מַעֲרָת (Maarath); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΒαιθαναμBeth-anothindeclinable place-nameΒαιθαναμ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew בֵּית עֲנוֹת (Beth-anoth); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΘεκουμEltekonindeclinable place-nameΘεκουμ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew אֶלְתְּקֹן (Eltekon); indeclinable.
πόλειςcitiesNominativesummary tallyπόλις: see v. 9.
ἓξsix (6)numeral (indeclinable)ἕξ: 'six'; the tally of this hill-country sub-block.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
αἱtheNominativearticleαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κῶμαιvillagesNominativevillage-formulaκώμη: see v. 24.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
ΘεκωTekoaindeclinable place-nameΘεκω: transliteration of Hebrew תְּקוֹעַ (Tekoa); indeclinable; home of Amos and of the wise woman (2 Sam 14:2).
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΕφραθαEphratahindeclinable place-nameΕφραθα: transliteration of Hebrew אֶפְרָתָה (Ephrathah); indeclinable; the old name of Bethlehem (Mic 5:2; Ruth 4:11).
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative subject (identifying gloss)οὗτος: see v. 8.
ἐστὶνisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: see v. 8; αὕτη ἐστὶν Βαιθλεεμ ('this is Bethlehem').
ΒαιθλεεμBethlehemindeclinable place-name (predicate of gloss)Βαιθλεεμ: transliteration of Hebrew בֵּית לֶחֶם (Bethlehem, 'house of bread'); indeclinable; the city of David and of the Messiah's birth (Mic 5:2; Matt 2:1).
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΦαγωρPeorindeclinable place-nameΦαγωρ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew פְּעוֹר (Peor); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΑιτανEtamindeclinable place-nameΑιταν: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew עֵיטָם (Etam); indeclinable (cf. 2 Chr 11:6).
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΚουλονKulonindeclinable place-nameΚουλον: transliteration of a town-name in the supplement; indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΤαταμTatamindeclinable place-nameΤαταμ: transliteration of a town-name in the supplement; indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΕωβηςEowbes / Soresindeclinable place-nameΕωβης: transliteration of a town-name in the supplement; indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΚαρεμKaremindeclinable place-nameΚαρεμ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew כֶּרֶם (Karem, Beth-haccerem); indeclinable (cf. Jer 6:1).
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΓαλεμGallimindeclinable place-nameΓαλεμ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew גַּלִּים (Gallim); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΘεθηρBetherindeclinable place-nameΘεθηρ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew בֵּיתֵר (Bether); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΜανοχωManochoindeclinable place-nameΜανοχω: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew מָנֹחָה/מָנַחַת (Manahath); indeclinable.
πόλειςcitiesNominativesummary tally (of the supplement)πόλις: see v. 9.
ἕνδεκαeleven (11)numeral (indeclinable)ἕνδεκα: 'eleven'; the tally of the supplementary Bethlehem-cluster district.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
αἱtheNominativearticleαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κῶμαιvillagesNominativevillage-formulaκώμη: see v. 24.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
60

Καριαθβααλ αὕτη ἡ πόλις Ιαριμ καὶ Σωθηβα πόλεις δύο καὶ αἱ ἐπαύλεις αὐτῶν

Kiriath-baal — this is the city of Jearim — and Rabbah: two cities, and their hamlets.

Close of the hill-country catalogue with identifying gloss and tally (main narrative)Καριαθβααλ
The hill-country catalogue closes with Kiriath-baal, glossed αὕτη ἡ πόλις Ιαριμ ('this is the city of Jearim', = Kiriath-jearim, cf. vv. 9–10), and Rabbah, with the tally πόλεις δύο ('two cities') and the hamlet-formula.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ΚαριαθβααλKiriath-baalindeclinable place-name (subject)Καριαθβααλ: transliteration of Hebrew קִרְיַת בַּעַל (Kiriath-baal); indeclinable; = Kiriath-jearim (cf. v. 9).
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative subject (identifying gloss)οὗτος: see v. 8.
theNominativearticleἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλιςcityNominativepredicate nominative (the city of Jearim)πόλις: see v. 9; ἡ πόλις Ιαριμ = Kiriath-jearim (cf. vv. 9–10).
Ιαριμof Jearimindeclinable proper noun (genitival)Ιαριμ: see v. 9.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΣωθηβαRabbahindeclinable place-nameΣωθηβα: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew רַבָּה (Rabbah, the Judean town); indeclinable.
πόλειςcitiesNominativesummary tallyπόλις: see v. 9.
δύοtwo (2)numeral (indeclinable)δύο: 'two'; the tally of this final hill-country group.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
αἱtheNominativearticleαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπαύλειςhamletsNominativehamlet-formulaἔπαυλις: see v. 28.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
61

καὶ Βαδδαργις καὶ Θαραβααμ καὶ Αινων καὶ Αιχιοζα

and Beth-arabah, and Middin, and Secacah, and Nibshan;

Heading of the wilderness catalogue (main narrative)καὶ Βαδδαργις
The fourth and final district-catalogue lists the towns of the wilderness (ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ, MT), the desert strip by the Dead Sea (vv. 61–62).
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΒαδδαργιςBeth-arabahindeclinable place-nameΒαδδαργις: transliteration corresponding to a wilderness town (Hebrew בֵּית הָעֲרָבָה, Beth-arabah); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΘαραβααμMiddinindeclinable place-nameΘαραβααμ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew מִדִּין (Middin); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΑινωνSecacahindeclinable place-nameΑινων: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew סְכָכָה (Secacah); indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΑιχιοζαNibshanindeclinable place-nameΑιχιοζα: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew נִבְשָׁן (Nibshan); indeclinable.
62

καὶ Ναφλαζων καὶ αἱ πόλεις Σαδωμ καὶ Ανκαδης πόλεις ἑπτὰ καὶ αἱ κῶμαι αὐτῶν

and Nibshan, and the City of Salt, and En-gedi: seven cities, and their villages.

Close of the wilderness catalogue with numeral tally (main narrative)καὶ Ναφλαζων
The wilderness catalogue closes with the City of Salt (πόλεις Σαδωμ) and En-gedi (Ανκαδης), the oasis on the Dead Sea where David hid (1 Sam 24:1), and the tally πόλεις ἑπτὰ ('seven cities') with the village-formula.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΝαφλαζωνNibshanindeclinable place-nameΝαφλαζων: transliteration of a wilderness town-name; indeclinable.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
αἱtheNominativearticleαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcities / CityNominativesubject (the City of Salt)πόλις: see v. 9; here αἱ πόλεις Σαδωμ corresponds to עִיר הַמֶּלַח ('the City of Salt').
Σαδωμof Saltindeclinable proper noun (genitival: 'City of Salt')Σαδωμ: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew הַמֶּלַח (the City of Salt); indeclinable; near the Dead Sea.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ΑνκαδηςEn-gediindeclinable place-nameΑνκαδης: transliteration of Hebrew עֵין גֶּדִי (En-gedi, 'spring of the kid'); indeclinable; the Dead Sea oasis where David spared Saul (1 Sam 24:1).
πόλειςcitiesNominativesummary tallyπόλις: see v. 9.
ἑπτὰseven (7)numeral (indeclinable)ἑπτά: 'seven'; the tally of the wilderness district, the last numbered group of the catalogue.
καὶandlist-conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
αἱtheNominativearticleαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κῶμαιvillagesNominativevillage-formulaκώμη: see v. 24; the final occurrence of the village-formula.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possessionαὐτῶν: pronominal form marking person, possession, or reference within the clause.
63

καὶ ὁ Ιεβουσαῖος κατῴκει ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ οὐκ ἠδυνάσθησαν οἱ υἱοὶ Ιουδα ἀπολέσαι αὐτούς καὶ κατῴκησαν οἱ Ιεβουσαῖοι ἐν Ιερουσαλημ ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ἐκείνης

And the Jebusite dwelt in Jerusalem, and the sons of Judah could not destroy them; so the Jebusites have dwelt in Jerusalem with the sons of Judah to this day.

Closing etiological note: the unconquered Jebusite in Jerusalem (main narrative)καὶ ὁ Ιεβουσαῖος κατῴκει
The chapter ends not in triumph but in candor: the Jebusite (collective singular ὁ Ιεβουσαῖος) was dwelling in Jerusalem, and the sons of Judah could not (οὐκ ἠδυνάσθησαν) destroy them; the etiological 'to this day' (ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ἐκείνης) records the unfinished conquest, anticipating David's later capture of the city (2 Sam 5:6–9; cf. Judg 1:21). It frames Jerusalem — the boundary-marker of v. 8 — as the enclave the line could not absorb.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
theNominativearticle (with gentilic)ὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙεβουσαῖοςJebusiteNominativesubject (collective singular)Ιεβουσαῖος: 'Jebusite'; gentilic of Ιεβους (v. 8), rendering Hebrew הַיְבוּסִי; the collective singular ('the Jebusite') denotes the pre-Israelite inhabitants of Jerusalem.
κατῴκειwas dwellingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · κατοικέωmain verb (durative past)→ imperfect (continuous past dwelling)κατοικέω: 'dwell / inhabit'; see v. 15; the imperfect κατῴκει stresses the Jebusites' continuous, undisturbed occupation of Jerusalem.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemindeclinable place-name (locative)Ιερουσαλημ: see v. 8.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (adversative force)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
οὐκnotnegative particleοὐ (οὐκ before vowel): 'not'; negates ἠδυνάσθησαν — the conquest failed.
ἠδυνάσθησανwere able / couldAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · δύναμαιmain verb (negated ability)→ constative aorist (with οὐκ: a settled inability)δύναμαι (aor. ἠδυνάσθην, with double augment ἠ-): 'be able'; οὐκ ἠδυνάσθησαν … ἀπολέσαι = 'they could not destroy'; the candid admission of incomplete conquest.
οἱtheNominativearticleοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject of ἠδυνάσθησανυἱός: see v. 6; οἱ υἱοὶ Ιουδα = the people of Judah.
Ιουδαof Judahindeclinable proper noun (genitival)Ιουδα: see v. 1.
ἀπολέσαιto destroyAor Act Infin · ἀπόλλυμιcomplementary infinitive (with ἠδυνάσθησαν)→ aorist infinitive (the unaccomplished act)ἀπόλλυμι: 'destroy / drive out / make to perish'; renders Hebrew יָרַשׁ (Hiphil, 'dispossess'); the complementary infinitive names what Judah could not do to the Jebusites.
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object of ἀπολέσαι (the Jebusites)αὐτούς: lexical item interpreted according to its local syntactic role in this passage.
καὶand sonarrative conjunction (consecutive)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
κατῴκησανdweltAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κατοικέωmain verb (resultant settlement)→ constative aorist (settled outcome)κατοικέω: see v. 15; the aorist κατῴκησαν here states the abiding result — the Jebusites went on dwelling in Jerusalem.
οἱtheNominativearticleοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙεβουσαῖοιJebusitesNominativesubject (plural)Ιεβουσαῖος (pl.): see above; the plural now makes explicit the surviving Jebusite community.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemindeclinable place-name (locative)Ιερουσαλημ: see v. 8.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal limit)ἕως: see v. 1; here temporal, 'until.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticleτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdayGenitivegenitive object of ἕωςἡμέρα: 'day'; ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ἐκείνης ('to that day / this day') is the standard etiological formula (rendering Hebrew עַד הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה) marking a state persisting to the narrator's own time.
ἐκείνηςthatGenitivedemonstrative adjective (modifying ἡμέρας)ἐκεῖνος: 'that'; in the etiological formula 'to that/this day', fixing the unfinished conquest as an enduring fact (cf. Judg 1:21).