Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Judith, Chapter 5ΙΟΥΔΙΘ Ε′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

The chapter is dominated by Achior's long speech before Holofernes. It begins with imperial anger and intelligence-gathering (vv.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of Judith 5 follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs-Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. The chapter is dominated by Achior's long speech before Holofernes. It begins with imperial anger and intelligence-gathering (vv. 1-4), but the narrative center is Achior's compressed rehearsal of Israel's sacred history from the Chaldeans through exodus, conquest, apostasy, exile, and restoration (vv. 5-19). His conclusion interprets that history theologically rather than ethnographically: Israel is vulnerable when it sins, but dangerous when it stands under the favor of the God who hates injustice (vv. 20-21). The final verses expose the blindness of Holofernes' circle, whose contempt for Israel answers sober historical counsel with violent bravado (vv. 22-24).

1

καὶ ἀνηγγέλη Ολοφέρνῃ ἀρχιστρατήγῳ δυνάμεως Ασσουρ διότι οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ παρεσκευάσαντο εἰς πόλεμον καὶ τὰς διόδους τῆς ὀρεινῆς συνέκλεισαν καὶ ἐτείχισαν πᾶσαν κορυφὴν ὄρους ὑψηλοῦ καὶ ἔθηκαν ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις σκάνδαλα

And it was reported to Holofernes, commander in chief of the forces of Asshur, that the sons of Israel had prepared for war and had blocked the passes of the hill country and fortified every summit of a high mountain and placed obstacles in the plains.

Report of resistanceκαὶ
The chapter opens from the Assyrian side: Judah’s defensive preparations are carried into Holofernes’ camp as intelligence.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ἀνηγγέληit was announcedVDI API3S · ἀγγέλλω + ἀναmain verb (impersonal passive)ἀναγγέλλω (pass.): 'announce / report'; renders נָגַד (Hophal); the impersonal passive 'it was reported to the king' — the herald's announcement of Nathan's arrival; the same verb recurs at v. 51.
ΟλοφέρνῃHolofernesN1M DSM · Ολοφέρνηςproper name within the narrative or speechHolofernes: proper name of the Assyrian commander who drives the book’s siege narrative.
ἀρχιστρατήγῳcommander-in-chiefN2 DSM · ἀρχιστράτηγοςdative of possession (the commander, in naming idiom)ἀρχιστράτηγος: 'commander-in-chief / captain of the host'; renders שַׂר הַצָּבָא; the supreme military officer — Abner; the LXX term is also used of the divine 'commander of the LORD's army' (Josh 5:14).
δυνάμεωςforce / powerN3I GSF · δύναμιςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionδύναμις: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ΑσσουρAssyriaN GS · Ασσουρproper-name item in the genealogical chainΑσσουρ: transliterated proper name preserved in the Reubenite, Gadite, Manassite, and Levitical register; Chronicles preserves such names as the carriers of clan, place, and lineage memory.
διότιbecauseC · διότιconjunction introducing explanationδιότι: conjunction introducing explicit reason or explanation.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
υἱοὶsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςhead noun within the clauseυἱός: 'son'; the basic genealogical noun for descent and household membership throughout Chronicles.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name within the narrative or prayerIsrael: transliterated proper name designating the people or patriarchal name in this narrative context.
παρεσκευάσαντοprepared themselvesVAI AMI3P · σκευάζω + παραmain verbal form advancing the narrativeπαρασκευάζω: verbal form meaning 'prepare / make ready,' here for battle.
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phraseεἰς: preposition introducing its complement phrase and marking motion toward, entry into, or purpose.
πόλεμονwarN2 ASM · πόλεμοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementπόλεμος: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
διόδουςstreets / thoroughfaresN2 APF · δίοδοςaccusative object of εἰςδίοδος: 'passage / thoroughfare / open square'; renders רְחוֹב ('open place / public square'); the open public space where the spoil is heaped for burning — the destruction is conducted openly, before all.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ὀρεινῆςhill countryN1 GSF · ὀρεινήsubstantivized adjective (genitive object of ἐκ: 'from the hill country')ὀρεινή (gen. ὀρεινῆς): 'hill country'; substantivized; the southern highlands from which the Anakim are removed; cf. vv. 2, 16.
συνέκλεισανblockedVAI AAI3P · κλείω + συνmain verbal form advancing the narrativeσυνκλείω: verbal form meaning 'shut up / block off,' here of closing the mountain passes.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ἐτείχισανfortifiedVAI AAI3P · τειχίζωmain verbal form advancing the narrativeτειχίζω: 'fortify / wall up'; verbal form describing defensive preparation of towns or heights.
πᾶσανallA1S ASF · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goalπᾶς: 'all / whole'
κορυφὴνsummit / topN1 ASF · κορυφήaccusative object of ἐπί (precise location of descent)κορυφή: 'top / summit / peak'; renders רֹאשׁ ('head / top'); the descent is localized to the very peak — the highest point, set apart from the people below; the repetition (ἐπὶ τὴν κορυφήν ×2) emphasises the summit as the meeting-place.
ὄρουςmountainN3E GSN · ὄροςgenitive of relationship (with βορρᾶ: 'north of the mountain')ὄρος (gen. ὄρους): 'mountain'; here the specific Mount Gaas, the landmark that fixes the grave's position.
ὑψηλοῦhighA1 GSN · ὑψηλόςadjectival modifier within the phraseὑψηλός: adjective meaning 'high / lofty,' here qualifying mountain elevation.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ἔθηκανputVAI AAI3P · τίθημιfinite verb advancing the clauseτίθημι: 'put'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phraseἐν: preposition introducing its complement phrase and marking location, sphere, or circumstance.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
πεδίοιςopen fields / plainsN2N DPN · πεδίονdative of place (locative)πεδίον: 'plain / open field'; renders שָׂדֶה ('field'); ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις ('in the open field') is the place of profane and idolatrous slaughter (cf. the goat-demons, v. 7) that the centralizing law abolishes.
σκάνδαλαstumbling-blocksN2N APN · σκάνδαλονaccusative (predicative with εἰς)σκάνδαλον: 'trap-stick / stumbling-block / cause of ruin'; renders מוֹקֵשׁ; in the LXX σκάνδαλον denotes that which trips one into sin or destruction (cf. Lev 19:14; Ps 105:36 LXX); the term becomes theologically loaded in the NT (Rom 9:33; 11:9).
2

καὶ ὠργίσθη θυμῷ σφόδρα καὶ ἐκάλεσεν πάντας τοὺς ἄρχοντας Μωαβ καὶ τοὺς στρατηγοὺς Αμμων καὶ πάντας σατράπας τῆς παραλίας

And he was enraged with very great wrath and summoned all the rulers of Moab and the generals of Ammon and all the satraps of the coastland.

Wrath responseκαὶ
Holofernes receives the report not with inquiry alone but with furious indignation and a call to council.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ὠργίσθηwas angryVSI API3S · ὀργίζωmain verb (divine reaction)ὀργίζω (aor. pass.): 'be / become angry'; renders חָרָה אַף / קָצַף; the divine wrath against Solomon initiates the judgment-oracle; the passive deponent form expresses the LORD's roused indignation.
θυμῷin angerN2 DSM · θυμόςdative of manner / cognate dative (with ὠργίσθη)θυμός (dat. θυμῷ): 'anger / wrath / passion'; the cognate/intensifying dative with ὠργίσθη ('was angry with anger') renders the Hebrew emphatic idiom (וַיִּחַר אַפּוֹ); marks the depth of Samson's rage at the betrayal.
σφόδραgreatly / exceedinglyD · σφόδραparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or timeσφόδρα: particle or adverb shaping the sentence's discourse force, emphasis, or temporal flow.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ἐκάλεσενcalledVAI AAI3S · καλέωmain verbal form carrying the clause forwardκαλέω: 'call / summon'
πάνταςall / everyA3 APM · πᾶςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phraseπᾶς: 'all / every'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's narrative, cultic, or administrative discourse.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἄρχονταςruler / chiefN3 APM · ἄρχωνcommon noun within the clauseἄρχων: 'ruler / chief'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's narrative, cultic, or administrative discourse.
ΜωαβMoabN GS · Μωαβsubstantive, modifier, or particle functioning within the clause according to contextMoab: proper name or place-name preserved in transliterated Greek form.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
στρατηγοὺςgeneralN2 APM · στρατηγόςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseστρατηγός: 'general'; used here in its ordinary sense within the wisdom-contest and restoration narrative of 1 Esdras 3-4.
ΑμμωνAmmonN GS · Αμμωνsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextAmmon: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
πάνταςall / everyA3 APM · πᾶςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phraseπᾶς: 'all / every'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's narrative, cultic, or administrative discourse.
σατράπαςsatrapN1M APM · σατράπηςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseσατράπης: 'satrap'; used here in its ordinary sense within the wisdom-contest and restoration narrative of 1 Esdras 3-4.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
παραλίαςcoastlandA1A GSF · παράλιοςsubstantive functioning within the clause according to caseπαραλία: noun meaning 'coastland / seaboard region.'
3

καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς ἀναγγείλατε δή μοι υἱοὶ Χανααν τίς ὁ λαὸς οὗτος ὁ καθήμενος ἐν τῇ ὀρεινῇ καὶ τίνες ἃς κατοικοῦσιν πόλεις καὶ τὸ πλῆθος τῆς δυνάμεως αὐτῶν καὶ ἐν τίνι τὸ κράτος αὐτῶν καὶ ἡ ἰσχὺς αὐτῶν καὶ τίς ἀνέστηκεν ἐπ' αὐτῶν βασιλεὺς ἡγούμενος στρατιᾶς αὐτῶν

And he said to them, "Tell me, sons of Canaan, who is this people dwelling in the hill country, and what are the cities they inhabit, and what is the size of their force, and wherein lie their power and their strength, and who stands over them as king, leading their army?

Interrogationκαὶ
He asks for a full profile of the Judeans, combining demographic, urban, military, and political questions.
Word-by-word analysis· 47 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verbal form carrying the clause forwardλέγω: 'say'
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
ἀναγγείλατεproclaimVA AAD2P · ἀγγέλλω + ἀναverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal ideaἀγγέλλω + ἀνα: verbal form glossed here in its compound or contextual sense.
δήdeX · δήnominal term functioning within the local clause or phraseδή: 'de'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Nehemiah restoration narrative.
μοιto meRP DS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewἐγώ: 'I'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
υἱοὶsonsN2 VPM · υἱόςhead noun within the clauseυἱός: 'son'; the basic genealogical noun for descent and household membership throughout Chronicles.
Χαναανof CanaanN GSM · Χαναανgenitive of apposition (indeclinable)Χανααν: indeclinable.
τίςwho / whatRI NSM · τίςnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseτίς: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
theRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
λαὸςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemλαός: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
οὗτοςthisRD NSM · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewοὗτος: demonstrative pronoun ('this/these'); used to identify or summarize the persons or items just mentioned.
theRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
καθήμενοςwho sits enthronedV5 · πμπνσμ ἧμαι + καταsubstantival participle (third title in the invocation)κάθημαι: 'sit / be enthroned'; the substantival participle ὁ καθήμενος ἐπὶ τῶν χερουβιν ('the one enthroned upon the cherubim') renders the throne-formula יֹשֵׁב הַכְּרֻבִים (cf. 1 Kgdms 4:4; Ps 79:2 LXX) — YHWH enthroned above the ark's cherubim, the cosmic King.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phraseἐν: preposition introducing its complement phrase and marking location, sphere, or circumstance.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ὀρεινῇoreineN1 DSF · ὀρεινήdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or locationὀρεινή: "oreine"; a regular lexical item in this chapter's narrative, cultic, or royal-administrative discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
τίνεςwhatRI NPF · τίςinterrogative pronoun (indirect question, plural)τίς: interrogative; 'what (sort) the cities are.'
ἃςwhichRR APF · ὅςdemonstrative or relative element tying the register togetherὅς: 'which'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's prayer, narrative, or royal discourse. Here it functions pronominally within the clause or phrase.
κατοικοῦσινinhabitantsV2 PAI3P · οἰκέω + καταfinite verb advancing the clauseκατοικέω: 'dwell, settle, inhabit'; used for established residence in towns, especially Jerusalem, Gibeon, and other Benjaminite sites.
πόλειςcitiesN3I NPF · πόλιςcommon noun or modifier within the list formulaπόλις: 'cities'; the settled urban allotments given to Levites.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
πλῆθοςmultitudeN3E NSN · πλῆθοςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemπλῆθος: 'multitude / assembly'; the gathered returned community is repeatedly described as a concrete, visible whole rather than an abstraction.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
δυνάμεωςforce / powerN3I GSF · δύναμιςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionδύναμις: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependenceαὐτός: 'their'
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phraseἐν: preposition introducing its complement phrase and marking location, sphere, or circumstance.
τίνιwho?RI DSN · τίςdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseτίς: lexical item used here in its local narrative, judicial, royal, or cultic sense.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
κράτοςmight / forceN3E NSN · κράτοςaccusative with κατά (idiomatic adverbial: 'mightily')κράτος: 'strength / might / dominion'; κατὰ κράτος is a fixed idiom 'with all (one's) might / forcibly'; here it renders the Hebrew בְּחָזְקָה ('with strength'), conveying brutal severity.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependenceαὐτός: 'their'
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
theRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἰσχὺςstrengthN3 NSF · ἰσχύςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemἰσχύς: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependenceαὐτός: 'their'
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
τίςwho / whatRI NSM · τίςnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseτίς: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
ἀνέστηκενhas arisenVXI XAI3S · ἵστημι + ἀναmain verbal form within the questionἀνίστημι: verbal form meaning 'stand up / arise,' here of one set over the army.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phraseἐπί: 'on / over'
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependenceαὐτός: 'their'
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemβασιλεύς: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ἡγούμενοςπμπνσμ ηγεομαιV2 · πμπνσμ ἡγέομαιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseπμπνσμ ἡγέομαι: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
στρατιᾶςarmyN1A GSF · στρατιάgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head termστρατιά: 'army / host'
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependenceαὐτός: 'their'
4

καὶ διὰ τί κατενωτίσαντο τοῦ μὴ ἐλθεῖν εἰς ἀπάντησίν μοι παρὰ πάντας τοὺς κατοικοῦντας ἐν δυσμαῖς

And why have they alone among all those dwelling in the west refused to come out to meet me?"

Challengeκαὶ
The interrogation sharpens into wounded imperial pride: why have these westerners not come to submit?
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
διὰthrough / because ofP · διάpreposition governing a following complement phraseδιά: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
τίwhatRI ASN · τίςpronoun functioning as object or complementτίς, τί: interrogative pronoun
κατενωτίσαντοrefused to listenVAI AAI3P · νωτίζομαι + καταmain verbal form advancing the accusationἐνωτίζομαι with hostile nuance: verbal form meaning 'give ear / heed'; here of refusing submission.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
μὴnotD · μήnegative particle shaping non-indicative forceμή: negative particle used with commands, wishes, infinitives, or non-indicative verbal force.
ἐλθεῖνto comeVB AAN · ἔρχομαιinfinitive complement or purpose expressionἔρχομαι: 'come'
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phraseεἰς: preposition introducing its complement phrase and marking motion toward, entry into, or purpose.
ἀπάντησίνa meetingN3I ASF · ἀπάντησιςobject of εἰς (purpose-idiom)ἀπάντησις: 'meeting/encounter'; εἰς ἀπάντησίν μου ('to meet me') is a Hebraism (לִקְרָאתִי); the providential interception.
μοιto meRP DS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewἐγώ: 'I'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
παρὰfrom / besideP · παράpreposition introducing its complement phraseπαρά: preposition marking proximity, source, or comparison according to the clause context.
πάνταςall / everyA3 APM · πᾶςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phraseπᾶς: 'all / every'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's narrative, cultic, or administrative discourse.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
κατοικοῦνταςthose dwellingV2 · παπαπμ οἰκέω + καταparticiple modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive forceκατοικέω: 'the inhabitants'.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phraseἐν: preposition introducing its complement phrase and marking location, sphere, or circumstance.
δυσμαῖςwestwardN1 DPF · δυσμήcommon noun or modifier within the list formulaδυσμή: 'westward'; directional term.
5

καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτὸν Αχιωρ ὁ ἡγούμενος πάντων υἱῶν Αμμων ἀκουσάτω δὴ λόγον ὁ κύριός μου ἐκ στόματος τοῦ δούλου σου καὶ ἀναγγελῶ σοι τὴν ἀλήθειαν περὶ τοῦ λαοῦ τούτου ὃς κατοικεῖ τὴν ὀρεινὴν ταύτην πλησίον σοῦ οἰκοῦντος καὶ οὐκ ἐξελεύσεται ψεῦδος ἐκ τοῦ στόματος τοῦ δούλου σου

And Achior, leader of all the sons of Ammon, said to him, "Let my lord hear a word from the mouth of your servant, and I will tell you the truth about this people who dwell in this hill country near you; no lie shall come from the mouth of your servant.

Speech prefaceκαὶ
Achior frames his answer as truthful testimony from a servant who will not flatter the ruler.
Word-by-word analysis· 48 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verbal form carrying the clause forwardλέγω: 'say'
πρὸςto / towardP · πρόςpreposition introducing its complement phraseπρός: preposition introducing direction, relation, or address toward its complement.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complementαὐτός: 'him'
ΑχιωρAchiorN NSM · Αχιωρproper name within the narrative or speechAchior: the Ammonite leader whose truthful speech interprets Israel’s history before Holofernes.
theRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἡγούμενοςπμπνσμ ηγεομαιV2 · πμπνσμ ἡγέομαιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseπμπνσμ ἡγέομαι: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
πάντωνallA3 GPM · πᾶςgen adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantiveπᾶς: adjectival form qualifying a substantive or functioning substantivally in context.
υἱῶνsonsN2 GPM · υἱόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head termυἱός: 'son'
ΑμμωνAmmonN GSM · Αμμωνsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextAmmon: proper name or ethnicon preserved in transliterated Greek form.
ἀκουσάτωlet him hearVA AAD3S · ἀκούωthird-person imperative (deferential petition)ἀκούω: 'hear / listen'; the third-person imperative ('let my lord hear') is a courtly deferential form — David asks a hearing without commanding the king directly.
δὴnow / indeedX · δήsubstantive, modifier, or particle functioning within the clause according to contextδή: lexical item used here in its local narrative, judicial, royal, or cultic sense.
λόγονwordN2 ASM · λόγοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementλόγος: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
theRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
κύριόςlordN2 NSM · κύριοςsubject (human master)κύριος: human honorific 'my lord,' the king; not the divine name.
μουIRP GS · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseἐγώ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phraseἐκ: preposition introducing source, origin, or movement out from a place or state.
στόματοςmouthN3M GSN · στόμαgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionστόμα: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
δούλουservant / slaveN2 GSM · δοῦλοςgenitive element expressing relation, source, possession, or descriptionδοῦλος: 'servant / slave'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Nehemiah restoration narrative.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseσύ: 'you'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's prayer, narrative, or royal discourse. Here it functions pronominally within the clause or phrase.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ἀναγγελῶlet me tell / I will declareVF2 FAI1S · ἀγγέλλω + ἀναmain verb (volitive future)ἀναγγέλλω: 'announce / declare'; renders נָגַד (Hiphil); the future with δή functions cohortatively, 'let me explain to you.'
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewσύ: 'you'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἀλήθειανtruthN1A ASF · ἀλήθειαaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementἀλήθεια: lexical item used here in its local narrative, judicial, royal, or cultic sense.
περὶconcerningP · περίpreposition introducing its complement phraseπερί: preposition marking relation, concern, or movement around its complement.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
λαοῦpeopleN2 GSM · λαόςcommon noun within the clauseλαός: 'people'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's narrative, cultic, or administrative discourse.
τούτουthis / theseRD GSM · οὗτοςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordinationοὗτος: pronoun or determiner marking reference, identity, relation, or possession within the clause.
ὃςwhoRR NSM · ὅςnominal element within the genealogical noticeὅς: relative pronoun; identifies a named figure by means of a brief explanatory clause.
κατοικεῖdwellsV2 PAI3S · οἰκέω + καταmain verb (first of three)κατοικέω: 'dwell / inhabit'; the singular with collective gentilic subjects; the threefold κατοικεῖ maps the whole land as occupied.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ὀρεινὴνhill countryN1 ASF · ὀρεινήsubstantivized adjective (object of κατοικῶν)ὀρεινός: 'mountainous'; ἡ ὀρεινή (sc. χώρα) 'the hill country / highlands'; renders הָהָר; the inland highland north.
ταύτηνthisRD ASF · οὗτοςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseοὗτος: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
πλησίονneighborD · πλησίονindeclinable element shaping the clauseπλησίον: 'neighbor'; a connective, particle, or prepositional item structuring the movement of the clause in this chapter.
σοῦyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseσύ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
οἰκοῦντοςdwellingV2 · παπγσμ οἰκέωparticiple modifying the addressed ruler or peopleοἰκέω: participial form meaning 'dwell / reside,' identifying habitual residence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial negation modifying the clauseοὐ: adverb of negation denying the verbal or nominal assertion of the clause.
ἐξελεύσεταιshall come forthVF FMI3S · ἔρχομαι + ἐκmain verb (prophetic prediction)ἐξέρχομαι: 'come out / go forth'; the future ἐξελεύσεται announces the emergence of a coming figure from Israel's seed; the same verb opens v. 24 (of the ships of Kittim), framing both the rise of Israel's king and the coming judgment.
ψεῦδοςlieN3E NSN · ψεῦδοςsubstantive functioning within the clause according to caseψεῦδος: noun meaning 'lie / falsehood,' here denied of Achior’s speech.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phraseἐκ: preposition introducing source, origin, or movement out from a place or state.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
στόματοςmouthN3M GSN · στόμαgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionστόμα: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
δούλουservant / slaveN2 GSM · δοῦλοςgenitive element expressing relation, source, possession, or descriptionδοῦλος: 'servant / slave'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Nehemiah restoration narrative.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseσύ: 'you'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's prayer, narrative, or royal discourse. Here it functions pronominally within the clause or phrase.
6

ὁ λαὸς οὗτός εἰσιν ἀπόγονοι Χαλδαίων

This people are descendants of the Chaldeans.

Origin statementasyndeton
The first identification is genealogical: Israel is traced back to the Chaldeans.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
theRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
λαὸςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemλαός: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
οὗτόςthisRD NSM · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant already in viewοὗτος: personal, demonstrative, or related pronominal form; here it points to the participant or item already in view.
εἰσινthey areV9 PAI3P · εἰμίcopulaεἰμί: see v.11.
ἀπόγονοιdescendantsA1B NPM · ἀπόγονοςpredicate nominative (with ἐτέχθησαν: 'born descendants')ἀπόγονος: 'descendant / offspring'; the same term as in v. 11; classes the four as scions of the giant-line.
ΧαλδαίωνChaldeansN2 GPM · Χαλδαῖοςgenitive of origin (the bands belong to the Chaldeans)Χαλδαῖος: 'Chaldean'; gentilic noun (here genitive plural) for the people of southern Babylonia, by this period synonymous with the Neo-Babylonian power; declined, hence kind n.
7

καὶ παρῴκησαν τὸ πρότερον ἐν τῇ Μεσοποταμίᾳ ὅτι οὐκ ἐβουλήθησαν ἀκολουθῆσαι τοῖς θεοῖς τῶν πατέρων αὐτῶν οἳ ἐγένοντο ἐν γῇ Χαλδαίων

Formerly they lived as sojourners in Mesopotamia, because they were unwilling to follow the gods of their fathers, who were in the land of the Chaldeans.

Backgroundκαὶ
Achior explains their early migration by religious dissidence from ancestral idolatry.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
παρῴκησανsojournVAI AAI3P · οἰκέω + παραfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseοἰκέω + παρα: verbal form glossed here in its compound or contextual sense.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
πρότερονformerlyA1 ASN · πρότεροςparticle or adverb qualifying the clause or verbal actionA particle or adverb sharpening negation, emphasis, or the logical contour of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phraseἐν: preposition introducing its complement phrase and marking location, sphere, or circumstance.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ΜεσοποταμίᾳMesopotamiaN1A DSF · Μεσοποταμίαdative of place (the geographic frame for all twelve births)Μεσοποταμία: the closing geographic frame identifies Mesopotamia as the birth-place of all twelve sons; Benjamin was in fact born near Bethlehem (v.16–18), so this is either an editorial summary of the Laban-period births or a tradition variant; it closes the Paddan-aram cycle.
ὅτιbecause / thatC · ὅτιconjunction introducing content or reasonὅτι: conjunction introducing either explanatory reason or the content of speech and thought.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial negation modifying the clauseοὐ: adverb of negation denying the verbal or nominal assertion of the clause.
ἐβουλήθησανwere willingVCI API3P · βούλομαιmain verb (the guards' refusal)βούλομαι (aor. pass. dep.): 'be willing / wish'; οὐκ ἐβουλήθησαν ('they were unwilling') marks the guards' conscientious refusal to kill the LORD's priests — a quiet act of fear of God amid royal sacrilege.
ἀκολουθῆσαιfollowVA AAN · ἀκολουθέωcomplementary infinitive expressing intended actionἀκολουθέω: infinitive meaning 'follow,' here in the sense of religious allegiance.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
θεοῖςGodN2 DPM · θεόςhead noun within the clauseθεός: 'God'; the principal divine title, used in direct speech and theological interpretation.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
πατέρωνfathersN3R GPM · πατήρgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head termπατήρ: 'father'
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependenceαὐτός: 'their'
οἳwho / whichRR NPM · ὅςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordinationὅς: relative pronoun linking the current clause to a preceding noun or idea.
ἐγένοντοcame to beVBI AMI3P · γίγνομαιcommon noun or modifier within the list formulaγίνομαι: 'become / come to be'; here of cities or results coming into being.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phraseἐν: preposition introducing its complement phrase and marking location, sphere, or circumstance.
γῇland / earthN1 DSF · γῆdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or locationγῆ: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ΧαλδαίωνChaldeansN2 GPM · Χαλδαῖοςgenitive of origin (the bands belong to the Chaldeans)Χαλδαῖος: 'Chaldean'; gentilic noun (here genitive plural) for the people of southern Babylonia, by this period synonymous with the Neo-Babylonian power; declined, hence kind n.
8

καὶ ἐξέβησαν ἐξ ὁδοῦ τῶν γονέων αὐτῶν καὶ προσεκύνησαν τῷ θεῷ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ θεῷ ᾧ ἐπέγνωσαν καὶ ἐξέβαλον αὐτοὺς ἀπὸ προσώπου τῶν θεῶν αὐτῶν καὶ ἔφυγον εἰς Μεσοποταμίαν καὶ παρῴκησαν ἐκεῖ ἡμέρας πολλάς

And they departed from the way of their ancestors and worshiped the God of heaven, the God whom they had come to know. So they were driven out from before their gods and fled into Mesopotamia, and they sojourned there many days.

Theological migrationκαὶ
The people’s departure is cast as a turn to the God of heaven, with expulsion and resettlement following that choice.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ἐξέβησανcame up / went outVZI AAI3P · βαίνω + ἐκverb of temporal clauseἐκβαίνω: 'go out / come up'; see vv. 16, 17; the indicative ἐξέβησαν reports the priests' actual exit, fulfilling the command ἔκβητε.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phraseἐκ (ἐξ): 'from.'
ὁδοῦway / roadN2 GSF · ὁδόςgenitive object of ἐκ (the way departed from)ὁδός: 'way / road / path'; renders דֶּרֶךְ; the metaphorical 'way' of obedient covenant life walked by the fathers; the same ὁδός-motif recurs in vv. 19 (their hard ways) and 22 (the way of the LORD).
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
γονέωνancestorsN3V GPM · γονεύςsubstantive functioning within the clause according to caseγονεύς: noun meaning 'parent / ancestor,' here the forebears whose way was abandoned.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependenceαὐτός: 'their'
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
προσεκύνησανworshipVAI AAI3P · κυνέω + προςfinite verb advancing the clauseκυνέω + προς: verbal form carrying the sense 'worship' in this chapter's local clause context.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
θεῷGodN2 DSM · θεόςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrumentθεός: 'God'
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
οὐρανοῦheavenN2 GSM · οὐρανόςcommon noun within the clauseοὐρανός: 'heaven'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's prayer, narrative, or royal discourse. Here it appears in the gen case within the clause.
θεῷGodN2 DSM · θεόςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrumentθεός: 'God'
whichRR DSM · ὅςrelative pronoun (dative, antecedent τόπῳ)ὅς: relative pronoun, dative ᾧ attracted to τόπῳ.
ἐπέγνωσανrecognizedVZI AAI3P · γιγνώσκω + ἐπιmain verb (brothers' failure to recognize Joseph)ἐπιγινώσκω: the same verb as ἐπέγνω, now negated and with plural subject — the antithetical pair in a single sentence. The brothers' non-recognition is not presented as excusable (he was transformed, wore Egyptian dress) but as a bare fact, whose moral weight accumulates through the guilt-speech of v.21.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ἐξέβαλονthrewVBI AAI3P · βάλλω + ἐκmain verbἐκβάλλω: 'throw out, cast out'; the compound ἐκ- emphasizes 'out of' the ship; the same verb-root as the cargo-jettison (ἐκβολή, v.5). Jonah joins the cargo thrown overboard.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complementαὐτός: 'them'
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition introducing its complement phraseἀπό: preposition introducing separation, source, or distance from a point or person.
προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionπρόσωπον: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
θεῶνgodsN2 GPM · θεόςgenitive object of ὀπίσωθεός: here pl. 'gods'; renders אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים; the foreign deities whose worship is the root covenant-breach.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependenceαὐτός: 'their'
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ἔφυγονthey fledVBI AAI3P · φεύγωfinite verb advancing the clauseφεύγω: 'flee'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phraseεἰς: preposition introducing its complement phrase and marking motion toward, entry into, or purpose.
ΜεσοποταμίανMesopotamiaN1A ASF · Μεσοποταμίαaccusative of goal (broad destination)Μεσοποταμία: 'land between the rivers' (μέσος + ποταμός); renders Hebrew פַּדַּן אֲרָם (Paddan-Aram) or אֲרַם נַהֲרַיִם; the patriarchal homeland from which Abraham was called (Gen 11:31; 12:1); Jacob's return to this origin is structurally the reversal of Abraham's journey.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
παρῴκησανsojournVAI AAI3P · οἰκέω + παραfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseοἰκέω + παρα: verbal form glossed here in its compound or contextual sense.
ἐκεῖthereD · ἐκεῖproper-name item in the genealogical chainἐκεῖ: 'there'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's prayer, narrative, or royal discourse.
ἡμέραςdaysN1A APF · ἡμέραcommon noun within the clauseἡμέρα: 'day'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
πολλάςmanyA1 APF · πολύςcommon noun or modifier within the list formulaπολύς: 'many'; quantitative adjective.
9

καὶ εἶπεν ὁ θεὸς αὐτῶν ἐξελθεῖν ἐκ τῆς παροικίας αὐτῶν καὶ πορευθῆναι εἰς γῆν Χανααν καὶ κατῴκησαν ἐκεῖ καὶ ἐπληθύνθησαν χρυσίῳ καὶ ἀργυρίῳ καὶ ἐν κτήνεσιν πολλοῖς σφόδρα

And their God told them to depart from their place of sojourning and go into the land of Canaan. They settled there and abounded in gold and silver and in very many herds.

Divine directiveκαὶ
Their God directs the move into Canaan, and the settlement is marked by abundance.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verbal form carrying the clause forwardλέγω: 'say'
theRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemθεός: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependenceαὐτός: 'their'
ἐξελθεῖνgo outVB AAN · ἔρχομαι + ἐκfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseἔρχομαι + ἐκ: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phraseἐκ: preposition introducing source, origin, or movement out from a place or state.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
παροικίαςsojourningN1A GSF · παροικίαgenitive of characterization ('land of your sojourning')παροικία: 'sojourning / temporary residence'; renders Hebrew מְגוּרֶיךָ; the patriarchs are consistently πάροικοι (resident aliens) in the land they are promised — a theological paradox explored at Heb 11:9 (κατοίκησεν εἰς γῆν τῆς ἐπαγγελίας ὡς ἀλλοτρίαν).
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependenceαὐτός: 'their'
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
πορευθῆναιgoVC APN · πορεύομαιfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clauseπορεύομαι: 'go'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's narrative, cultic, or administrative discourse.
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phraseεἰς: preposition introducing its complement phrase and marking motion toward, entry into, or purpose.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆcommon noun within the clauseγῆ: 'land'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
Χαναανof CanaanN GS · Χαναανgenitive of apposition (indeclinable)Χανααν: indeclinable.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
κατῴκησανthey dweltVAI AAI3P · οἰκέω + καταfinite verb advancing the clauseκατοικέω: 'dwell, settle, inhabit'; used for established residence in towns, especially Jerusalem, Gibeon, and other Benjaminite sites.
ἐκεῖthereD · ἐκεῖproper-name item in the genealogical chainἐκεῖ: 'there'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's prayer, narrative, or royal discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ἐπληθύνθησανmultiplyVCI API3P · πληθύνωFinite verb / predicateVerbal form meaning “multiply” in this context.
χρυσίῳgoldN2N DSN · χρυσίονdative complement within the clause or phraseχρυσίον: 'gold'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Solomonic royal-temple narrative.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ἀργυρίῳsilverN2N DSN · ἀργύριονcommon noun within the clauseἀργύριον: 'silver'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's narrative, cultic, or administrative discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phraseἐν: preposition introducing its complement phrase and marking location, sphere, or circumstance.
κτήνεσινcattleN3E DPN · κτῆνοςdative complement within the clauseκτῆνος: livestock; pastoral wealth is a decisive marker of tribal stability in these chapters.
πολλοῖςpolloisA1 DPN · πολύςadjectival or numerical term functioning in a dat relationπολύς: a nominal term used here in the chapter's administrative, liturgical, genealogical, or covenantal discourse.
σφόδραgreatly / exceedinglyD · σφόδραparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or timeσφόδρα: particle or adverb shaping the sentence's discourse force, emphasis, or temporal flow.
10

καὶ κατέβησαν εἰς Αἴγυπτον ἐκάλυψεν γὰρ τὸ πρόσωπον τῆς γῆς Χανααν λιμός καὶ παρῴκησαν ἐκεῖ μέχρις οὗ διετράφησαν καὶ ἐγένοντο ἐκεῖ εἰς πλῆθος πολύ καὶ οὐκ ἦν ἀριθμὸς τοῦ γένους αὐτῶν

And they went down into Egypt, for famine had covered the face of the land of Canaan, and they sojourned there until they had food, and there they became a very great multitude, so that there was no counting their race.

Famine migrationκαὶ
A famine drives them to Egypt, where numerical growth becomes conspicuous.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
κατέβησανthey went downVZI AAI3P · βαίνω + καταfinite verb advancing the clauseβαίνω + κατα: 'go down'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phraseεἰς: preposition introducing its complement phrase and marking motion toward, entry into, or purpose.
ΑἴγυπτονEgyptN2 ASF · Αἴγυπτοςobject of εἰς (place of return)Αἴγυπτος: 'Egypt'; renders מִצְרַיִם; the house of bondage, to which Israel is returned — the Exodus undone.
ἐκάλυψενcoveredVAI AAI3S · καλύπτωmain verbκαλύπτω: 'cover / conceal'; renders כִּסָּה; the covering completes the illusion of a sleeping man.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clauseγάρ: 'for'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
πρόσωπονface / presenceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementπρόσωπον: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitival dependent within the phraseγῆ: 'land'; used here in its ordinary sense within the genealogical or historical notice.
Χαναανof CanaanN GS · Χαναανgenitive of apposition (indeclinable)Χανααν: indeclinable.
λιμόςfamineN2 NSM · λιμόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or appositionλιμός: lexical item used here in its local narrative, judicial, royal, or cultic sense.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
παρῴκησανsojournVAI AAI3P · οἰκέω + παραfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseοἰκέω + παρα: verbal form glossed here in its compound or contextual sense.
ἐκεῖthereD · ἐκεῖproper-name item in the genealogical chainἐκεῖ: 'there'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's prayer, narrative, or royal discourse.
μέχριςuntilP · μέχριςclause linkerμέχρι serves as a clause linker, linking the clause with the sense 'until'.
οὗwhereRR GSM · ὅςpronoun in genitival dependenceὅς: 'where'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's prayer, narrative, or royal discourse. Here it functions pronominally within the clause or phrase.
διετράφησανwere sustainedVDI API3P · τρέφω + διαmain verbal form advancing the narrativeδιατρέφω: verbal form meaning 'nourish / sustain,' here of being fed through famine.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ἐγένοντοcame to beVBI AMI3P · γίγνομαιcommon noun or modifier within the list formulaγίνομαι: 'become / come to be'; here of cities or results coming into being.
ἐκεῖthereD · ἐκεῖproper-name item in the genealogical chainἐκεῖ: 'there'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's prayer, narrative, or royal discourse.
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phraseεἰς: preposition introducing its complement phrase and marking motion toward, entry into, or purpose.
πλῆθοςmultitudeN3E ASN · πλῆθοςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemπλῆθος: 'multitude / assembly'; the gathered returned community is repeatedly described as a concrete, visible whole rather than an abstraction.
πολύnumerousA1P ASN · πολύςaccusative adjective (attributive with ἔθνος)πολύς: 'many, much, numerous'; the two adjectives μέγας καὶ πολύς = 'great and numerous' — covering both qualitative greatness and quantitative multitude; cf. 12:2.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial negation modifying the clauseοὐ: adverb of negation denying the verbal or nominal assertion of the clause.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forwardεἰμί: 'be'
ἀριθμὸςnumberN2 NSM · ἀριθμόςcommon noun within the clauseἀριθμός: 'number'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
γένουςγένοςN3E GSN · γένοςGenitive modifierNominal or adjectival form meaning “γένος” here.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependenceαὐτός: 'their'
11

καὶ ἐπανέστη αὐτοῖς ὁ βασιλεὺς Αἰγύπτου καὶ κατεσοφίσατο αὐτοὺς ἐν πόνῳ καὶ πλίνθῳ ἐταπείνωσαν αὐτοὺς καὶ ἔθεντο αὐτοὺς εἰς δούλους

And the king of Egypt rose up against them and dealt shrewdly with them in toil and brickmaking; he humbled them and made them slaves.

Oppressionκαὶ
Egypt’s response is political exploitation, reducing the multiplying people to servitude.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ἐπανέστηrose upVHI AAI3S · ἵστημι + ἐπι + ἀναmain verb (with collective subject)ἐπανίστημι: 'rise up against'; renders קוּם עַל; the compound ἐπ-ανα- denotes hostile insurrection against the widow.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
theRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemβασιλεύς: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptN2 GSF · Αἴγυπτοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head termΑἴγυπτος: 'Egypt'
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
κατεσοφίσατοdealt craftily withVAI AMI3S · σοφίζομαι + καταmain verbal form advancing the narrativeκατασοφίζομαι: verbal form meaning 'deal shrewdly / exploit craftily,' here of Egyptian oppression.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complementαὐτός: 'them'
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phraseἐν: preposition introducing its complement phrase and marking location, sphere, or circumstance.
πόνῳpainN2 DSM · πόνοςdative of state ('in the pain [of circumcision]')πόνος: 'pain / toil / suffering'; renders Hebrew כֹּאֲבִים ('in their soreness'); the LXX uses the general term for suffering rather than a medical term. The pain is the strategic window: the whole male population of a city is incapacitated.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
πλίνθῳbrickmakingN2 DSF · πλίνθοςsubstantive functioning within the clause according to caseπλίνθος: noun meaning 'brick'; here shorthand for brick labor in slavery.
ἐταπείνωσανthey humiliatedVAI AAI3P · ταπεινόωmain verb (the sexual violation)ταπεινόω: 'humble / humiliate / violate'; renders עִנָּה (Piel); in this context the standard LXX euphemism for sexual violation (cf. Gen 34:2; Deut 22:24; 2 Sam 13:14).
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complementαὐτός: 'them'
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ἔθεντοmadeVEI AMI3P · τίθημιmain verb (rendering into a humiliated state)τίθημι (aor. mid. ἔθεντο): 'put / make / reduce'; the middle 'they made/set them' (the Arameans) renders שׂוּם; the plural subject is the Aramean forces.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complementαὐτός: 'them'
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phraseεἰς: preposition introducing its complement phrase and marking motion toward, entry into, or purpose.
δούλουςservantN2 APM · δοῦλοςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or locationδοῦλος: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
12

καὶ ἀνεβόησαν πρὸς τὸν θεὸν αὐτῶν καὶ ἐπάταξεν πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν Αἰγύπτου πληγαῖς ἐν αἷς οὐκ ἦν ἴασις καὶ ἐξέβαλον αὐτοὺς οἱ Αἰγύπτιοι ἀπὸ προσώπου αὐτῶν

And they cried out to their God, and he struck all the land of Egypt with plagues for which there was no healing, and the Egyptians drove them out from before them.

Deliverance by plagueκαὶ
Israel’s cry brings divine blows on Egypt, reversing the balance of power.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ἀνεβόησανanaVAI AAI3P · βοάω + ἀναfinite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal senseβοάω + ἀνα: rendered here in its immediate narrative, liturgical, or covenantal setting with an English gloss suited to the verse context.
πρὸςto / towardP · πρόςpreposition introducing its complement phraseπρός: preposition introducing direction, relation, or address toward its complement.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
θεὸνGodN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementθεός: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependenceαὐτός: 'their'
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ἐπάταξενstruck / killedVAI AAI3S · πατάσσωfinite verb advancing the clauseπατάσσω: 'strike'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
πᾶσανallA1S ASF · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goalπᾶς: 'all / whole'
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆcommon noun within the clauseγῆ: 'land'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptN2 GSF · Αἴγυπτοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head termΑἴγυπτος: 'Egypt'
πληγαῖςplaguesN1 DPF · πληγήsubstantive functioning within the clause according to caseπληγή: noun meaning 'blow / plague / stroke,' here of Egypt’s judgments.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phraseἐν: preposition introducing its complement phrase and marking location, sphere, or circumstance.
αἷςwho / whichRR DPF · ὅςPronominal referencePronominal form meaning “who / which” in this context.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial negation modifying the clauseοὐ: adverb of negation denying the verbal or nominal assertion of the clause.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forwardεἰμί: 'be'
ἴασιςhealingN3I NSF · ἴασιςsubstantive functioning within the clause according to caseἴασις: noun meaning 'healing / remedy,' here denied of the Egyptian plagues.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ἐξέβαλονthrewVBI AAI3P · βάλλω + ἐκmain verbἐκβάλλω: 'throw out, cast out'; the compound ἐκ- emphasizes 'out of' the ship; the same verb-root as the cargo-jettison (ἐκβολή, v.5). Jonah joins the cargo thrown overboard.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complementαὐτός: 'them'
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ΑἰγύπτιοιEgyptiansN2 NPM · Αἰγύπτιοςsubject of ἔθαπτονΑἰγύπτιος: 'Egyptian'; the same people who watched Israel leave (v. 3) are here the bereaved buriers of their own firstborn.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition introducing its complement phraseἀπό: preposition introducing separation, source, or distance from a point or person.
προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionπρόσωπον: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependenceαὐτός: 'their'
13

καὶ κατεξήρανεν ὁ θεὸς τὴν ἐρυθρὰν θάλασσαν ἔμπροσθεν αὐτῶν

And God dried up the Red Sea before them

Sea miracleκαὶ
The exodus account is condensed into the Lord’s drying of the Red Sea.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
κατεξήρανενdried upVAI AAI3S · ξηραίνω + καταverb of the ὅτι-clauseκαταξηραίνω: 'dry up completely'; the intensive compound κατα- + ξηραίνω; renders the drying of the sea (cf. Exod 14:21, ἐποίησεν τὴν θάλασσαν ξηράν); the report of the Red Sea crossing is the headline miracle that terrified the nations (Exod 15:14–16).
theRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemθεός: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἐρυθρὰνRedA1A ASF · ἐρυθρόςattributive adjective (modifying θάλασσαν)ἐρυθρός: 'red'; in the fixed name ἡ ἐρυθρὰ θάλασσα ('the Red Sea'), the LXX's standard rendering of Hebrew יַם סוּף ('Sea of Reeds'); the site of the exodus deliverance (Exod 14–15).
θάλασσανseaN1S ASF · θάλασσαaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goalθάλασσα: 'sea'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Solomonic royal-temple narrative.
ἔμπροσθενbeforeP · ἔμπροσθενpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phraseἔμπροσθεν: preposition introducing relation, direction, position, or accompaniment within the clause.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependenceαὐτός: 'their'
14

καὶ ἤγαγεν αὐτοὺς εἰς ὁδὸν τοῦ Σινα καὶ Καδης Βαρνη καὶ ἐξέβαλον πάντας τοὺς κατοικοῦντας ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ

and led them by the way of Sinai and Kadesh-barnea, and they drove out all who dwelt in the wilderness.

Wilderness guidanceκαὶ
Deliverance is followed by guided movement and victory in the wilderness route.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ἤγαγενbringVBI AAI3S · ἄγωmain verbal predicateἄγω: lead / bring; in 5:26 it is the carrying verb of Assyrian deportation.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complementαὐτός: 'them'
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phraseεἰς: preposition introducing its complement phrase and marking motion toward, entry into, or purpose.
ὁδὸνwayN2 ASF · ὁδόςarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁδός: 'way'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's prayer, narrative, or royal discourse. Here it appears in the acc case within the clause.
τοῦtheRA GS · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ΣιναSinaiN GS · Σιναappositional place-name (indeclinable)Σινα: indeclinable transliteration of סִינַי; in apposition with ὄρος.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ΚαδηςKadeshN GS · Καδηςobject of ἐκ (indeclinable place name)Καδης: transliteration of Hebrew קָדֵשׁ; Kadesh in the wilderness of Paran/Zin, the staging-point of the spy mission; indeclinable.
ΒαρνηBarneaN GS · Βαρνηappositional toponym (indeclinable, with Καδης)Βαρνη: transliteration of Hebrew בַּרְנֵעַ; together Καδης Βαρνη = Kadesh-Barnea, the full place-name of the rebellion site (cf. Num 13:26; Deut 1:19); indeclinable.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ἐξέβαλονthrewVBI AAI3P · βάλλω + ἐκmain verbἐκβάλλω: 'throw out, cast out'; the compound ἐκ- emphasizes 'out of' the ship; the same verb-root as the cargo-jettison (ἐκβολή, v.5). Jonah joins the cargo thrown overboard.
πάνταςall / everyA3 APM · πᾶςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phraseπᾶς: 'all / every'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's narrative, cultic, or administrative discourse.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
κατοικοῦνταςthose dwellingV2 · παπαπμ οἰκέω + καταparticiple modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive forceκατοικέω: 'the inhabitants'.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phraseἐν: preposition introducing its complement phrase and marking location, sphere, or circumstance.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἐρήμῳeremoN2 DSF · ἔρημοςnominal term functioning in a dat relationἔρημος: a nominal term used here in the chapter's administrative, liturgical, genealogical, or covenantal discourse.
15

καὶ ᾤκησαν ἐν γῇ Αμορραίων καὶ πάντας τοὺς Εσεβωνίτας ἐξωλέθρευσαν ἐν τῇ ἰσχύι αὐτῶν καὶ διαβάντες τὸν Ιορδάνην ἐκληρονόμησαν πᾶσαν τὴν ὀρεινὴν

And they lived in the land of the Amorites, and by their strength they destroyed all the people of Heshbon, and after crossing the Jordan they took possession of all the hill country.

Conquest advanceκαὶ
The recital moves into Transjordan and the possession of the hill country.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ᾤκησανdwellVAI AAI3P · οἰκέωsettlement predicateοἰκέω: 'dwell'; used here in its ordinary sense within the genealogical or historical notice.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phraseἐν: preposition introducing its complement phrase and marking location, sphere, or circumstance.
γῇland / earthN1 DSF · γῆdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or locationγῆ: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ΑμορραίωνAmoritesN2 GPM · Ἀμορραῖοςgenitive of relationship ('king of the Amorites')Αμορραῖος: 'Amorite'; Sihon's people.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
πάνταςall / everyA3 APM · πᾶςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phraseπᾶς: 'all / every'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's narrative, cultic, or administrative discourse.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ΕσεβωνίταςHeshbonitesN1M APM · Εσεβωνείτηςsubstantive or ethnicon within the conquest listHeshbonites: ethnicon referring to the people of Heshbon in the conquest recital.
ἐξωλέθρευσανdestroyVAI AAI3P · ὀλεθρεύω + ἐκfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clauseὀλεθρεύω + ἐκ: 'destroy'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's prayer, narrative, or royal discourse. In this context it advances the prayer, narrative, or royal report.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phraseἐν: preposition introducing its complement phrase and marking location, sphere, or circumstance.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἰσχύιstrengthN3U DSF · ἰσχύςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrumentἰσχύς: 'strength / might'
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependenceαὐτός: 'their'
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
διαβάντεςhaving crossedVZ · ααπνπμ βαίνω + διαparticiple modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive forceδιαβαίνω: 'cross over'
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ΙορδάνηνJordanN1M ASM · Ἰορδάνηςaccusative of the space traversedΙορδάνης (acc.): 'the Jordan'; the river crossed.
ἐκληρονόμησανkleronomeoVAI AAI3P · κληρονομέωfinite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal senseκληρονομέω: rendered here in its immediate narrative, liturgical, or covenantal setting with an English gloss suited to the verse context.
πᾶσανallA1S ASF · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goalπᾶς: 'all / whole'
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ὀρεινὴνhill countryN1 ASF · ὀρεινήsubstantivized adjective (object of κατοικῶν)ὀρεινός: 'mountainous'; ἡ ὀρεινή (sc. χώρα) 'the hill country / highlands'; renders הָהָר; the inland highland north.
16

καὶ ἐξέβαλον ἐκ προσώπου αὐτῶν τὸν Χαναναῖον καὶ τὸν Φερεζαῖον καὶ τὸν Ιεβουσαῖον καὶ τὸν Συχεμ καὶ πάντας τοὺς Γεργεσαίους καὶ κατῴκησαν ἐν αὐτῇ ἡμέρας πολλάς

And they drove out from before them the Canaanite and the Perizzite and the Jebusite and the Shechemite and all the Girgashites, and they lived there many days.

Settlement summaryκαὶ
A list of expelled peoples underscores the completeness of Israel’s occupation.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ἐξέβαλονthrewVBI AAI3P · βάλλω + ἐκmain verbἐκβάλλω: 'throw out, cast out'; the compound ἐκ- emphasizes 'out of' the ship; the same verb-root as the cargo-jettison (ἐκβολή, v.5). Jonah joins the cargo thrown overboard.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phraseἐκ: preposition introducing source, origin, or movement out from a place or state.
προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionπρόσωπον: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependenceαὐτός: 'their'
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ΧαναναῖονCanaaniteN2 ASM · Χαναναῖοςaccusative object of πρός (fourth nation)Χαναναῖος: 'Canaanite'; renders כְּנַעֲנִי; the fourth nation, and the people for whom the whole land is named; cf. v. 28 (τοὺς Χαναναίους).
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ΦερεζαῖονPerizziteN2 ASM · Φερεζαῖοςaccusative object of πρός (third nation)Φερεζαῖος: 'Perizzite'; renders פְּרִזִּי; the third of the seven nations; the Perizzites are often paired with the Canaanites (cf. Gen 13:7).
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ΙεβουσαῖονJebusiteN2 ASM · Ιεβουσαῖοςaccusative object of πρός (seventh nation)Ιεβουσαῖος: 'Jebusite'; renders יְבוּסִי; the seventh and last of the nations, associated with Jerusalem (Jebus); the complete heptad signals the totality of the peoples to be dispossessed.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ΣυχεμShechemN ASM · Συχεμplace-name in the allotment listShechem: a transliterated proper name preserved in this narrative, royal, or liturgical context.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
πάνταςall / everyA3 APM · πᾶςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phraseπᾶς: 'all / every'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's narrative, cultic, or administrative discourse.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ΓεργεσαίουςGirgashitesN2 APM · Γεργεσαῖοςaccusative direct object (of implied δώσω)Γεργεσαῖος: 'Girgashite'; renders Hebrew גִּרְגָּשִׁי; the Girgashites appear in the standard seven-nation lists of Deut 7:1 and Josh 3:10 but are not attested archaeologically and are rarely mentioned outside these lists; their location is unknown. The LXX form Γεργεσαῖος is consistent throughout.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
κατῴκησανthey dweltVAI AAI3P · οἰκέω + καταfinite verb advancing the clauseκατοικέω: 'dwell, settle, inhabit'; used for established residence in towns, especially Jerusalem, Gibeon, and other Benjaminite sites.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phraseἐν: preposition introducing its complement phrase and marking location, sphere, or circumstance.
αὐτῇthisRD DSF · αὐτόςdemonstrative element specifying the noun or phraseαὐτός: lexical item rendered 'this' in this chapter's immediate context.
ἡμέραςdaysN1A APF · ἡμέραcommon noun within the clauseἡμέρα: 'day'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
πολλάςmanyA1 APF · πολύςcommon noun or modifier within the list formulaπολύς: 'many'; quantitative adjective.
17

καὶ ἕως οὐχ ἥμαρτον ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ αὐτῶν ἦν μετ' αὐτῶν τὰ ἀγαθά ὅτι θεὸς μισῶν ἀδικίαν μετ' αὐτῶν ἐστιν

And so long as they did not sin before their God, prosperity was with them, because the God who hates injustice is with them.

Principle of blessingκαὶ
Achior states the theological rule plainly: fidelity brings the presence of the God who hates injustice.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ἕωςuntilC · ἕωςpreposition governing a following complement phraseἕως: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
οὐχnotD · οὐadverb or adverbial expression modifying the clause or predicateοὐ: adverbial form shaping the timing, manner, degree, or discourse force of the clause.
ἥμαρτονI have sinnedVBI AAI3P · ἁμαρτάνωmain verb (confession)ἁμαρτάνω: 'sin / miss the mark'; renders חָטָא; ἥμαρτον is David's stock confession (cf. 2 Kgdms 12:13 to Nathan); here the census is owned as sin.
ἐνώπιονbeforeP · ἐνώπιονprepositionEnopion: a transliterated proper name preserved in this roster or narrative context.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head termθεός: 'God'
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependenceαὐτός: 'their'
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forwardεἰμί: 'be'
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition introducing its complement phraseμετά: 'with / after'
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependenceαὐτός: 'their'
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἀγαθάgoodA1 NPN · ἀγαθόςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementἀγαθός: lexical item used here in its local narrative, judicial, royal, or cultic sense.
ὅτιbecause / thatC · ὅτιconjunction introducing content or reasonὅτι: conjunction introducing either explanatory reason or the content of speech and thought.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemθεός: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
μισῶνhatingV2 · παπνσμ μισέωcognate participle intensifying ἐμίσησας (Hebraism)μισέω: 'hate'; the construction μισῶν ἐμίσησας calques the Hebrew emphatic infinitive absolute שָׂנֹא שָׂנֵאתָ ('you surely/utterly hated'); the LXX renders the absolute with a cognate participle.
ἀδικίανiniquityN1A ASF · ἀδικίαdirect objectἀδικία: 'iniquity / injustice / unrighteousness'; a stronger, morally loaded term than mere theft; for the reader who knows Gen 37, Judah's confession of ἀδικία resonates back to the sale of Joseph — the brothers' deep, long-unpunished sin is now, in some sense, being exposed. FLAGGED: theological irony; resonance with Gen 37.
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition introducing its complement phraseμετά: 'with / after'
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependenceαὐτός: 'their'
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal forceεἰμί: verbal form expressing action, state, speech, movement, or relation according to its tense-form and clause role.
18

ὅτε δὲ ἀπέστησαν ἀπὸ τῆς ὁδοῦ ἧς διέθετο αὐτοῖς ἐξωλεθρεύθησαν ἐν πολλοῖς πολέμοις ἐπὶ πολὺ σφόδρα καὶ ᾐχμαλωτεύθησαν εἰς γῆν οὐκ ἰδίαν καὶ ὁ ναὸς τοῦ θεοῦ αὐτῶν ἐγενήθη εἰς ἔδαφος καὶ αἱ πόλεις αὐτῶν ἐκρατήθησαν ὑπὸ τῶν ὑπεναντίων

But when they departed from the way he had appointed for them, they were utterly destroyed in many battles and were carried away captive into a land not their own, and the temple of their God was laid low, and their cities were taken by their adversaries.

Principle of judgmentὅτε δὲ
The inverse is equally clear: apostasy leads to battlefield ruin, exile, and sanctuary devastation.
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
ὅτεοτεD · ὅτεadverb or negative particle shaping the clause-level senseὅτε: adverbial or negative particle meaning 'οτε' within the wisdom-contest and restoration narrative of 1 Esdras 3-4.
δὲbutX · δέpostpositive particle shaping clause relationδέ: 'but'; this small connective or particle shapes the clause flow as postpositive particle shaping clause relation.
ἀπέστησανthey turned awayVHI AAI3P · ἵστημι + ἀποmain verb (negated: persistence in sin)ἀφίστημι: 'depart / turn away'; renders סוּר; the plural echoes the singular οὐκ ἀπέστη of v. 2, now applied to the people as a whole.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition introducing its complement phraseἀπό: preposition introducing separation, source, or distance from a point or person.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ὁδοῦway / roadN2 GSF · ὁδόςgenitive object of ἐκ (the way departed from)ὁδός: 'way / road / path'; renders דֶּרֶךְ; the metaphorical 'way' of obedient covenant life walked by the fathers; the same ὁδός-motif recurs in vv. 19 (their hard ways) and 22 (the way of the LORD).
ἧςwho / whichRR GSF · ὅςgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὅς: 'who / which'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's prayer, narrative, or royal discourse. Here it functions pronominally within the clause or phrase.
διέθετοhe madeVEI AMI3S · τίθημι + διαfinite verb advancing the clauseτίθημι + δια: 'he made'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
ἐξωλεθρεύθησανwere utterly destroyedVCI API3P · ὀλεθρεύω + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the judgment summaryἐξολεθρεύω: verbal form meaning 'destroy utterly,' here of catastrophic defeat under judgment.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phraseἐν: preposition introducing its complement phrase and marking location, sphere, or circumstance.
πολλοῖςpolloisA1 DPM · πολύςadjectival or numerical term functioning in a dat relationπολύς: a nominal term used here in the chapter's administrative, liturgical, genealogical, or covenantal discourse.
πολέμοιςbattlesN2 DPM · πόλεμοςsubstantive functioning within the clause according to caseπόλεμος: noun meaning 'war / battle,' here in the plural for repeated defeats.
ἐπὶupon / overP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phraseἐπί: preposition marking position, direction, basis, or extension according to the clause context.
πολὺmuchA1P ASN · πολύςattributive adjective (with σπέρμα)πολύς: 'much / great'; the abundance sown, contrasted with the little reaped.
σφόδραgreatly / exceedinglyD · σφόδραparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or timeσφόδρα: particle or adverb shaping the sentence's discourse force, emphasis, or temporal flow.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ᾐχμαλωτεύθησανhad been taken captiveVCI API3P · αἰχμαλωτεύωmain verb (passive: the wives were captured)αἰχμαλωτεύω (aor. pass.): 'be taken captive'; the passive here turns the verb of vv. 2–3 onto David's own household, the third occurrence of the key captivity-verb.
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phraseεἰς: preposition introducing its complement phrase and marking motion toward, entry into, or purpose.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆcommon noun within the clauseγῆ: 'land'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial negation modifying the clauseοὐ: adverb of negation denying the verbal or nominal assertion of the clause.
ἰδίανone's ownA1A ASF · ἴδιοςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseἴδιος: 'one's own'; used here in its ordinary sense within the wisdom-contest and restoration narrative of 1 Esdras 3-4.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
theRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ναὸςnave / temple-hallN2 NSM · ναόςsubjectναός: the main hall (holy place) in front of the sanctuary; forty cubits long.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head termθεός: 'God'
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependenceαὐτός: 'their'
ἐγενήθηbecome / happenVCI API3S · γίγνομαιmain verbal form advancing the narrative or descriptionγίγνομαι: 'become / happen'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's prayer, narrative, or royal discourse. In this context it advances the prayer, narrative, or royal report.
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phraseεἰς: preposition introducing its complement phrase and marking motion toward, entry into, or purpose.
ἔδαφοςfloorN3E ASN · ἔδαφοςdirect object of περιέσχενἔδαφος: 'floor / ground'; the floor of the house, here gilded (cf. v. 15).
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
πόλειςcitiesN3I NPF · πόλιςcommon noun or modifier within the list formulaπόλις: 'cities'; the settled urban allotments given to Levites.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependenceαὐτός: 'their'
ἐκρατήθησανwere takenVCI API3P · κρατέωmain verbal form advancing the judgment summaryκρατέω: verbal form meaning 'seize / prevail over,' here in the passive of cities captured by enemies.
ὑπὸbyP · ὑπόpreposition governing its complementὑπό: 'by'; this small connective or particle shapes the clause flow as preposition governing its complement.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ὑπεναντίωνadversaries / enemiesA1A GPM · ὑπεναντίοςpredicate genitive (of class: 'of the adversaries')ὑπεναντίος: 'opposed / hostile'; substantively 'the adversaries / enemies'; renders צָר / אֹיֵב; the partitive/possessive genitive τῶν ὑπεναντίων ('one of the enemy') completes the alternative — the divine commander's answer (v. 14) transcends both options.
19

καὶ νῦν ἐπιστρέψαντες ἐπὶ τὸν θεὸν αὐτῶν ἀνέβησαν ἐκ τῆς διασπορᾶς οὗ διεσπάρησαν ἐκεῖ καὶ κατέσχον τὴν Ιερουσαλημ οὗ τὸ ἁγίασμα αὐτῶν καὶ κατῳκίσθησαν ἐν τῇ ὀρεινῇ ὅτι ἦν ἔρημος

And now, having returned to their God, they have come up from the dispersion where they had been scattered, and have taken possession of Jerusalem, where their sanctuary is, and have settled in the hill country because it was desolate.

Present applicationκαὶ νῦν
The historical warning is brought into the present, where return and resettlement signal renewed divine regard.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
νῦνnowD · νῦνparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or timeνῦν: particle or adverb shaping the sentence's discourse force, emphasis, or temporal flow.
ἐπιστρέψαντεςepiVA · ααπνπμ στρέφω + ἐπιfinite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal senseααπνπμ στρέφω + ἐπι: rendered here in its immediate narrative, liturgical, or covenantal setting with an English gloss suited to the verse context.
ἐπὶupon / overP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phraseἐπί: preposition marking position, direction, basis, or extension according to the clause context.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
θεὸνGodN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementθεός: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependenceαὐτός: 'their'
ἀνέβησανwent upVZI AAI3P · βαίνω + ἀναmain verbal form carrying the clause forwardἀναβαίνω: 'go up'
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phraseἐκ: preposition introducing source, origin, or movement out from a place or state.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
διασπορᾶςdispersionN1A GSF · διασποράsubstantive functioning within the clause according to caseδιασπορά: noun meaning 'dispersion / scattering,' here the state from which the people return.
οὗwhereD · οὗpronoun in genitival dependenceὅς: 'where'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's prayer, narrative, or royal discourse. Here it functions pronominally within the clause or phrase.
διεσπάρησανwere scattered / dispersedVDI API3P · σπείρω + διαmain verb (the army disbands)διασπείρω (aor. pass. διεσπάρησαν): 'scatter / disperse'; renders נָפַץ / פּוּץ; the besieging army breaks up and goes home, the siege over and the rebellion ended.
ἐκεῖthereD · ἐκεῖproper-name item in the genealogical chainἐκεῖ: 'there'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's prayer, narrative, or royal discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
κατέσχονI seizedVBI AAI3P · ἔχω + καταmain verb (David's first action against the messenger)κατέχω: 'hold fast / seize / arrest'; renders אָחַז / תָּפַשׂ; David arrested the messenger before executing him — establishing the precedent of summary justice against those who profit from a king's death.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN ASF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceJerusalem: transliterated proper name preserved in the genealogical, cultic, or martial register of this chapter.
οὗwhereD · οὗpronoun in genitival dependenceὅς: 'where'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's prayer, narrative, or royal discourse. Here it functions pronominally within the clause or phrase.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἁγίασμαsanctuaryN3M NSN · ἁγίασμαcommon noun within the clauseἁγίασμα: 'sanctuary'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's narrative, cultic, or administrative discourse.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependenceαὐτός: 'their'
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
κατῳκίσθησανthey were settledVSI API3P · οἰκίζω + καταmain verb (passive of resettlement)κατοικίζω (pass.): 'be settled / caused to dwell'; the passive of the verb used of Israel's resettlement in v. 6; the imported peoples are planted in Samaria's cities.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phraseἐν: preposition introducing its complement phrase and marking location, sphere, or circumstance.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ὀρεινῇoreineN1 DSF · ὀρεινήdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or locationὀρεινή: "oreine"; a regular lexical item in this chapter's narrative, cultic, or royal-administrative discourse.
ὅτιbecause / thatC · ὅτιconjunction introducing content or reasonὅτι: conjunction introducing either explanatory reason or the content of speech and thought.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forwardεἰμί: 'be'
ἔρημοςdesolate / desertedN2 NSF · ἔρημοςpredicate adjective (with γένηται: 'become desolate')ἔρημος: 'desolate / deserted / wilderness'; renders שְׁמָמָה ('desolation'); a depopulated land would become a wasteland — uncultivated, untended, and overrun by wildlife.
20

καὶ νῦν δέσποτα κύριε εἰ μὲν ἔστιν ἀγνόημα ἐν τῷ λαῷ τούτῳ καὶ ἁμαρτάνουσιν εἰς τὸν θεὸν αὐτῶν καὶ ἐπισκεψόμεθα ὅτι ἔστιν ἐν αὐτοῖς σκάνδαλον τοῦτο καὶ ἀναβησόμεθα καὶ ἐκπολεμήσομεν αὐτούς

And now, master and lord, if there is any oversight or offense in this people and they are sinning against their God, let us consider whether this stumbling block is among them, and then we shall go up and fight against them.

Conditional adviceκαὶ νῦν
Achior counsels attack only if present guilt can be identified within Israel.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
νῦνnowD · νῦνparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or timeνῦν: particle or adverb shaping the sentence's discourse force, emphasis, or temporal flow.
δέσποταδεσπότηςN1M VSM · δεσπότηςNominal modifier or complementNominal or adjectival form meaning “δεσπότης” here.
κύριεLordN2 VSM · κύριοςsubstantive functioning within the clause according to contextκύριος: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
εἰeiC · εἰconjunction linking clauses, commands, or list itemsεἰ: conjunction linking clauses, commands, and list-items in the Nehemiah restoration narrative.
μὲνindeedX · μένdiscourse balancerμέν serves as a discourse balancer, linking the clause with the sense 'indeed'.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forwardεἰμί: 'be / exist'
ἀγνόημαoffenseN3M NSN · ἀγνόημαsubstantive functioning within the clause according to caseἀγνόημα: noun meaning 'oversight / offense / error,' here a possible ground of divine judgment.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phraseἐν: preposition introducing its complement phrase and marking location, sphere, or circumstance.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
λαῷpeopleN2 DSM · λαόςhead noun within the clauseλαός: 'people'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τούτῳto himRD DSM · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewοὗτος: 'to him'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's prayer, narrative, or royal discourse. Here it functions pronominally within the clause or phrase.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ἁμαρτάνουσινare sinningV1 PAI3P · ἁμαρτάνωmain verbal form expressing ongoing actionἁμαρτάνω: verbal form meaning 'sin / miss the mark,' here describing present covenant violation if it exists.
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phraseεἰς: preposition introducing its complement phrase and marking motion toward, entry into, or purpose.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
θεὸνGodN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementθεός: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependenceαὐτός: 'their'
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ἐπισκεψόμεθαwe shall examineVF FMI1P · σκέπτομαι + ἐπιmain verbal form expressing deliberative actionἐπισκέπτομαι: verbal form meaning 'examine / inspect / look into,' here for discerning whether guilt is present.
ὅτιbecause / thatC · ὅτιconjunction introducing content or reasonὅτι: conjunction introducing either explanatory reason or the content of speech and thought.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forwardεἰμί: 'be / exist'
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phraseἐν: preposition introducing its complement phrase and marking location, sphere, or circumstance.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
σκάνδαλονstumbling-block / trapN2N NSN · σκάνδαλονpredicate accusative (with εἰς: what the gods become)σκάνδαλον: 'trap-stick / snare / cause of stumbling'; originally the trigger of a trap; renders מוֹקֵשׁ ('snare / lure'); a key LXX theological term for the seduction of foreign worship (cf. Exod 23:33; 34:12; Ps 105[106]:36) and later for spiritual entrapment in the NT — here the Canaanite gods are the divinely-permitted lure that exposes Israel's heart.
τοῦτοthisRD NSN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewοὗτος: demonstrative pronoun ('this/these'); used to identify or summarize the persons or items just mentioned.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ἀναβησόμεθαwe will go upVF FMI1P · βαίνω + ἀναmain verb of apodosisἀναβαίνω (fut. mid.): 'we will go up'; the positive counterpart to οὐ μὴ ἀναβῶμεν (v. 9) — under the favorable omen they will attack.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ἐκπολεμήσομενwe shall make war againstVF FAI1P · πολεμέω + ἐκmain verbal form expressing intended actionἐκπολεμέω: verbal form meaning 'wage war against / campaign against.'
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complementαὐτός: 'them'
21

εἰ δ' οὐκ ἔστιν ἀνομία ἐν τῷ ἔθνει αὐτῶν παρελθέτω δὴ ὁ κύριός μου μήποτε ὑπερασπίσῃ ὁ κύριος αὐτῶν καὶ ὁ θεὸς αὐτῶν ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν καὶ ἐσόμεθα εἰς ὀνειδισμὸν ἐναντίον πάσης τῆς γῆς

But if there is no lawlessness in their nation, let my lord pass them by, lest their Lord defend them and their God fight on their behalf, and we become a reproach before all the earth."

Negative conditionεἰ δ'
If no such guilt exists, he warns that opposition to Israel will turn into public shame for Holofernes.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
εἰeiC · εἰconjunction linking clauses, commands, or list itemsεἰ: conjunction linking clauses, commands, and list-items in the Nehemiah restoration narrative.
δ'but / andX · δέenclitic conjunction marking development or contrastδέ: conjunction marking a slight contrast, step, or continuation in the discourse flow.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial negation modifying the clauseοὐ: adverb of negation denying the verbal or nominal assertion of the clause.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forwardεἰμί: 'be / exist'
ἀνομίαlawlessnessN1A NSF · ἀνομίαsubject of ἔσταιἀνομία: 'lawlessness, iniquity'; renders זִמָּה / רֶשַׁע; cognate with ἀνόμημα earlier in the verse — the penalty removes the very 'lawlessness' the act introduced.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phraseἐν: preposition introducing its complement phrase and marking location, sphere, or circumstance.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἔθνειnationN3E DSN · ἔθνοςdative term functioning as indirect object, reference, means, or locationἔθνος: 'nation'; used here in its ordinary sense within the 1 Esdras Judah-exile-restoration narrative.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependenceαὐτός: 'their'
παρελθέτωlet pass / pass throughVB AAD3S · ἔρχομαι + παραimperative (Jacob's first directive: mustering the flock for inspection)παρέρχομαι: 'pass by, pass through'; the third-person imperative: 'let all your flock pass' — Jacob is directing a formal inspection of the entire flock to identify his claimed animals.
δὴnow / indeedX · δήsubstantive, modifier, or particle functioning within the clause according to contextδή: lexical item used here in its local narrative, judicial, royal, or cultic sense.
theRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
κύριόςlordN2 NSM · κύριοςsubject (human master)κύριος: human honorific 'my lord,' the king; not the divine name.
μουIRP GS · ἐγώgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseἐγώ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
μήποτεlest perhapsD · μήποτεsubordinating particle expressing apprehensionμήποτε: particle expressing caution or feared consequence, usually translated 'lest perhaps'.
ὑπερασπίσῃdefendVA AAS3S · ἀσπίζω + ὑπερmain verbal form within the feared conditionὑπερασπίζω: verbal form meaning 'defend / shield on behalf of.'
theRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemκύριος: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependenceαὐτός: 'their'
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
theRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemθεός: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependenceαὐτός: 'their'
ὑπὲρfor / on behalf ofP · ὑπέρpreposition governing the following phraseὑπέρ: 'over / beyond'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependenceαὐτός: 'their'
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ἐσόμεθαbeVF FMI1P · εἰμίFinite verb / predicateVerbal form meaning “be” in this context.
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phraseεἰς: preposition introducing its complement phrase and marking motion toward, entry into, or purpose.
ὀνειδισμὸνreproach / disgraceN2 ASM · ὀνειδισμόςdirect object of ἀφεῖλονὀνειδισμός: 'reproach / disgrace / taunt'; renders חֶרְפָּה; 'the reproach of Egypt' is most likely the shame of slavery / the uncircumcised servile condition associated with Egypt; by restoring the covenant sign, YHWH lifts the stigma of the bondage-era from his people; the term reappears in messianic contexts (Ps 68:10 LXX; cited Rom 15:3).
ἐναντίονbefore / in the sight ofP · ἐναντίονpreposition governing the following phraseἐναντίον: 'before / in the sight of'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
πάσηςeveryoneA1S GSF · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifierπᾶς: 'all'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitival dependent within the phraseγῆ: 'land'; used here in its ordinary sense within the genealogical or historical notice.
22

καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς ἐπαύσατο Αχιωρ λαλῶν τοὺς λόγους τούτους καὶ ἐγόγγυσεν πᾶς ὁ λαὸς ὁ κυκλῶν τὴν σκηνὴν καὶ περιεστώς καὶ εἶπαν οἱ μεγιστᾶνες Ολοφέρνου καὶ πάντες οἱ κατοικοῦντες τὴν παραλίαν καὶ τὴν Μωαβ συγκόψαι αὐτόν

And when Achior had finished speaking these words, all the people standing around the tent and encircling it began to murmur, and the nobles of Holofernes and all the inhabitants of the coastland and of Moab said that he should be cut down.

Hostile reactionκαὶ
The sober counsel is met by a swelling murmur and a call for violent retaliation.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ἐγένετοit came to passVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιmain verbal form carrying the clause forwardγίνομαι: 'become / happen / come to pass'
ὡςas / whenC · ὡςsubordinator shaping temporal or comparative forceὡς: conjunction or particle marking time, comparison, manner, or reported perspective according to context.
ἐπαύσατοstopVAI AMI3S · παύωcircumstantial participleπαύω carries the verbal sense 'stop' here and functions as a circumstantial participle within the narrative line.
ΑχιωρAchiorN NSM · Αχιωρproper name within the narrative or speechAchior: the Ammonite leader whose truthful speech interprets Israel’s history before Holofernes.
λαλῶνspeaking / (flowing)V2 · παπνσμ λαλέωpredicative participle (Hebraizing, with ἐπορεύετο)λαλέω: 'speak'; the participle reflects a difficult Hebrew text; some take it of the people 'talking' as they went, others as a misreading of the honey-flow; the LXX ἐπορεύετο λαλῶν most naturally means the people 'went along talking' even amid the flowing honey, yet none ate.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
λόγουςwordN2 APM · λόγοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementλόγος: 'word'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's prayer, narrative, or royal discourse. Here it appears in the acc case within the clause.
τούτουςthisRD APM · οὗτοςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseοὗτος: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ἐγόγγυσενmurmuredVAI AAI3S · γογγύζωmain verbal form advancing the reactionγογγύζω: verbal form meaning 'murmur / grumble,' marking hostile unrest in the crowd.
πᾶςeveryoneA3 NSM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifierπᾶς: 'all'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
theRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
λαὸςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemλαός: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
theRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
κυκλῶνencirclingV4 · παπνσμ κυκλόωsubstantival participle (predicate: 'this is the one encircling')κυκλόω: 'encircle, surround'; renders Hebrew הַסֹּבֵב ('the one going around'). The verb is used in military contexts (surrounding a city; e.g. Rev 20:9) — a hint that the rivers mark the boundaries of the known world as a kind of cosmic enclosure.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
σκηνὴνtentN1 ASF · σκηνήaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goalσκηνή: 'tent'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Solomonic royal-temple narrative.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
περιεστώςstanding aroundVXI XAPNSM I(/STHMI PERIparticiple modifying the people around the tentπεριΐστημι: participial form meaning 'stand around / surround,' describing the crowd’s posture.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
εἶπανthey saidVAI AAI3P · εἶπονfinite verb advancing the clauseεἶπον: 'say'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
μεγιστᾶνεςmagnateN3N NPM · μεγιστάνnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifierμεγιστάν: 'magnate'; used here in its ordinary sense within the wisdom-contest and restoration narrative of 1 Esdras 3-4.
ΟλοφέρνουHolofernesN1M GSM · Ολοφέρνηςproper name within the narrative or speechHolofernes: proper name of the Assyrian commander who drives the book’s siege narrative.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifierπᾶς: 'all'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
κατοικοῦντεςdwellingV2 · παπνπμ οἰκέω + καταparticiple identifying the residence of the scribal familiesκατοικέω: dwelling; participle marking settled residence within a place-name notice.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
παραλίανseacoastA1A ASF · παράλιοςaccusative (coordinate zone: the coastland)παράλιος: 'beside the sea / coastal'; substantivized ἡ παραλία, 'the seacoast'; renders חוֹף הַיָּם; the Mediterranean coastal plain.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ΜωαβMoabN ASF · Μωαβsubstantive, modifier, or particle functioning within the clause according to contextMoab: proper name or place-name preserved in transliterated Greek form.
συγκόψαιcut downVA AAN · κόπτω + συνcomplementary infinitive expressing proposed actionσυγκόπτω: infinitive meaning 'cut down / strike down,' here the violent counsel against Achior.
αὐτόνhe / she / itRD ASM · αὐτόςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseαὐτός: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
23

οὐ γὰρ φοβηθησόμεθα ἀπὸ υἱῶν Ισραηλ ἰδοὺ γὰρ λαὸς ἐν ᾧ οὐκ ἔστιν δύναμις οὐδὲ κράτος εἰς παράταξιν ἰσχυράν

"For we shall not be afraid of the sons of Israel; see, it is a people in whom there is neither power nor strength for a mighty pitched battle.

Boastful dismissalοὐ γὰρ
The counselors ground their rage in contempt, treating Israel as militarily negligible.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial negation modifying the clauseοὐ: adverb of negation denying the verbal or nominal assertion of the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clauseγάρ: 'for'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
φοβηθησόμεθαwe shall fearVC FPI1P · φοβέωmain verbal form expressing future attitudeφοβέομαι: verbal form meaning 'fear,' here denied in boastful confidence.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition introducing its complement phraseἀπό: preposition introducing separation, source, or distance from a point or person.
υἱῶνsonsN2 GPM · υἱόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head termυἱός: 'son'
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name within the narrative or prayerIsrael: transliterated proper name designating the people or patriarchal name in this narrative context.
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούinterjection introducing or coloring the speechἰδού: 'behold'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clauseγάρ: 'for'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
λαὸςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemλαός: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phraseἐν: preposition introducing its complement phrase and marking location, sphere, or circumstance.
whichRR DSM · ὅςrelative pronoun (dative, antecedent τόπῳ)ὅς: relative pronoun, dative ᾧ attracted to τόπῳ.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial negation modifying the clauseοὐ: adverb of negation denying the verbal or nominal assertion of the clause.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forwardεἰμί: 'be / exist'
δύναμιςhostN3I NSF · δύναμιςnominative (heading the tally)δύναμις: see v. 3.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argumentοὐδέ: connective or particle, here linking clauses or sharpening the argument within the wisdom-contest and restoration narrative of 1 Esdras 3-4.
κράτοςmight / forceN3E NSN · κράτοςaccusative with κατά (idiomatic adverbial: 'mightily')κράτος: 'strength / might / dominion'; κατὰ κράτος is a fixed idiom 'with all (one's) might / forcibly'; here it renders the Hebrew בְּחָזְקָה ('with strength'), conveying brutal severity.
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phraseεἰς: preposition introducing its complement phrase and marking motion toward, entry into, or purpose.
παράταξινbattleN3I ASF · παράταξιςaccusative element functioning as object or goalπαράταξις: 'battle'
ἰσχυράνmightyA1A ASF · ἰσχυρόςadjectival modifier within the phraseἰσχυρός: adjective meaning 'strong / mighty,' here qualifying battle formation.
24

διὸ δὴ ἀναβησόμεθα καὶ ἔσονται εἰς κατάβρωσιν πάσης τῆς στρατιᾶς σου δέσποτα Ολοφέρνη

So then let us go up, and they will become food for the whole of your army, master Holofernes."

Aggressive resolutionδιὸ δὴ
The council concludes with appetite for immediate invasion and total consumption of the enemy.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
διὸthereforeC · διόinferential conjunctionδιό: 'therefore / for which reason'; draws the conclusion from the wandering — the long sojourn is why most of the people were uncircumcised.
δὴnow / indeedX · δήsubstantive, modifier, or particle functioning within the clause according to contextδή: lexical item used here in its local narrative, judicial, royal, or cultic sense.
ἀναβησόμεθαwe will go upVF FMI1P · βαίνω + ἀναmain verb of apodosisἀναβαίνω (fut. mid.): 'we will go up'; the positive counterpart to οὐ μὴ ἀναβῶμεν (v. 9) — under the favorable omen they will attack.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the clause or sequenceκαί: coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, and list-items in this chapter's narrative or prayer.
ἔσονταιbeVF FMI3P · εἰμίfinite verb advancing the clauseεἰμί: 'be'; a regular verbal item in this chapter's narrative, cultic, or royal discourse.
εἰςinto / toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phraseεἰς: preposition introducing its complement phrase and marking motion toward, entry into, or purpose.
κατάβρωσινfood for consumptionN3I ASF · κατάβρωσιςsubstantive functioning within the clause according to caseκατάβρωσις: noun meaning 'consumption / prey / food for devouring.'
πάσηςeveryoneA1S GSF · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifierπᾶς: 'all'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article marking definiteness and signaling case, number, and gender within the phrase.
στρατιᾶςarmyN1A GSF · στρατιάgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head termστρατιά: 'army / host'
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseσύ: 'you'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's prayer, narrative, or royal discourse. Here it functions pronominally within the clause or phrase.
δέσποταδεσπότηςN1M VSM · δεσπότηςNominal modifier or complementNominal or adjectival form meaning “δεσπότης” here.
ΟλοφέρνηHolofernesN1M VSM · Ολοφέρνηςproper name within direct addressHolofernes: vocative form of the commander’s name in direct address.