1
καὶ ἤκουσαν οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ οἱ κατοικοῦντες ἐν τῇ Ιουδαίᾳ πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησεν Ολοφέρνης τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ὁ ἀρχιστράτηγος Ναβουχοδονοσορ βασιλέως Ἀσσυρίων καὶ ὃν τρόπον ἐσκύλευσεν πάντα τὰ ἱερὰ αὐτῶν καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτὰ εἰς ἀφανισμόν
And the sons of Israel who were dwelling in Judea heard everything that Holofernes, the commander in chief of King Nebuchadnezzar of the Assyrians, had done to the nations, and how he had plundered all their sanctuaries and handed them over to destruction.
The chapter opens by summarizing Holofernes’ sacrilegious violence among the nations so that Judah’s reaction is grounded in concrete precedent.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤκουσανhearVAI AAI3P · ἀκούωfinite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense→ constative aoristἀκούω: meaning 'hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name within the narrative or prayer→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the narrative or prayer.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦντεςdwellingV2 · παπνπμ οἰκέω + καταparticiple identifying the residence of the scribal families→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ οἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'dwelling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle identifying the residence of the scribal families.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδαίᾳJudeaN1A DSF · Ἰουδαίαdative term functioning as indirect object, reference, means, or location→ sphere or referenceΙουδαίᾳ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative term functioning as indirect object, reference, means, or location.
πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ὅσαas much asA1 APN · ὅσοςacc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ object specificationὅσος: meaning 'as much as'; it serves as acc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
ἐποίησενdidVAI AAI3S · ποιέωmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'did'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ΟλοφέρνηςHolofernesN1M NSM · Ολοφέρνηςproper name within the narrative or speechΟλοφέρνης: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the narrative or speech.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔθνεσινnationN3E DPN · ἔθνοςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ sphere or referenceἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχιστράτηγοςcommanderN2 NSM · ἀρχιστράτηγοςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceἀρχιστράτηγος: meaning 'commander'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ΝαβουχοδονοσορNebuchadnezzarN GSM · Ναβουχοδονοσορproper name within the narrative or speech→ participant identificationΝαβουχοδονοσορ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the narrative or speech.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
Ἀσσυρίωνof the AssyriansN2 GPM · Ἀσσύριοςindeclinable gentilic (genitive of relationship)→ participant identificationἈσσυρίων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable gentilic (genitive of relationship).
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὃνosRR ASM · ὅςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination→ participant referenceὃν: meaning 'os'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination.
τρόπονmannerN2 ASM · τρόποςadverbial accusative (manner)→ object specificationτρόπος: meaning 'manner'; it serves as adverbial accusative (manner).
ἐσκύλευσενplunderedVAI AAI3S · σκυλεύωmain verbal form advancing the narrative→ constative aoristσκυλεύω: meaning 'plundered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative.
πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερὰierosA1A APN · ἱερόςadjectival or ordinal modifierἱερός: meaning 'ieros'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενgiveVAI AAI3S · δίδωμιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristδίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
αὐτὰhe / him / hisRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination→ participant referenceαὐτὰ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination.
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἀφανισμόνἀφανισμόςN2 ASM · ἀφανισμόςnominal element carrying the clause or phrase→ repentance summons and judgment on the nationsἀφανισμός: meaning 'ἀφανισμός'; it serves as nominal element carrying the clause or phrase.
2
καὶ ἐφοβήθησαν σφόδρα σφόδρα ἀπὸ προσώπου αὐτοῦ καὶ περὶ Ιερουσαλημ καὶ τοῦ ναοῦ κυρίου θεοῦ αὐτῶν ἐταράχθησαν
And they feared him exceedingly, very greatly, and they were thrown into turmoil concerning Jerusalem and the temple of the Lord their God.
Hearing the report produces double fear: dread of the invader and alarm for Jerusalem and its temple.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐφοβήθησανfearVCI API3P · φοβέωverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea→ constative aoristφοβέω: meaning 'fear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea.
σφόδραgreatly / exceedinglyD · σφόδραparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or time→ discourse linkage or contrastσφόδρα: meaning 'greatly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σφόδραgreatly / exceedinglyD · σφόδραparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or time→ discourse linkage or contrastσφόδρα: meaning 'greatly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περὶconcerningP · περίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN GSF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ναοῦtempleN2 GSM · ναόςgenitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationναός: meaning 'temple'; it serves as genitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐταράχθησανwere troubledVQI API3P · ταράσσωmain verb (the brothers' second panic reaction — being troubled)→ constative aoristταράσσω: meaning 'were troubled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the brothers' second panic reaction — being troubled).
3
ὅτι προσφάτως ἦσαν ἀναβεβηκότες ἐκ τῆς αἰχμαλωσίας καὶ νεωστὶ πᾶς ὁ λαὸς συνελέλεκτο τῆς Ιουδαίας καὶ τὰ σκεύη καὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον καὶ ὁ οἶκος ἐκ τῆς βεβηλώσεως ἡγιασμένα ἦν
For they had only recently come up from the captivity, and only lately had all the people of Judea been gathered together, and the vessels and the altar and the house had only recently been consecrated after defilement.
The narrator explains why the fear is so acute: the people and sanctuary are newly restored and therefore especially vulnerable.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
ὅτιbecause / thatC · ὅτιconjunction introducing content or reason→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσφάτωςrecently / newlyD · προσφάτωςadverb of time (qualifying λάβῃ)→ lexical contribution shaped by local syntaxπροσφάτως: meaning 'recently'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἦσανwereV9 IAI3P · εἰμίparticiple or verbal form modifying the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'were'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle or verbal form modifying the clause.
ἀναβεβηκότεςhaving come upVX · χαπνπμ βαίνω + ἀναparticiple modifying the subject with prior actionχαπνπμ βαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'having come up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the subject with prior action.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰχμαλωσίαςcaptivityN1A GSF · αἰχμαλωσίαgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationαἰχμαλωσία: meaning 'captivity'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νεωστὶrecentlyD · νεωστίadverbial modifier of timeνεωστί: meaning 'recently'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
πᾶςeveryoneA3 NSM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'everyone'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
συνελέλεκτοhad been gathered togetherVKI YMI3S · λέγω + συνfinite verbal form describing completed collective gatheringλέγω + συν: meaning 'had been gathered together'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal form describing completed collective gathering.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδαίαςJudeaN1A GSF · Ἰουδαίαgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ participant identificationΙουδαίας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκεύηimplementsN1 NPN · σκεῦοςcommon noun within the clauseσκεῦος: meaning 'implements'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarN2N NSN · θυσιαστήριονcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ participant prominenceθυσιαστήριον: meaning 'altar'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκοςhouseN2 NSM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βεβηλώσεωςdefilementN3I GSF · βεβήλωσιςsubstantive functioning within the clause according to caseβεβήλωσις: meaning 'defilement'; it serves as substantive functioning within the clause according to case.
ἡγιασμέναhallowed thingsVT · χμπνπν ἁγιάζωsubstantival participle (subject of the first ἔσται)χμπνπν ἁγιάζω: meaning 'hallowed things'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as substantival participle (subject of the first ἔσται).
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
4
καὶ ἀπέστειλαν εἰς πᾶν ὅριον Σαμαρείας καὶ Κωνα καὶ Βαιθωρων καὶ Βελμαιν καὶ Ιεριχω καὶ εἰς Χωβα καὶ Αισωρα καὶ τὸν αὐλῶνα Σαλημ
And they sent word into every district of Samaria, and to Kona and Beth-horon and Belmain and Jericho, and to Choba and Aesora and the valley of Salem.
The response now turns outward in messages sent across the region to coordinate defense.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλανsentVAI AAI3P · στέλλω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristστέλλω + ἀπο: meaning 'sent'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
πᾶνall / everyA3 ASN · πᾶςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
ὅριονborderN2N ASN · ὅριονsubject→ object specificationὅριον: meaning 'border'; it serves as subject.
ΣαμαρείαςSamariaN1A GSF · Σαμαρείαgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ participant identificationΣαμαρείας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΚωναKonaN GS · Κωναplace name within the geographical sequenceΚωνα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as place name within the geographical sequence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΒαιθωρωνBeth-horonN GS · Βαιθωρωνplace-name in the allotment listΒαιθωρων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as place-name in the allotment list.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΒελμαινBelmainN GS · Βαιλμαινplace name within the geographical sequenceΒελμαιν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as place name within the geographical sequence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙεριχωJerichoN GS · Ιεριχωsubstantive functioning within the clause according to context→ participant identificationΙεριχω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as substantive functioning within the clause according to context.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ΧωβαChobaN AS · Χωβαindeclinable proper noun, genitive of extentΧωβα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of extent.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑισωραAesoraN AS · Αισωραplace name within the geographical sequenceΑισωρα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as place name within the geographical sequence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐλῶναvalleyN3N ASM · αὐλώνaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementαὐλών: meaning 'valley'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
ΣαλημSalemN GS · Σαλημindeclinable proper noun, genitive of location (king of Salem)Σαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of location (king of Salem).
5
καὶ προκατελάβοντο πάσας τὰς κορυφὰς τῶν ὀρέων τῶν ὑψηλῶν καὶ ἐτείχισαν τὰς ἐν αὐτοῖς κώμας καὶ παρέθεντο εἰς ἐπισιτισμὸν εἰς παρασκευὴν πολέμου ὅτι προσφάτως ἦν τὰ πεδία αὐτῶν τεθερισμένα
And they seized in advance all the summits of the high mountains and fortified the villages in them, and they stored up provisions for the preparation of war, because their fields had only recently been harvested.
Regional warning is followed by practical fortification, provisioning, and use of the terrain.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προκατελάβοντοthey seized beforehandVBI AMI3P · λαμβάνω + προ + καταmain verb (tactical seizure)→ constative aorist middleλαμβάνω + προ + κατα: meaning 'they seized beforehand'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (tactical seizure).
πάσαςallA1S APF · πᾶςcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κορυφὰςsummitsN1 APF · κορυφήsubstantive functioning within the clause according to case→ day of the Lord, repentance, and restorationκορυφή: meaning 'summits'; it serves as substantive functioning within the clause according to case.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀρέωνὄροςN3E GPN · ὄροςGenitive modifier→ relational specificationὄρος: meaning 'ὄρος'; it serves as Genitive modifier.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑψηλῶνypselosA1 GPN · ὑψηλόςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ public wisdom and created orderὑψηλός: meaning 'ypselos'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐτείχισανfortifiedVAI AAI3P · τειχίζωmain verbal form advancing the narrativeτειχίζω: meaning 'fortified'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPN · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
κώμαςvillagesN1 APF · κώμηcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ object specificationκώμη: meaning 'villages'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρέθεντοstored upVEI AMI3P · τίθημι + παραmain verbal form advancing the narrativeτίθημι + παρα: meaning 'stored up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative.
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἐπισιτισμὸνprovisionsN2 ASM · ἐπισιτισμόςdirect object of δοῦναι→ object specificationἐπισιτισμός: meaning 'provisions'; it serves as direct object of δοῦναι.
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
παρασκευὴνpreparationN1 ASF · παρασκευήsubstantive functioning within the clause according to caseπαρασκευή: meaning 'preparation'; it serves as substantive functioning within the clause according to case.
πολέμουwarN2 GSM · πόλεμοςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπόλεμος: meaning 'war'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
ὅτιbecause / thatC · ὅτιconjunction introducing content or reason→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσφάτωςrecently / newlyD · προσφάτωςadverb of time (qualifying λάβῃ)→ lexical contribution shaped by local syntaxπροσφάτως: meaning 'recently'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεδίαfieldsN2N NPN · πεδίονcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ participant prominenceπεδίον: meaning 'fields'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
τεθερισμέναharvestedVM · χμπνπν θερίζωparticiple modifying the subject or complement with completed stateχμπνπν θερίζω: meaning 'harvested'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the subject or complement with completed state.
6
καὶ ἔγραψεν Ιωακιμ ὁ ἱερεὺς ὁ μέγας ὃς ἦν ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐν Ιερουσαλημ τοῖς κατοικοῦσι Βαιτυλουα καὶ Βαιτομεσθαιμ ἥ ἐστιν ἀπέναντι Εσδρηλων κατὰ πρόσωπον τοῦ πεδίου τοῦ πλησίον Δωθαϊμ
And Joachim the high priest, who was in Jerusalem in those days, wrote to the inhabitants of Bethulia and Betomesthaim, which is opposite Esdraelon, facing the plain near Dothaim,
The high priest enters the narrative as the coordinating authority who writes to the towns guarding the approach.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔγραψενwriteVAI AAI3S · γράφωmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action→ constative aoristγράφω: meaning 'write'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
ΙωακιμJoakimN NSM · Ιωακιμproper name within the genealogical or territorial register→ participant identificationΙωακιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the genealogical or territorial register.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestN3V NSM · ἱερεύςsubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μέγαςgreatA1P NSM · μέγαςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ participant prominenceμέγας: meaning 'great'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
ὃςwhoRR NSM · ὅςnominal element within the genealogical notice→ participant referenceὅς: meaning 'who'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιςdayN1A DPF · ἡμέραnominal term functioning as a dative complement→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a dative complement.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦσιdwellingV2 · παπδπμ οἰκέω + καταparticiple or verbal form modifying the referent→ verbal action or stateπαπδπμ οἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'dwelling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle or verbal form modifying the referent.
ΒαιτυλουαBethuliaN ASF · Βαιτυλουαplace name within the narrative geographyΒαιτυλουα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as place name within the narrative geography.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΒαιτομεσθαιμBetomesthaimN ASF · Βαιτομεσθαιμplace name within the narrative geographyΒαιτομεσθαιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as place name within the narrative geography.
ἥwho / whichRR NSF · ὅςpronoun referring within the clause→ participant referenceἥ: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring within the clause.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
ἀπέναντιbefore / oppositeP · ἀπέναντιpreposition taking a complement within the phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπέναντι: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition taking a complement within the phrase.
ΕσδρηλωνEsdraelonN GS · Εσδρηλωνplace name within the narrative geographyΕσδρηλων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as place name within the narrative geography.
κατὰaccording to / againstP · κατάpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
πρόσωπονface / presenceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεδίουfield / plainN2N GSN · πεδίονgenitive (with κόχλαξιν: 'flints of the field')→ relational specificationπεδίον: meaning 'field'; it serves as genitive (with κόχλαξιν: 'flints of the field').
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλησίονneighborP · πλησίονindeclinable element shaping the clauseπλησίον: meaning 'neighbor'; it shapes the relation of its complement within the clause.
ΔωθαϊμDothaimN GS · ΔωθαϊμProper name within the clauseΔωθαϊμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as Proper name within the clause.
7
λέγων διακατασχεῖν τὰς ἀναβάσεις τῆς ὀρεινῆς ὅτι δι' αὐτῶν ἦν ἡ εἴσοδος εἰς τὴν Ιουδαίαν καὶ ἦν εὐχερῶς διακωλῦσαι αὐτοὺς προσβαίνοντας στενῆς τῆς προσβάσεως οὔσης ἐπ' ἄνδρας τοὺς πάντας δύο
telling them to hold the passes of the hill country, because through them lay the entrance into Judea, and it was easy to stop those coming up, since the approach was narrow, admitting only two men abreast.
Joachim’s message specifies the military logic of the defense: hold the narrow ascent into Judea.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
λέγωνsayV1 · παπνσμ λέγωparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ λέγω: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
διακατασχεῖνhold firmlyVB AAN · ἔχω + δια + καταcomplementary infinitive expressing instructed actionἔχω + δια + κατα: meaning 'hold firmly'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as complementary infinitive expressing instructed action.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀναβάσειςἀνάβασιςN3I APF · ἀνάβασιςObject / complementἀνάβασις: meaning 'ἀνάβασις'; it serves as Object / complement.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀρεινῆςhill countryN1 GSF · ὀρεινήsubstantivized adjective (genitive object of ἐκ: 'from the hill country')→ relational specificationὀρεινή: meaning 'hill country'; it serves as substantivized adjective (genitive object of ἐκ: 'from the hill country').
ὅτιbecause / thatC · ὅτιconjunction introducing content or reason→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δι'through / because ofP · διάpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδι': meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἴσοδοςentranceN2 NSF · εἴσοδοςsubstantive functioning within the clause according to case→ the lord exposes and removes the hypocritical flatterer from the assembly of the holy.εἴσοδος: meaning 'entrance'; it serves as substantive functioning within the clause according to case.
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδαίανIoydaianN1A ASF · Ἰουδαίαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or governed complement→ participant identificationΙουδαίαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or governed complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
εὐχερῶςeasilyD · εὐχερῶςadverbial modifier of manner→ correction, truth, and diligent stabilityεὐχερῶς: meaning 'easily'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
διακωλῦσαιhinderVA AAN · κωλύω + διαcomplementary infinitive expressing result or purposeκωλύω + δια: meaning 'hinder'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as complementary infinitive expressing result or purpose.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
προσβαίνονταςcoming upV1 · παπαπμ βαίνω + προςparticiple modifying the object of hindranceπαπαπμ βαίνω + προς: meaning 'coming up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the object of hindrance.
στενῆςnarrowA1 GSF · στενόςadjectival modifier within the phraseστενός: meaning 'narrow'; it serves as adjectival modifier within the phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσβάσεωςascentN3I GSF · πρόσβασιςgenitive object of ἀπέναντιπρόσβασις: meaning 'ascent'; it serves as genitive object of ἀπέναντι.
οὔσηςbeingV9 · παπγσφ εἰμίgenitive absolute (temporal: 'while it was day')→ speech, worship, and inward dispositionπαπγσφ εἰμί: meaning 'being'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as genitive absolute (temporal: 'while it was day').
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἄνδραςmanN3 APM · ἀνήρnominal term functioning as a accusative complement→ object specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a accusative complement.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πάνταςall / everyA3 APM · πᾶςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
δύοtwoM · δύοcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδύο: meaning 'two'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
8
καὶ ἐποίησαν οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ καθὰ συνέταξεν αὐτοῖς Ιωακιμ ὁ ἱερεὺς ὁ μέγας καὶ ἡ γερουσία παντὸς δήμου Ισραηλ οἳ ἐκάθηντο ἐν Ιερουσαλημ
And the sons of Israel did just as Joachim the high priest had instructed them, together with the senate of the whole people of Israel, who sat in Jerusalem.
The people obey the priestly and civic leadership, showing unity between cultic and communal governance.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησανdidVAI AAI3P · ποιέωfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'did'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name within the narrative or prayer→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the narrative or prayer.
καθὰκαθάD · καθάAdverbial modifier→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθά: meaning 'καθά'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
συνέταξενcommandedVAI AAI3S · τάσσω + συνverb of comparative clause (obedience-formula)→ constative aoristτάσσω + συν: meaning 'commanded'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of comparative clause (obedience-formula).
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ΙωακιμJoakimN NSM · Ιωακιμproper name within the genealogical or territorial register→ participant identificationΙωακιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the genealogical or territorial register.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestN3V NSM · ἱερεύςsubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μέγαςgreatA1P NSM · μέγαςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ participant prominenceμέγας: meaning 'great'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γερουσίαcouncil of eldersN1A NSF · γερουσίαsubject (collective singular)γερουσία: meaning 'council of elders'; it serves as subject (collective singular).
παντὸςallA3 GSM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
δήμουof the clanN2 GSM · δῆμοςgenitive (defining ἐπίσκεψις)→ accountable rule and the pursuit of wisdomδῆμος: meaning 'of the clan'; it serves as genitive (defining ἐπίσκεψις).
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name within the narrative or prayer→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the narrative or prayer.
οἳwho / whichRR NPM · ὅςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination→ participant referenceοἳ: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination.
ἐκάθηντοwere sittingV1I IMI3P · ἧμαι + καταmain verb (background description of David's position)→ imperfectἧμαι + κατα: meaning 'were sitting'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (background description of David's position).
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
9
καὶ ἀνεβόησαν πᾶς ἀνὴρ Ισραηλ πρὸς τὸν θεὸν ἐν ἐκτενείᾳ μεγάλῃ καὶ ἐταπείνωσαν τὰς ψυχὰς αὐτῶν ἐν ἐκτενείᾳ μεγάλῃ
And every man of Israel cried out to God with great fervor, and they humbled themselves with great fervor.
After tactical measures, the narrative foregrounds prayer and self-humbling as the deeper response.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνεβόησανanaVAI AAI3P · βοάω + ἀναfinite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal senseβοάω + ἀνα: meaning 'ana'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense.
πᾶςeveryoneA3 NSM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'everyone'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name within the narrative or prayer→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the narrative or prayer.
πρὸςto / towardP · πρόςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸνGodN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἐκτενείᾳearnestnessN1A DSF · ἐκτενείαsubstantive functioning within the clause according to caseἐκτενεία: meaning 'earnestness'; it serves as substantive functioning within the clause according to case.
μεγάλῃμέγαςA1 DSF · μέγαςDative complement→ sphere or referenceμέγας: meaning 'μέγας'; it serves as Dative complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐταπείνωσανthey humiliatedVAI AAI3P · ταπεινόωmain verb (the sexual violation)→ constative aoristταπεινόω: meaning 'they humiliated'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the sexual violation).
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχὰςpersonN1 APF · ψυχήaccusative object or complement→ object specificationψυχή: meaning 'person'; it serves as accusative object or complement.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἐκτενείᾳearnestnessN1A DSF · ἐκτενείαsubstantive functioning within the clause according to caseἐκτενεία: meaning 'earnestness'; it serves as substantive functioning within the clause according to case.
μεγάλῃμέγαςA1 DSF · μέγαςDative complement→ sphere or referenceμέγας: meaning 'μέγας'; it serves as Dative complement.
10
αὐτοὶ καὶ αἱ γυναῖκες αὐτῶν καὶ τὰ νήπια αὐτῶν καὶ τὰ κτήνη αὐτῶν καὶ πᾶς πάροικος καὶ μισθωτὸς καὶ ἀργυρώνητος αὐτῶν ἐπέθεντο σάκκους ἐπὶ τὰς ὀσφύας αὐτῶν
They themselves and their wives and their children and their cattle, and every resident alien and hired laborer and purchased slave belonging to them, put sackcloth upon their loins.
The sackcloth rite extends across the whole social body, including households, laborers, and dependents.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
αὐτοὶhe / she / itRD NPM · αὐτόςnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὶ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναῖκεςwomanN3K NPF · γυνήnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ participant prominenceγυνή: meaning 'woman'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νήπιαinfantsA1A NPN · νήπιοςfronted direct object of ἐνσείσεις→ bloody city exposed and irreversible ruinνήπιος: meaning 'infants'; it serves as fronted direct object of ἐνσείσεις.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτήνηcattleN3E NPN · κτῆνοςaccusative object or complement→ participant prominenceκτῆνος: meaning 'cattle'; it serves as accusative object or complement.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶςeveryoneA3 NSM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'everyone'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
πάροικοςsojourner / resident alienA1B NSM · πάροικοςpredicate nominative (with ἤμην: 'I was a sojourner')→ participant prominenceπάροικος: meaning 'sojourner'; it serves as predicate nominative (with ἤμην: 'I was a sojourner').
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μισθωτὸςhiredA1 NSM · μισθωτόςpredicate adjective (with ᾖ: 'if it was hired')→ wage-labor imageμισθωτός: meaning 'hired'; it serves as predicate adjective (with ᾖ: 'if it was hired').
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀργυρώνητοςpurchased for silverA1B NSM · ἀργυρώνητοςnominative appositive (second category: purchased slaves)ἀργυρώνητος: meaning 'purchased for silver'; it serves as nominative appositive (second category: purchased slaves).
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐπέθεντοthey placedVEI AMI3P · τιθήμι + ἐπιfinite verb advancing the clauseτιθήμι + ἐπι: meaning 'they placed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
σάκκουςsackclothN2 APM · σάκκοςdirect object of περιζώσασθε→ object specificationσάκκος: meaning 'sackcloth'; it serves as direct object of περιζώσασθε.
ἐπὶupon / overP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀσφύαςloinsN3U APF · ὀσφύςaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationὀσφύς: meaning 'loins'; it serves as accusative object of ἐπί.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
11
καὶ πᾶς ἀνὴρ Ισραηλ καὶ γυνὴ καὶ τὰ παιδία οἱ κατοικοῦντες ἐν Ιερουσαλημ ἔπεσον κατὰ πρόσωπον τοῦ ναοῦ καὶ ἐσποδώσαντο τὰς κεφαλὰς αὐτῶν καὶ ἐξέτειναν τοὺς σάκκους αὐτῶν κατὰ πρόσωπον κυρίου
And every man and woman of Israel, and the children dwelling in Jerusalem, fell on their faces before the temple and scattered ashes on their heads and spread out their sackcloth before the Lord.
Jerusalem’s residents enact public lament by prostration, ashes, and sackcloth before the temple.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶςeveryoneA3 NSM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'everyone'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name within the narrative or prayer→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the narrative or prayer.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γυνὴwifeN3K NSF · γυνήnominal element within the genealogical notice→ participant prominenceγυνή: meaning 'wife'; it serves as nominal element within the genealogical notice.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδίαchildrenN2N NPN · παιδίονsubject (with implied ἔσονται)→ participant prominenceπαιδίον: meaning 'children'; it serves as subject (with implied ἔσονται).
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦντεςdwellingV2 · παπνπμ οἰκέω + καταparticiple identifying the residence of the scribal families→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ οἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'dwelling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle identifying the residence of the scribal families.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
ἔπεσονfellVBI AAI3P · πίπτωfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristπίπτω: meaning 'fell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
κατὰaccording to / againstP · κατάpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
πρόσωπονface / presenceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ναοῦtempleN2 GSM · ναόςgenitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationναός: meaning 'temple'; it serves as genitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐσποδώσαντοscattered ashesVAI AMI3P · σποδόωmain verbal form advancing the ritual actionσποδόω: meaning 'scattered ashes'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the ritual action.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλὰςhead / capitalN1 APF · κεφαλήaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ object specificationκεφαλή: meaning 'head'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξέτεινανrushed forward / deployedVAI AAI3P · τείνω + ἐκmain verb (the column charges)→ humiliation, mockery, and divine assaultτείνω + ἐκ: meaning 'rushed forward'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (the column charges).
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σάκκουςsackclothN2 APM · σάκκοςdirect object of περιζώσασθε→ object specificationσάκκος: meaning 'sackcloth'; it serves as direct object of περιζώσασθε.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
κατὰaccording to / againstP · κατάpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
πρόσωπονface / presenceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
12
καὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον σάκκῳ περιέβαλον καὶ ἐβόησαν πρὸς τὸν θεὸν Ισραηλ ὁμοθυμαδὸν ἐκτενῶς τοῦ μὴ δοῦναι εἰς διαρπαγὴν τὰ νήπια αὐτῶν καὶ τὰς γυναῖκας εἰς προνομὴν καὶ τὰς πόλεις τῆς κληρονομίας αὐτῶν εἰς ἀφανισμὸν καὶ τὰ ἅγια εἰς βεβήλωσιν καὶ ὀνειδισμὸν ἐπίχαρμα τοῖς ἔθνεσιν
And they covered the altar with sackcloth and cried out to the God of Israel with one accord and earnestly, asking him not to give over their children as spoil and their wives as plunder and the cities of their inheritance to destruction and the holy things to profanation and mockery, a source of delight to the nations.
The prayer names the threatened goods in descending social and cultic order: children, wives, cities, and holy things.
Word-by-word analysis· 44 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarN2N ASN · θυσιαστήριονcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: meaning 'altar'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
σάκκῳsackclothN2 DSM · σάκκοςdative of manner / attire ('in sackcloth')→ sphere or referenceσάκκος: meaning 'sackcloth'; it serves as dative of manner / attire ('in sackcloth').
περιέβαλονballo + periVBI AAI3P · βάλλω + περιmain or subordinate verb carrying the clause forward→ verbal form carrying the discourse forwardβάλλω + περι: meaning 'ballo + peri'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main or subordinate verb carrying the clause forward.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβόησανcry outVAI AAI3P · βοάωmain verbal predicate of appeal→ aorist indicative summaryβοάω: meaning 'cry out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal predicate of appeal.
πρὸςto / towardP · πρόςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸνGodN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name within the narrative or prayer→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the narrative or prayer.
ὁμοθυμαδὸνwith one accordD · ὁμοθυμαδόνparticle or discourse marker shaping the flow of the clause→ hidden injustice and delayed reckoningὁμοθυμαδὸν: meaning 'with one accord'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκτενῶςurgently / ferventlyD · ἐκτενῶςadverb (manner of prayer — intensity)→ locust devastation and communal lamentἐκτενῶς: meaning 'urgently'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὴnotD · μήnegative particle shaping non-indicative force→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δοῦναιgiveVO AAN · δίδωμιinfinitive complement within the clause→ infinitival complementδίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement within the clause.
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
διαρπαγὴνδιαρπαγήN1 ASF · διαρπαγήObject / complement→ object specificationδιαρπαγή: meaning 'διαρπαγή'; it serves as Object / complement.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νήπιαinfantsA1A APN · νήπιοςfronted direct object of ἐνσείσεις→ object specificationνήπιος: meaning 'infants'; it serves as fronted direct object of ἐνσείσεις.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναῖκαςwivesN3K APF · γυνήaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationγυνή: meaning 'wives'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
προνομὴνπρονομήN1 ASF · προνομήObject / complement→ object specificationπρονομή: meaning 'προνομή'; it serves as Object / complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesN3I APF · πόλιςcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ object specificationπόλις: meaning 'cities'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κληρονομίαςinheritanceN1A GSF · κληρονομίαGenitive modifier→ relational specificationκληρονομία: meaning 'inheritance'; it serves as Genitive modifier.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἀφανισμὸνobliterationN2 ASM · ἀφανισμόςaccusative of result (with εἰς, climactic)→ object specificationἀφανισμός: meaning 'obliteration'; it serves as accusative of result (with εἰς, climactic).
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅγιαholyA1A APN · ἅγιοςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ object specificationἅγιος: meaning 'holy'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
βεβήλωσινprofanationN3I ASF · βεβήλωσιςaccusative object of εἰς (result: 'to his profanation')βεβήλωσις: meaning 'profanation'; it serves as accusative object of εἰς (result: 'to his profanation').
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀνειδισμὸνreproach / disgraceA1 ASN · ὀνειδισμόςdirect object of ἀφεῖλονὀνειδισμός: meaning 'reproach'; it serves as direct object of ἀφεῖλον.
ἐπίχαρμαa laughingstockN3T ASN · ἐπίχαρμαaccusative in apposition (the result: 'a laughingstock')ἐπίχαρμα: meaning 'a laughingstock'; it serves as accusative in apposition (the result: 'a laughingstock').
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔθνεσινnationN3E DPN · ἔθνοςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ sphere or referenceἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
13
καὶ εἰσήκουσεν κύριος τῆς φωνῆς αὐτῶν καὶ εἰσεῖδεν τὴν θλῖψιν αὐτῶν καὶ ἦν ὁ λαὸς νηστεύων ἡμέρας πλείους ἐν πάσῃ τῇ Ιουδαίᾳ καὶ Ιερουσαλημ κατὰ πρόσωπον τῶν ἁγίων κυρίου παντοκράτορος
And the Lord heard their voice and saw their affliction, and the people were fasting many days throughout all Judea and Jerusalem before the holy place of the Lord Almighty.
The narrator answers the plea by noting that the Lord hears and sees, while the people persist in fasting.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσήκουσενhe listened / heededVAI AAI3S · ἀκούω + εἰςmain verb (David's prior refusal to heed)→ constative aoristἀκούω + εἰς: meaning 'he listened'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (David's prior refusal to heed).
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φωνῆςvoiceN1 GSF · φωνήgenitive object of διά→ relational specificationφωνή: meaning 'voice'; it serves as genitive object of διά.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσεῖδενlooked uponVBI AAI3S · ὁράω + εἰςmain verbal form advancing the divine responseὁράω + εἰς: meaning 'looked upon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the divine response.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θλῖψινafflictionN3I ASF · θλῖψιςdirect object of εἶδεν→ object specificationθλῖψις: meaning 'affliction'; it serves as direct object of εἶδεν.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
νηστεύωνnesteyoV1 · παπνσμ νηστεύωparticiple contributing attendant circumstance, manner, or description→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ νηστεύω: meaning 'nesteyo'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant circumstance, manner, or description.
ἡμέραςdaysN1A APF · ἡμέραcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'days'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
πλείουςmoreA3C APF · πολύςcomparative adjective (adverbial/appositional: 'with more blows')πολύς: meaning 'more'; it serves as comparative adjective (adverbial/appositional: 'with more blows').
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
πάσῃallA1S DSF · πᾶςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδαίᾳJudeaN1A DSF · Ἰουδαίαdative term functioning as indirect object, reference, means, or location→ sphere or referenceΙουδαίᾳ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative term functioning as indirect object, reference, means, or location.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
κατὰaccording to / againstP · κατάpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
πρόσωπονface / presenceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁγίωνholyA1A GPM · ἅγιοςgenitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationἅγιος: meaning 'holy'; it serves as genitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
παντοκράτοροςAlmightyN3R GSM · παντοκράτωρsubstantive or title functioning within the phrase→ qualificationπαντοκράτωρ: meaning 'Almighty'; it serves as substantive or title functioning within the phrase.
14
καὶ Ιωακιμ ὁ ἱερεὺς ὁ μέγας καὶ πάντες οἱ παρεστηκότες ἐνώπιον κυρίου ἱερεῖς καὶ οἱ λειτουργοῦντες κυρίῳ σάκκους περιεζωσμένοι τὰς ὀσφύας αὐτῶν προσέφερον τὴν ὁλοκαύτωσιν τοῦ ἐνδελεχισμοῦ καὶ τὰς εὐχὰς καὶ τὰ ἑκούσια δόματα τοῦ λαοῦ
And Joachim the high priest and all the priests standing before the Lord and ministering to the Lord, girded with sackcloth around their loins, were offering the continual whole burnt offering and the vows and the freewill gifts of the people.
The priests share the mourning posture even while maintaining the regular sacrificial service and receiving the people’s offerings.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙωακιμJoakimN NSM · Ιωακιμproper name within the genealogical or territorial register→ participant identificationΙωακιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the genealogical or territorial register.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestN3V NSM · ἱερεύςsubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as subject.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μέγαςgreatA1P NSM · μέγαςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ participant prominenceμέγας: meaning 'great'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεστηκότεςπαρεστηκότεςVXI XAPNPM I(/STHMI PARAparticiple contributing circumstance, manner, or descriptionπαρεστηκότες: meaning 'παρεστηκότες'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing circumstance, manner, or description.
ἐνώπιονbeforeP · ἐνώπιονpreposition→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἱερεῖςpriestsN3V NPM · ἱερεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priests'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λειτουργοῦντεςministeringV2 · παπνπμ λειτουργέωparticiple describing ongoing sacred service→ verbal form carrying the discourse forwardπαπνπμ λειτουργέω: meaning 'ministering'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle describing ongoing sacred service.
κυρίῳLORDN2 DSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
σάκκουςsackclothN2 APM · σάκκοςdirect object of περιζώσασθε→ object specificationσάκκος: meaning 'sackcloth'; it serves as direct object of περιζώσασθε.
περιεζωσμένοιgirdedVM · χμπνπμ ζώννυμι + περιparticiple modifying the priestly subjectχμπνπμ ζώννυμι + περι: meaning 'girded'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the priestly subject.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀσφύαςloinsN3U APF · ὀσφύςaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationὀσφύς: meaning 'loins'; it serves as accusative object of ἐπί.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
προσέφερονwere offeringV1I IAI3P · φέρω + προςmain verbal form advancing the cultic actionφέρω + προς: meaning 'were offering'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the cultic action.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαύτωσινburnt offeringN3I ASF · ὁλοκαύτωσιςproper name or indeclinable element within the sequenceὁλοκαύτωσις: meaning 'burnt offering'; it serves as proper name or indeclinable element within the sequence.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνδελεχισμοῦendelechismoyN2 GSM · ἐνδελεχισμόςnominal term functioning in a gen relation→ relational specificationἐνδελεχισμός: meaning 'endelechismoy'; it serves as nominal term functioning in a gen relation.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐχὰςvows / votive offeringsN1 APF · εὐχήdirect object of οἴσετε (fourth item)→ object specificationεὐχή: meaning 'vows'; it serves as direct object of οἴσετε (fourth item).
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑκούσιαfreewill offeringsA1A APN · ἑκούσιοςdirect object of οἴσετε (fifth item)→ object specificationἑκούσιος: meaning 'freewill offerings'; it serves as direct object of οἴσετε (fifth item).
δόματαdomaN3M APN · δόμαaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ object specificationδόμα: meaning 'doma'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleN2 GSM · λαόςcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
15
καὶ ἦν σποδὸς ἐπὶ τὰς κιδάρεις αὐτῶν καὶ ἐβόων πρὸς κύριον ἐκ πάσης δυνάμεως εἰς ἀγαθὸν ἐπισκέψασθαι πᾶν οἶκον Ισραηλ
And ashes were upon their turbans, and they were crying out to the Lord with all their strength that he would look favorably upon the whole house of Israel.
The chapter ends with concentrated priestly lament, asking for a gracious visitation upon all Israel.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
σποδὸςashesN2 NSM · σποδόςsubstantive functioning within the clause according to caseσποδός: meaning 'ashes'; it serves as substantive functioning within the clause according to case.
ἐπὶupon / overP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιδάρειςcaps / headdressesN3I APF · κίδαριςdirect object of περιθήσεις→ object specificationκίδαρις: meaning 'caps'; it serves as direct object of περιθήσεις.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβόωνwere crying outV3I IAI3P · βοάωmain verbal form advancing the ongoing actionβοάω: meaning 'were crying out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the ongoing action.
πρὸςto / towardP · πρόςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
πάσηςeveryoneA1S GSF · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'everyone'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
δυνάμεωςforce / powerN3I GSF · δύναμιςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationδύναμις: meaning 'force'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἀγαθὸνgoodA1 ASN · ἀγαθόςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationἀγαθός: meaning 'good'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ἐπισκέψασθαιto musterVA AMN · σκέπτομαι + ἐπιinfinitive of purpose→ infinitival complementσκέπτομαι + ἐπι: meaning 'to muster'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive of purpose.
πᾶνall / everyA3 ASM · πᾶςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
οἶκονhouse / householdN2 ASM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name within the narrative or prayer→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the narrative or prayer.