1
ἐὰν δὲ ψυχὴ προσφέρῃ δῶρον θυσίαν τῷ κυρίῳ σεμίδαλις ἔσται τὸ δῶρον αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐπιχεεῖ ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸ ἔλαιον καὶ ἐπιθήσει ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸ λίβανον θυσία ἐστίν
And if a soul brings a gift, a grain offering to the LORD, his gift shall be fine flour, and he shall pour oil upon it and place frankincense upon it; it is a grain offering.
The chapter opens with the casuistic legal formula ἐὰν δέ + subjunctive ('but if/whenever someone brings'), the standard LXX rendering of the Hebrew כִּי / וְ + imperfect that structures Levitical case-law. δέ links this offering-type to the burnt-offering legislation of ch. 1. The double accusative δῶρον θυσίαν juxtaposes the two key terms of the chapter — δῶρον ('gift', קָרְבָּן) and θυσία ('offering', מִנְחָה) — defining the grain offering at the outset.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (introducing casuistic protasis, + subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if / whenever'; with the subjunctive it introduces the protasis of a casuistic law; the formula ἐὰν δέ recurs at vv. 4, 5, 7, 14 to mark each new sub-type of the grain offering, rendering the Hebrew conditional כִּי / וְכִי.
δὲnow / andnarrative continuative (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive particle linking the grain-offering law to the burnt-offering legislation of ch. 1; here it marks the transition to a new class of sacrifice rather than an adversative contrast.
ψυχὴsoul / personNominativesubject of προσφέρῃ→ participant prominenceψυχή: 'soul / living being / person'; renders Hebrew נֶפֶשׁ, here in the idiomatic sense 'a person, anyone'; the LXX preserves the Hebrew use of נֶפֶשׁ for an individual human agent in cultic legislation (cf. Lev 4:2; 5:1).
προσφέρῃbrings / offersPres Act Subj 3 Sg · προσφέρωverb of the protasis (subjunctive with ἐάν)→ conative/general present subjunctive (the act of presenting an offering, viewed as a recurring case)προσφέρω: 'bring to / present / offer'; the standard LXX verb for presenting a sacrifice (rendering הִקְרִיב, Hiphil of קרב); the present subjunctive expresses the generic, repeatable circumstance of the case-law.
δῶρονgiftAccusativedirect object of προσφέρῃ→ object specificationδῶρον: 'gift / present / offering'; renders Hebrew קָרְבָּן ('that which is brought near'); throughout the chapter δῶρον denotes the offering as the worshipper's gift to God, paired here in apposition with θυσίαν.
θυσίανgrain offering / sacrificeAccusativeaccusative in apposition to δῶρον (defining the gift as a grain offering)→ object specificationθυσία: generically 'sacrifice / offering', but in this chapter it renders Hebrew מִנְחָה, the cereal/grain offering specifically; the apposition δῶρον θυσίαν ('a gift, namely a grain offering') sets the chapter's defining term.
τῷto theDativearticle (with κυρίῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient/advantage ('to the LORD')→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the dative τῷ κυρίῳ marks the deity as the recipient of the offering; recurs as a refrain throughout the chapter (vv. 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.).
σεμίδαλιςfine flourNominativepredicate nominative (with ἔσται: 'shall be fine flour')→ participant prominenceσεμίδαλις: 'fine wheat flour / semolina'; renders Hebrew סֹלֶת; the finest, most carefully milled wheat flour, the standard base of the grain offering and a costly, honorific material (cf. Gen 18:6; Ezek 16:13).
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (linking σεμίδαλις to τὸ δῶρον αὐτοῦ)→ legislative future (prescriptive: 'is to be')εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; the future has prescriptive/legislative force in cultic law, defining what the gift must consist of; renders the Hebrew imperfect of regulation.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with δῶρον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δῶρονgiftNominativesubject of ἔσται ('his gift shall be...')→ participant prominenceδῶρον: here the grammatical subject; the clause σεμίδαλις ἔσται τὸ δῶρον αὐτοῦ specifies the material content of the worshipper's gift.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying δῶρον)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'he / his'; the genitive marks the offering as belonging to the worshipper of v. 1 (ψυχή).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιχεεῖhe shall pour uponFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιχέωmain verb (prescriptive future)→ legislative future (ritual prescription)ἐπιχέω: 'pour upon / pour over'; the compound ἐπι- marks application onto a surface; renders Hebrew יָצַק; here the oil is poured over the flour, the first of the two added elements (oil, then frankincense).
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + accusative (elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (elided before vowel).
αὐτὸitAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπ᾿ (the flour-gift)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the neuter αὐτό refers back to τὸ δῶρον (the gift); the oil is poured 'upon it.'
ἔλαιονoilAccusativedirect object of ἐπιχεεῖ→ object specificationἔλαιον: 'olive oil'; renders Hebrew שֶׁמֶן; oil is a standard accompaniment of the grain offering, symbolizing richness and dedication; it is mixed with or poured over the flour in every cooked and uncooked variant of the chapter.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιθήσειhe shall place uponFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (prescriptive future)→ legislative future (ritual prescription)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon / lay on'; renders Hebrew נָתַן (here 'put'); used of laying the frankincense on the flour, and again in v. 2 of placing the memorial portion on the altar — a key ritual verb in the chapter.
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + accusative (elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (elided before vowel).
αὐτὸitAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπ᾿ (the flour-gift)→ participant referenceαὐτὸ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ἐπ᾿ (the flour-gift).
λίβανονfrankincenseAccusativedirect object of ἐπιθήσει→ object specificationλίβανος: 'frankincense'; renders Hebrew לְבֹנָה; the aromatic resin laid upon the offering and burned wholly with the memorial portion (v. 2); its fragrance gives the offering its character as an ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας ('aroma of pleasing fragrance').
θυσίαgrain offeringNominativepredicate nominative (with ἐστίν)→ participant prominenceθυσία: here in the closing classificatory formula θυσία ἐστίν ('it is a grain offering'), a summarizing tag that recurs at vv. 6, 15; renders the Hebrew מִנְחָה הִוא.
ἐστίνit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (classificatory: 'it is a grain offering')→ gnomic/classificatory present (defining the offering's category)εἰμί: 'be'; the present copula in the closing tag-formula classifies the rite just described as a θυσία; this declarative summation is characteristic of Levitical ritual definition.
2
καὶ οἴσει πρὸς τοὺς υἱοὺς Ααρων τοὺς ἱερεῖς καὶ δραξάμενος ἀπ᾿ αὐτῆς πλήρη τὴν δράκα ἀπὸ τῆς σεμιδάλεως σὺν τῷ ἐλαίῳ καὶ πάντα τὸν λίβανον αὐτῆς καὶ ἐπιθήσει ὁ ἱερεὺς τὸ μνημόσυνον αὐτῆς ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον θυσία ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας τῷ κυρίῳ
And he shall bring it to the sons of Aaron, the priests, and having taken from it his handful full of the fine flour together with the oil and all its frankincense, the priest shall place its memorial portion upon the altar; it is a grain offering, an aroma of pleasing fragrance to the LORD.
v. 2 narrates the ritual procedure in two stages: the worshipper brings (οἴσει) the offering to the priests, then the priest (subject shifts via the aorist participle δραξάμενος and finite ἐπιθήσει) takes the handful and burns the memorial portion. The technical idiom δραξάμενος … πλήρη τὴν δράκα ('having grasped … a full handful') calques the Hebrew קָמַץ … מְלֹא קֻמְצוֹ; the burnt μνημόσυνον is the offering's representative token, and the closing formula ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας τῷ κυρίῳ recurs through the chapter.
Word-by-word analysis· 41 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἴσειhe shall bringFut Act Indic 3 Sg · φέρωmain verb (prescriptive future; subject = the worshipper)→ legislative future (ritual prescription)φέρω (fut. οἴσει, suppletive): 'bring / carry'; renders Hebrew הֵבִיא; the worshipper conveys the prepared offering to the officiating priests — the transition from private preparation (v. 1) to sanctuary presentation.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with υἱοὺς)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ααρων ('the sons of Aaron') is the standard Levitical designation of the priesthood (rendering בְּנֵי אַהֲרֹן); the priests are the authorized recipients and officiants of the offering.
Ααρωνof Aarongenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑαρων: transliteration of Hebrew אַהֲרֹן; indeclinable in the LXX; Aaron, brother of Moses and first high priest, is the head of the priestly line whose sons officiate.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with ἱερεῖς, in apposition to υἱοὺς)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖςpriestsAccusativeaccusative in apposition to υἱοὺς ('the sons of Aaron, the priests')→ object specificationἱερεύς: 'priest'; renders Hebrew כֹּהֵן; the appositional phrase clarifies that the sons of Aaron act here in their priestly office; the priest alone may handle the altar and the holy portions.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δραξάμενοςhaving taken a handfulAor Mid Part Nom Sg Masc · δράσσομαιcircumstantial (temporal) participle (subject = the priest of ἐπιθήσει)→ antecedent aorist participle (action prior to ἐπιθήσει)δράσσομαι: 'grasp / take a handful'; renders Hebrew קָמַץ; the middle voice (acting in one's own interest/with one's own hand) suits the priestly gesture; the participle governs the technical phrase πλήρη τὴν δράκα ('a full handful').
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (partitive, elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἀπ᾿: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive, elided before vowel).
αὐτῆςof itGenitivepartitive genitive object of ἀπ᾿ (from the offering)→ relational specificationαὐτός: the feminine αὐτῆς refers to ἡ θυσία (the grain offering, feminine); the handful is taken 'from it.'
πλήρηfullAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying δράκα: 'a full handful')→ object specificationπλήρης: 'full / filled'; with δράκα it renders the Hebrew מְלֹא קֻמְצוֹ ('the fullness of his fist'); the measure is the priest's closed hand brimful of flour.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with δράκα)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δράκαhandful / fistfulAccusativeaccusative object of δραξάμενος (cognate-style direct object)→ object specificationδράξ (acc. δράκα): 'a handful / what the closed hand holds'; cognate with δράσσομαι; renders Hebrew קֹמֶץ; the technical phrase δραξάμενος … πλήρη τὴν δράκα is a near-cognate construction echoing the Hebrew קָמַץ … מְלֹא קֻמְצוֹ.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (partitive: the source-substance)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive: the source-substance).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with σεμιδάλεως)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σεμιδάλεωςfine flourGenitivepartitive genitive object of ἀπὸ ('from the fine flour')→ relational specificationσεμίδαλις (gen. σεμιδάλεως): 'fine wheat flour'; the handful is specifically of the flour (with its oil), distinguishing the burnt token from the bulk of the offering.
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingσύν: 'with / together with'; renders Hebrew עַל / preposition of accompaniment; the handful of flour is taken together with its oil.
τῷtheDativearticle (with ἐλαίῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐλαίῳoilDativedative of accompaniment (object of σύν)→ sphere or referenceἔλαιον: 'oil'; the oil poured over the flour in v. 1 is burned with the memorial handful; it is part of the token that ascends to God.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying λίβανον: 'all its frankincense')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / the whole'; the entirety of the frankincense (unlike the flour, of which only a handful is burned) is burned with the memorial portion — the whole frankincense ascends, a detail preserved from the Hebrew כָּל־לְבֹנָתָהּ.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with λίβανον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λίβανονfrankincenseAccusativeaccusative object (coordinate with δράκα as what is taken/burned)→ object specificationλίβανος: 'frankincense'; all of it is burned, giving the rising smoke its fragrant character (ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας).
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying λίβανον; refers to ἡ θυσία)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying λίβανον; refers to ἡ θυσία).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (resuming the main clause after the participial phrase)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιθήσειshall placeFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (prescriptive future; subject = the priest)→ legislative future (ritual prescription)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon'; here of placing the memorial portion on the altar to be burned; the same verb as in v. 1 (of laying the frankincense), now applied to the climactic act of offering up.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεὺς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject of ἐπιθήσει→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; the explicit subject marks the shift from the worshipper (who brings) to the priest (who officiates at the altar); only the priest performs the altar-act.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with μνημόσυνον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μνημόσυνονmemorial portionAccusativedirect object of ἐπιθήσει→ object specificationμνημόσυνον: 'memorial / token of remembrance'; renders Hebrew אַזְכָּרָה (from זכר 'to remember'); the burned handful represents the whole offering before God, a 'reminder' that brings the worshipper to divine remembrance; a key technical term recurring at vv. 9, 16.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (the memorial portion of the offering)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the memorial portion of the offering).
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (place onto which)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place onto which).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with θυσιαστήριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπὶ (place onto which the portion is set)→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar / place of sacrifice'; a Septuagintal coinage from θυσιάζω, rendering Hebrew מִזְבֵּחַ; the altar of burnt offering on which the memorial portion is consumed by fire.
θυσίαgrain offeringNominativepredicate nominative (classificatory tag, verbless)→ participant prominenceθυσία: in the closing formula θυσία ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας τῷ κυρίῳ ('a grain offering, an aroma of pleasing fragrance to the LORD'); the verbless predication classifies the rite and states its acceptability to God.
ὀσμὴaroma / smellNominativenominative in apposition to θυσία ('an aroma')→ participant prominenceὀσμή: 'smell / odor / fragrance'; the phrase ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας renders Hebrew רֵיחַ נִיחֹחַ ('a soothing/pleasing aroma'), the standard formula for a sacrifice accepted by God; the rising fragrant smoke signifies divine acceptance.
εὐωδίαςof pleasing fragranceGenitivegenitive of quality (modifying ὀσμὴ: 'aroma of sweetness')→ relational specificationεὐωδία: 'fragrance / sweet smell'; the genitive of quality ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας is a Hebraizing construction (= 'a fragrant aroma'); the phrase is taken up in the NT for Christ's self-offering (Eph 5:2; cf. 2 Cor 2:15; Phil 4:18).
τῷto theDativearticle (with κυρίῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient ('to the LORD')→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the dative names the recipient of the fragrant offering, sealing the formula of acceptance.
3
καὶ τὸ λοιπὸν ἀπὸ τῆς θυσίας Ααρων καὶ τοῖς υἱοῖς αὐτοῦ ἅγιον τῶν ἁγίων ἀπὸ τῶν θυσιῶν κυρίου
And the remainder from the grain offering shall be for Aaron and for his sons, most holy, from the offerings of the LORD.
Having specified what ascends to God (the μνημόσυνον, v. 2), v. 3 assigns the remainder (τὸ λοιπόν) to the priesthood. The verbless clause (supply ἔσται) is balanced by the predicate ἅγιον τῶν ἁγίων ('most holy'), the superlative-by-construct Hebraism קֹדֶשׁ קָדָשִׁים, which marks the priestly portion as belonging to the highest grade of sanctity. This vv. 1–3 pattern (token burned, remainder to priests, 'most holy') is repeated for the cooked offering at vv. 9–10.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with substantivized λοιπὸν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιπὸνremainder / restNominativesubject (substantivized adjective; verbless clause, supply ἔσται)→ participant prominenceλοιπός: 'remaining / the rest'; the substantivized neuter τὸ λοιπόν denotes the bulk of the flour left after the handful is burned; renders Hebrew הַנּוֹתֶרֶת; this is the priests' food-portion.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (partitive/source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive/source).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with θυσίας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσίαςgrain offeringGenitivepartitive genitive object of ἀπὸ ('from the offering')→ relational specificationθυσία: the grain offering as a whole, from which the remainder is taken; the priestly portion is 'from the offering' as a sacred allotment.
Ααρωνfor Aarondative of advantage (indeclinable; the remainder belongs to Aaron)→ participant identificationΑαρων: indeclinable; though formally undeclined, the syntax is dative ('to/for Aaron'), parallel to the explicitly dative τοῖς υἱοῖς αὐτοῦ; the priestly portion goes to the high priest and his line.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςfor theDativearticle (with υἱοῖς)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativedative of advantage ('for his sons')→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; the priestly portion is shared by Aaron and his sons, the whole officiating priesthood; the dative marks them as beneficiaries.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Aaron's sons)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Aaron's sons).
ἅγιονholyNominativepredicate adjective ('most holy', with genitive τῶν ἁγίων)→ participant prominenceἅγιος: 'holy / set apart'; renders Hebrew קֹדֶשׁ; the construction ἅγιον τῶν ἁγίων ('holy of holies') is a superlative Hebraism (קֹדֶשׁ קָדָשִׁים) marking the highest grade of sanctity — only priests, in a holy place, may eat it (cf. Lev 6:16–18).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἁγίων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁγίωνholy thingsGenitivepartitive/superlative genitive (with ἅγιον: 'holy of holies')→ relational specificationἅγιος (gen. pl. ἁγίων): the genitive of the same adjective forms the Hebraizing superlative; the grain offering's remainder shares the 'most holy' status of the sin and guilt offerings (Lev 6–7).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source: 'from the offerings')→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source: 'from the offerings').
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with θυσιῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιῶνofferingsGenitivegenitive object of ἀπὸ (the class of offerings to which it belongs)→ relational specificationθυσία (gen. pl. θυσιῶν): 'offerings / sacrifices'; the phrase ἀπὸ τῶν θυσιῶν κυρίου ('from the offerings of the LORD') classifies the priestly portion as drawn from the LORD's own sacrifices — it is God's food shared with his priests.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (the offerings belong to the LORD)→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the offerings are 'the LORD's', so the priestly share is a participation in what is given to God.
4
ἐὰν δὲ προσφέρῃ δῶρον θυσίαν πεπεμμένην ἐν κλιβάνῳ δῶρον κυρίῳ ἐκ σεμιδάλεως ἄρτους ἀζύμους πεφυραμένους ἐν ἐλαίῳ καὶ λάγανα ἄζυμα διακεχρισμένα ἐν ἐλαίῳ
But if he brings as a gift a grain offering baked in an oven, a gift to the LORD of fine flour, they shall be unleavened loaves kneaded with oil and unleavened wafers smeared with oil.
v. 4 opens the second major case (parallel to v. 1) with the same ἐὰν δέ formula, treating the offering baked in an oven (ἐν κλιβάνῳ). The chain of perfect participles — πεπεμμένην ('baked'), πεφυραμένους ('kneaded/mixed'), διακεχρισμένα ('smeared') — precisely distinguishes the modes of preparation; the perfects describe the finished, resultant state of the items. Two products are specified: thicker loaves (ἄρτους) with oil kneaded in, and thin wafers (λάγανα) with oil smeared on the surface — both ἄζυμα ('unleavened'), anticipating the leaven-prohibition of v. 11.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (new casuistic protasis, + subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if / whenever'; marks the second main offering-type (oven-baked); the repetition of ἐὰν δέ structures the chapter into its sub-cases.
δὲbut / andtransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the move to the next case; lightly contrastive ('but if instead...').
προσφέρῃhe brings / offersPres Act Subj 3 Sg · προσφέρωverb of the protasis (subjunctive with ἐάν)→ general present subjunctive (recurring circumstance of the case-law)προσφέρω: 'present / offer'; the same verb as v. 1, now introducing the baked-offering case.
δῶρονgiftAccusativedirect object of προσφέρῃ→ object specificationδῶρον: 'gift / offering'; renders קָרְבָּן; as in v. 1, paired with θυσίαν to define the offering.
θυσίανgrain offeringAccusativeaccusative in apposition to δῶρον→ object specificationθυσία: the grain offering (מִנְחָה), here qualified by the participle πεπεμμένην as oven-baked.
πεπεμμένηνbakedPerf Mid/Pass Part Acc Sg Fem · πέσσω/πέπτωattributive participle (modifying θυσίαν: 'a baked offering')→ resultative perfect participle (the finished, baked state)πέσσω / πέπτω: 'cook / bake'; the perfect passive participle πεπεμμένην ('having been baked') describes the offering's finished state; renders Hebrew מַאֲפֵה (from אפה 'to bake'); the perfect stresses the completed condition of the product.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (instrument/locale of baking)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrument/locale of baking).
κλιβάνῳovenDativedative object of ἐν (means/place: 'in an oven')→ sphere or referenceκλίβανος: 'oven / baking-pot'; renders Hebrew תַּנּוּר; a portable clay oven; the first of the three cooking methods (oven, griddle, hearth-pan) distinguished in vv. 4–7.
δῶρονgiftAccusativeaccusative in apposition (resumptive: 'a gift to the LORD')→ object specificationδῶρον: the repeated δῶρον resumes and emphasizes the offering's character as a gift, now specifying its recipient (κυρίῳ) and material (ἐκ σεμιδάλεως).
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of recipient (modifying δῶρον)→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the offering is a gift to the LORD.
ἐκfrom / ofpreposition + genitive (material: 'made of')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'out of / from'; here of material composition — the offering is made of fine flour.
σεμιδάλεωςfine flourGenitivegenitive of material (object of ἐκ)→ relational specificationσεμίδαλις (gen. σεμιδάλεως): 'fine wheat flour'; the base material of the baked products as of the raw offering (v. 1).
ἄρτουςloavesAccusativeaccusative (the products specified; predicate/object of an implied 'they shall be/he shall make')→ object specificationἄρτος: 'bread / loaf'; renders Hebrew חַלּוֹת ('cakes'); the thicker baked product, here unleavened (ἀζύμους) and kneaded with oil; contrasted with the thin λάγανα ('wafers').
ἀζύμουςunleavenedAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἄρτους)→ object specificationἄζυμος: 'unleavened'; renders Hebrew מַצּוֹת; the privative ἀ- + ζύμη ('leaven'); the loaves must be without leaven, anticipating the absolute prohibition of v. 11; cf. the Passover ἄζυμα (Exod 12).
πεφυραμένουςkneaded / mixedPerf Mid/Pass Part Acc Pl Masc · φυράωattributive participle (modifying ἄρτους: 'kneaded with oil')→ resultative perfect participle (the finished mixed state)φυράω: 'mix / knead / moisten'; the perfect passive πεφυραμένους ('having been mixed') renders Hebrew בְּלוּלֹת; the oil is worked into the dough of the loaves (as opposed to merely smeared on the wafers), a precise culinary distinction preserved in the Greek.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrument: 'with oil')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrument: 'with oil').
ἐλαίῳoilDativedative of means (object of ἐν: the oil kneaded in)→ sphere or referenceἔλαιον: 'oil'; mixed into the dough of the loaves.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the second product)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λάγαναwafers / thin cakesAccusativeaccusative (second product, coordinate with ἄρτους)→ object specificationλάγανον: 'thin cake / wafer'; renders Hebrew רְקִיקִים; flat, thin baked goods; distinguished from the thicker ἄρτοι, and treated with oil by smearing rather than kneading.
ἄζυμαunleavenedAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying λάγανα)→ object specificationἄζυμος: 'unleavened'; the wafers, like the loaves, must be made without leaven.
διακεχρισμέναsmeared / anointedPerf Mid/Pass Part Acc Pl Neut · διαχρίωattributive participle (modifying λάγανα: 'smeared with oil')→ resultative perfect participle (the finished anointed state)διαχρίω: 'smear over / anoint thoroughly'; the perfect passive διακεχρισμένα ('having been smeared') renders Hebrew מְשֻׁחִים (from משח 'to anoint'); the διά- compound marks oil spread over the whole surface of the wafers — distinct from the kneading-in (φυράω) of the loaves.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrument: 'with oil')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrument: 'with oil').
ἐλαίῳoilDativedative of means (object of ἐν: the oil smeared on)→ sphere or referenceἔλαιον: 'oil'; smeared over the surface of the wafers.
5
ἐὰν δὲ θυσία ἀπὸ τηγάνου τὸ δῶρόν σου σεμίδαλις πεφυραμένη ἐν ἐλαίῳ ἄζυμα ἔσται
But if your gift is a grain offering from a griddle, it shall be fine flour kneaded with oil, unleavened.
v. 5 introduces the griddle-offering with the same ἐὰν δέ formula. Note the shift to second-person address (τὸ δῶρόν σου, 'your gift'), which continues through vv. 6–8 and recurs in the firstfruits section (v. 14), giving the prescription a directly personal cast. The offering is again σεμίδαλις πεφυραμένη ('flour kneaded with oil') and ἄζυμα ('unleavened'). The verbless protasis (θυσία ἀπὸ τηγάνου) parallels v. 7 (θυσία ἀπὸ ἐσχάρας).
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (new casuistic protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if / whenever'; marks the griddle-offering sub-case.
δὲbut / andtransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the transition to the next sub-type.
θυσίαgrain offeringNominativesubject of the verbless protasis ('if [your] offering is from a griddle')→ participant prominenceθυσία: the grain offering (מִנְחָה); the protasis classifies it by its mode of preparation (ἀπὸ τηγάνου).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source/instrument of preparation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; with τηγάνου it denotes the implement on which the offering is prepared (cf. ἀπὸ ἐσχάρας, v. 7).
τηγάνουgriddle / frying-panGenitivegenitive object of ἀπὸ (the implement)→ relational specificationτήγανον: 'griddle / flat frying-pan'; renders Hebrew מַחֲבַת; a flat plate on which the flour-and-oil mixture is cooked; the second of the three cooking methods (oven, griddle, hearth-pan).
τὸtheNominativearticle (with δῶρόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δῶρόνgiftNominativesubject (resumptive: 'your gift'); subject of ἔσται→ participant prominenceδῶρον: 'gift'; the resumptive τὸ δῶρόν σου names the offering, now in second-person address to the worshipper.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying δῶρόν; 2nd person)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. σου): 'you / your'; the second-person possessive marks the shift to direct address, addressing the individual worshipper.
σεμίδαλιςfine flourNominativepredicate nominative (with ἔσται: 'shall be fine flour')→ participant prominenceσεμίδαλις: 'fine wheat flour'; the base material, here kneaded with oil and baked unleavened on the griddle.
πεφυραμένηkneaded / mixedPerf Mid/Pass Part Nom Sg Fem · φυράωattributive participle (modifying σεμίδαλις: 'flour kneaded with oil')→ resultative perfect participle (the finished mixed state)φυράω: 'mix / knead'; the perfect passive πεφυραμένη describes the flour as already worked with oil; the same verb as v. 4 (πεφυραμένους), here feminine to agree with σεμίδαλις.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrument: 'with oil')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrument: 'with oil').
ἐλαίῳoilDativedative of means (object of ἐν)→ sphere or referenceἔλαιον: 'oil'; mixed into the griddle-flour.
ἄζυμαunleavenedNominativepredicate adjective (neuter plural; with ἔσται)→ participant prominenceἄζυμος: 'unleavened'; the neuter plural ἄζυμα is used as a general predicate ('it shall be unleavened [things]'), again anticipating the leaven-prohibition of v. 11.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (apodosis verb)→ legislative future (prescriptive)εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; the prescriptive future defines the required composition of the griddle-offering.
6
καὶ διαθρύψεις αὐτὰ κλάσματα καὶ ἐπιχεεῖς ἐπ᾿ αὐτὰ ἔλαιον θυσία ἐστὶν κυρίῳ
And you shall break them into pieces and pour oil upon them; it is a grain offering to the LORD.
v. 6 continues the second-person instruction of v. 5: the griddle-cakes are broken into pieces (κλάσματα) and oil poured over. The verb διαθρύπτω + the cognate-style object κλάσματα ('you shall break them [into] pieces') and the closing tag θυσία ἐστὶν κυρίῳ ('it is a grain offering to the LORD') echo the classificatory formula of v. 1. The breaking and re-oiling recall the eucharistic resonance of κλάσμα (cf. the κλάσματα gathered after the feeding-miracles, Matt 14:20).
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διαθρύψειςyou shall break in piecesFut Act Indic 2 Sg · διαθρύπτωmain verb (prescriptive future; 2nd person)→ legislative future (ritual prescription, direct address)διαθρύπτω: 'break up / crumble thoroughly'; the διά- compound marks complete breaking into fragments; renders Hebrew פָּתוֹת (inf. abs. of פתת 'to crumble'); the second-person form continues the direct address begun in v. 5.
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object of διαθρύψεις (the griddle-cakes)→ participant referenceαὐτός: neuter plural αὐτά referring to the cakes/products of v. 5 (treated collectively as ἄζυμα).
κλάσματαpieces / fragmentsAccusativeaccusative of result (predicate: 'break them [into] pieces')→ object specificationκλάσμα: 'piece / fragment / broken bit'; from κλάω ('break'); the accusative of result specifies the outcome of the breaking; the same noun is used of the fragments gathered after Jesus' feeding miracles (Matt 14:20; John 6:12).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιχεεῖςyou shall pour uponFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐπιχέωmain verb (prescriptive future; 2nd person)→ legislative future (ritual prescription)ἐπιχέω: 'pour upon'; the same verb as v. 1 (ἐπιχεεῖ), here second-person; oil is poured over the broken pieces, re-anointing the fragmented offering.
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + accusative (elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (elided before vowel).
αὐτὰthemAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπ᾿ (the broken pieces)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the broken fragments (κλάσματα) over which oil is poured.
ἔλαιονoilAccusativedirect object of ἐπιχεεῖς→ object specificationἔλαιον: 'oil'; poured over the pieces, as in the raw offering of v. 1.
θυσίαgrain offeringNominativepredicate nominative (classificatory tag)→ participant prominenceθυσία: in the closing tag θυσία ἐστὶν κυρίῳ ('it is a grain offering to the LORD'), recapitulating the formula of v. 1.
ἐστὶνit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (classificatory)→ classificatory present (defining the rite)εἰμί: 'be'; the present copula in the summarizing classification of the griddle-offering.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; recipient of the offering.
7
ἐὰν δὲ θυσία ἀπὸ ἐσχάρας τὸ δῶρόν σου σεμίδαλις ἐν ἐλαίῳ ποιηθήσεται
But if your gift is a grain offering from a hearth-pan, it shall be made of fine flour with oil.
v. 7 gives the third cooking method (ἀπὸ ἐσχάρας, 'from a hearth-pan/stew-pan'), parallel in form to v. 5. The protasis is again verbless (θυσία ἀπὸ ἐσχάρας) and the apodosis uses the passive ποιηθήσεται ('it shall be made'). With v. 7 the catalogue of cooked variants (oven, griddle, hearth-pan, vv. 4–7) is complete, all sharing flour and oil and all unleavened.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (new casuistic protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if / whenever'; marks the hearth-pan sub-case, the last of the cooked variants.
δὲbut / andtransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: transition to the next sub-type.
θυσίαgrain offeringNominativesubject of the verbless protasis→ participant prominenceθυσία: the grain offering, classified here by preparation ἀπὸ ἐσχάρας.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (implement of preparation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; with ἐσχάρας, the implement on which the offering is cooked.
ἐσχάραςhearth-pan / brazierGenitivegenitive object of ἀπὸ (the implement)→ relational specificationἐσχάρα: 'hearth / brazier / cooking-pan'; renders Hebrew מַרְחֶשֶׁת (a pan for cooking in liquid/fat); distinguished from the dry griddle (τήγανον, v. 5); the third and final cooking implement of the chapter.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with δῶρόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δῶρόνgiftNominativesubject of ποιηθήσεται ('your gift shall be made')→ participant prominenceδῶρον: 'gift'; the resumptive τὸ δῶρόν σου, again with second-person address.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (2nd person)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. σου): 'your'; direct address to the worshipper, as in v. 5.
σεμίδαλιςfine flourNominativepredicate nominative / subject-complement (with ποιηθήσεται)→ participant prominenceσεμίδαλις: 'fine wheat flour'; the base material for the hearth-pan offering, made up with oil.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrument: 'with oil')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrument: 'with oil').
ἐλαίῳoilDativedative of means (object of ἐν)→ sphere or referenceἔλαιον: 'oil'; combined with the flour for the hearth-pan preparation.
ποιηθήσεταιit shall be madeFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (prescriptive future passive; apodosis)→ legislative future passive (prescriptive: 'is to be made')ποιέω: 'make / do / prepare'; the future passive ποιηθήσεται ('it shall be made/prepared') renders Hebrew תֵּעָשֶׂה (Niphal); the passive leaves the agent unexpressed and focuses on the prescribed result.
8
καὶ προσοίσει τὴν θυσίαν ἣν ἂν ποιῇ ἐκ τούτων τῷ κυρίῳ καὶ προσοίσει πρὸς τὸν ἱερέα καὶ προσεγγίσας πρὸς τὸ θυσιαστήριον
And he shall bring the grain offering, whichever of these he makes, to the LORD, and he shall bring it to the priest, and drawing near to the altar,
v. 8 returns to third-person procedure and gathers the cooked variants under one rubric: 'whichever of these (ἐκ τούτων) he makes', the worshipper brings it to the LORD via the priest. The threefold προσοίσει … προσοίσει … προσεγγίσας (a paronomastic cluster of προσ- compounds) traces the movement of approach to the altar; the verse ends with the participle προσεγγίσας ('drawing near'), syntactically leading into the priestly action of v. 9.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσοίσειhe shall bringFut Act Indic 3 Sg · προσφέρωmain verb (prescriptive future)→ legislative future (ritual prescription)προσφέρω (fut. προσοίσει): 'bring to / present / offer'; the standard verb of cultic presentation; the future continues the legislation, here gathering all cooked variants under a single act of presentation.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with θυσίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσίανgrain offeringAccusativedirect object of προσοίσει→ object specificationθυσία: the grain offering (any of the cooked forms of vv. 4–7), now to be presented.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ποιῇ; antecedent θυσίαν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; with ἄν + subjunctive (ἣν ἂν ποιῇ) it forms an indefinite relative clause, 'whichever he makes.'
ἂν-evermodal particle (with subjunctive in indefinite relative clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: modal particle; with the relative and subjunctive it generalizes ('whichever, of whatever kind').
ποιῇhe makesPres Act Subj 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of indefinite relative clause (subjunctive with ἄν)→ general present subjunctive (any instance of making the offering)ποιέω: 'make / prepare'; the subjunctive in the indefinite relative clause covers any of the prepared variants the worshipper might choose.
ἐκof / from amongpreposition + genitive (partitive: 'from among these')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'out of / from among'; partitive, referring back to the cooked types just listed.
τούτωνtheseGenitivepartitive genitive (object of ἐκ; the offering-types of vv. 4–7)→ relational specificationοὗτος (gen. pl. τούτων): 'these'; the demonstrative summarizes the oven, griddle, and hearth-pan variants as the options among which the worshipper chooses.
τῷto theDativearticle (with κυρίῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the offering is presented 'to the LORD', the priest acting as intermediary.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσοίσειhe shall bringFut Act Indic 3 Sg · προσφέρωmain verb (prescriptive future; repeated)→ legislative future (ritual prescription)προσφέρω: the verb is repeated to specify the second stage — presentation specifically to the priest (πρὸς τὸν ἱερέα); the repetition mirrors the Hebrew construction and underlines the mediated approach.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἱερέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέαpriestAccusativeaccusative object of πρὸς (recipient of the presentation)→ object specificationἱερεύς (acc. ἱερέα): 'priest'; the offering is brought to the priest, who alone may bring it to the altar; the layperson approaches God only through the priestly mediator.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσεγγίσαςdrawing near / having approachedAor Act Part Nom Sg Masc · προσεγγίζωcircumstantial participle (leading into the priestly act of v. 9)→ antecedent aorist participle (approach prior to the altar-act)προσεγγίζω: 'draw near / approach'; the aorist participle (subject = the priest) describes the approach to the altar that precedes the removal of the memorial portion in v. 9; the third προσ- compound in the verse, reinforcing the theme of cultic 'drawing near.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of approach)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of approach).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with θυσιαστήριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative object of πρὸς (goal of the approach)→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the goal of the priest's approach; the verse ends mid-movement, the action completed in v. 9 (ἀφελεῖ ὁ ἱερεύς).
9
ἀφελεῖ ὁ ἱερεὺς ἀπὸ τῆς θυσίας τὸ μνημόσυνον αὐτῆς καὶ ἐπιθήσει ὁ ἱερεὺς ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον κάρπωμα ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας κυρίῳ
And the priest shall remove from the grain offering its memorial portion, and the priest shall place it upon the altar; it is an offering by fire, an aroma of pleasing fragrance to the LORD.
v. 9 is the cooked-offering counterpart of v. 2: the priest removes (ἀφελεῖ) the μνημόσυνον and burns it on the altar. Here the burned token is also called κάρπωμα ('that which is offered up by fire', rendering אִשֶּׁה), a term that recurs at vv. 10, 16; the closing ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας κυρίῳ matches v. 2. The doubled ὁ ἱερεύς (subject of both ἀφελεῖ and ἐπιθήσει) keeps the priest grammatically central to the altar-rite.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ἀφελεῖshall remove / take awayFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφαιρέωmain verb (prescriptive future; subject = the priest)→ legislative future (ritual prescription)ἀφαιρέω (fut. ἀφελεῖ): 'take away / remove / set apart'; renders Hebrew הֵרִים (Hiphil of רום, 'to lift off / set aside'); the priest lifts off the memorial handful from the offering for burning.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεὺς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject of ἀφελεῖ→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; the explicit subject; the priest alone performs the removal and the altar-burning.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (partitive/source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive/source).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with θυσίας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσίαςgrain offeringGenitivepartitive genitive object of ἀπὸ→ relational specificationθυσία: the cooked grain offering, from which the memorial portion is removed.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with μνημόσυνον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μνημόσυνονmemorial portionAccusativedirect object of ἀφελεῖ→ object specificationμνημόσυνον: 'memorial / token of remembrance'; renders Hebrew אַזְכָּרָה; as in v. 2, the representative portion burned on the altar, bringing the offerer to divine remembrance.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (the memorial portion of the offering)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the memorial portion of the offering).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιθήσειshall placeFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (prescriptive future)→ legislative future (ritual prescription)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon'; of placing the memorial portion on the altar to be consumed, exactly as in v. 2.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεὺς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject of ἐπιθήσει (repeated for emphasis)→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; the repeated subject keeps the priestly agent foregrounded through both verbs of the altar-rite.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (place onto which)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place onto which).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with θυσιαστήριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπὶ→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the place of burning, on which the memorial portion is consumed by fire.
κάρπωμαoffering by fire / burnt-giftNominativenominative in apposition / predicate (classifying the burned portion)→ participant prominenceκάρπωμα: 'that which is offered up / a fire-offering'; from καρπόω ('offer up in smoke'); renders Hebrew אִשֶּׁה ('offering made by fire'); a key term distinguishing what is wholly burned to God; recurs at vv. 10, 16, and links the grain offering to the fire-offering class.
ὀσμὴaromaNominativenominative in apposition (to κάρπωμα: 'an aroma')→ participant prominenceὀσμή: 'smell / fragrance'; the phrase ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας ('aroma of pleasing fragrance') renders רֵיחַ נִיחֹחַ, the formula of divine acceptance, as in v. 2.
εὐωδίαςof pleasing fragranceGenitivegenitive of quality (modifying ὀσμὴ)→ relational specificationεὐωδία: 'fragrance / sweet smell'; the Hebraizing genitive of quality; the rising fragrant smoke signifies that the offering is accepted by God.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; recipient of the fire-offering's fragrance.
10
τὸ δὲ καταλειφθὲν ἀπὸ τῆς θυσίας Ααρων καὶ τοῖς υἱοῖς αὐτοῦ ἅγια τῶν ἁγίων ἀπὸ τῶν καρπωμάτων κυρίου
And what is left over from the grain offering shall be for Aaron and for his sons, most holy, from the offerings by fire of the LORD.
v. 10 is the cooked-offering counterpart of v. 3: the unburned remainder goes to the priesthood as ἅγια τῶν ἁγίων ('most holy'). The substantivized aorist passive participle τὸ καταλειφθέν ('that which is left over') replaces τὸ λοιπόν of v. 3, and ἀπὸ τῶν καρπωμάτων κυρίου ('from the fire-offerings of the LORD') replaces ἀπὸ τῶν θυσιῶν — a deliberate verbal echo with variation marking the same legal structure for the cooked case.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
τὸtheNominativearticle (with substantivized καταλειφθὲν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲand / butnarrative continuative (post-positive; marks the allocation clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: contrasts the priestly remainder with the burned portion of v. 9, exactly as in v. 3.
καταλειφθὲνwhat is left overAor Pass Part Nom Sg Neut · καταλείπωsubstantivized participle (subject of the verbless clause, supply ἔσται)→ resultative aorist passive participle (that which has been left)καταλείπω: 'leave behind / leave remaining'; the substantivized aorist passive participle τὸ καταλειφθέν ('that which is left over') renders Hebrew הַנּוֹתֶרֶת; functionally equivalent to τὸ λοιπόν (v. 3), denoting the priests' portion.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (partitive/source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive/source).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with θυσίας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσίαςgrain offeringGenitivepartitive genitive object of ἀπὸ→ relational specificationθυσία: the offering from which the remainder is taken.
Ααρωνfor Aarondative of advantage (indeclinable; the remainder belongs to Aaron)→ participant identificationΑαρων: indeclinable; functionally dative, parallel to τοῖς υἱοῖς αὐτοῦ, as in v. 3.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςfor theDativearticle (with υἱοῖς)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativedative of advantage ('for his sons')→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; Aaron and his sons share the priestly portion, as in v. 3.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἅγιαholyNominativepredicate adjective (neuter plural; 'most holy', with τῶν ἁγίων)→ participant prominenceἅγιος: 'holy'; the neuter plural ἅγια here (vs. neuter singular ἅγιον in v. 3) with the genitive τῶν ἁγίων forms the same superlative Hebraism 'most holy' (קֹדֶשׁ קָדָשִׁים).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἁγίων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁγίωνholy thingsGenitivesuperlative genitive (with ἅγια: 'most holy')→ relational specificationἅγιος (gen. pl. ἁγίων): forms the Hebraizing superlative; the priestly portion belongs to the highest grade of sanctity.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source: 'from the fire-offerings')→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source: 'from the fire-offerings').
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with καρπωμάτων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρπωμάτωνofferings by fireGenitivegenitive object of ἀπὸ (the class of offerings)→ relational specificationκάρπωμα (gen. pl. καρπωμάτων): 'fire-offerings'; the phrase ἀπὸ τῶν καρπωμάτων κυρίου ('from the fire-offerings of the LORD') parallels ἀπὸ τῶν θυσιῶν κυρίου (v. 3), classifying the priestly portion as drawn from the LORD's fire-offerings.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the fire-offerings belong to the LORD, so the priestly share is a participation in what is given to God.
11
πᾶσαν θυσίαν ἣν ἂν προσφέρητε κυρίῳ οὐ ποιήσετε ζυμωτόν πᾶσαν γὰρ ζύμην καὶ πᾶν μέλι οὐ προσοίσετε ἀπ᾿ αὐτοῦ καρπῶσαι κυρίῳ
Every grain offering that you bring to the LORD you shall not make leavened, for no leaven and no honey shall you offer from it as a burnt gift to the LORD.
v. 11 issues a comprehensive negative rule (note the shift to second-person plural address, προσφέρητε / ποιήσετε / προσοίσετε): no grain offering may be made leavened. The γάρ-clause gives the reason — neither leaven (ζύμη) nor honey (μέλι), both agents of fermentation/sweet decay, may be burned to God. This crux underlies the NT symbolism of leaven as corruption (1 Cor 5:6–8; Gal 5:9; Matt 16:6, 11–12). The fronted πᾶσαν … οὐ and πᾶσαν … οὐ form a Hebraizing 'all … not = none' negation.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
πᾶσανeveryAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying θυσίαν; fronted for emphasis)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'every / all'; the fronted πᾶσαν θυσίαν … οὐ ποιήσετε is a Hebraizing universal negation ('every offering … you shall not' = 'no offering shall you'); renders כָּל־הַמִּנְחָה … לֹא.
θυσίανgrain offeringAccusativedirect object (fronted; resumed conceptually by the prohibition)→ object specificationθυσία: 'grain offering'; the rule applies to every instance of the offering.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of προσφέρητε; antecedent θυσίαν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; with ἄν + subjunctive forms an indefinite relative clause, 'whatever offering you bring.'
ἂν-evermodal particle (with subjunctive in indefinite relative clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: modal particle generalizing the relative clause.
προσφέρητεyou bring / offerPres Act Subj 2 Pl · προσφέρωverb of indefinite relative clause (subjunctive with ἄν)→ general present subjunctive (any instance of offering)προσφέρω: 'bring / offer'; the second-person plural marks the shift to address of the whole community of worshippers; the subjunctive generalizes.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; recipient of the offering.
οὐnotnegative particle (with ποιήσετε)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: 'not'; objective negation with the indicative-force future of prohibition; with the fronted πᾶσαν it yields 'no offering shall you make leavened.'
ποιήσετεyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (prohibitive future; 2nd person plural)→ prohibitive future (legislative ban: 'you shall not make')ποιέω: 'make / prepare'; the future with οὐ has the force of an absolute prohibition (as in the Decalogue, οὐ … ποιήσεις); renders Hebrew לֹא תֵעָשֶׂה / לֹא תַעֲשׂוּ.
ζυμωτόνanything leavenedAccusativedirect object of ποιήσετε (predicate: 'make [it] leavened')→ object specificationζυμωτός: 'leavened / fermented'; verbal adjective from ζυμόω ('to leaven'); renders Hebrew חָמֵץ; what is made with leaven is forbidden — the offering must be ἄζυμον (cf. vv. 4, 5).
πᾶσανany / allAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ζύμην; fronted in the γάρ-clause)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / any'; πᾶσαν … ζύμην … οὐ προσοίσετε is again a Hebraizing 'all … not = no/none' negation.
γὰρforcausal conjunction (post-positive; giving the reason)→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: 'for / because'; introduces the rationale for the prohibition — the underlying ban on burning leaven and honey.
ζύμηνleavenAccusativedirect object of προσοίσετε→ object specificationζύμη: 'leaven / yeast'; renders Hebrew שְׂאֹר / חָמֵץ; fermentation symbolizes corruption and the old life; the NT develops ζύμη as a figure of malice and false teaching (1 Cor 5:6–8; Matt 16:6; Gal 5:9), and unleavenness as sincerity and truth.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶνany / allAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying μέλι)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / any'; neuter πᾶν agreeing with μέλι; with οὐ, 'no honey at all.'
μέλιhoneyAccusativedirect object of προσοίσετε (coordinate with ζύμην)→ object specificationμέλι: 'honey'; renders Hebrew דְּבַשׁ; like leaven, honey ferments and was excluded from what is burned on the altar (perhaps as an agent of fermentation, or by association with pagan/sweet offerings); permitted only as a firstfruits gift, not as a fire-offering (v. 12).
οὐnotnegative particle (with προσοίσετε)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: 'not'; objective negation of the prohibitive future.
προσοίσετεyou shall offerFut Act Indic 2 Pl · προσφέρωmain verb (prohibitive future; 2nd person plural)→ prohibitive future (legislative ban)προσφέρω (fut. προσοίσετε): 'bring / offer'; with οὐ, the prohibition against offering leaven or honey as a fire-offering.
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (partitive: 'from it', elided)→ spatial or relational framingἀπ᾿: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive: 'from it', elided).
αὐτοῦitGenitivepartitive genitive object of ἀπ᾿ (referring to leaven/honey)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'it'; the genitive refers back to the leaven/honey (or the offering containing them) from which nothing is to be burned.
καρπῶσαιto offer up by fireAor Act Infin · καρπόωinfinitive of purpose (with προσοίσετε: 'to burn as an offering')→ telic aorist infinitive (purpose: in order to burn)καρπόω: 'offer up in smoke / burn as a fire-offering'; cognate with κάρπωμα (vv. 9, 10); the infinitive of purpose specifies what is forbidden — to send leaven or honey up in smoke on the altar; renders Hebrew הִקְטִיר (Hiphil of קטר).
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; recipient of the (forbidden) burnt gift.
12
δῶρον ἀπαρχῆς προσοίσετε αὐτὰ κυρίῳ ἐπὶ δὲ τὸ θυσιαστήριον οὐκ ἀναβιβασθήσεται εἰς ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας κυρίῳ
As a gift of firstfruits you shall offer them to the LORD, but they shall not be brought up onto the altar for an aroma of pleasing fragrance to the LORD.
v. 12 qualifies v. 11: leaven and honey (αὐτά, neuter plural) may be presented as a 'gift of firstfruits' (δῶρον ἀπαρχῆς), but the adversative δέ marks the limit — they shall not be sent up onto the altar (οὐκ ἀναβιβασθήσεται) for a pleasing aroma. The distinction is between offerings given to the sanctuary/priests and offerings burned to God; only the latter is barred to fermenting substances.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
δῶρονgiftAccusativeaccusative (predicate/appositional: 'as a gift'; with προσοίσετε)→ object specificationδῶρον: 'gift / offering'; here leaven and honey may be brought as a δῶρον ἀπαρχῆς — a firstfruits gift to the sanctuary — but not burned.
ἀπαρχῆςof firstfruitsGenitivegenitive of definition/material (modifying δῶρον)→ relational specificationἀπαρχή: 'firstfruits / first portion'; renders Hebrew רֵאשִׁית; the first/best of produce given to God; the NT uses ἀπαρχή figuratively of Christ (1 Cor 15:20, 23) and of the Spirit and believers (Rom 8:23; Jas 1:18).
προσοίσετεyou shall offerFut Act Indic 2 Pl · προσφέρωmain verb (prescriptive future; 2nd person plural)→ permissive/legislative future (what may be brought)προσφέρω: 'bring / present'; here positively — leaven and honey may be brought as firstfruits, in contrast to the prohibition of burning them (v. 11).
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object of προσοίσετε (the leaven and honey)→ participant referenceαὐτός: neuter plural αὐτά referring to the leaven and honey of v. 11, which may be given but not burned.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; recipient of the firstfruits gift.
ἐπὶontopreposition + accusative (place onto which; fronted)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'onto'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place onto which; fronted).
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive; marks the contrasting limit)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: 'but'; adversative, contrasting the permitted presentation with the forbidden burning.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with θυσιαστήριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπὶ (place onto which they may not be brought)→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the leaven and honey may not be brought up onto the altar to be burned.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἀναβιβασθήσεται)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ before vowel): 'not'; objective negation of the future.
ἀναβιβασθήσεταιshall be brought upFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβιβάζωmain verb (prohibitive future passive)→ prohibitive future passive (legislative ban: 'shall not be brought up')ἀναβιβάζω: 'cause to go up / bring up / offer up'; causative of ἀναβαίνω; renders Hebrew הֶעֱלָה (Hiphil of עלה, 'to bring up [in offering]'); the passive states that leaven/honey shall not be brought up onto the altar for burning.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose/result: 'for an aroma')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'into / for'; here of purpose — to produce a pleasing aroma; the burning produces the ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας which leaven/honey may not yield.
ὀσμὴνaromaAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (purpose)→ object specificationὀσμή: 'smell / fragrance'; εἰς ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας ('for an aroma of pleasing fragrance'), the standard acceptance-formula, here negated for leaven/honey.
εὐωδίαςof pleasing fragranceGenitivegenitive of quality (modifying ὀσμὴν)→ relational specificationεὐωδία: 'fragrance / sweet smell'; the Hebraizing genitive of quality, as in vv. 2, 9.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the aroma would be 'to the LORD', but leaven/honey are barred from producing it.
13
καὶ πᾶν δῶρον θυσίας ὑμῶν ἁλὶ ἁλισθήσεται οὐ διαπαύσετε ἅλα διαθήκης κυρίου ἀπὸ θυσιασμάτων ὑμῶν ἐπὶ παντὸς δώρου ὑμῶν προσοίσετε κυρίῳ τῷ θεῷ ὑμῶν ἅλας
And every gift of your grain offering shall be salted with salt; you shall not omit the salt of the covenant of the LORD from your sacrifices; with every gift of yours you shall offer salt to the LORD your God.
v. 13 is the positive twin of the prohibition: where leaven and honey are banned, salt is required. The cognate dative-construction ἁλὶ ἁλισθήσεται ('with salt it shall be salted') is a Hebraism intensifying the command (cf. תִּמְלָח … מֶלַח). The phrase ἅλα διαθήκης κυρίου ('the salt of the covenant of the LORD') is the chapter's central crux: salt as an emblem of incorruption and enduring covenant fidelity (cf. Num 18:19; 2 Chr 13:5; and the NT 'salt' sayings, Mark 9:49–50; Col 4:6). The triple ὑμῶν and the climactic κυρίῳ τῷ θεῷ ὑμῶν ('to the LORD your God') stress the covenantal relationship.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶνeveryNominativeattributive adjective (modifying δῶρον)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'every / all'; the positive universal ('every gift … shall be salted') answers the negative universals of v. 11.
δῶρονgiftNominativesubject of ἁλισθήσεται→ participant prominenceδῶρον: 'gift'; the offering as a gift must be salted; the salt-rule applies to every grain offering without exception.
θυσίαςof grain offeringGenitivegenitive of definition (modifying δῶρον: 'gift of grain offering')→ relational specificationθυσία: 'grain offering'; the genitive defines the kind of gift in view.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (2nd person plural)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl. ὑμῶν): 'your'; the second-person plural addresses the worshipping community; the threefold ὑμῶν in this verse emphasizes 'your' offerings as bound to the covenant.
ἁλὶwith saltDativecognate/instrumental dative (with ἁλισθήσεται: Hebraism)→ sphere or referenceἅλς (dat. ἁλί): 'salt'; the cognate dative ἁλὶ ἁλισθήσεται ('with salt it shall be salted') renders the Hebrew emphatic בַּמֶּלַח תִּמְלָח, intensifying the command — salting is mandatory and complete.
ἁλισθήσεταιshall be saltedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἁλίζωmain verb (prescriptive future passive)→ legislative future passive (mandatory: 'is to be salted')ἁλίζω: 'salt / season with salt'; renders Hebrew מָלַח; the future passive with the cognate dative expresses an absolute requirement; the same verb appears in the NT salt-sayings (Mark 9:49, πᾶς γὰρ πυρὶ ἁλισθήσεται).
οὐnotnegative particle (with διαπαύσετε)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: 'not'; with the future of prohibition, 'you shall not cease/omit.'
διαπαύσετεyou shall cease / omitFut Act Indic 2 Pl · διαπαύωmain verb (prohibitive future; 2nd person plural)→ prohibitive future (legislative ban: 'do not leave off')διαπαύω: 'cause to cease / leave off / discontinue'; with οὐ, 'you shall not omit/discontinue [the salt]'; renders the Hebrew לֹא תַשְׁבִּית (Hiphil of שבת, 'cause to cease') — the salt of the covenant must never be left out.
ἅλαsaltAccusativedirect object of διαπαύσετε ('omit the salt')→ object specificationἅλς (acc. ἅλα): 'salt'; the salt itself is the object not to be discontinued; the construction ἅλα διαθήκης κυρίου defines it as covenant-salt.
διαθήκηςof the covenantGenitivegenitive of relationship (modifying ἅλα: 'salt of the covenant')→ relational specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant / testament'; renders Hebrew בְּרִית; the phrase ἅλα διαθήκης ('salt of the covenant', מֶלַח בְּרִית) makes the salting a covenantal act — salt's incorruptibility symbolizes the permanence of God's covenant (cf. Num 18:19, 'a covenant of salt'; 2 Chr 13:5).
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying διαθήκης: 'the LORD's covenant')→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the covenant is the LORD's, so its salt binds the offering to him.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation: 'from your sacrifices')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; here of removal/omission — the salt is not to be withheld from the sacrifices.
θυσιασμάτωνsacrificesGenitivegenitive object of ἀπὸ (the sacrifices the salt must not be omitted from)→ relational specificationθυσίασμα: 'sacrifice / that which is offered'; a noun from θυσιάζω, near-synonym of θυσία; renders Hebrew זֶבַח / מִנְחָה; the salt may not be omitted from any of the worshipper's sacrifices.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (2nd person plural)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl. ὑμῶν): 'your'; the second occurrence in the verse.
ἐπὶwith / uponpreposition + genitive (accompaniment/condition: 'with every gift')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + genitive: 'on / with / in the case of'; here distributive — 'in the case of every gift of yours.'
παντὸςeveryGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying δώρου)→ relational specificationπᾶς (gen. παντός): 'every / all'; the universal 'with every gift' restates the comprehensive scope of the salt-rule.
δώρουgiftGenitivegenitive object of ἐπὶ ('upon/with every gift')→ relational specificationδῶρον (gen. δώρου): 'gift'; every offering of the worshipper requires salt.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (2nd person plural; third occurrence)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl. ὑμῶν): 'your'; the third ὑμῶν, hammering the covenant-bond between worshipper and offering.
προσοίσετεyou shall offerFut Act Indic 2 Pl · προσφέρωmain verb (prescriptive future; 2nd person plural)→ legislative future (mandatory: 'you shall offer')προσφέρω: 'bring / offer'; here the positive command to offer salt with every gift — the verbal complement to the prohibition of v. 11.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; recipient of the salted offerings, here named in the fuller covenant-formula κυρίῳ τῷ θεῷ ὑμῶν.
τῷtheDativearticle (with θεῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεῷGodDativedative in apposition to κυρίῳ ('the LORD your God')→ sphere or referenceθεός: 'God'; renders Hebrew אֱלֹהִים; the formula κύριος ὁ θεός ὑμῶν ('the LORD your God', יהוה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם) is the standard covenant-name, underscoring the covenantal force of the salt-command.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of relationship (modifying θεῷ: 'your God')→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl. ὑμῶν): 'your'; binds the deity to the worshippers in covenant relationship.
ἅλαςsaltAccusativedirect object of προσοίσετε (placed emphatically at the end)→ object specificationἅλας (acc.): 'salt'; the later/Koine neuter form (beside classical ἅλς); the verse ends emphatically on ἅλας — salt is the last and lasting word of the rubric, framing the whole offering as a covenant act. Cf. the NT τὸ ἅλας (Matt 5:13; Mark 9:50; Col 4:6).
14
ἐὰν δὲ προσφέρῃς θυσίαν πρωτογενημάτων τῷ κυρίῳ νέα πεφρυγμένα χίδρα ἐρικτὰ τῷ κυρίῳ καὶ προσοίσεις τὴν θυσίαν τῶν πρωτογενημάτων
But if you bring a grain offering of firstfruits to the LORD, new roasted ears, crushed groats, to the LORD, then you shall bring the grain offering of the firstfruits.
v. 14 opens the last case with the ἐὰν δέ formula (here second-person singular, προσφέρῃς), treating the grain offering of firstfruits (πρωτογενήματα). The material is freshly harvested grain: νέα ('new'), πεφρυγμένα ('roasted'), χίδρα ('green ears/groats') ἐρικτά ('crushed/pounded'). The apodosis (καὶ προσοίσεις …) repeats the act of presentation, recapitulating the procedure of the chapter in the harvest setting and closing the catalogue of offering-types.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (new casuistic protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if / whenever'; the final occurrence of the structuring ἐὰν δέ formula, introducing the firstfruits offering.
δὲbut / andtransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the transition to the firstfruits sub-type.
προσφέρῃςyou bring / offerPres Act Subj 2 Sg · προσφέρωverb of the protasis (subjunctive with ἐάν; 2nd person singular)→ general present subjunctive (recurring case)προσφέρω: 'bring / offer'; the second-person singular returns to direct address of the individual worshipper (as in vv. 5–7).
θυσίανgrain offeringAccusativedirect object of προσφέρῃς→ object specificationθυσία: 'grain offering'; here qualified as 'of firstfruits.'
πρωτογενημάτωνof firstfruitsGenitivegenitive of definition (modifying θυσίαν: 'offering of firstfruits')→ relational specificationπρωτογένημα: 'firstfruits / first produce'; renders Hebrew בִּכּוּרִים; the first-ripened grain of the harvest, offered to God as an acknowledgment that all produce is his gift; cf. ἀπαρχή (v. 12).
τῷto theDativearticle (with κυρίῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; recipient of the firstfruits offering.
νέαnewAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying χίδρα: 'new [grain]')→ object specificationνέος: 'new / fresh'; renders Hebrew אָבִיב (fresh/green ears); the newly harvested grain, in contrast to the milled flour of the earlier offerings.
πεφρυγμέναroasted / parchedPerf Mid/Pass Part Acc Pl Neut · φρύγωattributive participle (modifying χίδρα: 'roasted [grain]')→ resultative perfect participle (the finished roasted state)φρύγω: 'roast / parch / dry by fire'; the perfect passive πεφρυγμένα ('having been roasted') renders Hebrew קָלוּי (from קלה 'to roast'); fresh ears were roasted/parched to be eaten — here prepared for offering.
χίδραgroats / green earsAccusativeaccusative (the offered material, in apposition to θυσίαν)→ object specificationχίδρον (pl. χίδρα): 'fresh/green grain, groats'; a rare word rendering Hebrew גֶּרֶשׂ / כַּרְמֶל (fresh ears, fresh grain); the roasted new ears that constitute the firstfruits offering.
ἐρικτὰcrushed / poundedAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying χίδρα: 'crushed groats')→ object specificationἐρικτός: 'crushed / pounded / ground coarse'; verbal adjective from ἐρείκω ('to bruise/crush'); renders Hebrew גֶּרֶשׂ ('crushed grain'); the new roasted ears are also pounded/coarse-ground for the offering.
τῷto theDativearticle (with κυρίῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient (repeated)→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the repeated dative reinforces the firstfruits as wholly directed to the LORD.
καὶand / thencoordinate conjunction (introducing the apodosis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here marks the apodosis of the conditional ('if you bring … then you shall bring'), a Hebraizing use of waw-apodosis.
προσοίσειςyou shall bringFut Act Indic 2 Sg · προσφέρωmain verb (apodosis; prescriptive future; 2nd person singular)→ legislative future (ritual prescription)προσφέρω (fut. προσοίσεις): 'bring / present'; the apodosis-verb prescribes the act of presentation, recapitulating the procedural language of the chapter.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with θυσίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσίανgrain offeringAccusativedirect object of προσοίσεις→ object specificationθυσία: the firstfruits grain offering, now formally presented.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with πρωτογενημάτων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρωτογενημάτωνof the firstfruitsGenitivegenitive of definition (modifying θυσίαν: 'the offering of the firstfruits')→ relational specificationπρωτογένημα: 'firstfruits'; the articular genitive τῶν πρωτογενημάτων repeats and specifies the firstfruits character of this final offering.
15
καὶ ἐπιχεεῖς ἐπ᾿ αὐτὴν ἔλαιον καὶ ἐπιθήσεις ἐπ᾿ αὐτὴν λίβανον θυσία ἐστίν
And you shall pour oil upon it and place frankincense upon it; it is a grain offering.
v. 15 applies to the firstfruits offering the same treatment prescribed for the raw flour offering in v. 1: oil poured over (ἐπιχεεῖς) and frankincense laid upon (ἐπιθήσεις). The verbs are second-person singular here (continuing v. 14's address) where v. 1 was third-person, but the actions and the closing tag θυσία ἐστίν ('it is a grain offering') are identical — a deliberate inclusio binding the firstfruits offering to the chapter's opening type.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιχεεῖςyou shall pour uponFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐπιχέωmain verb (prescriptive future; 2nd person singular)→ legislative future (ritual prescription)ἐπιχέω: 'pour upon'; the same verb as v. 1 (ἐπιχεεῖ), here second-person; oil is poured over the firstfruits offering.
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + accusative (elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (elided before vowel).
αὐτὴνitAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπ᾿ (the firstfruits offering)→ participant referenceαὐτός: feminine αὐτήν referring to ἡ θυσία (the offering); oil is poured 'upon it.'
ἔλαιονoilAccusativedirect object of ἐπιχεεῖς→ object specificationἔλαιον: 'oil'; added to the firstfruits offering as to all grain offerings.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιθήσειςyou shall place uponFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (prescriptive future; 2nd person singular)→ legislative future (ritual prescription)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon'; the same verb as v. 1 (ἐπιθήσει), here second-person; frankincense is laid upon the offering.
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + accusative (elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (elided before vowel).
αὐτὴνitAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπ᾿ (the firstfruits offering)→ participant referenceαὐτός: feminine αὐτήν referring to the offering; frankincense is placed 'upon it.'
λίβανονfrankincenseAccusativedirect object of ἐπιθήσεις→ object specificationλίβανος: 'frankincense'; laid on the firstfruits offering, to be burned with the memorial portion (v. 16), exactly as in v. 1–2.
θυσίαgrain offeringNominativepredicate nominative (classificatory tag)→ participant prominenceθυσία: in the closing tag θυσία ἐστίν ('it is a grain offering'), the same formula as v. 1, binding the firstfruits offering to the chapter's opening type.
ἐστίνit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (classificatory)→ classificatory present (defining the rite)εἰμί: 'be'; the present copula classifies the firstfruits rite as a θυσία, echoing vv. 1 and 6.
16
καὶ ἀνοίσει ὁ ἱερεὺς τὸ μνημόσυνον αὐτῆς ἀπὸ τῶν χίδρων σὺν τῷ ἐλαίῳ καὶ πάντα τὸν λίβανον αὐτῆς κάρπωμά ἐστιν κυρίῳ
And the priest shall offer up its memorial portion from the groats, together with the oil and all its frankincense; it is an offering by fire to the LORD.
v. 16 closes the chapter as the priest offers up (ἀνοίσει) the μνημόσυνον of the firstfruits offering — the handful of groats with its oil and all its frankincense — recapitulating the memorial-portion logic of vv. 2 and 9. The final classification κάρπωμά ἐστιν κυρίῳ ('it is a fire-offering to the LORD') seals the firstfruits offering with the same term used of the cooked offering in vv. 9–10, ending the chapter on its core idea: a portion offered up by fire to God.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνοίσειshall offer upFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναφέρωmain verb (prescriptive future; subject = the priest)→ legislative future (ritual prescription)ἀναφέρω (fut. ἀνοίσει): 'bring up / offer up / carry up'; renders Hebrew הִקְטִיר / הֶעֱלָה; the ἀνα- compound marks the upward motion of offering on the altar; a key sacrificial verb (cf. its NT use of Christ offering himself, Heb 7:27; 1 Pet 2:24).
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεὺς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject of ἀνοίσει→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; the priest officiates at the altar, as in vv. 2, 9; the chapter ends with the priest performing the offering-up.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with μνημόσυνον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μνημόσυνονmemorial portionAccusativedirect object of ἀνοίσει→ object specificationμνημόσυνον: 'memorial / token of remembrance'; renders Hebrew אַזְכָּרָה; as in vv. 2, 9, the representative portion offered up by fire — here from the firstfruits groats.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (the memorial portion of the offering)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the memorial portion of the offering).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (partitive/source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive/source).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with χίδρων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χίδρωνgroats / green earsGenitivepartitive genitive object of ἀπὸ (the firstfruits grain)→ relational specificationχίδρον (gen. pl. χίδρων): 'groats / fresh grain'; the memorial portion is taken from the roasted, crushed new ears of v. 14, the firstfruits material.
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingσύν: 'with / together with'; the memorial portion is offered together with its oil, as in v. 2.
τῷtheDativearticle (with ἐλαίῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐλαίῳoilDativedative of accompaniment (object of σὺν)→ sphere or referenceἔλαιον: 'oil'; offered up with the memorial portion, part of the burned token.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying λίβανον: 'all its frankincense')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / the whole'; as in v. 2, the entire frankincense is burned with the memorial portion — the whole of it ascends to God.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with λίβανον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λίβανονfrankincenseAccusativeaccusative object (coordinate with μνημόσυνον as what is offered up)→ object specificationλίβανος: 'frankincense'; all of it is offered up, giving the rising smoke its fragrant character, as in v. 2.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying λίβανον; refers to the offering)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying λίβανον; refers to the offering).
κάρπωμάoffering by fireNominativepredicate nominative (classificatory tag)→ participant prominenceκάρπωμα: 'fire-offering / that which is offered up'; renders Hebrew אִשֶּׁה; the closing classification κάρπωμά ἐστιν κυρίῳ ('it is a fire-offering to the LORD') seals the firstfruits offering with the same term as vv. 9–10, ending the chapter on its central idea.
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (classificatory)→ classificatory present (defining the rite)εἰμί: 'be'; the present copula in the chapter's final classificatory tag.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the final word of the chapter names the recipient of the fire-offering, closing the whole grain-offering law on its Godward orientation.