1
καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων
And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
The recurring Levitical speech-formula καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων (cf. vv. 17, 26) marks the opening of a fresh divine commission; the present chapter is segmented by this formula into three oracular units (vv. 1–16, 17–25, 26–33). The Hebraizing complementizer λέγων ('saying') calques the Hebrew לֵאמֹר that introduces the quoted words.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (single completed speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak / talk'; renders Hebrew דִּבֶּר (Piel); the formula καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων is the standard Levitical introduction to YHWH-speech, opening each new legal unit of the chapter (vv. 1, 17, 26).
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the nominative subject of the speech-formula marks this as unmediated YHWH-speech delivered through Moses to the priesthood.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (recipient of speech)→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: transliteration of Hebrew מֹשֶׁה; declined as a first/third-declension noun in Rahlfs' LXX (gen. Μωυσῆ, acc. Μωυσῆν); accusative here as the directional object of πρός.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Masc Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (complementizer introducing direct speech)→ imperfective participle (Hebraistic לֵאמֹר marker)λέγω (pres. part.): the nominative participle λέγων calques the Hebrew infinitive לֵאמֹר ('saying'), a redundant speech-marker that grammaticalizes the quotation boundary; ubiquitous in LXX legal narrative.
2
εἰπὸν Ααρων καὶ τοῖς υἱοῖς αὐτοῦ καὶ προσεχέτωσαν ἀπὸ τῶν ἁγίων τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ καὶ οὐ βεβηλώσουσιν τὸ ὄνομα τὸ ἅγιόν μου ὅσα αὐτοὶ ἁγιάζουσίν μοι ἐγὼ κύριος
Speak to Aaron and to his sons, and let them take heed concerning the holy things of the sons of Israel, and let them not profane my holy name in the things which they themselves hallow to me: I am the LORD.
The aorist imperative εἰπόν commissions Moses to address Aaron and his sons; the third-person imperative προσεχέτωσαν ('let them take heed') sets the guarding of the holy things as the priests' duty. The negated future βεβηλώσουσιν functions as an apodictic prohibition ('they shall not profane'), and the verse closes with the first occurrence of the chapter's sanctification antithesis (βεβηλόω vs. ἁγιάζω) and the self-predication ἐγὼ κύριος.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
εἰπὸνspeak / sayAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb (divine imperative to Moses)→ ingressive aorist imperative (commissioned speech-act)λέγω (aor. impv. εἰπόν): 'say / tell'; the second-aorist imperative with retracted accent commissions Moses to deliver the oracle; the construction εἰπὸν + dative ('say to Aaron') renders Hebrew אֱמֹר אֶל / דַּבֵּר.
Ααρωνto Aarondative-sense object of εἰπόν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑαρων: transliteration of Hebrew אַהֲרֹן; indeclinable in the LXX; though formally caseless, it stands in the dative relation 'to Aaron' parallel to τοῖς υἱοῖς αὐτοῦ.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativedative indirect object of εἰπόν (parallel to Ααρων)→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; here the Aaronide priesthood, the sons of Aaron who serve at the altar and eat the holy gifts; renders Hebrew בָּנִים.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Aaron's sons)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Aaron's sons).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing command)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσεχέτωσανlet them take heedPres Act Impv 3 Pl · προσέχωmain verb (third-person imperative of caution)→ imperfective imperative (ongoing vigilance)προσέχω: 'attend to / take heed / be on guard'; with ἀπό it carries the nuance 'keep oneself carefully away from (mishandling)' the holy things; renders the Niphal of נָזַר / the sense of separating oneself respectfully from the consecrated gifts.
ἀπὸfrom / concerningpreposition + genitive (object of caution)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: with προσέχω the preposition marks the holy things as that with respect to which the priests must exercise reverent care, lest they treat them profanely.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁγίωνholy thingsGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (the consecrated gifts)→ relational specificationἅγιος (subst. neut. pl. τὰ ἅγια): 'holy things / sacred gifts'; renders Hebrew קָדָשִׁים; the technical term for the consecrated portions of sacrifices reserved to the priests; the leitmotif of the chapter (vv. 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνof the sonsGenitivegenitive of source (the gifts that come from Israel)→ relational specificationυἱός: here τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ ('of the sons of Israel') marks the holy things as gifts brought by the laity and consecrated to YHWH, then assigned to the priests.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive-sense modifier of υἱῶν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable in the LXX; here the covenant people whose offerings constitute the holy gifts.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (consecutive: result of mishandling)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotnegative particle (apodictic prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: with the future βεβηλώσουσιν forms an emphatic apodictic prohibition ('they shall not profane'), the legal idiom rendering the Hebrew לֹא + imperfect.
βεβηλώσουσινthey shall profaneFut Act Indic 3 Pl · βεβηλόωmain verb (prohibitive future)→ prohibitive future (apodictic command in future form)βεβηλόω: 'profane / desecrate / treat as common'; the antonym of ἁγιάζω; renders Hebrew חִלֵּל; the prohibitive future 'they shall not profane' is the negative pole of the chapter's governing antithesis between hallowing and profaning the holy Name (cf. vv. 9, 15, 32).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομαnameAccusativedirect object of βεβηλώσουσιν→ object specificationὄνομα: 'name'; renders Hebrew שֵׁם; τὸ ὄνομα τὸ ἅγιόν μου ('my holy name') is the divine Name itself, profaned when the priests mishandle the holy gifts; the same phrase recurs at v. 32, framing the chapter.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (attributive position)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅγιόνholyAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ὄνομα)→ object specificationἅγιος: 'holy / set apart'; renders Hebrew קֹדֶשׁ; in the attributive construction τὸ ὄνομα τὸ ἅγιον it stresses the inviolable sanctity of the divine Name that the priests are charged to honor.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (the Name belongs to YHWH)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the Name belongs to YHWH).
ὅσαin the things whichAccusativerelative pronoun (accusative of respect: 'as to whatever things')→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as many as / whatever'; the neuter plural ὅσα here functions as an accusative of respect — the holy gifts 'in regard to which' the people consecrate offerings to YHWH; renders Hebrew אֲשֶׁר.
αὐτοὶthey themselvesNominativesubject (emphatic: the sons of Israel)→ participant prominenceαὐτός: the emphatic nominative αὐτοί ('they themselves') stresses that it is the laity who consecrate these gifts, which the priests must therefore handle with corresponding reverence.
ἁγιάζουσίνhallow / consecratePres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἁγιάζωverb of relative clause (the people's consecrating act)→ customary present (habitual cultic act)ἁγιάζω: 'make holy / consecrate / dedicate'; the positive pole of the chapter's antithesis with βεβηλόω; renders Hebrew הִקְדִּישׁ; the same root recurs in the refrain ἐγὼ κύριος ὁ ἁγιάζων (vv. 9, 16, 32).
μοιto meDativedative of advantage (the gifts consecrated to YHWH)→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage (the gifts consecrated to YHWH).
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic, in nominal self-predication)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic pronoun in the verbless self-predication ἐγὼ κύριος ('I am the LORD'), the recurring authority-seal of the Holiness Code that grounds each command in the identity of the lawgiver.
κύριοςLORDNominativepredicate nominative (verbless clause: 'I am the LORD')→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the self-predication ἐγὼ κύριος closes the command with the divine signature characteristic of Lev 17–26.
3
εἰπὸν αὐτοῖς εἰς τὰς γενεὰς ὑμῶν πᾶς ἄνθρωπος ὃς ἂν προσέλθῃ ἀπὸ παντὸς τοῦ σπέρματος ὑμῶν πρὸς τὰ ἅγια ὅσα ἂν ἁγιάζωσιν οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ τῷ κυρίῳ καὶ ἡ ἀκαθαρσία αὐτοῦ ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ ἐξολεθρευθήσεται ἡ ψυχὴ ἐκείνη ἀπ᾿ ἐμοῦ ἐγὼ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν
Say to them: Throughout your generations, every man who, from all your offspring, approaches the holy things which the sons of Israel hallow to the LORD while his uncleanness is upon him — that soul shall be utterly cut off from before me: I am the LORD your God.
A casuistic ('if/whoever') statute: the protasis (πᾶς ἄνθρωπος ὃς ἂν προσέλθῃ … καὶ ἡ ἀκαθαρσία αὐτοῦ ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ) frames the offence, and the apodosis (ἐξολεθρευθήσεται ἡ ψυχὴ ἐκείνη ἀπ᾿ ἐμοῦ) delivers the karet-penalty of being 'cut off.' The phrase εἰς τὰς γενεὰς ὑμῶν ('throughout your generations') universalizes the statute beyond the wilderness period.
Word-by-word analysis· 44 words
εἰπὸνsayAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb (divine imperative to Moses)→ ingressive aorist imperative (commissioned speech-act)λέγω (aor. impv. εἰπόν): the imperative is repeated from v. 2, marking a new sub-statute within the same oracle; 'say to them' = to Aaron and his sons.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative indirect object (Aaron and his sons)→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'to them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (Aaron and his sons).
εἰςthroughout / forpreposition + accusative (temporal extent)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: with γενεάς the phrase εἰς τὰς γενεὰς ὑμῶν ('throughout your generations') renders Hebrew לְדֹרֹתֵיכֶם, a standard Priestly formula extending the statute to all future generations.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενεὰςgenerationsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (temporal extent)→ object specificationγενεά: 'generation / age'; renders Hebrew דּוֹר; the plural with εἰς marks perpetual, trans-generational validity of the priestly purity law.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
πᾶςeveryNominativeattributive adjective (modifying ἄνθρωπος)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'every / all'; πᾶς ἄνθρωπος ὃς ἄν ('every man who ever') opens the casuistic protasis, a distributive idiom rendering Hebrew כָּל־אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר.
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativesubject of protasis (the priest in view)→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man / human being'; renders Hebrew אִישׁ; in context the man of Aaron's seed, since only priests eat the holy things.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of προσέλθῃ)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; with ἄν + subjunctive forms the conditional-relative protasis 'whoever approaches.'
ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive in conditional-relative clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: the modal particle marking the relative clause as indefinite/conditional ('whoever may approach').
προσέλθῃapproachesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · προσέρχομαιverb of conditional-relative clause (the offence)→ aorist subjunctive (indefinite condition)προσέρχομαι: 'approach / draw near'; renders Hebrew קָרַב; the cultic verb for approaching the sancta; here the unlawful approach of an unclean priest to the holy gifts incurs the penalty.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (partitive: from among the offspring)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive: from among the offspring).
παντὸςallGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying σπέρματος)→ relational specificationπᾶς: here ἀπὸ παντὸς τοῦ σπέρματος ὑμῶν ('from all your offspring') universalizes the statute over the whole priestly line.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σπέρματοςoffspring / seedGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (partitive: the priestly line)→ relational specificationσπέρμα: 'seed / offspring / descendants'; renders Hebrew זֶרַע; here the descendants of Aaron, the priestly seed who alone may handle the holy gifts.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (object of approach)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (object of approach).
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅγιαholy thingsAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the consecrated gifts)→ object specificationἅγιος (subst. neut. pl.): the holy gifts; the unclean priest's approach πρὸς τὰ ἅγια is the prohibited act.
ὅσαwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἁγιάζωσιν)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as many as / whatever'; neuter plural ὅσα refers back to τὰ ἅγια, the gifts the Israelites consecrate.
ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive in indefinite relative clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἁγιάζωσινhallowPres Act Subj 3 Pl · ἁγιάζωverb of indefinite relative clause (the people's consecration)→ present subjunctive (customary, generalized act)ἁγιάζω: 'consecrate / hallow'; the present subjunctive with ἄν generalizes the laity's ongoing act of dedicating offerings to YHWH.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject of ἁγιάζωσιν→ participant prominenceυἱός: οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ, the lay Israelites whose consecrated offerings constitute the holy gifts.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive-sense modifier of υἱοί (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the covenant people.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of advantage (the gifts consecrated to YHWH)→ sphere or referenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the dative τῷ κυρίῳ marks YHWH as the recipient of the consecrated gifts.
καὶand / whilecoordinate conjunction (circumstantial: 'while')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here introduces the aggravating circumstance ('while his uncleanness is upon him'), a Hebraizing parataxis where Greek would more naturally subordinate.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀκαθαρσίαuncleannessNominativesubject of the circumstantial clause (verbless: 'is upon him')→ participant prominenceἀκαθαρσία: 'uncleanness / impurity'; renders Hebrew טֻמְאָה; the cultic-ritual state that disqualifies the priest; the verbless clause ἡ ἀκαθαρσία αὐτοῦ ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ ('his uncleanness is upon him') states the aggravating condition.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + dative (locative: state clinging to him)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + dative: 'upon / on'; the uncleanness rests 'upon him' as an adhering ritual state, rendering Hebrew עָלָיו.
αὐτῷhimDativedative object of ἐπί→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative object of ἐπί.
ἐξολεθρευθήσεταιshall be utterly cut offFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐξολεθρεύωmain verb of apodosis (the penalty)→ predictive/legislative future (the karet-penalty)ἐξολεθρεύω: 'utterly destroy / extirpate / cut off'; the LXX's standard rendering of the Hebrew karet-formula נִכְרַת ('be cut off'); the divine passive (with ἀπ᾿ ἐμοῦ, 'from before me') signals removal from the covenant community by direct divine act.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχὴsoulNominativesubject of the apodosis→ participant prominenceψυχή: 'soul / person / life'; renders Hebrew נֶפֶשׁ; here ἡ ψυχὴ ἐκείνη ('that soul') = that person, the standard karet-idiom for the individual under the penalty of being cut off.
ἐκείνηthatNominativedemonstrative adjective (modifying ψυχή)→ participant prominenceἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the demonstrative singles out the offending person within the karet-formula.
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (separation: from before YHWH)→ spatial or relational framingἀπ᾿: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation: from before YHWH).
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (YHWH as the one from whom cut off)→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. ἐμοῦ): the emphatic first-person; ἀπ᾿ ἐμοῦ ('from me / from before me') intensifies the karet-penalty as exclusion from YHWH's own presence.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic, verbless self-predication)→ participant referenceἐγώ: opens the expanded self-predication ἐγὼ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν ('I am the LORD your God').
κύριοςLORDNominativepredicate nominative (verbless clause)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativepredicate nominative in apposition (the LORD your God)→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; renders Hebrew אֱלֹהִים; the fuller seal ἐγὼ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν ('I am the LORD your God') heightens the covenant authority behind the penalty.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of relationship (covenant possession)→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship (covenant possession).
4
καὶ ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ σπέρματος Ααρων τοῦ ἱερέως καὶ οὗτος λεπρᾷ ἢ γονορρυής τῶν ἁγίων οὐκ ἔδεται ἕως ἂν καθαρισθῇ καὶ ὁ ἁπτόμενος πάσης ἀκαθαρσίας ψυχῆς ἢ ἄνθρωπος ᾧ ἂν ἐξέλθῃ ἐξ αὐτοῦ κοίτη σπέρματος
And any man of the seed of Aaron the priest who is leprous or has a discharge shall not eat of the holy things until he is cleansed; and the one who touches any uncleanness of a dead body, or a man from whom an emission of seed goes out,
The verse opens the enumeration of specific impurities that bar a priest from the holy food: chronic conditions (leprosy, genital discharge) barring him until cleansed, and transient defilements (corpse-contact, seminal emission) carried over into v. 5. The casus-pendens construction ἄνθρωπος … καὶ οὗτος ('a man … and this one [is leprous]') is a Hebraizing resumptive.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing new case)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativecasus pendens (nominative absolute, resumed by οὗτος)→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man'; the nominative stands as a hanging subject (casus pendens) resumed by οὗτος, a Hebraizing topicalization rendering Hebrew אִישׁ אִישׁ / וְאִישׁ.
ἐκof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive: of the priestly line)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive: of the priestly line).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σπέρματοςseedGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (the priestly seed)→ relational specificationσπέρμα: 'seed / offspring'; ἐκ τοῦ σπέρματος Ααρων specifies that the law concerns a member of the Aaronide priesthood, the only ones entitled to the holy food.
Ααρωνof Aarongenitive-sense modifier of σπέρματος (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑαρων: indeclinable; the patriarch of the priesthood.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (in apposition with Ααρων)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέωςpriestGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ααρων ('Aaron the priest')→ relational specificationἱερεύς: 'priest'; renders Hebrew כֹּהֵן; the apposition 'Aaron the priest' stresses the cultic office whose holiness is at stake.
καὶandresumptive conjunction (Hebraizing waw of apodosis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here the resumptive 'waw' picking up the casus pendens; 'a man … and this one (is leprous)' = 'any man … who is leprous.'
οὗτοςthis oneNominativedemonstrative pronoun (resuming ἄνθρωπος)→ participant referenceοὗτος: the resumptive demonstrative restating the hanging subject ἄνθρωπος, a hallmark of the LXX's wooden rendering of Hebrew casus-pendens syntax.
λεπρᾷis leprousPres Act Subj 3 Sg · λεπράωverb of the conditional clause (chronic disqualifying condition)→ stative present subjunctive (the condition of being leprous)λεπράω: 'be leprous / have a skin-disease (λέπρα)'; renders the Hebrew adjective צָרוּעַ; the present marks the ongoing diseased state that bars the priest from the holy food until healed (cf. Lev 13–14).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γονορρυήςhas a dischargeNominativepredicate adjective (parallel to λεπρᾷ: 'or [is] one with a flux')→ participant prominenceγονόρρυος / γονορρυής: 'having a genital discharge / suffering a flux'; renders Hebrew זָב; the adjective stands as a second disqualifying chronic condition (cf. Lev 15); paired with leprosy as the two principal ongoing impurities.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁγίωνholy thingsGenitivepartitive genitive object of ἔδεται ('eat of the holy things')→ relational specificationἅγιος (subst. neut. pl.): the holy gifts; partitive genitive with the verb of eating ('eat some of the holy things').
οὐκnotnegative particle (prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδεταιshall eatFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐσθίωmain verb of apodosis (prohibitive future)→ prohibitive future (apodictic ban on eating)ἐσθίω (fut. mid. ἔδομαι): 'eat'; the deponent future ἔδεται renders Hebrew יֹאכַל; the prohibition 'shall not eat of the holy things' is the recurring penalty for cultic uncleanness (cf. vv. 6, 10, 12).
ἕωςuntiltemporal conjunction (with subjunctive: 'until he is cleansed')→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: 'until'; with ἄν + subjunctive marks the indefinite terminus of the disqualification — the priest may eat once cleansed.
ἂνevermodal particle (with ἕως + subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθαρισθῇhe is cleansedAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · καθαρίζωverb of temporal clause (terminus of disqualification)→ aorist subjunctive (point of becoming clean)καθαρίζω: 'cleanse / purify / pronounce clean'; renders Hebrew טָהֵר; the aorist passive marks the decisive event of ritual purification that restores access to the holy food.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing further cases of defilement)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheNominativearticle (substantivizing the participle)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁπτόμενοςthe one who touchesPres Mid Part Nom Masc Sg · ἅπτωsubstantival participle (subject: 'the one touching')→ imperfective participle (generic agent)ἅπτω (mid. ἅπτομαι): 'touch / take hold of'; the middle governs the genitive (ἀκαθαρσίας); the substantival participle ὁ ἁπτόμενος ('whoever touches') introduces transient defilement by corpse-contact; renders Hebrew הַנֹּגֵעַ.
πάσηςanyGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying ἀκαθαρσίας)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all / any'; πάσης ἀκαθαρσίας ψυχῆς = 'any uncleanness of a [dead] person.'
ἀκαθαρσίαςuncleannessGenitivegenitive object of ἁπτόμενος (what is touched)→ relational specificationἀκαθαρσία: 'uncleanness'; here the corpse-defilement; genitive governed by the middle ἅπτομαι.
ψυχῆςof a dead bodyGenitivegenitive of relationship (ἀκαθαρσία ψυχῆς: uncleanness of a corpse)→ relational specificationψυχή: 'soul / person'; in the idiom ἀκαθαρσία ψυχῆς it renders Hebrew טֻמְאַת נֶפֶשׁ — the defilement contracted from a dead body (נֶפֶשׁ here = corpse), the most severe transient impurity (cf. Num 19).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄνθρωποςa manNominativesubject (parallel case: the man with an emission)→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man'; introduces a further parallel case of transient impurity, the seminal emission.
ᾧfrom whomDativerelative pronoun (dative of disadvantage / possessor)→ participant reference or interestὅς (dat. ᾧ): the dative relative ('to/from whom') in the construction 'a man from whom an emission goes out,' a Hebraizing periphrasis rendering אֲשֶׁר ... מִמֶּנּוּ.
ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive in indefinite relative clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξέλθῃgoes outAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιverb of indefinite relative clause (the emission)→ aorist subjunctive (indefinite condition)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out / come forth'; renders Hebrew יָצָא; here of the seminal emission that renders a man unclean (cf. Lev 15:16).
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἐξ (the source of the emission)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἐξ (the source of the emission).
κοίτηan emissionNominativesubject of ἐξέλθῃ (the emission that goes out)→ participant prominenceκοίτη: lit. 'bed / lying'; in the idiom κοίτη σπέρματος ('a lying / emission of seed') it renders Hebrew שִׁכְבַת זֶרַע, the technical term for a seminal emission (cf. Lev 15:16–18).
σπέρματοςof seedGenitivegenitive of content (κοίτη σπέρματος: emission of seed)→ relational specificationσπέρμα: 'seed / semen'; the genitive specifies the kind of emission; the whole phrase carries over into the apodosis of v. 6.
5
ἢ ὅστις ἂν ἅψηται παντὸς ἑρπετοῦ ἀκαθάρτου ὃ μιανεῖ αὐτόν ἢ ἐπ᾿ ἀνθρώπῳ ἐν ᾧ μιανεῖ αὐτὸν κατὰ πᾶσαν ἀκαθαρσίαν αὐτοῦ
or whoever touches any unclean creeping thing which will defile him, or [touches] a man by whom he will be defiled, according to all his uncleanness —
Two further sources of transient defilement extend the protasis begun in v. 4: contact with an unclean creeping thing (ἑρπετὸν ἀκάθαρτον) and contact with a person whose impurity transmits. The repeated future μιανεῖ ('will defile') stresses the contagious mechanism of ritual uncleanness, and κατὰ πᾶσαν ἀκαθαρσίαν αὐτοῦ generalizes to the full range of impurities catalogued in Lev 11–15.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ἢordisjunctive conjunction (adding parallel case)→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅστιςwhoeverNominativeindefinite relative pronoun (subject of ἅψηται)→ participant referenceὅστις: 'whoever / anyone who'; the indefinite relative with ἄν + subjunctive continues the casuistic enumeration of those defiled.
ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἅψηταιtouchesAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · ἅπτωverb of indefinite relative clause (the defiling contact)→ aorist subjunctive (indefinite condition)ἅπτω (mid. ἅπτομαι): 'touch'; the middle governs the genitive ἑρπετοῦ; renders Hebrew נָגַע; the contact transmits the creature's uncleanness to the toucher.
παντὸςanyGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying ἑρπετοῦ)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all / any'; παντὸς ἑρπετοῦ ἀκαθάρτου, 'any unclean creeping thing.'
ἑρπετοῦcreeping thingGenitivegenitive object of ἅψηται (what is touched)→ relational specificationἑρπετόν: 'creeping thing / reptile / swarming creature'; renders Hebrew שֶׁרֶץ / רֶמֶשׂ; the unclean swarming creatures whose carcasses defile by contact (Lev 11:29–31).
ἀκαθάρτουuncleanGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying ἑρπετοῦ)→ relational specificationἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean / impure'; renders Hebrew טָמֵא; the standard cultic classification opposed to καθαρός.
ὃwhichNominativerelative pronoun (subject of μιανεῖ)→ participant referenceὅς: the neuter relative agreeing with ἑρπετόν, introducing the consequence 'which will defile him.'
μιανεῖwill defileFut Act Indic 3 Sg · μιαίνωverb of relative clause (the defiling effect)→ predictive future (certain contagion)μιαίνω: 'defile / pollute / stain'; renders Hebrew טִמֵּא; the future asserts the inevitable transmission of uncleanness from the creature to the man.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object of μιανεῖ→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of μιανεῖ.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπ᾿by / atpreposition + dative (contact with a person)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + dative: here marks the further case of defilement through contact with a person; the construction ἢ ἐπ᾿ ἀνθρώπῳ ἐν ᾧ ('or in the case of a man by whom') is a Hebraizing periphrasis.
ἀνθρώπῳa manDativedative object of ἐπί (the person contacted)→ sphere or referenceἄνθρωπος: 'man / person'; here a human source of impurity (e.g. a leper or one with a discharge) whose touch defiles.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (instrumental: 'by whom')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrumental: 'by whom').
ᾧwhomDativerelative pronoun (object of ἐν: instrument of defilement)→ participant reference or interestὅς (dat. ᾧ): 'whom'; the relative resumes ἀνθρώπῳ, 'a man by whom he will be defiled.'
μιανεῖwill defileFut Act Indic 3 Sg · μιαίνωverb of relative clause (defilement through the person)→ predictive future (certain contagion)μιαίνω: repeated from above; the contagion of ritual impurity passes from an unclean person to whoever touches him.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of μιανεῖ→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of μιανεῖ.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (measure/extent)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + accusative: 'according to'; κατὰ πᾶσαν ἀκαθαρσίαν αὐτοῦ generalizes to the entire taxonomy of impurities (Lev 11–15).
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἀκαθαρσίαν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / every'; the totalizing modifier embraces every category of defilement.
ἀκαθαρσίανuncleannessAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationἀκαθαρσία: 'uncleanness'; the summary noun gathering all the foregoing sources of impurity.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
6
ψυχή ἥτις ἂν ἅψηται αὐτῶν ἀκάθαρτος ἔσται ἕως ἑσπέρας οὐκ ἔδεται ἀπὸ τῶν ἁγίων ἐὰν μὴ λούσηται τὸ σῶμα αὐτοῦ ὕδατι
the person who touches any of these shall be unclean until evening; he shall not eat of the holy things unless he washes his body with water.
The apodosis to the catalogue of vv. 4–5: such a person is unclean ἕως ἑσπέρας ('until evening') and barred from the holy food unless he bathes (ἐὰν μὴ λούσηται). The 'until evening' (ἕως ἑσπέρας) plus water-washing is the standard one-day purification of the Priestly system (cf. Lev 11:24–25; 15:5).
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ψυχήa personNominativesubject (casus pendens, resumed by the verb)→ participant prominenceψυχή: 'soul / person'; renders Hebrew נֶפֶשׁ; here = 'anyone,' the generic human subject of the purity rule.
ἥτιςwhoeverNominativeindefinite relative pronoun (modifying ψυχή)→ participant referenceὅστις (fem. ἥτις): 'whoever'; agrees with ψυχή, 'the person who.'
ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἅψηταιtouchesAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · ἅπτωverb of indefinite relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (indefinite condition)ἅπτω (mid.): 'touch'; the middle with genitive αὐτῶν, 'touches any of these [defiling things].'
αὐτῶνof themGenitivegenitive object of ἅψηται (the defiling things of vv.4–5)→ relational specificationαὐτός: refers back to the catalogue of impurities just enumerated.
ἀκάθαρτοςuncleanNominativepredicate adjective (with ἔσται)→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean'; predicate of ἔσται, declaring the resulting ritual status.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula: declares the unclean status)→ predictive/legislative future (resultant cultic state)εἰμί (fut. ἔσομαι): 'be'; the legislative future ἔσται states the resulting ritual condition of the defiled person.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until'; ἕως ἑσπέρας ('until evening') marks the standard one-day duration of minor impurity.
ἑσπέραςeveningGenitivegenitive object of ἕως (temporal limit)→ relational specificationἑσπέρα: 'evening'; renders Hebrew עֶרֶב; sunset terminates the day's impurity, restoring purity by the new day.
οὐκnotnegative particle (prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδεταιshall eatFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐσθίωmain verb (prohibitive future)→ prohibitive future (ban on eating while unclean)ἐσθίω (fut. mid. ἔδομαι): 'eat'; the prohibition repeats v. 4's ban — the unclean may not eat the holy food until purified.
ἀπὸof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive with verb of eating)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive with verb of eating).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁγίωνholy thingsGenitivepartitive genitive object of ἔδεται→ relational specificationἅγιος (subst. neut. pl.): the holy gifts; ἀπὸ τῶν ἁγίων, 'of the holy things.'
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (with μή: 'unless')→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; with μή forms 'unless,' introducing the necessary condition for renewed access to the holy food.
μὴnotnegative particle (with ἐάν: 'unless')→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λούσηταιhe washesAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · λούωverb of conditional clause (the purification act)→ aorist subjunctive (the decisive act of bathing)λούω (mid. λούομαι): 'wash / bathe (the whole body)'; renders Hebrew רָחַץ; the middle denotes bathing oneself; distinguished from πλύνω ('wash garments'); the full-body washing is the required ritual cleansing.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σῶμαbodyAccusativedirect object of λούσηται→ object specificationσῶμα: 'body'; renders Hebrew בָּשָׂר ('flesh') in the bathing idiom; the whole body must be washed for purification.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ὕδατιwith waterDativedative of instrument (means of washing)→ sphere or referenceὕδωρ (dat. ὕδατι): 'water'; the dative of means; water is the universal agent of ritual purification in the Priestly code.
7
καὶ δύῃ ὁ ἥλιος καὶ καθαρὸς ἔσται καὶ τότε φάγεται τῶν ἁγίων ὅτι ἄρτος ἐστὶν αὐτοῦ
And when the sun sets, he shall be clean, and then he may eat of the holy things, because it is his bread.
The temporal-conditional δύῃ ὁ ἥλιος ('when the sun sets') completes the one-day cleansing begun by washing; only then (τότε) may the cleansed priest resume eating the holy food. The motive clause ὅτι ἄρτος ἐστὶν αὐτοῦ ('for it is his bread') grounds the whole purity regime: the holy gifts are the priest's God-given sustenance, not a mere privilege.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶand / whencoordinate conjunction (temporal-conditional sense continuing v.6)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: continues the conditional protasis ('and [when] the sun sets'), Hebraizing parataxis for a temporal clause.
δύῃsetsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · δύωverb of temporal-conditional clause (sunset)→ aorist subjunctive (the moment of sunset)δύω / δύνω: 'set / go down (of the sun)'; renders Hebrew בּוֹא הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ ('the sun's going in'); the subjunctive continues the ἐάν-condition of v. 6 — purity is completed only at sundown.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἥλιοςsunNominativesubject of δύῃ→ participant prominenceἥλιος: 'sun'; renders Hebrew שֶׁמֶשׁ; sunset marks the boundary of the ritual day and the end of the impurity.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (apodosis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθαρὸςcleanNominativepredicate adjective (with ἔσται)→ participant prominenceκαθαρός: 'clean / pure'; renders Hebrew טָהוֹר; the antonym of ἀκάθαρτος; the restored ritual purity that re-admits the priest to the holy food.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula: declares restored purity)→ predictive future (resultant clean state)εἰμί (fut.): the legislative future declaring the priest's restored clean status after sunset.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τότεthentemporal adverb (sequential: 'only then')→ adverbial qualificationτότε: 'then / at that time'; emphasizes that eating is permitted only after the full purification (washing + sunset) is complete.
φάγεταιhe may eatFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐσθίωmain verb (permissive future)→ permissive future (renewed access granted)ἐσθίω (fut. mid. φάγομαι): 'eat'; the future here grants permission — the cleansed priest may now eat the holy food.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁγίωνholy thingsGenitivepartitive genitive object of φάγεται→ relational specificationἅγιος (subst. neut. pl.): the holy gifts, now lawfully eaten.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (motive clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; introduces the rationale — the holy food is the priest's appointed sustenance.
ἄρτοςbreadNominativepredicate nominative (with ἐστίν)→ participant prominenceἄρτος: 'bread / food'; renders Hebrew לֶחֶם; here 'his bread' = his God-given livelihood; the priests have no land-inheritance and live from the holy gifts (cf. Num 18:8–20).
ἐστὶνisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb of causal clause (copula)→ stative present (settled fact)εἰμί: 'be'; the copula of the motive clause, 'it is his bread.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (predicate: 'his bread')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (predicate: 'his bread').
8
θνησιμαῖον καὶ θηριάλωτον οὐ φάγεται μιανθῆναι αὐτὸν ἐν αὐτοῖς ἐγὼ κύριος
Carrion and what is torn by beasts he shall not eat, so as to be defiled by them: I am the LORD.
The priest is forbidden carrion (θνησιμαῖον, an animal that dies of itself) and what is torn by beasts (θηριάλωτον), because eating them defiles. The infinitive μιανθῆναι expresses the result/consequence ('so as to be defiled'). The unit closes with the self-predication ἐγὼ κύριος, sealing the dietary law with divine authority (cf. v. 2).
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
θνησιμαῖονcarrionAccusativedirect object of φάγεται→ object specificationθνησιμαῖον: 'a carcass / animal that died of itself'; renders Hebrew נְבֵלָה; flesh not ritually slaughtered, forbidden to priest and people alike (cf. Lev 17:15; Deut 14:21).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θηριάλωτονwhat is torn by beastsAccusativedirect object of φάγεται (coordinate with θνησιμαῖον)→ object specificationθηριάλωτος: 'caught/torn by a wild beast'; renders Hebrew טְרֵפָה; an animal killed by predators, its blood undrained, hence defiling (cf. Exod 22:31).
οὐnotnegative particle (prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φάγεταιhe shall eatFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐσθίωmain verb (prohibitive future)→ prohibitive future (apodictic dietary ban)ἐσθίω (fut. mid. φάγομαι): 'eat'; the prohibition 'he shall not eat' bans the priest from defiling foods that would compromise his fitness to handle the holy things.
μιανθῆναιto be defiledAor Pass Inf · μιαίνωinfinitive of result/consequence ('so as to be defiled')→ aorist infinitive (result of eating)μιαίνω (aor. pass. inf.): 'be defiled / polluted'; the articular-less infinitive expresses the consequence the prohibition forbids — eating such flesh would render the priest ritually unclean and unfit for the holy gifts.
αὐτὸνhimselfAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive μιανθῆναι→ participant referenceαὐτός: the accusative subject of the infinitive, 'that he be defiled.'
ἐνbypreposition + dative (instrumental: 'by them')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: instrumental, 'by means of them' (the forbidden foods), a Hebraizing use of בְּ.
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative object of ἐν (the defiling foods)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: refers to the carrion and torn flesh as the instruments of defilement.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic, verbless self-predication)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the self-predication ἐγὼ κύριος sealing the dietary command.
κύριοςLORDNominativepredicate nominative (verbless clause)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the authority-seal closing the priestly-purity unit.
9
καὶ φυλάξονται τὰ φυλάγματά μου ἵνα μὴ λάβωσιν δι᾿ αὐτὰ ἁμαρτίαν καὶ ἀποθάνωσιν δι᾿ αὐτά ἐὰν βεβηλώσωσιν αὐτά ἐγὼ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὁ ἁγιάζων αὐτούς
And they shall keep my charges, lest they incur sin because of them and die because of them, if they profane them: I am the LORD God who sanctifies them.
The cognate construction φυλάξονται τὰ φυλάγματά μου ('they shall keep my keepings/charges') is a Hebraizing figura etymologica calquing שָׁמְרוּ אֶת־מִשְׁמַרְתִּי. The ἵνα μή purpose clause warns of the lethal consequence of profaning the holy things, and the unit closes with the first full sanctification refrain ἐγὼ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὁ ἁγιάζων αὐτούς ('I am the LORD who sanctifies them').
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (summary)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φυλάξονταιthey shall keepFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · φυλάσσωmain verb (legislative future of obligation)→ legislative future (binding command)φυλάσσω (mid.): 'keep / guard / observe'; renders Hebrew שָׁמַר; with the cognate object φυλάγματα forms a figura etymologica ('keep my keepings'); the standard idiom for observing cultic obligations.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλάγματάcharges / observancesAccusativecognate accusative (direct object of φυλάξονται)→ object specificationφύλαγμα: 'charge / ordinance / thing to be kept'; renders Hebrew מִשְׁמֶרֶת; the cognate accusative with φυλάσσω is a Hebraism for the body of priestly duties safeguarding the sanctuary's holiness.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἵναso that / lestconjunction (with μή: negative purpose)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: 'so that'; with μή, 'lest,' introducing the negative purpose — they keep the charges to avoid incurring deadly guilt.
μὴnotnegative particle (with ἵνα)→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λάβωσινthey incurAor Act Subj 3 Pl · λαμβάνωverb of negative purpose clause→ aorist subjunctive (potential incurring of guilt)λαμβάνω: 'take / receive / incur'; the idiom λαβεῖν ἁμαρτίαν ('to incur sin / bear guilt') renders Hebrew נָשָׂא חֵטְא, 'to bear the consequence of sin' (cf. Lev 19:17; 20:20).
δι᾿because ofpreposition + accusative (cause)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + accusative: 'because of / on account of'; 'because of them' = because of the holy things, mishandled.
αὐτὰthemAccusativeaccusative object of διά (the holy things)→ participant referenceαὐτὰ: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of διά (the holy things).
ἁμαρτίανsinAccusativedirect object of λάβωσιν (the guilt incurred)→ object specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin / guilt'; renders Hebrew חֵטְא; here the culpable liability brought on by profaning the sancta.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (within purpose clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποθάνωσινthey dieAor Act Subj 3 Pl · ἀποθνῄσκωverb of negative purpose clause (lethal consequence)→ aorist subjunctive (potential death penalty)ἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; renders Hebrew מוּת; the death here is the divine penalty for desecrating the holy things (cf. the death of Nadab and Abihu, Lev 10:1–2).
δι᾿because ofpreposition + accusative (cause)→ spatial or relational framingδι᾿: meaning 'because of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (cause).
αὐτάthemAccusativeaccusative object of διά→ participant referenceαὐτά: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of διά.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the condition under which guilt and death fall — profanation of the holy things.
βεβηλώσωσινthey profaneAor Act Subj 3 Pl · βεβηλόωverb of conditional clause (the offence)→ aorist subjunctive (indefinite condition)βεβηλόω: 'profane / desecrate'; renders Hebrew חִלֵּל; the antonym of ἁγιάζω; profaning the holy things is the precise offence that triggers the penalty.
αὐτάthemAccusativedirect object of βεβηλώσωσιν→ participant referenceαὐτά: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of βεβηλώσωσιν.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic, verbless self-predication)→ participant referenceἐγώ: opens the expanded sanctification refrain ἐγὼ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὁ ἁγιάζων αὐτούς.
κύριοςLORDNominativepredicate nominative (verbless clause)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativepredicate nominative in apposition (the LORD God)→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; renders Hebrew אֱלֹהִים.
ὁthe (one)Nominativearticle (substantivizing the participle ἁγιάζων)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁγιάζωνwho sanctifiesPres Act Part Nom Masc Sg · ἁγιάζωsubstantival participle in apposition (the sanctifying One)→ imperfective participle (characteristic, ongoing divine action)ἁγιάζω (pres. part.): 'sanctify / make holy'; the substantival ὁ ἁγιάζων ('the one who sanctifies') is the defining refrain of the Holiness Code (cf. vv. 16, 32; Lev 20:8; 21:8); YHWH himself is the source of the priests' and people's holiness.
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object of ἁγιάζων (the priests)→ participant referenceαὐτός: refers to the priests whom YHWH sanctifies for his service.
10
καὶ πᾶς ἀλλογενὴς οὐ φάγεται ἅγια πάροικος ἱερέως ἢ μισθωτὸς οὐ φάγεται ἅγια
And no outsider shall eat holy things; a priest's lodger or a hired worker shall not eat holy things.
The second movement turns from the priest's own fitness to the circle of persons entitled to share his sacred food. The Hebraizing πᾶς … οὐ ('every … not' = 'no one') excludes three categories: the ἀλλογενής (a non-priest / outsider), the πάροικος (the priest's resident lodger), and the μισθωτός (the hired laborer); none has a permanent share in the household's holiness.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (new sub-law)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶςevery / no (with neg.)Nominativeattributive adjective (with negative: 'no outsider')→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'every / all'; the construction πᾶς … οὐ is a Hebraism (כָּל … לֹא) meaning 'no one at all,' a universal exclusion.
ἀλλογενὴςoutsider / laymanNominativesubject (the non-priest)→ participant prominenceἀλλογενής: 'of another race / outsider / non-member'; renders Hebrew זָר ('stranger, non-priest'); here the layman outside the priestly household, excluded from the holy food; the same word is famously inscribed on the Herodian Temple barrier warning Gentiles (cf. its theological reversal in Eph 2:11–22).
οὐnotnegative particle (prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φάγεταιshall eatFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐσθίωmain verb (prohibitive future)→ prohibitive future (apodictic exclusion)ἐσθίω (fut. mid. φάγομαι): 'eat'; the prohibition excludes the layman from the consecrated food reserved to the priestly household.
ἅγιαholy thingsAccusativedirect object of φάγεται→ object specificationἅγιος (subst. neut. pl.): the holy gifts; here anarthrous, 'holy food' generally.
πάροικοςlodger / sojournerNominativesubject (second excluded category)→ participant prominenceπάροικος: 'resident alien / lodger / one dwelling alongside'; renders Hebrew תּוֹשָׁב; a temporary dweller in the priest's house, distinguished from a purchased slave; lacks a permanent stake in the household's holiness.
ἱερέωςof a priestGenitivegenitive of relationship (the priest's lodger)→ relational specificationἱερεύς: 'priest'; the genitive specifies whose lodger is meant — one residing with a priest yet without entitlement to the holy food.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μισθωτὸςhired workerNominativesubject (third excluded category)→ participant prominenceμισθωτός: 'hired servant / wage-laborer'; renders Hebrew שָׂכִיר; a worker paid wages but not part of the household by purchase or birth, hence excluded; the same term carries negative force in John 10:12–13 (the hireling vs. the good shepherd).
οὐnotnegative particle (prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φάγεταιshall eatFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐσθίωmain verb (prohibitive future)→ prohibitive future (apodictic exclusion)ἐσθίω (fut. mid.): the repeated prohibition seals the exclusion of lodger and hireling alike from the holy food.
ἅγιαholy thingsAccusativedirect object of φάγεται→ object specificationἅγιος (subst. neut. pl.): the holy food.
11
ἐὰν δὲ ἱερεὺς κτήσηται ψυχὴν ἔγκτητον ἀργυρίου οὗτος φάγεται ἐκ τῶν ἄρτων αὐτοῦ καὶ οἱ οἰκογενεῖς αὐτοῦ καὶ οὗτοι φάγονται τῶν ἄρτων αὐτοῦ
But if a priest acquires a person as a possession bought with silver, this one may eat of his bread; and those born in his house — these too may eat of his bread.
The δέ marks the positive counter-case to v. 10: a slave purchased with silver (ψυχὴν ἔγκτητον ἀργυρίου) and those born in the house (οἰκογενεῖς) belong permanently to the priestly household and so may eat his bread. The criterion is incorporation into the household, not mere proximity (the lodger) or contract (the hireling).
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the positive condition (purchase of a slave) that grants the right to eat.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive, contrasting with v.10)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: the mild adversative marks the contrast — over against the excluded lodger and hireling stands the included slave.
ἱερεὺςa priestNominativesubject of κτήσηται→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; the householder whose acquisition determines the slave's right to the holy food.
κτήσηταιacquiresAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · κτάομαιverb of conditional clause (the acquisition)→ aorist subjunctive (the act of purchase)κτάομαι: 'acquire / get / purchase'; renders Hebrew קָנָה; the middle of ownership-acquisition; the slave bought becomes part of the priest's household.
ψυχὴνa personAccusativedirect object of κτήσηται (the slave)→ object specificationψυχή: 'soul / person'; renders Hebrew נֶפֶשׁ; here = a human being acquired as a slave; even the language of 'soul' for a purchased person reflects the idiom נֶפֶשׁ קִנְיַן כַּסְפּוֹ.
ἔγκτητονas a possessionAccusativepredicate adjective (modifying ψυχήν: 'a person acquired as property')→ object specificationἔγκτητος: 'acquired as a possession / belonging to one's estate'; a rare adjective rendering Hebrew קִנְיַן ('possession'); ψυχὴν ἔγκτητον ἀργυρίου = 'a person who is a property acquired with money.'
ἀργυρίουwith silverGenitivegenitive of price (the purchase money)→ relational specificationἀργύριον: 'silver / money'; renders Hebrew כֶּסֶף; the genitive of price specifies the purchase — the slave is 'bought with silver,' the criterion of full household membership (cf. Gen 17:12–13).
οὗτοςthis oneNominativesubject (resuming the purchased slave)→ participant referenceοὗτος: the demonstrative resumes ψυχήν, emphatically marking the purchased slave as the one now entitled.
φάγεταιmay eatFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐσθίωmain verb (permissive future)→ permissive future (entitlement granted)ἐσθίω (fut. mid.): 'eat'; the permissive future grants the household slave a share in the priest's holy food.
ἐκof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρτωνbread / foodGenitivepartitive genitive object of φάγεται→ relational specificationἄρτος: 'bread / food'; renders Hebrew לֶחֶם; here 'his bread' = the priest's holy food, which his household slaves may share.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκογενεῖςthose born in the houseNominativesubject (second entitled category)→ participant prominenceοἰκογενής: 'home-born / born in the household (slave)'; renders Hebrew יְלִיד בַּיִת; slaves born within the household, fully incorporated and thus entitled to the holy food (cf. Gen 14:14).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶalsoadverbial conjunction (ascensive: 'these too')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here ascensive, 'these also,' including the home-born among those who may eat.
οὗτοιtheseNominativesubject (resuming οἱ οἰκογενεῖς)→ participant prominenceοὗτος: the demonstrative plural resumes the home-born slaves as entitled.
φάγονταιmay eatFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἐσθίωmain verb (permissive future, plural)→ permissive future (entitlement granted)ἐσθίω (fut. mid. φάγονται): the plural permits the home-born slaves to share the priest's holy food.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρτωνbreadGenitivepartitive genitive object of φάγονται→ relational specificationἄρτος: 'bread / food'; the priest's holy food again.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
12
καὶ θυγάτηρ ἀνθρώπου ἱερέως ἐὰν γένηται ἀνδρὶ ἀλλογενεῖ αὐτὴ τῶν ἀπαρχῶν τῶν ἁγίων οὐ φάγεται
And a priest's daughter, if she is married to a layman, she shall not eat of the firstfruits of the holy things.
The criterion of household-membership now governs the priest's daughter: by marriage to a layman (ἀνδρὶ ἀλλογενεῖ) she passes out of the priestly household and forfeits her share in the holy gifts. The casus pendens θυγάτηρ … αὐτή ('a daughter … she') is again a Hebraizing topicalization.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (new sub-case)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θυγάτηρdaughterNominativecasus pendens (hanging subject, resumed by αὐτή)→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; renders Hebrew בַּת; the priest's daughter, whose entitlement depends on her household status.
ἀνθρώπουof a manGenitivegenitive of relationship (modifying θυγάτηρ)→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: 'man'; the redundant ἀνθρώπου ἱερέως ('of a man, a priest') renders the Hebrew idiom בַּת־אִישׁ כֹּהֵן, 'the daughter of a priestly man.'
ἱερέωςa priestGenitivegenitive in apposition to ἀνθρώπου ('a man, a priest')→ relational specificationἱερεύς: 'priest'; the daughter belongs to a priestly father, hence her original entitlement to the holy food.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the condition (marriage to a layman) that forfeits her share.
γένηταιis marriedAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of conditional clause→ aorist subjunctive (the act of marrying)γίνομαι: 'become / come to be'; with the dative ἀνδρί the idiom γίνεσθαι ἀνδρί ('become a man's [wife]') renders Hebrew הָיָה לְאִישׁ, the standard expression for marrying.
ἀνδρὶto a man / husbandDativedative (with γένηται: 'married to a man')→ sphere or referenceἀνήρ: 'man / husband'; renders Hebrew אִישׁ; the dative of the one to whom she is joined in marriage.
ἀλλογενεῖa layman / foreignDativeattributive adjective (modifying ἀνδρί)→ sphere or referenceἀλλογενής: 'of another stock / non-priestly'; here a husband outside the priesthood; marriage to him removes the daughter from the priestly household and its food-entitlements.
αὐτὴsheNominativesubject (emphatic, resuming θυγάτηρ)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the emphatic pronoun resumes the hanging subject, 'she herself.'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπαρχῶνfirstfruits / offeringsGenitivepartitive genitive object of φάγεται→ relational specificationἀπαρχή: 'firstfruits / contribution / heave-offering'; renders Hebrew תְּרוּמָה ('contribution'); the priestly portions levied from the people's offerings, here barred to the out-married daughter.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁγίωνholy thingsGenitiveattributive genitive (τῶν ἀπαρχῶν τῶν ἁγίων: 'the holy firstfruits')→ relational specificationἅγιος (subst. neut. pl.): the holy gifts; the firstfruits 'of the holy things' = the sacred contributions reserved to the priesthood.
οὐnotnegative particle (prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φάγεταιshall eatFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐσθίωmain verb (prohibitive future)→ prohibitive future (forfeiture of entitlement)ἐσθίω (fut. mid.): 'eat'; the prohibition states the out-married daughter's loss of access to the priestly food.
13
καὶ θυγάτηρ ἱερέως ἐὰν γένηται χήρα ἢ ἐκβεβλημένη σπέρμα δὲ μὴ ἦν αὐτῇ ἐπαναστρέψει ἐπὶ τὸν οἶκον τὸν πατρικὸν κατὰ τὴν νεότητα αὐτῆς ἀπὸ τῶν ἄρτων τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτῆς φάγεται καὶ πᾶς ἀλλογενὴς οὐ φάγεται ἀπ᾿ αὐτῶν
But if a priest's daughter becomes a widow or is divorced, and she has no offspring, she shall return to her father's house as in her youth; she shall eat of her father's bread, but no layman shall eat of them.
The reverse of v. 12: if widowhood or divorce, with no offspring to hold her in the husband's house, returns the daughter to her father's household (ἐπαναστρέψει ἐπὶ τὸν οἶκον τὸν πατρικόν), she resumes her childhood entitlement to the priestly food. The closing reiteration that no ἀλλογενής may eat seals the household-membership principle of the whole unit.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
καὶand / butcoordinate conjunction (introducing counter-case)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θυγάτηρdaughterNominativesubject (casus pendens, resumed by the verb)→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; the same priest's daughter of v. 12, now in changed circumstances.
ἱερέωςof a priestGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationἱερεύς: 'priest'; her priestly paternity is the basis of her restored entitlement.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the conditions (widowhood/divorce, childlessness) of her return.
γένηταιbecomesAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of conditional clause→ aorist subjunctive (change of status)γίνομαι: 'become'; here of becoming a widow or divorcee, a change of marital status.
χήραa widowNominativepredicate nominative (with γένηται)→ participant prominenceχήρα: 'widow'; renders Hebrew אַלְמָנָה; one whose husband has died, a recurring object of Torah's protective concern (cf. Deut 10:18).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκβεβλημένηdivorced / cast outPerf Mid/Pass Part Nom Fem Sg · ἐκβάλλωpredicate participle (with γένηται: 'or [become] one cast out')→ perfect participle (settled state of having been put away)ἐκβάλλω (perf. pass. part.): 'cast out / divorce'; renders Hebrew גְּרוּשָׁה ('a divorced woman'); the perfect participle marks the abiding state of one who has been put away by her husband.
σπέρμαoffspringNominativesubject of the verbless/copular clause (σπέρμα … ἦν αὐτῇ)→ participant prominenceσπέρμα: 'seed / offspring'; renders Hebrew זֶרַע; here children who would otherwise bind her to the husband's house; their absence permits her return.
δὲbut / andconnective particle (post-positive, adding condition)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: mild connective adding the further condition of childlessness.
μὴnotnegative particle (with ἦν)→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνthere wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of possession clause (dative of possession: 'she had no')→ imperfective past (state of having no offspring)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'be'; with the dative αὐτῇ forms the possession idiom 'there was to her no offspring' = 'she had no children'; the imperfect describes the abiding condition.
αὐτῇto her / she hadDativedative of possession (with ἦν)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: the dative of possession, 'to her,' completing 'she had no offspring.'
ἐπαναστρέψειshe shall returnFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπαναστρέφωmain verb of apodosis→ predictive/permissive future (her restored standing)ἐπαναστρέφω: 'return / turn back again'; the double-compound (ἐπι-ανα-) intensifies 'go back home'; renders Hebrew שׁוּב; her return to the paternal house restores her former entitlement.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (goal of return)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal of return).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the goal)→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / household'; renders Hebrew בַּיִת; the paternal household to which she returns and within which she may again eat the holy food.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (attributive position)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρικὸνpaternalAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying οἶκον)→ object specificationπατρικός: 'of the father / ancestral'; renders the Hebrew construct בֵּית אָבִיהָ ('her father's house'); the adjective marks the household of her priestly origin.
κατὰaccording to / as inpreposition + accusative (correspondence: 'as in')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + accusative: 'according to'; κατὰ τὴν νεότητα αὐτῆς ('as in her youth') marks the restoration of her former, pre-marital standing.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεότηταyouthAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationνεότης: 'youth / young age'; renders Hebrew נְעוּרִים; her unmarried girlhood in the priestly house, the state to which her entitlement is restored.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἀπὸof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρτωνbreadGenitivepartitive genitive object of φάγεται→ relational specificationἄρτος: 'bread / food'; her father's holy food, which she may again share.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive of possession (the father's bread)→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father'; renders Hebrew אָב; the priestly father whose household food she may resume.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
φάγεταιshe shall eatFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐσθίωmain verb (permissive future)→ permissive future (restored entitlement)ἐσθίω (fut. mid.): 'eat'; the permissive future restores the returned daughter's right to the holy food.
καὶbutcoordinate conjunction (adversative-summary)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here resumes the governing principle of the unit by way of contrast — 'but no outsider.'
πᾶςevery / no (with neg.)Nominativeattributive adjective (with negative: 'no layman')→ participant prominenceπᾶς: the πᾶς … οὐ Hebraism again, 'no outsider at all.'
ἀλλογενὴςlayman / outsiderNominativesubject (the excluded non-priest)→ participant prominenceἀλλογενής: 'outsider / non-priest'; the closing reiteration that the layman has no share, sealing the household-membership principle.
οὐnotnegative particle (prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φάγεταιshall eatFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐσθίωmain verb (prohibitive future)→ prohibitive future (apodictic exclusion)ἐσθίω (fut. mid.): the prohibition restated — the outsider eats nothing of the holy gifts.
ἀπ᾿ofpreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπ᾿: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive).
αὐτῶνthemGenitivepartitive genitive object of φάγεται (the holy foods)→ relational specificationαὐτός: refers to the holy gifts / the father's bread, of which no outsider may partake.
14
καὶ ἄνθρωπος ὃς ἂν φάγῃ ἅγια κατὰ ἄγνοιαν καὶ προσθήσει τὸ ἐπίπεμπτον αὐτοῦ ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸ καὶ δώσει τῷ ἱερεῖ τὸ ἅγιον
And a man who eats holy things in ignorance shall add the fifth part of it to it and give to the priest the holy thing.
A casuistic restitution-statute: one who eats the holy food unwittingly (κατὰ ἄγνοιαν, 'in ignorance / unintentionally') must restore the thing and add a fifth (τὸ ἐπίπεμπτον). The same 20% surcharge governs the guilt-offering restitution at Lev 5:16; 6:5 (LXX 5:24), reflecting the gradation of the Priestly system between inadvertent and high-handed sin.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (new sub-law)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄνθρωποςa manNominativesubject (the inadvertent eater)→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man'; here a layman who eats the holy food without knowing it is consecrated.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of φάγῃ)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; with ἄν + subjunctive, 'whoever eats.'
ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φάγῃeatsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἐσθίωverb of conditional-relative clause (the offence)→ aorist subjunctive (indefinite condition)ἐσθίω (aor. subj. φάγῃ): 'eat'; the inadvertent eating of the holy food is the offence requiring restitution.
ἅγιαholy thingsAccusativedirect object of φάγῃ→ object specificationἅγιος (subst. neut. pl.): the holy food eaten in error.
κατὰin / according topreposition + accusative (manner: 'in ignorance')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + accusative: 'according to'; κατὰ ἄγνοιαν renders Hebrew בִּשְׁגָגָה ('in error / inadvertently'), the technical category of unintentional sin.
ἄγνοιανignoranceAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (manner)→ object specificationἄγνοια: 'ignorance / inadvertence'; renders Hebrew שְׁגָגָה; the unwitting character of the act distinguishes it from deliberate desecration and admits of restitution rather than the karet-penalty.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (apodosis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσθήσειshall addFut Act Indic 3 Sg · προστίθημιmain verb of apodosis (the restitution surcharge)→ legislative future (binding restitution)προστίθημι: 'add / put to'; renders Hebrew יָסַף; the offender must 'add' a fifth to the value of what was wrongly consumed.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπίπεμπτονfifth partAccusativedirect object of προσθήσει (the added fifth)→ object specificationἐπίπεμπτον: 'a fifth part (added on)'; renders Hebrew חֲמִישִׁית; the 20% surcharge of the guilt-offering restitution (cf. Lev 5:16; 6:5), compensating the sanctuary for the misappropriated holy thing.
αὐτοῦof itGenitivegenitive of the whole (a fifth of its value)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of the whole (a fifth of its value).
ἐπ᾿to / uponpreposition + accusative (addition: 'on top of it')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'upon / in addition to'; the fifth is added 'onto' the principal value restored.
αὐτὸitAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the holy thing restored)→ participant referenceαὐτὸ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ἐπί (the holy thing restored).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώσειshall giveFut Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (the act of restoration to the priest)→ legislative future (binding restitution)δίδωμι: 'give'; renders Hebrew נָתַן; the restored holy thing (with its surcharge) is handed over to the priest, who alone may rightly receive it.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖpriestDativedative indirect object of δώσει (recipient)→ sphere or referenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; the lawful recipient of the restored holy thing.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅγιονholy thingAccusativedirect object of δώσει (the restored consecrated item)→ object specificationἅγιος (subst. neut. sg.): 'the holy thing'; the singular here denotes the specific consecrated item that must be restored to the priest.
15
καὶ οὐ βεβηλώσουσιν τὰ ἅγια τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ ἃ αὐτοὶ ἀφαιροῦσιν τῷ κυρίῳ
And they shall not profane the holy things of the sons of Israel, which they set apart for the LORD,
The prohibitive future βεβηλώσουσιν echoes v. 2, framing the whole unit by the same verb of profanation. The relative clause ἃ αὐτοὶ ἀφαιροῦσιν τῷ κυρίῳ ('which they set apart for the LORD') defines the holy things as the heave-portions lifted off and dedicated, the mishandling of which would profane them.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (summary)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotnegative particle (prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βεβηλώσουσινthey shall profaneFut Act Indic 3 Pl · βεβηλόωmain verb (prohibitive future)→ prohibitive future (apodictic command)βεβηλόω: 'profane / desecrate'; renders Hebrew חִלֵּל; the prohibition recalls v. 2, closing the unit on the same note of guarding against profanation of the sancta.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅγιαholy thingsAccusativedirect object of βεβηλώσουσιν→ object specificationἅγιος (subst. neut. pl.): the holy gifts; the recurring leitmotif now as the object that must not be profaned.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνof the sonsGenitivegenitive of source (the gifts brought by Israel)→ relational specificationυἱός: τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ, the offerings the laity bring and consecrate.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive-sense modifier of υἱῶν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the covenant people.
ἃwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἀφαιροῦσιν)→ participant referenceὅς: neuter plural relative agreeing with τὰ ἅγια, 'which they set apart.'
αὐτοὶtheyNominativesubject (emphatic: the Israelites)→ participant prominenceαὐτός: emphatic 'they themselves,' the laity who dedicate the heave-portions.
ἀφαιροῦσινset apart / lift offPres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀφαιρέωverb of relative clause (the act of dedication)→ customary present (habitual cultic act)ἀφαιρέω: 'remove / take away / set apart'; renders Hebrew הֵרִים ('lift off, contribute') — the technical verb for separating the heave-offering (תְּרוּמָה) from the people's produce and dedicating it to YHWH.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of advantage (the gifts set apart for YHWH)→ sphere or referenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the dative marks YHWH as the one to whom the heave-portions are dedicated.
16
καὶ ἐπάξουσιν ἐφ᾿ ἑαυτοὺς ἀνομίαν πλημμελείας ἐν τῷ ἐσθίειν αὐτοὺς τὰ ἅγια αὐτῶν ὅτι ἐγὼ κύριος ὁ ἁγιάζων αὐτούς
and so bring upon themselves the iniquity of trespass in their eating of their holy things; for I am the LORD who sanctifies them.
The result of profaning the holy things: the offenders bring guilt of trespass (ἀνομίαν πλημμελείας) upon themselves. The articular infinitive ἐν τῷ ἐσθίειν αὐτούς ('in their eating') is a temporal-causal Hebraism. The unit closes, like v. 9, with the sanctification refrain ἐγὼ κύριος ὁ ἁγιάζων αὐτούς.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (consequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάξουσινthey shall bring uponFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπάγωmain verb (consequence of profanation)→ predictive future (incurred guilt)ἐπάγω: 'bring upon / lead against'; the compound ἐπ- marks self-incurred liability; here the people would 'bring upon themselves' the guilt of trespass by eating what is holy unlawfully.
ἐφ᾿uponpreposition + accusative (direction onto themselves)→ spatial or relational framingἐφ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction onto themselves).
ἑαυτοὺςthemselvesAccusativereflexive pronoun (object of ἐπί)→ participant referenceἑαυτοῦ: reflexive 'themselves'; the guilt is self-incurred, falling back on the offenders.
ἀνομίανiniquityAccusativedirect object of ἐπάξουσιν→ object specificationἀνομία: 'lawlessness / iniquity / guilt'; renders Hebrew עָוֹן; the culpable liability incurred by the offence.
πλημμελείαςof trespassGenitivegenitive of quality/apposition (ἀνομίαν πλημμελείας: 'guilt of trespass')→ relational specificationπλημμέλεια: 'trespass / fault / offence requiring a guilt-offering'; renders Hebrew אַשְׁמָה; ἀνομίαν πλημμελείας = the guilt-liability attaching to misappropriation of sancta (cf. the ἀσμ/guilt-offering, Lev 5).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (with articular infinitive: temporal-causal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + articular infinitive: a Hebraizing temporal-causal construction (rendering בְּ + infinitive), 'in/by their eating.'
τῷtheDativearticle (with infinitive ἐσθίειν)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐσθίεινeatingPres Act Inf · ἐσθίωarticular infinitive (object of ἐν: temporal-causal clause)→ imperfective infinitive (the act of eating viewed as circumstance)ἐσθίω (pres. inf.): 'eat'; the articular infinitive ἐν τῷ ἐσθίειν renders the Hebrew infinitive construct with בְּ, expressing the circumstance in which the guilt is incurred.
αὐτοὺςtheyAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive ἐσθίειν→ participant referenceαὐτός: the accusative subject of the articular infinitive, 'their eating.'
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅγιαholy thingsAccusativedirect object of ἐσθίειν→ object specificationἅγιος (subst. neut. pl.): the holy gifts, eaten unlawfully.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (the priests' holy things)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'their'; the holy gifts assigned to the priests.
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction (grounding the command)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; introduces the sanctification refrain as the ground of the whole sub-law.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic, verbless self-predication)→ participant referenceἐγώ: opens the refrain ἐγὼ κύριος ὁ ἁγιάζων αὐτούς.
κύριοςLORDNominativepredicate nominative (verbless clause)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.
ὁthe (one)Nominativearticle (substantivizing ἁγιάζων)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁγιάζωνwho sanctifiesPres Act Part Nom Masc Sg · ἁγιάζωsubstantival participle in apposition (the sanctifying One)→ imperfective participle (characteristic, ongoing divine action)ἁγιάζω (pres. part.): the refrain ὁ ἁγιάζων ('the one who sanctifies') seals the unit as at v. 9; the priests' privileges flow from YHWH's sanctifying act.
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object of ἁγιάζων (the priests)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the priests whom YHWH sanctifies.
17
καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων
And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
The speech-formula recurs (cf. vv. 1, 26), opening the central legal movement of the chapter — the law of the unblemished offering. Unlike the first oracle (addressed to the priests), this one is to be spoken to the whole congregation and the resident aliens (v. 18), since it governs every offerer.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (single completed speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak'; the recurring Levitical formula opening the second oracle of the chapter (cf. vv. 1, 26).
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the divine speaker.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (recipient of speech)→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: transliteration of Hebrew מֹשֶׁה; accusative as the directional object of πρός.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Masc Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (complementizer introducing direct speech)→ imperfective participle (Hebraistic לֵאמֹר marker)λέγω (pres. part.): the participle λέγων calques Hebrew לֵאמֹר, marking the boundary of the quotation.
18
λάλησον Ααρων καὶ τοῖς υἱοῖς αὐτοῦ καὶ πάσῃ συναγωγῇ Ισραηλ καὶ ἐρεῖς πρὸς αὐτούς ἄνθρωπος ἄνθρωπος ἀπὸ τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ ἢ τῶν υἱῶν τῶν προσηλύτων τῶν προσκειμένων πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἐν Ισραηλ ὃς ἂν προσενέγκῃ τὰ δῶρα αὐτοῦ κατὰ πᾶσαν ὁμολογίαν αὐτῶν ἢ κατὰ πᾶσαν αἵρεσιν αὐτῶν ὅσα ἂν προσενέγκωσιν τῷ θεῷ εἰς ὁλοκαύτωμα
Speak to Aaron and to his sons and to all the congregation of Israel, and you shall say to them: Any man whatever from the sons of Israel, or of the sons of the proselytes who are joined to them in Israel, who offers his gifts according to all their vow or according to all their freewill choice, whatever they offer to God for a whole-burnt offering —
The address widens to the whole congregation and the proselytes (προσήλυτοι), since the offering-law binds every worshipper, native or resident-alien. The doubled ἄνθρωπος ἄνθρωπος ('a man, a man') is a Hebraizing distributive (אִישׁ אִישׁ, 'any man whatsoever'). The protasis embraces both vowed (ὁμολογία) and freewill (αἵρεσις) offerings, setting up the requirement of v. 19.
Word-by-word analysis· 53 words
λάλησονspeakAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (divine imperative to Moses)→ ingressive aorist imperative (commissioned speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak'; the aorist imperative commissions Moses to deliver the offering-law to a wider audience than the first oracle.
Ααρωνto Aarondative-sense object of λάλησον (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑαρων: indeclinable; stands in the dative relation parallel to τοῖς υἱοῖς αὐτοῦ and πάσῃ συναγωγῇ.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativedative indirect object of λάλησον→ sphere or referenceυἱός: the Aaronide priests.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (widening the audience)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάσῃallDativeattributive adjective (modifying συναγωγῇ)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all / whole'; the offering-law addresses the entire community, not only the priests.
συναγωγῇcongregationDativedative indirect object of λάλησον→ sphere or referenceσυναγωγή: 'assembly / congregation'; renders Hebrew עֵדָה; the whole gathered community of Israel as worshippers.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive-sense modifier of συναγωγῇ (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the covenant people.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρεῖςyou shall sayFut Act Indic 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb (commissioned future as command)→ imperatival future (directive)λέγω (fut. ἐρῶ): 'say'; the future ἐρεῖς ('you shall say') functions as a command, introducing the words Moses is to deliver — a Hebraizing use of the imperfect/perfect for instruction.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
αὐτούςthemAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the audience)→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (the audience).
ἄνθρωποςany manNominativecasus pendens (distributive subject, doubled)→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man'; the first member of the doubled ἄνθρωπος ἄνθρωπος, a Hebraizing distributive (אִישׁ אִישׁ) = 'any man whatsoever.'
ἄνθρωποςwhateverNominativedistributive repetition (intensifying the protasis subject)→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: the repeated noun forms the distributive idiom 'each and every man,' a wooden calque of the Hebrew doubled noun.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (partitive: 'from among')→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive: 'from among').
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (the native Israelites)→ relational specificationυἱός: the native-born Israelites.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive-sense modifier of υἱῶν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction (adding the proselytes)→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive (parallel: 'of the sons of the proselytes')→ relational specificationυἱός: the descendants of the resident aliens, here included among lawful offerers.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσηλύτωνproselytes / resident aliensGenitivegenitive of relationship (modifying υἱῶν)→ relational specificationπροσήλυτος: 'newcomer / resident alien / proselyte'; the LXX's standard rendering of Hebrew גֵּר; in the Holiness Code the גֵּר is bound by the same cultic standards as the native — anticipating the later 'proselyte' of Second Temple usage and the inclusion-theology of Acts 2:11.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with participle προσκειμένων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσκειμένωνwho are joinedPres Mid Part Gen Masc Pl · πρόσκειμαιattributive participle (modifying προσηλύτων)→ imperfective participle (ongoing attachment)πρόσκειμαι: 'be attached to / adhere / be joined'; renders Hebrew הַגָּר ('who sojourns'); describes the resident aliens who have attached themselves to Israel and so come under the covenant cult.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (object of attachment)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (object of attachment).
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the Israelites)→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (the Israelites).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere).
ΙσραηλIsraeldative-sense object of ἐν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; 'in Israel,' the sphere within which the proselytes dwell as attached members.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of προσενέγκῃ)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun resuming the distributive subject, 'whoever offers.'
ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσενέγκῃoffersAor Act Subj 3 Sg · προσφέρωverb of conditional-relative clause (the act of offering)→ aorist subjunctive (indefinite condition)προσφέρω: 'bring to / offer / present'; renders Hebrew הִקְרִיב; the technical sacrificial verb for presenting an offering at the altar.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δῶραgiftsAccusativedirect object of προσενέγκῃ→ object specificationδῶρον: 'gift / offering'; renders Hebrew קָרְבָּן ('that which is brought near'); the general term for a sacrificial gift presented to God.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + accusative: 'according to'; introduces the two grounds of offering — vow and freewill.
πᾶσανall / anyAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ὁμολογίαν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / every'; embraces every kind of vow.
ὁμολογίανvow / confessionAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (the basis of the offering)→ object specificationὁμολογία: 'agreement / confession / votive declaration'; here a vow-offering, rendering Hebrew נֶדֶר; the offering made in fulfilment of a pledge to God.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm)→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (norm).
πᾶσανall / anyAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying αἵρεσιν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / every'; embraces every freewill offering.
αἵρεσινfreewill choiceAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (the basis of the offering)→ object specificationαἵρεσις: 'choice / free decision'; here the voluntary or freewill offering, rendering Hebrew נְדָבָה; an offering given spontaneously, not in payment of a vow.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ὅσαwhateverAccusativerelative pronoun (object of προσενέγκωσιν)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as many as / whatever'; gathers all such offerings under the law that follows.
ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσενέγκωσινthey offerAor Act Subj 3 Pl · προσφέρωverb of indefinite relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (indefinite condition)προσφέρω: 'offer / present'; the plural generalizes to all the worshippers' offerings.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεῷto GodDativedative indirect object (recipient of the offering)→ sphere or referenceθεός: 'God'; renders Hebrew אֱלֹהִים / יהוה; the recipient of the whole-burnt offering.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose: 'as a whole-burnt offering')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'for / as'; marks the offering's purpose or character.
ὁλοκαύτωμαwhole-burnt offeringAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the kind of offering)→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt-offering' (lit. 'wholly burnt'); renders Hebrew עֹלָה; the sacrifice entirely consumed on the altar, the paradigm offering for which the unblemished standard is now stated.
19
δεκτὰ ὑμῖν ἄμωμα ἄρσενα ἐκ τῶν βουκολίων καὶ ἐκ τῶν προβάτων καὶ ἐκ τῶν αἰγῶν
— [it shall be] acceptable for you: unblemished males from the herds and from the sheep and from the goats.
The apodosis states the threefold standard for an acceptable whole-burnt offering: δεκτά ('acceptable'), ἄμωμα ('unblemished'), and ἄρσενα ('male'). δεκτόν is the technical term for what God will receive (the divine 'yes'); ἄμωμον ('without blemish/defect') is the cultic root of the spotless-Lamb Christology (1 Pet 1:19; Heb 9:14). The three sources — herd, sheep, goats — cover the permissible sacrificial animals.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
δεκτὰacceptableNominativepredicate adjective (neuter plural: '[they shall be] acceptable')→ participant prominenceδεκτός: 'accepted / acceptable / well-pleasing'; renders Hebrew רָצוֹן / לְרָצוֹן; the technical cultic term for an offering God receives with favor (cf. Isa 61:2 ἐνιαυτὸς δεκτός; Luke 4:19); the verbal adjective of δέχομαι, marking the divine acceptance the offering must secure.
ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of advantage (acceptable on your behalf)→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl. ὑμῖν): the dative of advantage; the offering is reckoned acceptable 'for you,' i.e. accepted on the offerer's behalf.
ἄμωμαunblemishedNominativepredicate adjective (the required quality of the victim)→ participant prominenceἄμωμος: 'without blemish / spotless / unblemished'; the alpha-privative of μῶμος ('blemish, defect'); renders Hebrew תָּמִים ('whole, perfect, sound'); the cardinal requirement of the sacrificial victim and the cultic root of the NT spotless-Lamb theology (1 Pet 1:19, ἀμνὸς ἄμωμος; Heb 9:14, Christ offers himself ἄμωμον τῷ θεῷ; Eph 5:27; Col 1:22).
ἄρσεναmalesNominativepredicate/attributive adjective (the victim must be male)→ participant prominenceἄρσην: 'male'; renders Hebrew זָכָר; the whole-burnt offering required a male animal (cf. Lev 1:3, 10); the requirement of an unblemished male sharpens the typological reading in the spotless-Lamb tradition.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source: permissible flocks)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source: permissible flocks).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βουκολίωνherds / cattleGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (first permissible source)→ relational specificationβουκόλιον: 'herd of cattle'; renders Hebrew בָּקָר; the large livestock (oxen) from which an offering may be drawn.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προβάτωνsheepGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (second permissible source)→ relational specificationπρόβατον: 'sheep'; renders Hebrew כֶּשֶׂב / צֹאן; the small flock animals from which offerings are drawn.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰγῶνgoatsGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (third permissible source)→ relational specificationαἴξ (gen. pl. αἰγῶν): 'goat'; renders Hebrew עֵז; the third class of permissible sacrificial animal alongside cattle and sheep.
20
πάντα ὅσα ἂν ἔχῃ μῶμον ἐν αὐτῷ οὐ προσάξουσιν κυρίῳ διότι οὐ δεκτὸν ἔσται ὑμῖν
Anything that has a blemish in it they shall not offer to the LORD, because it will not be acceptable for you.
The negative pole of the standard: anything bearing a μῶμος ('blemish, defect') is excluded, with the causal clause διότι οὐ δεκτὸν ἔσται ('because it will not be acceptable') making explicit the antithesis ἄμωμον/δεκτόν versus μῶμος. The pairing of μῶμος and δεκτόν is the conceptual hinge of the whole offering-law.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
πάνταanything / allAccusativedirect object of προσάξουσιν (with relative clause)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / anything'; the neuter plural with ὅσα generalizes to every defective animal.
ὅσαwhateverNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἔχῃ)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as many as / whatever'; introduces the qualifying relative clause defining the disqualified victim.
ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔχῃhasPres Act Subj 3 Sg · ἔχωverb of indefinite relative clause (possessing a defect)→ present subjunctive (the abiding condition of defect)ἔχω: 'have / hold'; the present subjunctive describes the abiding presence of a defect in the animal.
μῶμονblemish / defectAccusativedirect object of ἔχῃ (the disqualifying defect)→ object specificationμῶμος: 'blemish / defect / physical fault'; renders Hebrew מוּם; the disqualifying flaw in a sacrificial animal; the negated form ἄμωμος ('without μῶμος') is the required state (v. 19); the μῶμος/ἄμωμος antithesis is the crux of the offering-law and the basis of the NT's spotless-Lamb theology.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
αὐτῷitDativedative object of ἐν (the animal bearing the defect)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'in it' — the defect is intrinsic to the animal, disqualifying it absolutely.
οὐnotnegative particle (prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσάξουσινthey shall offerFut Act Indic 3 Pl · προσάγωmain verb (prohibitive future)→ prohibitive future (apodictic ban on offering)προσάγω: 'bring near / present / offer'; renders Hebrew הִקְרִיב; a near-synonym of προσφέρω; the prohibition bans presenting any blemished animal at the altar.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative indirect object (recipient of the offering)→ sphere or referenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the one to whom no defective victim may be presented.
διότιbecausecausal conjunction (giving the reason)→ discourse linkage or contrastδιότι: 'because / for the reason that'; introduces the rationale — such an animal cannot win divine acceptance.
οὐnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δεκτὸνacceptableNominativepredicate adjective (with ἔσται)→ participant prominenceδεκτός: 'acceptable'; here negated — the blemished animal 'will not be acceptable'; the explicit pairing of δεκτόν with μῶμος defines the cultic logic of acceptance and rejection.
ἔσταιit will beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb of causal clause (copula)→ predictive future (declaring non-acceptance)εἰμί (fut.): the copula declares the settled fact of the offering's rejection.
ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of advantage (acceptable/not on your behalf)→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl. ὑμῖν): the dative of advantage; the defective offering will not be reckoned acceptable on the offerer's behalf.
21
καὶ ἄνθρωπος ὃς ἂν προσενέγκῃ θυσίαν σωτηρίου τῷ κυρίῳ διαστείλας εὐχὴν κατὰ αἵρεσιν ἢ ἐν ταῖς ἑορταῖς ὑμῶν ἐκ τῶν βουκολίων ἢ ἐκ τῶν προβάτων ἄμωμον ἔσται εἰς δεκτόν πᾶς μῶμος οὐκ ἔσται ἐν αὐτῷ
And a man who offers a peace-offering to the LORD, discharging a vow according to freewill choice, or at your feasts, from the herds or from the sheep — it shall be unblemished, to be acceptable; no blemish at all shall be in it.
The unblemished requirement is extended from the whole-burnt offering to the peace-offering (θυσία σωτηρίου). The phrase ἄμωμον ἔσται εἰς δεκτόν ('it shall be unblemished, to be acceptable') compresses the chapter's two technical terms into a single formula, and the absolute πᾶς μῶμος οὐκ ἔσται ἐν αὐτῷ ('no blemish at all shall be in it') is the categorical demand that grounds the spotless-Lamb typology.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (extending the law)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄνθρωποςa manNominativesubject (the offerer of a peace-offering)→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man'; the offerer whose peace-offering must meet the unblemished standard.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of προσενέγκῃ)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; with ἄν + subjunctive, 'whoever offers.'
ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσενέγκῃoffersAor Act Subj 3 Sg · προσφέρωverb of conditional-relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (indefinite condition)προσφέρω: 'offer / present'; the sacrificial verb, here of presenting a peace-offering.
θυσίανa sacrificeAccusativedirect object of προσενέγκῃ→ object specificationθυσία: 'sacrifice / offering'; renders Hebrew זֶבַח; the slain offering, here qualified as a peace-offering.
σωτηρίουof peace / of deliveranceGenitivegenitive of definition (θυσία σωτηρίου: 'peace-offering')→ relational specificationσωτήριον: 'deliverance / well-being / salvation'; θυσία σωτηρίου renders Hebrew זֶבַח שְׁלָמִים ('peace/fellowship offering'); the LXX construes שְׁלָמִים through the lens of σωτηρία, the offering of communion and thanksgiving.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative indirect object (recipient)→ sphere or referenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; recipient of the peace-offering.
διαστείλαςdischarging / specifyingAor Act Part Nom Masc Sg · διαστέλλωcircumstantial participle (modifying the offerer)→ aorist participle (coincident/antecedent circumstance)διαστέλλω: 'set apart / distinguish / specify (a vow)'; here of expressly declaring/fulfilling a vow; renders the Hebrew sense of לְפַלֵּא נֶדֶר ('to make a special vow'); the participle describes the manner in which the offering is brought.
εὐχὴνa vowAccusativedirect object of διαστείλας→ object specificationεὐχή: 'vow / prayer'; renders Hebrew נֶדֶר; the votive pledge the offerer discharges through the sacrifice.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm)→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (norm).
αἵρεσινfreewill choiceAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationαἵρεσις: 'choice / freewill decision'; the voluntary offering (Hebrew נְדָבָה), paired here with the vow as the two occasions of peace-offerings.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνat / inpreposition + dative (temporal: at the feasts)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal: at the feasts).
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑορταῖςfeastsDativedative object of ἐν (temporal occasion)→ sphere or referenceἑορτή: 'feast / festival'; renders Hebrew מוֹעֵד / חַג; the appointed festivals on which peace-offerings were also brought.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βουκολίωνherdsGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (permissible source)→ relational specificationβουκόλιον: 'herd of cattle'; the large livestock from which a peace-offering may be drawn.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προβάτωνsheepGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (permissible source)→ relational specificationπρόβατον: 'sheep'; the small flock from which a peace-offering may be drawn.
ἄμωμονunblemishedNominativepredicate adjective (the required quality)→ participant prominenceἄμωμος: 'without blemish / spotless'; the alpha-privative of μῶμος; renders Hebrew תָּמִים; the cardinal requirement, here of the peace-offering; ἄμωμον ἔσται εἰς δεκτόν compresses the two technical terms (ἄμωμος, δεκτός) into one formula; cf. 1 Pet 1:19; Heb 9:14.
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (legislative future, copula)→ legislative future (binding requirement)εἰμί (fut.): the legislative future declares the required state of the victim.
εἰςto be / forpreposition + accusative (purpose/result: 'so as to be acceptable')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'for / unto'; εἰς δεκτόν, 'so as to be acceptable,' marks the unblemished state as the condition of acceptance.
δεκτόνacceptableAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the goal: acceptance)→ object specificationδεκτός: 'acceptable / well-pleasing'; the technical term for divine acceptance; the unblemished victim alone secures it (cf. v. 19).
πᾶςany / everyNominativeattributive adjective (with negative: 'no blemish at all')→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all / every'; the πᾶς … οὐκ Hebraism, 'no blemish whatsoever,' makes the demand categorical.
μῶμοςblemishNominativesubject (the excluded defect)→ participant prominenceμῶμος: 'blemish / defect'; renders Hebrew מוּם; the categorical exclusion of any defect whatsoever from the victim.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (prohibitive/legislative future, copula)→ legislative future (categorical exclusion)εἰμί (fut.): the legislative future excludes any defect from the victim — 'no blemish shall be in it.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
αὐτῷitDativedative object of ἐν (the victim)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'in it' — the victim must be wholly free of any defect.
22
τυφλὸν ἢ συντετριμμένον ἢ γλωσσότμητον ἢ μυρμηκιῶντα ἢ ψωραγριῶντα ἢ λιχῆνας ἔχοντα οὐ προσάξουσιν ταῦτα τῷ κυρίῳ καὶ εἰς κάρπωσιν οὐ δώσετε ἀπ᾿ αὐτῶν ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον τῷ κυρίῳ
A blind or broken or tongue-cut or warty or scabby animal, or one having sores — these they shall not offer to the LORD, and you shall not give of them for a burnt-portion upon the altar to the LORD.
A six-fold catalogue of the μῶμος in concrete form: blindness, fracture, mutilation of the tongue/mouth, warts, wild mange, and chronic sores. The piling up of rare veterinary terms (μυρμηκιῶντα, ψωραγριῶντα) gives the law exhaustive specificity: no visibly defective animal may approach the altar (θυσιαστήριον).
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
τυφλὸνblindAccusativedirect object of προσάξουσιν (first defect)→ object specificationτυφλός: 'blind'; renders Hebrew עִוֵּר; the first listed defect; blindness is also the paradigm defect rebuked at Mal 1:8 ('when you offer the blind for sacrifice, is that not evil?').
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συντετριμμένονbroken / crushedPerf Mid/Pass Part Acc Neut Sg · συντρίβωsubstantival participle (second defect)→ perfect participle (abiding state of injury)συντρίβω (perf. pass. part.): 'crush / break / shatter'; renders Hebrew שָׁבוּר ('broken'); the perfect marks the settled state of an animal with a fractured limb; the same participle describes the 'bruised reed' (Isa 42:3; Matt 12:20) and the Servant 'crushed' for sins (Isa 53:5 LXX).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γλωσσότμητονtongue-cutAccusativesubstantival adjective (third defect)→ object specificationγλωσσότμητος: 'with the tongue cut / mutilated in the mouth'; a compound (γλῶσσα + τέμνω) rendering Hebrew חָרוּץ ('maimed, slit'); a rare veterinary term for an animal with a maimed tongue or mouth.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μυρμηκιῶνταwartyPres Act Part Acc Masc Sg · μυρμηκιάωsubstantival participle (fourth defect)→ imperfective participle (chronic condition)μυρμηκιάω: 'have warts / be covered with wart-like growths' (from μύρμηξ, 'ant,' via μυρμηκία, 'wart'); renders Hebrew יַבֶּלֶת ('wen, wart'); a rare medical term for an animal afflicted with warty excrescences.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ψωραγριῶνταscabby / mangyPres Act Part Acc Masc Sg · ψωραγριάωsubstantival participle (fifth defect)→ imperfective participle (chronic condition)ψωραγριάω: 'be afflicted with wild scab / mange' (ψώρα 'mange' + ἄγριος 'wild'); renders Hebrew גָּרָב ('scab, itch'); a rare term for an animal with a severe, wild form of mange.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λιχῆναςsores / lichen-scabsAccusativedirect object of ἔχοντα (sixth defect)→ object specificationλιχήν (acc. pl. λιχῆνας): 'lichen / a scaly skin-eruption / running sore'; renders Hebrew יַלֶּפֶת ('scurvy, ringworm'); a skin disease producing scabby eruptions.
ἔχονταhavingPres Act Part Acc Masc Sg · ἔχωattributive participle (governing λιχῆνας: 'one having sores')→ imperfective participle (ongoing affliction)ἔχω (pres. part.): 'have / hold'; the participle 'having sores' completes the catalogue of disqualifying skin afflictions.
οὐnotnegative particle (prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσάξουσινthey shall offerFut Act Indic 3 Pl · προσάγωmain verb (prohibitive future)→ prohibitive future (apodictic ban)προσάγω: 'bring near / present / offer'; the prohibition bans presenting any of the catalogued defective animals.
ταῦταtheseAccusativedirect object of προσάξουσιν (resuming the catalogue)→ object specificationοὗτος: the demonstrative gathers up the whole list of defective animals as the object of the prohibition.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative indirect object (recipient)→ sphere or referenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose).
κάρπωσινburnt-portion / offering by fireAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (purpose: as a fire-offering)→ object specificationκάρπωσις: 'offering consumed by fire / fruit-offering'; renders Hebrew אִשֶּׁה ('fire-offering'); the portion burned on the altar, here forbidden from defective animals.
οὐnotnegative particle (prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώσετεyou shall giveFut Act Indic 2 Pl · δίδωμιmain verb (prohibitive future, 2nd plural)→ prohibitive future (apodictic ban)δίδωμι: 'give / put'; the prohibition addresses the people directly ('you shall not give'), forbidding the placing of defective flesh on the altar.
ἀπ᾿ofpreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπ᾿: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive).
αὐτῶνthemGenitivepartitive genitive object of δώσετε→ relational specificationαὐτός: refers to the catalogued defective animals.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (place: onto the altar)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place: onto the altar).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the altar)→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar / place of sacrifice'; a LXX coinage (from θυσιάζω) rendering Hebrew מִזְבֵּחַ; reserved in the LXX for the legitimate altar of YHWH (vs. βωμός for pagan altars).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative indirect object (recipient)→ sphere or referenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the altar belongs to YHWH, who accepts only the unblemished.
23
καὶ μόσχον ἢ πρόβατον ὠτότμητον ἢ κολοβόκερκον σφάγια ποιήσεις αὐτὰ σεαυτῷ εἰς δὲ εὐχήν σου οὐ δεχθήσεται
And a calf or a sheep with a cropped ear or a docked tail — these you may make as slaughter-victims for yourself, but for your vow it shall not be accepted.
A graded ruling: an animal with a cropped ear or stunted tail (a defect of proportion, not disease) may be used as a freewill slaughter for personal use (σφάγια … σεαυτῷ), but is not accepted for a vow (εἰς δὲ εὐχήν σου οὐ δεχθήσεται). The δέ marks the precise limitation — the votive context demands the higher standard.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (new graded case)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μόσχονcalfAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις (with αὐτά)→ object specificationμόσχος: 'calf / young bull'; renders Hebrew שׁוֹר / עֵגֶל; a young bovine.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρόβατονsheepAccusativedirect object (coordinate with μόσχον)→ object specificationπρόβατον: 'sheep'; a flock animal.
ὠτότμητονwith a cropped earAccusativeattributive adjective (minor defect)→ object specificationὠτότμητος: 'with the ear cut / crop-eared' (οὖς + τέμνω); renders the Hebrew sense of a deformed/mutilated member (שָׂרוּעַ); a defect of proportion rather than disease.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κολοβόκερκονwith a docked tailAccusativeattributive adjective (minor defect)→ object specificationκολοβόκερκος: 'stump-tailed / with a docked tail' (κολοβός 'docked' + κέρκος 'tail'); renders the Hebrew קָלוּט ('stunted, contracted'); a proportional defect like the cropped ear.
σφάγιαslaughter-victimsAccusativepredicate accusative (with ποιήσεις: 'make them as victims')→ object specificationσφάγιον: 'slaughtered animal / victim'; renders Hebrew זֶבַח; here a permitted freewill slaughter for personal/non-votive use, distinguished from the votive offering that demands an unblemished animal.
ποιήσειςyou may makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (permissive future)→ permissive future (concession for non-votive use)ποιέω: 'make / do / offer'; here permissive — 'you may make/use them as slaughter-victims'; the concession allows the minor-defect animal for personal sacrifice.
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις (resuming μόσχον/πρόβατον)→ participant referenceαὐτός: resumes the calf and sheep with minor defects.
σεαυτῷfor yourselfDativedative of advantage (personal, non-votive use)→ sphere or referenceσεαυτοῦ: reflexive 'for yourself'; the dative marks the permitted private/freewill use as distinct from a vow-offering.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose: 'for a vow')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose: 'for a vow').
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive, marking the limitation)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: the adversative marks the precise restriction — permitted for personal use, but not for a vow.
εὐχήνa vowAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the votive context)→ object specificationεὐχή: 'vow'; the votive offering, which demands the higher unblemished standard.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
οὐnotnegative particle (prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δεχθήσεταιit shall be acceptedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · δέχομαιmain verb (passive of acceptance)→ predictive future (divine non-acceptance)δέχομαι (fut. pass.): 'receive / accept'; the divine passive ('it shall not be accepted [by God]') is the verbal counterpart of the adjective δεκτός; the minor-defect animal fails the votive standard.
24
θλαδίαν καὶ ἐκτεθλιμμένον καὶ ἐκτομίαν καὶ ἀπεσπασμένον οὐ προσάξεις αὐτὰ τῷ κυρίῳ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὑμῶν οὐ ποιήσετε
An animal with crushed or pressed or severed or torn-out [testicles] — you shall not offer them to the LORD, and in your land you shall not do this.
A four-fold catalogue of emasculation defects (crushed, pressed, severed, torn-out) bars the castrated animal from the altar; the final clause καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὑμῶν οὐ ποιήσετε extends the prohibition from the offering to the act of castration itself within the land, reflecting the wholeness (תָּמִים) demanded of God's creatures.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
θλαδίανwith crushed testiclesAccusativedirect object of προσάξεις (first emasculation defect)→ object specificationθλαδίας: 'one with crushed/bruised testicles, a eunuch by crushing' (from θλάω, 'crush'); renders Hebrew מָעוּךְ ('bruised'); the first of four terms for emasculation.
καὶand / orcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκτεθλιμμένονpressed / squeezedPerf Mid/Pass Part Acc Masc Sg · ἐκθλίβωsubstantival participle (second emasculation defect)→ perfect participle (abiding state)ἐκθλίβω (perf. pass. part.): 'press out / squeeze / crush out'; renders Hebrew כָּתוּת ('crushed'); an animal emasculated by pressing; the perfect marks the permanent resultant condition.
καὶand / orcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκτομίανcastrated / cutAccusativedirect object (third emasculation defect)→ object specificationἐκτομίας: 'a gelding / one castrated by cutting' (from ἐκτέμνω, 'cut out'); renders Hebrew נָתוּק ('severed'); an animal castrated by excision.
καὶand / orcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπεσπασμένονtorn out / wrenched awayPerf Mid/Pass Part Acc Masc Sg · ἀποσπάωsubstantival participle (fourth emasculation defect)→ perfect participle (abiding state)ἀποσπάω (perf. pass. part.): 'tear away / pluck out / wrench off'; renders Hebrew כָּרוּת ('cut off'); an animal emasculated by tearing; the four terms together exhaust the methods of castration.
οὐnotnegative particle (prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσάξειςyou shall offerFut Act Indic 2 Sg · προσάγωmain verb (prohibitive future, 2nd singular)→ prohibitive future (apodictic ban)προσάγω: 'bring near / offer'; the prohibition bans presenting any emasculated animal at the altar.
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object of προσάξεις (the emasculated animals)→ participant referenceαὐτός: resumes the four classes of castrated animals.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative indirect object (recipient)→ sphere or referenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (extending the prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶin / onpreposition + genitive (place: in your land)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (place: in your land).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (the land of Israel)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land / earth'; renders Hebrew אֶרֶץ; the prohibition extends to the whole land — even the act of castrating animals is forbidden there (so the LXX reading).
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
οὐnotnegative particle (prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσετεyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (prohibitive future, 2nd plural)→ prohibitive future (apodictic ban on the act)ποιέω: 'do / make'; the prohibition οὐ ποιήσετε ('you shall not do [this]') extends the ban from offering castrated animals to performing castration in the land at all.
25
καὶ ἐκ χειρὸς ἀλλογενοῦς οὐ προσοίσετε τὰ δῶρα τοῦ θεοῦ ὑμῶν ἀπὸ πάντων τούτων ὅτι φθάρματά ἐστιν ἐν αὐτοῖς μῶμος ἐν αὐτοῖς οὐ δεχθήσεται ταῦτα ὑμῖν
And from the hand of a foreigner you shall not offer the gifts of your God from any of these, because their corruption is in them, a blemish is in them: they shall not be accepted for you.
The offering-law closes by barring even foreign-supplied defective animals: no loophole of provenance (ἐκ χειρὸς ἀλλογενοῦς) may circumvent the unblemished standard. The double causal φθάρματά … μῶμος ἐν αὐτοῖς ('their corruption … a blemish is in them') and the closing δεκτόν-passive δεχθήσεται seal the unit's logic: defect equals rejection.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (closing prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source: a foreigner's hand)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source: a foreigner's hand).
χειρὸςhandGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (source of supply)→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand'; the idiom ἐκ χειρός ('from the hand of') renders Hebrew מִיַּד, denoting agency/provenance — even a foreigner-supplied animal is barred if defective.
ἀλλογενοῦςof a foreignerGenitivegenitive of source (modifying χειρός)→ relational specificationἀλλογενής: 'foreigner / outsider'; here a non-Israelite who might supply a sacrificial animal; the law closes the loophole of foreign provenance for defective victims.
οὐnotnegative particle (prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσοίσετεyou shall offerFut Act Indic 2 Pl · προσφέρωmain verb (prohibitive future, 2nd plural)→ prohibitive future (apodictic ban)προσφέρω (fut. προσοίσω): 'offer / present'; the prohibition bans presenting God's offerings from any defective animals, regardless of source.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δῶραgiftsAccusativedirect object of προσοίσετε→ object specificationδῶρον: 'gift / offering'; the sacrificial gifts presented to God; renders Hebrew לֶחֶם ('food/bread of your God' in the Hebrew of this verse).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive of possession (God's gifts)→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; renders Hebrew אֱלֹהִים; 'the gifts of your God,' offerings presented to YHWH.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of relationship (covenant: 'your God')→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship (covenant: 'your God').
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (partitive: 'from any of these')→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive: 'from any of these').
πάντωνallGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying τούτων)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; 'from any of all these' defective animals.
τούτωνtheseGenitivedemonstrative (object of ἀπό: the defective animals)→ relational specificationοὗτος: refers back to all the catalogued defective animals of vv. 22–24.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; introduces the rationale — their corruption disqualifies them.
φθάρματάcorruption / damaged thingsNominativepredicate nominative (with ἐστιν)→ participant prominenceφθάρμα: 'corruption / that which is spoiled or damaged'; from φθείρω ('corrupt, destroy'); 'their corruption is in them' = they are intrinsically damaged/marred; a strong term marking the defect as a deep ruin, not a surface flaw.
ἐστινis / arePres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb of causal clause (copula)→ stative present (settled fact)εἰμί: 'be'; the copula (singular with neuter plural subject, regular Greek) asserts the abiding corruption in the animals.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative object of ἐν (the animals)→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative object of ἐν (the animals).
μῶμοςa blemishNominativesubject (verbless clause: 'a blemish [is] in them')→ participant prominenceμῶμος: 'blemish / defect'; the chapter's key term restated; 'a blemish is in them' is the categorical ground of rejection, the negative counterpart of ἄμωμος.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative object of ἐν (the animals)→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative object of ἐν (the animals).
οὐnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δεχθήσεταιshall be acceptedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · δέχομαιmain verb (divine passive of acceptance)→ predictive future (divine non-acceptance)δέχομαι (fut. pass.): 'receive / accept'; the divine passive seals the offering-law — defective victims 'shall not be accepted'; the verbal echo of δεκτός (vv. 19–21) closes the unit on its governing term.
ταῦταtheseNominativesubject of δεχθήσεται (the defective animals)→ participant prominenceοὗτος: the demonstrative subject, 'these [defective animals].'
ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of advantage (accepted/not on your behalf)→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl. ὑμῖν): the dative of advantage; they will not be reckoned acceptable on your behalf.
26
καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων
And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
The third occurrence of the speech-formula (cf. vv. 1, 17) opens the final legal unit: the treatment of the newborn beast, the dam-and-young prohibition, and the same-day eating of the thank-offering.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (single completed speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak'; the recurring formula opening the third oracle of the chapter.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (recipient of speech)→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: transliteration of Hebrew מֹשֶׁה; accusative as object of πρός.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Masc Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (complementizer introducing direct speech)→ imperfective participle (Hebraistic לֵאמֹר marker)λέγω (pres. part.): the participle λέγων calques Hebrew לֵאמֹר, marking the quotation boundary.
27
μόσχον ἢ πρόβατον ἢ αἶγα ὡς ἂν τεχθῇ καὶ ἔσται ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας ὑπὸ τὴν μητέρα τῇ δὲ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ ὀγδόῃ καὶ ἐπέκεινα δεχθήσεται εἰς δῶρα κάρπωμα κυρίῳ
A calf or a sheep or a goat, when it is born, shall be seven days under its mother; but from the eighth day and onward it shall be accepted as gifts, a fire-offering to the LORD.
A newborn animal must remain seven days under its mother and is acceptable only from the eighth day (τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ ὀγδόῃ καὶ ἐπέκεινα). The eighth-day threshold parallels circumcision (Lev 12:3; Gen 17:12) and the firstborn-redemption law (Exod 22:30), binding the animal's fitness to a creational rhythm of completion.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
μόσχονcalfAccusativeaccusative (topic of the law, casus pendens)→ object specificationμόσχος: 'calf / young bull'; the first of three permissible newborn animals.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρόβατονsheepAccusativeaccusative (coordinate topic)→ object specificationπρόβατον: 'sheep'; a flock animal.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἶγαgoatAccusativeaccusative (coordinate topic)→ object specificationαἴξ (acc. αἶγα): 'goat'; the third permissible newborn animal.
ὡςwhentemporal conjunction (with ἄν + subjunctive: 'when')→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'when / as'; with ἄν + subjunctive introduces the temporal clause 'when it is born.'
ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τεχθῇit is bornAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · τίκτωverb of temporal clause (the birth)→ aorist subjunctive (the event of birth)τίκτω (aor. pass. ἐτέχθην): 'give birth / be born'; renders Hebrew יִוָּלֵד; the passive 'it is born' marks the starting point of the seven-day waiting period.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (apodosis, Hebraizing waw)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding requirement)εἰμί (fut.): the legislative future prescribes the seven-day period with the mother.
ἑπτὰsevenAccusativenumeral (modifying ἡμέρας)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; indeclinable numeral; renders Hebrew שִׁבְעַת; the seven-day period under the mother before the animal is fit for offering.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the accusative of duration, 'for seven days.'
ὑπὸunderpreposition + accusative (position: under its mother)→ spatial or relational framingὑπό + accusative: 'under'; ὑπὸ τὴν μητέρα ('under the mother') = still nursing with its dam.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μητέραmotherAccusativeaccusative object of ὑπό→ object specificationμήτηρ: 'mother'; renders Hebrew אֵם; the dam under which the newborn must remain for seven days.
τῇtheDativearticle (with ἡμέρᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive, marking the turn)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: the adversative marks the shift from prohibition (first seven days) to permission (eighth day onward).
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (when: 'on the eighth day')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the dative of time specifying the eighth day as the threshold of acceptability.
τῇtheDativearticle (attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀγδόῃeighthDativeattributive ordinal (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceὄγδοος: 'eighth'; renders Hebrew שְׁמִינִי; the eighth day is the threshold of fitness, paralleling circumcision (Gen 17:12) and the firstborn law (Exod 22:30).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέκειναonward / beyondadverb (temporal: 'and thereafter')→ clausal contributionἐπέκεινα: 'beyond / further on'; here temporal, 'and onward'; the animal is acceptable from the eighth day and at any time after.
δεχθήσεταιit shall be acceptedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · δέχομαιmain verb (divine passive of acceptance)→ predictive future (divine acceptance granted)δέχομαι (fut. pass.): 'be accepted'; the divine passive, here positive — from the eighth day the animal is acceptable as an offering.
εἰςas / forpreposition + accusative (purpose: 'as gifts')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose: 'as gifts').
δῶραgiftsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the offering)→ object specificationδῶρον: 'gift / offering'; the sacrificial gift to God.
κάρπωμαfire-offeringAccusativeaccusative in apposition to δῶρα (the burnt portion)→ object specificationκάρπωμα: 'offering by fire / burnt portion'; renders Hebrew אִשֶּׁה ('fire-offering'); in apposition to δῶρα, specifying the gift as one consumed on the altar.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative indirect object (recipient)→ sphere or referenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.
28
καὶ μόσχον ἢ πρόβατον αὐτὴν καὶ τὰ παιδία αὐτῆς οὐ σφάξεις ἐν ἡμέρᾳ μιᾷ
And a calf or a sheep — it and its young you shall not slaughter on one and the same day.
A humane statute forbidding the slaughter of a dam and its offspring on a single day (ἐν ἡμέρᾳ μιᾷ), akin to the prohibitions against boiling a kid in its mother's milk (Exod 23:19) and taking the mother bird with the young (Deut 22:6–7); the law restrains cruelty toward the bond of dam and young even in the act of sacrifice.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (new statute)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μόσχονcalfAccusativeaccusative (topic, resumed by αὐτήν)→ object specificationμόσχος: 'calf / cow'; here the dam (resumed by the feminine αὐτήν).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρόβατονsheepAccusativeaccusative (coordinate topic)→ object specificationπρόβατον: 'sheep / ewe'; the dam among the flock.
αὐτὴνit / herAccusativedirect object of σφάξεις (the dam, resuming the topic)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the feminine αὐτήν ('her / it') resumes the dam — the mother animal.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδίαyoung / offspringAccusativedirect object of σφάξεις (coordinate with αὐτήν)→ object specificationπαιδίον: 'little child / young one'; here used of animal young (the offspring); renders Hebrew the sense of 'it and its young'; the tender word underscores the humane motive.
αὐτῆςits / herGenitivegenitive of possession (the dam's young)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'her / its'; the young belong to the dam, the bond the law protects.
οὐnotnegative particle (prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σφάξειςyou shall slaughterFut Act Indic 2 Sg · σφάζωmain verb (prohibitive future, 2nd singular)→ prohibitive future (apodictic ban)σφάζω: 'slay / slaughter (a sacrificial victim)'; renders Hebrew שָׁחַט; the prohibition forbids killing dam and young on the same day; the same verb is loaded in Rev 5:6 (the Lamb 'as slain,' ἐσφαγμένον).
ἐνonpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (when)→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; ἐν ἡμέρᾳ μιᾷ ('on one day') = on the same single day.
μιᾷone / the sameDativenumeral (modifying ἡμέρᾳ: 'one and the same day')→ measure or countεἷς, μία, ἕν: 'one'; the feminine dative μιᾷ agrees with ἡμέρᾳ; renders Hebrew בְּיוֹם אֶחָד ('in one day'), prohibiting the same-day slaughter of dam and young.
29
ἐὰν δὲ θύσῃς θυσίαν εὐχὴν χαρμοσύνης κυρίῳ εἰς δεκτὸν ὑμῖν θύσετε αὐτό
And if you sacrifice a sacrifice, a thank-offering of joy, to the LORD, you shall offer it so as to be acceptable for you.
The thank-offering of joy (εὐχὴ χαρμοσύνης, the תּוֹדָה) must be offered εἰς δεκτὸν ὑμῖν ('so as to be acceptable for you'), reapplying the chapter's δεκτόν standard to the joy-sacrifice and leading into the same-day eating rule of v. 30.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the case of the thank-offering.
δὲand / butconnective particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: mild connective marking the new sub-case.
θύσῃςyou sacrificeAor Act Subj 2 Sg · θύωverb of conditional clause (the act of sacrificing)→ aorist subjunctive (indefinite condition)θύω: 'sacrifice / slay (a victim)'; renders Hebrew זָבַח; the aorist subjunctive in the protasis, 'if you offer.'
θυσίανa sacrificeAccusativecognate accusative (direct object of θύσῃς)→ object specificationθυσία: 'sacrifice / offering'; the cognate accusative with θύω, 'sacrifice a sacrifice.'
εὐχὴνa vow / thank-offeringAccusativeaccusative in apposition to θυσίαν→ object specificationεὐχή: 'vow / votive offering'; here in the phrase εὐχὴ χαρμοσύνης ('a thanksgiving-offering'), the תּוֹדָה or thank-offering brought in joyful gratitude.
χαρμοσύνηςof joy / thanksgivingGenitivegenitive of quality (modifying εὐχήν: 'of joy')→ relational specificationχαρμοσύνη: 'joy / gladness'; the genitive of quality marks the offering as a joyful thanksgiving-sacrifice (Hebrew תּוֹדָה), brought in gratitude for deliverance or blessing.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative indirect object (recipient)→ sphere or referenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.
εἰςso as to be / forpreposition + accusative (purpose/result: acceptance)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'for / unto'; εἰς δεκτὸν ὑμῖν, 'so as to be acceptable for you,' reapplies the chapter's acceptance-standard to the thank-offering.
δεκτὸνacceptableAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the goal: acceptance)→ object specificationδεκτός: 'acceptable / well-pleasing'; the technical term for divine acceptance, applied here to the manner of offering the thank-sacrifice.
ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl. ὑμῖν): the dative of advantage, 'on your behalf.'
θύσετεyou shall offerFut Act Indic 2 Pl · θύωmain verb of apodosis (the prescribed manner of offering)→ legislative future (binding instruction)θύω (fut. θύσετε): 'sacrifice / offer'; the legislative future prescribes that the offering be made so as to win acceptance.
αὐτόitAccusativedirect object of θύσετε (the thank-offering)→ participant referenceαὐτός: refers to the thank-offering.
30
αὐτῇ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ βρωθήσεται οὐκ ἀπολείψετε ἀπὸ τῶν κρεῶν εἰς τὸ πρωί ἐγώ εἰμι κύριος
On that same day it shall be eaten; you shall not leave any of the flesh until the morning. I am the LORD.
The thank-offering must be eaten on the same day, with nothing left until morning (cf. Lev 7:15) — a rule guarding the freshness and sanctity of the sacred meal, parallel to the Passover regulation (Exod 12:10). The unit closes with the self-predication, here in the fuller copular form ἐγώ εἰμι κύριος ('I am the LORD').
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
αὐτῇthat sameDativeintensive adjective (with ἡμέρᾳ: 'on the very day')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: here intensive, 'the same / the very'; αὐτῇ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ = 'on that very same day.'
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (when)→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the dative of time, the day of the sacrifice.
ἐκείνῃthatDativedemonstrative adjective (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceἐκεῖνος: 'that'; reinforces the demand for same-day consumption.
βρωθήσεταιit shall be eatenFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · βιβρώσκωmain verb (legislative future, passive)→ legislative future (binding requirement)βιβρώσκω (fut. pass. βρωθήσεται): 'eat / consume'; the passive 'it shall be eaten' prescribes the same-day consumption of the thank-offering's flesh.
οὐκnotnegative particle (prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπολείψετεyou shall leaveFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ἀπολείπωmain verb (prohibitive future)→ prohibitive future (apodictic ban)ἀπολείπω: 'leave behind / leave over'; renders Hebrew הוֹתִיר; the prohibition forbids leaving any of the flesh overnight (cf. Lev 7:15; Exod 12:10).
ἀπὸof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρεῶνflesh / meatGenitivepartitive genitive object of ἀπολείψετε→ relational specificationκρέας (gen. pl. κρεῶν): 'flesh / meat'; renders Hebrew בָּשָׂר; the sacrificial meat of the thank-offering, none of which may remain till morning.
εἰςuntilpreposition + accusative (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'until / for'; εἰς τὸ πρωί ('until the morning') marks the forbidden carry-over time.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρωίmorningAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (temporal limit)→ object specificationπρωί: 'morning / early'; here substantivized with the article (τὸ πρωί), 'the morning'; renders Hebrew בֹּקֶר; nothing of the flesh may be kept until daybreak.
ἐγώINominativesubject (emphatic, in copular self-predication)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic pronoun in the fuller copular form ἐγώ εἰμι κύριος ('I am the LORD'), rendering Hebrew אֲנִי יְהוָה.
εἰμιamPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula in self-predication)→ stative present (the divine self-identification)εἰμί: 'be'; the explicit copula ἐγώ εἰμι (vs. the verbless ἐγὼ κύριος elsewhere) gives the self-predication fuller weight; this 'I am' formula resonates with the divine self-naming of Exod 3:14 and the Johannine ἐγώ εἰμι sayings.
κύριοςLORDNominativepredicate nominative (with εἰμι)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the authority-seal closing the offering-regulations.
31
καὶ φυλάξετε τὰς ἐντολάς μου καὶ ποιήσετε αὐτάς
And you shall keep my commandments and do them.
The paired imperatival futures φυλάξετε … καὶ ποιήσετε ('you shall keep … and do') form the standard Deuteronomic-Holiness exhortation to wholehearted obedience, opening the chapter's concluding seal (cf. Lev 18:4–5; 19:37; 26:3).
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (concluding exhortation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φυλάξετεyou shall keepFut Act Indic 2 Pl · φυλάσσωmain verb (imperatival future)→ imperatival future (covenant command)φυλάσσω: 'keep / guard / observe'; renders Hebrew שָׁמַר; the standard covenant verb for observing the commandments.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐντολάςcommandmentsAccusativedirect object of φυλάξετε→ object specificationἐντολή: 'commandment / precept'; renders Hebrew מִצְוָה; the divine commands of the Holiness Code, to be both kept and performed.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσετεyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (imperatival future)→ imperatival future (covenant command)ποιέω: 'do / perform'; renders Hebrew עָשָׂה; the pairing 'keep and do' demands not merely guarding but enacting the commandments (cf. Lev 18:4).
αὐτάςthemAccusativedirect object of ποιήσετε (the commandments)→ participant referenceαὐτός: refers to the commandments.
32
καὶ οὐ βεβηλώσετε τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ ἁγίου καὶ ἁγιασθήσομαι ἐν μέσῳ τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ ἐγὼ κύριος ὁ ἁγιάζων ὑμᾶς
And you shall not profane the name of the Holy One, and I will be hallowed in the midst of the sons of Israel: I am the LORD who sanctifies you,
The chapter's governing antithesis reaches its climax: do not profane the holy Name (βεβηλόω, echoing v. 2), and YHWH himself will be hallowed (ἁγιασθήσομαι, divine passive) in Israel's midst. The refrain ἐγὼ κύριος ὁ ἁγιάζων ὑμᾶς ('I am the LORD who sanctifies you') — now in the second person — turns the priestly refrain of vv. 9, 16 toward the whole people. The clause ἁγιασθήσομαι ἐν μέσῳ underlies the petition 'hallowed be your name' (Matt 6:9) and the sanctification theology of Ezek 36:23.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotnegative particle (prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βεβηλώσετεyou shall profaneFut Act Indic 2 Pl · βεβηλόωmain verb (prohibitive future)→ prohibitive future (apodictic command)βεβηλόω: 'profane / desecrate'; renders Hebrew חִלֵּל; the prohibition echoes v. 2, framing the chapter; profaning the Name is the supreme negation of holiness.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομαnameAccusativedirect object of βεβηλώσετε→ object specificationὄνομα: 'name'; renders Hebrew שֵׁם; the divine Name, the focal point of holiness, not to be profaned (cf. v. 2; Ezek 36:20–23).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (substantivizing ἁγίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁγίουof the Holy OneGenitivesubstantival adjective (genitive: 'the name of the Holy One')→ relational specificationἅγιος: 'holy'; substantivized τοῦ ἁγίου ('of the Holy One') = the Name belonging to the holy God; renders Hebrew שֵׁם קָדְשִׁי ('my holy name'); cf. the title 'the Holy One of Israel' (Isa 1:4).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (consequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἁγιασθήσομαιI will be hallowedFut Pass Indic 1 Sg · ἁγιάζωmain verb (divine passive: 'I shall be sanctified')→ predictive future (divine self-sanctification among the people)ἁγιάζω (fut. pass.): 'be hallowed / sanctified'; the first-person divine passive ἁγιασθήσομαι ('I will be hallowed') renders Hebrew וְנִקְדַּשְׁתִּי; YHWH will be sanctified — shown holy — in the midst of his people; the conceptual root of 'hallowed be your name' (Matt 6:9) and Ezek 36:23.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
μέσῳmidstDativedative object of ἐν (ἐν μέσῳ: 'in the midst of')→ sphere or referenceμέσος: 'middle / midst'; ἐν μέσῳ ('in the midst of') renders Hebrew בְּתוֹךְ; YHWH's hallowing occurs publicly among his covenant people.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνof the sonsGenitivegenitive (the people in whose midst YHWH is hallowed)→ relational specificationυἱός: τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ, the covenant community as the arena of God's sanctification.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive-sense modifier of υἱῶν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the covenant people.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic, verbless self-predication)→ participant referenceἐγώ: opens the climactic refrain ἐγὼ κύριος ὁ ἁγιάζων ὑμᾶς, now in the second person ('you').
κύριοςLORDNominativepredicate nominative (verbless clause)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.
ὁthe (one)Nominativearticle (substantivizing ἁγιάζων)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁγιάζωνwho sanctifiesPres Act Part Nom Masc Sg · ἁγιάζωsubstantival participle in apposition (the sanctifying One)→ imperfective participle (characteristic, ongoing divine action)ἁγιάζω (pres. part.): the refrain ὁ ἁγιάζων, now with ὑμᾶς ('you'), extends the sanctifying work from the priests (vv. 9, 16) to all Israel; YHWH himself is the source of his people's holiness.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object of ἁγιάζων (all Israel)→ participant referenceσύ (acc. pl. ὑμᾶς): the whole people whom YHWH sanctifies.
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ὁ ἐξαγαγὼν ὑμᾶς ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου ὥστε εἶναι ὑμῶν θεός ἐγὼ κύριος
the one who brought you out of the land of Egypt, so as to be your God: I am the LORD.
The chapter, and with it the whole sanctification-refrain, is grounded in the Exodus: the substantival aorist participle ὁ ἐξαγαγών ('the one who brought out') is the self-identifying credential of YHWH (cf. Exod 20:2; Lev 19:36; 25:38), and the purpose clause ὥστε εἶναι ὑμῶν θεός ('so as to be your God') states the covenant goal of the redemption. The closing ἐγὼ κύριος seals the chapter.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ὁthe (one)Nominativearticle (substantivizing the participle ἐξαγαγών)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐξαγαγὼνwho brought outAor Act Part Nom Masc Sg · ἐξάγωsubstantival participle in apposition to κύριος (the divine credential)→ aorist participle (the completed redemptive act)ἐξάγω (aor. part. ἐξαγαγών): 'lead out / bring forth'; renders Hebrew הַמּוֹצִיא ('the one who brought out'); the substantival aorist participle is YHWH's standard self-identification by the Exodus deliverance (cf. Exod 20:2; Lev 11:45; 19:36; 25:38), grounding the holiness law in redemption.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object of ἐξαγαγών→ participant referenceσύ (acc. pl. ὑμᾶς): the redeemed people, brought out of Egypt.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (separation: out of Egypt)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation: out of Egypt).
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (the land left behind)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; renders Hebrew אֶרֶץ; γῆ Αἰγύπτου, 'the land of Egypt,' the house of bondage from which Israel was redeemed.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of definition (with γῆς: 'land of Egypt')→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος: standard LXX form of Hebrew מִצְרַיִם; the land of slavery and the locus of the Exodus deliverance.
ὥστεso as toconjunction (with infinitive: result/purpose)→ discourse linkage or contrastὥστε: 'so that / so as to'; with the infinitive εἶναι expresses the purpose/result of the redemption — that YHWH might be Israel's God.
εἶναιto bePres Act Inf · εἰμίinfinitive of result/purpose (with ὥστε)→ imperfective infinitive (the covenant goal)εἰμί (pres. inf.): 'be'; the infinitive with ὥστε states the covenant aim of the Exodus — 'so as to be your God,' the covenant formula (cf. Exod 6:7; Lev 26:12).
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of relationship (predicate possession: 'your God')→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl. ὑμῶν): 'your'; the covenant relationship — YHWH belongs to Israel as their God.
θεόςGodNominativepredicate nominative (with εἶναι: 'to be God')→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; renders Hebrew אֱלֹהִים; the covenant goal — that YHWH be Israel's God — caps the redemptive ground of the holiness law.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic, verbless self-predication)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the final self-predication ἐγὼ κύριος sealing the chapter.
κύριοςLORDNominativepredicate nominative (verbless clause: 'I am the LORD')→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the closing authority-seal of Leviticus 22.