1
καὶ εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων
And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
The formula καὶ εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων is the standard LXX heading for direct YHWH-speech and structures the whole chapter, recurring at the major calendrical seams (vv. 9, 23, 26, 33). Here it opens the festal calendar as a single revealed legislative unit.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: the chain-initial καί renders the Hebrew narrative waw; it links the chapter to the preceding legislation and marks a fresh divine speech-unit.
εἶπενspoke / saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (single completed speech-act)λέγω: the aorist εἶπεν introduces direct YHWH-speech; in the festal calendar the same formula recurs at each new section (vv. 9, 23, 26, 33), partitioning the year into discrete divine words.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the nominative subject marks this as unmediated YHWH-speech, establishing the feasts as the LORD's own appointments (αἱ ἑορταὶ κυρίου, v. 2).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (recipient of speech)→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: transliteration of Hebrew מֹשֶׁה; declined as a first-declension noun in Rahlfs' LXX (gen. Μωυσῆ, acc. Μωυσῆν); accusative here as the directional object of πρός.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing direct discourse)→ present participle (attendant circumstance of the speech-act)λέγω (pres. ptcp.): the participle λέγων renders the Hebrew infinitive לֵאמֹר ('saying'), a quotative marker introducing the content of direct speech; it is a fixed Hebraism of LXX legislative and narrative formulas.
2
λάλησον τοῖς υἱοῖς Ισραηλ καὶ ἐρεῖς πρὸς αὐτούς αἱ ἑορταὶ κυρίου ἃς καλέσετε αὐτὰς κλητὰς ἁγίας αὗταί εἰσιν ἑορταί μου
Speak to the sons of Israel, and you shall say to them: The feasts of the LORD, which you shall proclaim as holy convocations — these are my feasts.
The paired imperative + future (λάλησον … ἐρεῖς) is a standard LXX commissioning formula. The verse functions as the superscription to the entire calendar: the feasts are κυρίου ('of the LORD') and ἑορταί μου ('my feasts'), and they are to be 'called' (καλέσετε) as κληταὶ ἅγιαι — sacred assemblies summoned by proclamation.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
λάλησονspeakAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (divine imperative to Moses)→ ingressive aorist imperative (commissioned speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak'; renders דַּבֵּר (Piel); the aorist imperative frames the proclamation as a single decisive act of mediation to the people.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativeindirect object (dative of address: 'to the sons')→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; the phrase οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ('the sons of Israel') is the standard LXX designation of the covenant people, rendering בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל.
ΙσραηλIsraelindeclinable proper noun (genitival: 'of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable in the LXX; here functioning as a genitive of relationship with υἱοῖς.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρεῖςyou shall sayFut Act Indic 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb (future as command, paired with λάλησον)→ imperatival future (commissioned proclamation)λέγω (fut. ἐρῶ): the future ἐρεῖς ('you shall say') functions imperativally in the Hebraizing pattern דַּבֵּר … וְאָמַרְתָּ ('speak … and you shall say'); it introduces the actual words to be conveyed.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
αὐτούςthemAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the people addressed)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the personal pronoun resumes οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ as the recipients of the proclamation.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑορταὶfeastsNominativenominative (heading: 'the feasts of the LORD')→ participant prominenceἑορτή: 'feast / festival'; renders מוֹעֵד ('appointed time') and חַג ('pilgrimage feast'); the plural αἱ ἑορταί heads the whole calendar and is resumed by the demonstrative αὗται in v. 4.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (the LORD's own feasts)→ relational specificationκύριος (gen.): the genitive κυρίου stresses divine ownership of the festal calendar; the feasts belong to YHWH (cf. ἑορταί μου at the verse's end), not merely to Israel's civic life.
ἃςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of καλέσετε)→ participant referenceὅς: the relative pronoun ἃς (acc. fem. pl.) agrees with ἑορταί and introduces the defining clause: these feasts are precisely the ones to be 'proclaimed' as holy convocations.
καλέσετεyou shall proclaim / callFut Act Indic 2 Pl · καλέωverb of relative clause (defining the feasts)→ predictive/imperatival future (cultic proclamation)καλέω: 'call / summon / proclaim'; the verb is cognate with κλητή ('called / summoned') and renders קָרָא; the technical sense here is to 'proclaim' a sacred assembly — to convene the people by public declaration.
αὐτὰςthemAccusativeresumptive pronoun (redundant object, Hebraism)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the resumptive αὐτάς after the relative ἃς is a Hebraism (the 'pleonastic' resumptive pronoun in a relative clause, rendering Hebrew אֲשֶׁר … אֹתָם); it is idiomatic and not separately translated.
κλητὰςconvocations / calledAccusativepredicate accusative (object complement of καλέσετε)→ object specificationκλητός: 'called / summoned'; here substantival/adjectival, 'convocations'; κλητὴ ἁγία renders מִקְרָא־קֹדֶשׁ ('holy convocation / sacred assembly'), the refrain of the chapter; the term marks a day on which the people are summoned to assemble and abstain from work.
ἁγίαςholyAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying κλητάς)→ object specificationἅγιος: 'holy / set apart'; renders קֹדֶשׁ; the holy convocations are days consecrated to YHWH, withdrawn from ordinary labor and devoted to worship.
αὗταίtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of εἰσιν)→ participant referenceοὗτος: the demonstrative αὗται ('these') gathers up the foregoing and identifies them emphatically as YHWH's own feasts.
εἰσινarePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula (equative)→ stative present (identifying predication)εἰμί: the copula links the demonstrative αὗται to the predicate ἑορταί μου, framing the entire list as a divine self-identification: 'these are my feasts.'
ἑορταίfeastsNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceἑορτή: the predicate ἑορταί μου ('my feasts') with the possessive pronoun seals the divine claim: the festal year is the LORD's personal possession and self-revelation in time.
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying ἑορταί)→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. μου): the first-person possessive underlines that the feasts are not Israel's invention but YHWH's appointment — 'my feasts.'
3
ἓξ ἡμέρας ποιήσεις ἔργα καὶ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ ἑβδόμῃ σάββατα ἀνάπαυσις κλητὴ ἁγία τῷ κυρίῳ πᾶν ἔργον οὐ ποιήσεις σάββατά ἐστιν τῷ κυρίῳ ἐν πάσῃ κατοικίᾳ ὑμῶν
Six days you shall do works, but the seventh day is a sabbath, a rest, a holy convocation to the LORD; you shall do no work; it is a sabbath to the LORD in all your dwelling.
The calendar opens not with an annual festival but with the weekly Sabbath, grounding the festal year in the creation-rhythm (cf. Gen 2:2–3; Exod 20:8–11). The six-days/seventh-day antithesis, the piling of σάββατα ἀνάπαυσις κλητὴ ἁγία, and the universalising ἐν πάσῃ κατοικίᾳ ('in every dwelling') mark the Sabbath as the most pervasive of the holy convocations — kept everywhere, every week.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ἓξsixindeclinable numeral (modifying ἡμέρας)→ clausal contributionἕξ: 'six'; indeclinable numeral; renders שֵׁשׁ; the 'six days' of labor frame the Sabbath as the goal and crown of the working week.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('for six days')→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the accusative ἡμέρας expresses duration — work is permitted throughout the six-day span.
ποιήσειςyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (legislative future)→ imperatival future (permissive command)ποιέω: 'do / make / perform'; renders עָשָׂה; the legislative future here is permissive ('you may/shall do work'), set in deliberate antithesis to the prohibitive οὐ ποιήσεις later in the verse.
ἔργαworksAccusativedirect object→ object specificationἔργον: 'work / deed / labor'; renders מְלָאכָה; the plural ἔργα denotes the ordinary labors of the working week, contrasted with the πᾶν ἔργον forbidden on the Sabbath.
καὶbut / andcoordinate conjunction (adversative force)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here the simple connective bears adversative weight ('but'), pivoting from the six days of labor to the seventh day of rest.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time ('on the seventh day')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα (dat.): the dative of time fixes the Sabbath rest to the recurring seventh day of the week.
τῇtheDativearticle (with ordinal)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑβδόμῃseventhDativeattributive ordinal (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceἕβδομος: 'seventh'; renders שְׁבִיעִי; the seventh day is the Sabbath proper, the climactic day of the creation week whose sanctity (Gen 2:3) underlies the whole festal calendar.
σάββαταa sabbathNominativepredicate nominative ('[is] a sabbath')→ participant prominenceσάββατον (pl. σάββατα): transliteration of Hebrew שַׁבָּת; in the LXX the neuter plural σάββατα is frequently used with singular sense for the single Sabbath day; the doubling σάββατα ἀνάπαυσις renders שַׁבַּת שַׁבָּתוֹן ('a sabbath of solemn rest').
ἀνάπαυσιςrestNominativepredicate nominative (apposition to σάββατα)→ participant prominenceἀνάπαυσις: 'rest / cessation'; renders שַׁבָּתוֹן ('solemn rest'); the term names the positive content of the Sabbath — not mere idleness but a consecrated cessation that imitates the divine rest of creation.
κλητὴa convocation / calledNominativepredicate nominative (apposition)→ participant prominenceκλητός: 'called / summoned'; κλητὴ ἁγία ('holy convocation') is the chapter's structural refrain, rendering מִקְרָא־קֹדֶשׁ; the Sabbath is thus the first and most frequent of the sacred assemblies.
ἁγίαholyNominativeattributive adjective (modifying κλητή)→ participant prominenceἅγιος: 'holy'; renders קֹדֶשׁ; consecrates the convocation as set apart for YHWH.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of advantage/dedication ('to/for the LORD')→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): renders יהוה; the dative of dedication marks the Sabbath as a day belonging to and offered to the LORD.
πᾶνany / allAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἔργον)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / every'; with the negative οὐ … ποιήσεις, πᾶν … οὐ renders the Hebrew כָּל … לֹא ('not any'), an absolute prohibition of all work.
ἔργονworkAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationἔργον: 'work'; renders מְלָאכָה; the Sabbath prohibition is total (πᾶν ἔργον), broader than the ἔργον λατρευτόν ('servile work') permitted-exception forbidden on the annual feasts.
οὐnotnegative particle (with ποιήσεις)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: the objective negative; with the future ποιήσεις it forms a categorical prohibition ('you shall not do').
ποιήσειςyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (prohibitive future)→ prohibitive future (categorical command)ποιέω: the prohibitive future οὐ ποιήσεις mirrors the permissive ποιήσεις at the verse's head, creating a sharp antithesis between the six working days and the Sabbath.
σάββατάa sabbathNominativepredicate nominative ('it is a sabbath')→ participant prominenceσάββατον: the repeated σάββατά closes the ordinance with an emphatic restatement of the day's identity and ownership ('it is a sabbath to the LORD').
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative present (identifying predication)εἰμί: the copula reasserts the Sabbath's settled status as the LORD's day.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of dedication→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): renders יהוה; reaffirms the Sabbath as a day belonging to YHWH.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
πάσῃall / everyDativeattributive adjective (modifying κατοικίᾳ)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'every'; the phrase ἐν πάσῃ κατοικίᾳ ὑμῶν universalises the Sabbath beyond the central sanctuary — it is kept in every household and locality.
κατοικίᾳdwellingDativeobject of ἐν (locative: 'in your dwelling')→ sphere or referenceκατοικία: 'dwelling / habitation / settlement'; renders מוֹשָׁב; the phrase marks the Sabbath as a non-localised, domestic ordinance — unlike the pilgrimage feasts, it requires no sanctuary.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying κατοικίᾳ)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl. ὑμῶν): the second-person plural possessive addresses the whole community, distributing the Sabbath to every Israelite household.
4
αὗται αἱ ἑορταὶ τῷ κυρίῳ κληταὶ ἅγιαι ἃς καλέσετε αὐτὰς ἐν τοῖς καιροῖς αὐτῶν
These are the feasts to the LORD, holy convocations, which you shall proclaim in their appointed seasons.
After the weekly Sabbath (vv. 1–3), this heading reintroduces the festal list, now specifically the annual feasts tied to fixed cultic dates (ἐν τοῖς καιροῖς αὐτῶν, 'in their appointed seasons'). The demonstrative αὗται and the repeated κληταὶ ἅγιαι / καλέσετε echo v. 2, marking a fresh start to the yearly calendar proper.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
αὗταιtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject)→ participant referenceοὗτος: the demonstrative αὗται reopens the festal list, now pointing forward to the annual feasts about to be enumerated (Passover, Unleavened Bread, Firstfruits, Weeks, Trumpets, Atonement, Booths).
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑορταὶfeastsNominativepredicate nominative ('[are] the feasts')→ participant prominenceἑορτή: 'feast'; renders מוֹעֵד; here the annual appointed festivals, distinguished from the weekly Sabbath by their fixed calendrical 'seasons.'
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of dedication ('to/for the LORD')→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): renders יהוה; reaffirms divine ownership of the whole calendar.
κληταὶconvocations / calledNominativepredicate nominative (apposition to ἑορταί)→ participant prominenceκλητός: 'called / summoned'; κληταὶ ἅγιαι ('holy convocations') renders מִקְרָאֵי קֹדֶשׁ, the recurring designation of the festal days as days of sacred assembly.
ἅγιαιholyNominativeattributive adjective (modifying κληταί)→ participant prominenceἅγιος: 'holy'; renders קֹדֶשׁ; consecrates the convocations to YHWH.
ἃςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of καλέσετε)→ participant referenceὅς: the relative ἃς (acc. fem. pl.) agrees with ἑορταί / κληταί and introduces the defining clause about their proclamation.
καλέσετεyou shall proclaimFut Act Indic 2 Pl · καλέωverb of relative clause→ imperatival future (cultic proclamation)καλέω: 'proclaim / convene'; cognate with κλητή; the feasts must be 'called' — publicly announced and convened — at their proper times.
αὐτὰςthemAccusativeresumptive pronoun (redundant object, Hebraism)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the resumptive αὐτάς after the relative ἃς reproduces the Hebrew pleonastic resumptive pronoun (אֲשֶׁר … אֹתָם); idiomatic and untranslated.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καιροῖςseasons / appointed timesDativeobject of ἐν (temporal: 'in the seasons')→ sphere or referenceκαιρός: 'appointed time / season / opportune moment'; renders מוֹעֵד; the phrase ἐν τοῖς καιροῖς αὐτῶν ('in their appointed seasons') anchors each feast to its fixed calendrical date, distinguishing the annual cycle from the weekly Sabbath.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying καιροῖς)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. pl.): the possessive 'their' assigns to each feast its own proper season, fixed by the cultic calendar.
5
ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ μηνὶ ἐν τῇ τεσσαρεσκαιδεκάτῃ ἡμέρᾳ τοῦ μηνὸς ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν ἑσπερινῶν πάσχα τῷ κυρίῳ
In the first month, on the fourteenth day of the month, between the evenings, is the Passover to the LORD.
The yearly calendar opens with a precise date-formula: the first month, the fourteenth day, at twilight. πάσχα (transliterating פֶּסַח) is the foundational feast of redemption; ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν ἑσπερινῶν renders בֵּין הָעַרְבָּיִם ('between the two evenings'), the appointed twilight hour for slaying the paschal lamb (Exod 12:6). The NT reads this feast christologically: Christ is τὸ πάσχα ἡμῶν (1 Cor 5:7).
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρώτῳfirstDativeattributive ordinal (modifying μηνί)→ sphere or referenceπρῶτος: 'first'; renders רִאשׁוֹן; the first month (Abib/Nisan) is the month of the Exodus and thus the head of Israel's cultic year (Exod 12:2).
μηνὶmonthDativedative of time ('in the month')→ sphere or referenceμήν: 'month'; renders חֹדֶשׁ; the dative of time fixes Passover to the first lunar month of the year.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεσσαρεσκαιδεκάτῃfourteenthDativeattributive ordinal (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceτεσσαρεσκαιδέκατος: 'fourteenth'; renders אַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר; the fourteenth of the first month is the fixed Passover date (Exod 12:6), the eve of the full moon.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the dative fixes the precise day of the Passover within the month.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηνὸςof the monthGenitivepartitive genitive ('of the month')→ relational specificationμήν (gen.): the genitive specifies the day's place within the month.
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (with μέσον: 'in the midst of')→ spatial or relational framingἀνά: in the idiom ἀνὰ μέσον ('in the middle of / between'), a fixed LXX phrase rendering בֵּין.
μέσονmidstAccusativeadverbial accusative (with ἀνά: 'between')→ object specificationμέσος: 'middle'; ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν ἑσπερινῶν renders בֵּין הָעַרְבָּיִם ('between the two evenings'), the twilight window between sunset and dark when the paschal victim was slain.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑσπερινῶνeveningsGenitivegenitive (with ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between the evenings')→ relational specificationἑσπερινός: 'of the evening'; substantival here, 'the evening (times)'; the plural τῶν ἑσπερινῶν renders the Hebrew dual הָעַרְבָּיִם, the two boundaries of dusk that frame the appointed twilight hour.
πάσχαPassoverpredicate (indeclinable: '[is] the Passover')→ clausal contributionπάσχα: indeclinable transliteration of Aramaic/Hebrew פֶּסַח ('Passover / passing-over'); the foundational feast of the Exodus deliverance; the NT applies it directly to Christ, τὸ πάσχα ἡμῶν ἐτύθη Χριστός ('Christ our Passover has been sacrificed', 1 Cor 5:7).
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of dedication ('to the LORD')→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): renders יהוה; the Passover is kept 'to the LORD' — his feast, commemorating his act of redemption.
6
καὶ ἐν τῇ πεντεκαιδεκάτῃ ἡμέρᾳ τοῦ μηνὸς τούτου ἑορτὴ τῶν ἀζύμων τῷ κυρίῳ ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας ἄζυμα ἔδεσθε
And on the fifteenth day of this month is the Feast of Unleavened Bread to the LORD; seven days you shall eat unleavened bread.
The fifteenth, the day after Passover, opens the seven-day Feast of Unleavened Bread (ἑορτὴ τῶν ἀζύμων, rendering חַג הַמַּצּוֹת). The two feasts are calendrically fused into a single eight-day spring observance. The command ἄζυμα ἔδεσθε ('you shall eat unleavened bread') recalls the haste of the Exodus (Exod 12:39); Paul moralises the leaven imagery in 1 Cor 5:7–8.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεντεκαιδεκάτῃfifteenthDativeattributive ordinal (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceπεντεκαιδέκατος: 'fifteenth'; renders חֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר; the fifteenth, day after the Passover slaughter, begins Unleavened Bread and falls at the full moon of the first month.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; fixes the feast's opening day.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηνὸςmonthGenitivepartitive genitive ('of the month')→ relational specificationμήν (gen.): specifies the day's place within the first month.
τούτουthisGenitivedemonstrative (modifying μηνός: 'of this month')→ relational specificationοὗτος: the demonstrative 'this month' refers back to the first month named in v. 5, binding Passover and Unleavened Bread into one calendrical unit.
ἑορτὴfeastNominativepredicate nominative ('[is] the feast')→ participant prominenceἑορτή: 'feast / pilgrimage festival'; renders חַג; here the technical name ἑορτὴ τῶν ἀζύμων, the Feast of Unleavened Bread, one of the three annual pilgrimage feasts.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀζύμωνunleavened breadGenitivegenitive (defining the feast: 'of unleavened things')→ relational specificationἄζυμος: 'unleavened'; substantival τὰ ἄζυμα ('unleavened bread/cakes'); renders מַצּוֹת; the absence of leaven memorialises the haste of the Exodus departure (Exod 12:34, 39).
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of dedication→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): renders יהוה; the feast is kept to the LORD.
ἑπτὰsevenindeclinable numeral (modifying ἡμέρας)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; indeclinable; renders שִׁבְעָה; the seven-day duration is characteristic of the major festivals (Unleavened Bread, Booths).
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('for seven days')→ object specificationἡμέρα: the accusative of duration governs the seven-day eating of unleavened bread.
ἄζυμαunleavened breadAccusativedirect object of ἔδεσθε→ object specificationἄζυμος (n. pl. ἄζυμα): the object of the command — unleavened cakes are the mandated bread of the feast week.
ἔδεσθεyou shall eatFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · ἐσθίωmain verb (legislative future)→ imperatival future (cultic obligation)ἐσθίω (fut. mid. ἔδομαι): 'eat'; the deponent future ἔδεσθε commands the seven-day consumption of unleavened bread; renders תֹּאכֵלוּ.
7
καὶ ἡ ἡμέρα ἡ πρώτη κλητὴ ἁγία ἔσται ὑμῖν πᾶν ἔργον λατρευτὸν οὐ ποιήσετε
And the first day shall be a holy convocation for you; you shall do no servile work.
The first and seventh days of the seven-day feast are marked off as holy convocations bracketing the week (cf. v. 8). The phrase πᾶν ἔργον λατρευτόν ('all servile work') renders כָּל־מְלֶאכֶת עֲבֹדָה — a narrower prohibition than the total Sabbath ban (v. 3), permitting food-preparation (Exod 12:16).
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραdayNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the first day of Unleavened Bread (the fifteenth) is set apart as a convocation.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with ordinal)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρώτηfirstNominativeattributive ordinal (modifying ἡμέρα)→ participant prominenceπρῶτος: 'first'; the first day of the festival week opens the holy bracket of convocations.
κλητὴa convocation / calledNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceκλητός: κλητὴ ἁγία ('holy convocation'), the chapter refrain, rendering מִקְרָא־קֹדֶשׁ.
ἁγίαholyNominativeattributive adjective (modifying κλητή)→ participant prominenceἅγιος: 'holy'; renders קֹדֶשׁ.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (predicating the convocation)→ predictive/legislative futureεἰμί (fut. ἔσται): the future copula gives the rubric legislative force — the day 'shall be' a holy convocation.
ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of advantage ('for you')→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl. ὑμῖν): the dative of advantage addresses the community for whom the day is consecrated.
πᾶνany / allAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἔργον)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / any'; with the following οὐ … ποιήσετε forms an absolute prohibition of servile work.
ἔργονworkAccusativedirect object of ποιήσετε→ object specificationἔργον: 'work'; here qualified by λατρευτόν as 'servile work,' a narrower category than the πᾶν ἔργον of the Sabbath.
λατρευτὸνservile / of laborAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἔργον)→ object specificationλατρευτός: 'pertaining to service/labor, servile'; renders עֲבֹדָה; the phrase ἔργον λατρευτόν ('servile work') is the standard festal prohibition, distinguished from total Sabbath rest in that necessary food-preparation was allowed on feast days (Exod 12:16).
οὐnotnegative particle (with ποιήσετε)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: the objective negative forms a categorical prohibition with the future.
ποιήσετεyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (prohibitive future)→ prohibitive future (categorical command)ποιέω: the prohibitive future οὐ ποιήσετε ('you shall not do') is the recurring festal work-ban formula throughout the chapter (cf. vv. 8, 21, 25, 35, 36).
8
καὶ προσάξετε ὁλοκαυτώματα τῷ κυρίῳ ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας καὶ ἡ ἑβδόμη ἡμέρα κλητὴ ἁγία ἔσται ὑμῖν πᾶν ἔργον λατρευτὸν οὐ ποιήσετε
And you shall bring whole burnt offerings to the LORD seven days; and the seventh day shall be a holy convocation for you; you shall do no servile work.
The week of Unleavened Bread is framed by burnt offerings on all seven days and by holy convocations on the first (v. 7) and seventh days. προσάξετε ('you shall bring near / offer') is the technical cultic verb (rendering הִקְרִיב), and ὁλοκαύτωμα ('whole burnt offering') the totally-consumed offering (עֹלָה). The seventh-day convocation closes the spring feast's central observance.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσάξετεyou shall bring / offerFut Act Indic 2 Pl · προσάγωmain verb (legislative future, cultic offering)→ imperatival future (cultic obligation)προσάγω: 'bring near / present / offer'; the technical sacrificial verb rendering הִקְרִיב ('bring near, present an offering'); the compound προσ- marks the approach to the altar; recurs throughout the chapter as the formula of festal offering (vv. 25, 27, 36).
ὁλοκαυτώματαwhole burnt offeringsAccusativedirect object→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt offering'; the offering wholly consumed on the altar (ὅλος + καίω, 'entirely burned'); renders עֹלָה; the most complete of sacrifices, symbolising total self-dedication to YHWH.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of advantage/recipient ('to the LORD')→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): renders יהוה; the offerings are presented to the LORD.
ἑπτὰsevenindeclinable numeral (modifying ἡμέρας)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; indeclinable; the offerings continue on each of the seven days of the feast.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('for seven days')→ object specificationἡμέρα: accusative of duration; the burnt offerings span the whole festal week.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with ordinal)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑβδόμηseventhNominativeattributive ordinal (modifying ἡμέρα)→ participant prominenceἕβδομος: 'seventh'; the seventh day of Unleavened Bread closes the holy bracket opened by the first day (v. 7).
ἡμέραdayNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the closing convocation day of the feast.
κλητὴa convocation / calledNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceκλητός: κλητὴ ἁγία ('holy convocation'), the recurring refrain.
ἁγίαholyNominativeattributive adjective (modifying κλητή)→ participant prominenceἅγιος: 'holy'; renders קֹדֶשׁ.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (predicating the convocation)→ legislative futureεἰμί (fut.): the future copula assigns the seventh day its sacred status.
ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl.): addresses the community for whom the day is set apart.
πᾶνany / allAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἔργον)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / any'; the total prohibition of servile work with the negated verb.
ἔργονworkAccusativedirect object of ποιήσετε→ object specificationἔργον: 'work'; qualified by λατρευτόν as 'servile work.'
λατρευτὸνservile / of laborAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἔργον)→ object specificationλατρευτός: 'servile'; renders עֲבֹדָה; the standard festal work-prohibition formula.
οὐnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negative forming the prohibition.
ποιήσετεyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (prohibitive future)→ prohibitive futureποιέω: the recurring festal work-ban οὐ ποιήσετε.
9
καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων
And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
The variant speech-formula with ἐλάλησεν (rather than εἶπεν of v. 1) marks a fresh divine word and a new section of the calendar — the firstfruit-sheaf legislation (vv. 9–14). The same ἐλάλησεν-formula recurs at vv. 23, 26, 33, partitioning the autumn feasts.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: renders the Hebrew narrative waw, opening a new divine speech-unit.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (single completed speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak'; the aorist ἐλάλησεν introduces a new divine word; the formula καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων is the standard legislative heading in Leviticus, here marking the firstfruits ordinance.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: renders the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the nominative subject of unmediated divine speech.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (recipient of speech)→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: transliteration of מֹשֶׁה; accusative as directional object of πρός.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing direct discourse)→ present participle (attendant circumstance)λέγω (pres. ptcp.): the participle λέγων renders the Hebrew quotative לֵאמֹר ('saying'), introducing the content of the speech.
10
εἰπὸν τοῖς υἱοῖς Ισραηλ καὶ ἐρεῖς πρὸς αὐτούς ὅταν εἰσέλθητε εἰς τὴν γῆν ἣν ἐγὼ δίδωμι ὑμῖν καὶ θερίζητε τὸν θερισμὸν αὐτῆς καὶ οἴσετε δράγμα ἀπαρχὴν τοῦ θερισμοῦ ὑμῶν πρὸς τὸν ἱερέα
Speak to the sons of Israel, and you shall say to them: When you enter into the land which I am giving you, and you reap its harvest, then you shall bring a sheaf, the firstfruit of your harvest, to the priest.
The firstfruits rite is set as a future, land-contingent ordinance: ὅταν + subjunctive (εἰσέλθητε, θερίζητε) introduces the conditions, with the future οἴσετε ('you shall bring') as apodosis. The δράγμα ('sheaf') is the first cut of the barley harvest, labelled ἀπαρχή ('firstfruit') — the very term Paul applies to the risen Christ (1 Cor 15:20, 23).
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
εἰπὸνspeak / sayAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb (divine imperative to Moses)→ aorist imperative (commissioned speech-act)λέγω (aor. impv. εἰπόν): 'speak / say'; the second-aorist imperative commissions Moses to address the people; functions like λάλησον in v. 2.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativeindirect object (dative of address)→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ, the covenant people.
ΙσραηλIsraelindeclinable proper noun (genitival)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρεῖςyou shall sayFut Act Indic 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb (future as command, paired with εἰπόν)→ imperatival futureλέγω (fut. ἐρῶ): the imperatival future continues the Hebraizing commission formula דַּבֵּר … וְאָמַרְתָּ.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
αὐτούςthemAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceαὐτός: the people addressed.
ὅτανwhentemporal conjunction (introducing subjunctive protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅταν: 'when(ever)'; takes the subjunctive; here it frames the rite as land-contingent — to take effect upon entry and harvest in Canaan.
εἰσέλθητεyou enterAor Act Subj 2 Pl · εἰσέρχομαιverb of temporal protasis→ aorist subjunctive (future contingency: entry as completed condition)εἰσέρχομαι: 'enter / go in'; the aorist subjunctive with ὅταν presents the entry into the land as a single completed precondition for the firstfruits law.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (goal of entry)→ object specificationγῆ: 'land / earth'; renders אֶרֶץ; the promised land of Canaan, the divine gift contingent on which the agricultural feasts become operative.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of δίδωμι)→ participant referenceὅς: the relative ἣν (acc. fem.) agrees with γῆν and introduces the divine-gift clause.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun: YHWH)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic first-person pronoun stresses that the land is YHWH's personal gift — the harvest firstfruits are therefore rendered back to the Giver.
δίδωμιI give / am givingPres Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιverb of relative clause (divine gift)→ progressive/futuristic present (the giving in process)δίδωμι: 'give'; renders נֹתֵן; the present tense presents the land-gift as an ongoing divine act, certain though not yet enjoyed; the firstfruits-offering acknowledges YHWH as Lord of the land and its produce.
ὑμῖνto youDativeindirect object (dative of recipient)→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl.): the recipients of the land-gift.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θερίζητεyou reapPres Act Subj 2 Pl · θερίζωverb of temporal protasis (second condition)→ present subjunctive (action in process as condition)θερίζω: 'reap / harvest'; renders קָצַר; the present subjunctive (still under ὅταν) presents the reaping as the ongoing condition triggering the firstfruits obligation.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θερισμὸνharvestAccusativedirect object of θερίζητε (cognate object)→ object specificationθερισμός: 'harvest / reaping'; renders קָצִיר; the cognate object θερίζητε … θερισμόν ('reap the harvest') is a figura etymologica; the barley harvest is in view, the earliest grain of spring.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying θερισμόν: 'its harvest')→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. fem.): refers to the land (γῆ); 'the land's harvest.'
καὶthen / andcoordinate conjunction (introducing apodosis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here the apodotic καί ('then'), marking the transition from the ὅταν-conditions to the main command.
οἴσετεyou shall bringFut Act Indic 2 Pl · φέρωmain verb (apodosis: the commanded action)→ imperatival future (cultic obligation)φέρω (fut. οἴσω): 'bring / carry'; the suppletive future of φέρω; the apodosis command — the first sheaf is to be brought to the priest as the firstfruit-offering.
δράγμαa sheafAccusativedirect object of οἴσετε→ object specificationδράγμα: 'sheaf / handful (of cut grain)'; renders עֹמֶר; the first sheaf of the barley harvest, presented as the representative firstfruit; its elevation 'on the morrow after the sabbath' (v. 11) became the seedbed of the resurrection typology.
ἀπαρχὴνfirstfruitAccusativeaccusative in apposition to δράγμα→ object specificationἀπαρχή: 'firstfruit / first portion'; renders רֵאשִׁית; the technical term for the consecrated first yield owed to YHWH; Paul applies ἀπαρχή directly to the risen Christ as the firstfruit of those who have died (1 Cor 15:20, 23), reading the firstfruit-sheaf rite typologically.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θερισμοῦharvestGenitivepartitive/possessive genitive (modifying ἀπαρχήν)→ relational specificationθερισμός (gen.): 'harvest'; the sheaf is the firstfruit 'of your harvest' — the consecrated portion representing the whole crop.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying θερισμοῦ)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): the harvest belongs to the people, but its firstfruit is rendered to YHWH.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέαpriestAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (recipient of the sheaf)→ object specificationἱερεύς: 'priest'; renders כֹּהֵן; the priest is the cultic mediator who performs the elevation-rite of the sheaf before YHWH (v. 11).
11
καὶ ἀνοίσει τὸ δράγμα ἔναντι κυρίου δεκτὸν ὑμῖν τῇ ἐπαύριον τῆς πρώτης ἀνοίσει αὐτὸ ὁ ἱερεύς
And he shall offer up the sheaf before the LORD, to be accepted for you; on the morrow after the first day the priest shall offer it up.
The priest 'lifts up' (ἀνοίσει) the sheaf before YHWH for acceptance (δεκτόν). The temporal phrase τῇ ἐπαύριον τῆς πρώτης ('on the morrow after the first [day/sabbath]') is the famous calendrical crux: the LXX's τῆς πρώτης interprets the Hebrew מִמָּחֳרַת הַשַּׁבָּת as the morrow after the first festival-day, dating the sheaf-offering and so fixing the fifty-day count to Pentecost (v. 16). The repeated ἀνοίσει frames the verse emphatically.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνοίσειhe shall offer upFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναφέρωmain verb (priestly elevation-rite)→ imperatival future (cultic obligation)ἀναφέρω (fut. ἀνοίσω): 'bring up / offer up / elevate'; renders הֵנִיף ('wave / elevate') in the technical sense of the elevation-offering; the compound ἀνα- ('up') captures the lifting of the sheaf before YHWH; the suppletive future shares the stem of οἴσετε in v. 10.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δράγμαsheafAccusativedirect object of ἀνοίσει→ object specificationδράγμα: 'sheaf'; renders עֹמֶר; the firstfruit-sheaf elevated before the LORD; cf. v. 10.
ἔναντιbeforepreposition + genitive (in the presence of)→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before / in the presence of'; renders לִפְנֵי; the sheaf is elevated 'before the LORD' — the locative formula of cultic presentation at the sanctuary.
κυρίουLORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος (gen.): renders יהוה; the offering is made in the divine presence.
δεκτὸνacceptableAccusativepredicate adjective (result: 'so as to be accepted')→ object specificationδεκτός: 'acceptable / received with favor'; renders רָצוֹן / לְרָצֹן; the verbal adjective expresses the purpose/result of the rite — the offering secures YHWH's gracious acceptance of the worshippers (cf. the same idiom of acceptable sacrifice, Isa 56:7; Phil 4:18).
ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of advantage ('for your benefit')→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl.): the acceptance is reckoned 'for you' — the elevation of the sheaf wins divine favor for the whole people.
τῇon theDativearticle (with ἐπαύριον)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπαύριονmorrow / next dayadverbial (temporal: 'on the next day')→ clausal contributionἐπαύριον: 'on the next day / the morrow'; indeclinable adverb (used with the article τῇ as a temporal noun); renders מִמָּחֳרַת; the phrase τῇ ἐπαύριον τῆς πρώτης ('the morrow after the first') is the calendrical hinge that dates the sheaf-rite and so the counting toward Pentecost.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with πρώτης)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρώτηςfirst (day)Genitivesubstantival ordinal (genitive: 'after the first day')→ relational specificationπρῶτος: 'first'; substantival ἡ πρώτη ('the first [day]'); the LXX's τῆς πρώτης renders the disputed Hebrew הַשַּׁבָּת ('the sabbath'), interpreting it as the first festival-day of Unleavened Bread rather than the weekly Sabbath — a reading with major consequences for fixing the Pentecost date (cf. the later Pharisee–Sadducee dispute).
ἀνοίσειshall offer upFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναφέρωmain verb (emphatic resumption)→ imperatival futureἀναφέρω (fut.): the repeated ἀνοίσει emphatically restates the elevation-act and assigns it explicitly to the priest, framing the verse by inclusio.
αὐτὸitAccusativedirect object (resuming τὸ δράγμα)→ participant referenceαὐτός (n.): the neuter pronoun resumes τὸ δράγμα as the object of the priestly elevation.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεύςpriestNominativesubject (agent of the elevation-rite)→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; renders כֹּהֵן; the priest alone performs the elevation of the sheaf before YHWH.
12
καὶ ποιήσετε ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐν ᾗ ἂν φέρητε τὸ δράγμα πρόβατον ἄμωμον ἐνιαύσιον εἰς ὁλοκαύτωμα τῷ κυρίῳ
And on the day on which you bring the sheaf you shall offer a lamb, unblemished, a year old, for a whole burnt offering to the LORD.
The sheaf-elevation is accompanied by a perfect-victim burnt offering: a lamb ἄμωμον ('unblemished') and ἐνιαύσιον ('a year old'). The unblemished-lamb language anticipates the NT's ἀμνὸς ἄμωμος applied to Christ (1 Pet 1:19), tightening the firstfruits-resurrection typology.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσετεyou shall offer / makeFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (legislative future, cultic 'offer')→ imperatival future (cultic obligation)ποιέω: 'do / make'; in cultic contexts ποιέω + sacrifice means 'offer / perform (a sacrifice)', rendering עָשָׂה used of preparing an offering.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time ('on the day')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the sheaf-day on which the burnt offering accompanies the elevation.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (in relative clause)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (in relative clause).
ᾗwhichDativerelative pronoun (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ participant reference or interestὅς: the relative ᾗ (dat. fem.) with ἐν refers to the day; ἐν ᾗ ἄν + subjunctive ('on whichever day') is a generalising temporal relative clause.
ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive φέρητε)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: the modal particle generalises the relative clause ('on whatever day you bring').
φέρητεyou bringPres Act Subj 2 Pl · φέρωverb of generalising relative clause→ present subjunctive (indefinite temporal condition)φέρω: 'bring / carry'; the present subjunctive with ἄν marks the indefinite day of the sheaf-bringing as the occasion for the offering.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δράγμαsheafAccusativedirect object of φέρητε→ object specificationδράγμα: 'sheaf'; the firstfruit-sheaf of vv. 10–11.
πρόβατονlamb / sheepAccusativedirect object of ποιήσετε (the victim)→ object specificationπρόβατον: 'sheep / lamb'; renders כֶּבֶשׂ; the sacrificial victim offered with the sheaf; the perfect-lamb imagery feeds the NT portrayal of Christ the spotless lamb.
ἄμωμονunblemishedAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying πρόβατον)→ object specificationἄμωμος: 'without blemish / spotless'; renders תָּמִים; the cultic requirement of physical perfection in the victim; applied to Christ in 1 Pet 1:19 (ἀμνοῦ ἀμώμου) and Heb 9:14.
ἐνιαύσιονa year oldAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying πρόβατον)→ object specificationἐνιαύσιος: 'a year old / yearling'; renders בֶּן־שָׁנָה ('son of a year'); specifies the prescribed age of the lamb.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose: 'for an offering')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: here telic, 'for / as'; renders לְ of purpose.
ὁλοκαύτωμαwhole burnt offeringAccusativeaccusative of purpose (with εἰς)→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt offering'; renders עֹלָה; the wholly-consumed offering symbolising total dedication.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): renders יהוה; the offering is made to the LORD.
13
καὶ τὴν θυσίαν αὐτοῦ δύο δέκατα σεμιδάλεως ἀναπεποιημένης ἐν ἐλαίῳ θυσία τῷ κυρίῳ ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας κυρίῳ καὶ σπονδὴν αὐτοῦ τὸ τέταρτον τοῦ ιν οἴνου
And its grain offering: two tenths of fine flour mixed with oil, an offering to the LORD, a fragrance of sweet savor to the LORD; and its drink offering: the fourth of a hin of wine.
The burnt-offering lamb (v. 12) is accompanied by its prescribed grain offering (θυσία: two-tenths of fine flour mixed with oil) and drink offering (σπονδή: a quarter-hin of wine). ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας ('fragrance of sweet savor', rendering רֵיחַ נִיחֹחַ) is the standard formula of an offering pleasing to YHWH (Gen 8:21; Eph 5:2 of Christ's self-offering).
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσίανgrain offering / sacrificeAccusativeaccusative (object: the accompanying offering)→ object specificationθυσία: 'sacrifice / offering'; here specifically the cereal/grain offering (מִנְחָה) that accompanies the burnt offering; the broad term θυσία covers both bloody and unbloody offerings in LXX usage.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying θυσίαν: 'its offering')→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen.): refers to the lamb (πρόβατον); the grain offering belongs to and accompanies the burnt offering.
δύοtwoindeclinable numeral (modifying δέκατα)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; indeclinable; specifies the quantity of fine flour.
δέκαταtenthsAccusativeaccusative in apposition to θυσίαν (measure)→ object specificationδέκατον: 'a tenth (part)'; renders עִשָּׂרוֹן ('tenth of an ephah'); two-tenths is the prescribed measure of fine flour for this grain offering (double the usual single-tenth).
σεμιδάλεωςof fine flourGenitivepartitive genitive (material: 'of fine flour')→ relational specificationσεμίδαλις: 'fine wheat flour'; renders סֹלֶת; the finest milled flour, the standard material of the grain offering.
ἀναπεποιημένηςmixed / preparedPerf Mid/Pass Ptcp Gen Sg Fem · ἀναποιέωattributive participle (modifying σεμιδάλεως)→ perfect participle (resultant state: flour already mixed)ἀναποιέω: 'work up / mix / knead thoroughly'; the perfect passive participle denotes the flour in its prepared, oil-mixed state; renders בָּלוּל ('mingled with oil'); the perfect stresses the completed condition of the prepared offering.
ἐνwith / inpreposition + dative (instrumental/material)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrumental/material).
ἐλαίῳoilDativedative object of ἐν (instrument: 'with oil')→ sphere or referenceἔλαιον: 'olive oil'; renders שֶׁמֶן; the oil mixed into the flour is integral to the grain offering.
θυσίαan offeringNominativenominative (appositional summary: '[it is] an offering')→ participant prominenceθυσία: the nominative restates the whole as 'an offering to the LORD,' a cultic summary label.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): renders יהוה.
ὀσμὴfragrance / odorNominativenominative (appositional: 'a fragrance')→ participant prominenceὀσμή: 'smell / fragrance / odor'; ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας ('fragrance of sweet savor') renders רֵיחַ נִיחֹחַ, the recurring formula of an offering pleasing to YHWH (Gen 8:21); applied to Christ's self-offering in Eph 5:2.
εὐωδίαςof sweet savorGenitivegenitive of quality (modifying ὀσμή)→ relational specificationεὐωδία: 'sweet smell / fragrance'; the genitive of quality forms the Hebraism ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας ('a soothing aroma'); the offering's acceptability is figured as a pleasing scent ascending to God.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of recipient (anarthrous)→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): renders יהוה; the pleasing aroma is offered to the LORD.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing drink offering)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σπονδὴνdrink offering / libationAccusativeaccusative (object: the accompanying libation)→ object specificationσπονδή: 'drink offering / libation'; renders נֶסֶךְ; the wine poured out beside the altar; Paul uses the cognate verb σπένδομαι of his own life poured out (Phil 2:17; 2 Tim 4:6).
αὐτοῦitsGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying σπονδήν)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen.): refers to the lamb; the libation accompanies the burnt offering.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέταρτονfourth (part)Accusativeaccusative in apposition to σπονδήν (measure)→ object specificationτέταρτος: 'fourth'; substantival τὸ τέταρτον ('a quarter'); the prescribed quarter-hin of wine for the libation (cf. Num 28:7).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ινhinindeclinable measure-noun (genitive: 'of a hin')→ clausal contributionιν (hin): transliteration of Hebrew הִין, a liquid measure (about 3.6 litres); indeclinable in the LXX; 'the fourth of a hin' is the standard wine-libation for a lamb.
οἴνουof wineGenitivepartitive genitive (material of the libation)→ relational specificationοἶνος: 'wine'; renders יַיִן; the substance of the drink offering poured out to YHWH.
14
καὶ ἄρτον καὶ πεφρυγμένα χίδρα νέα οὐ φάγεσθε ἕως εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν ἡμέραν ταύτην ἕως ἂν προσενέγκητε ὑμεῖς τὰ δῶρα τῷ θεῷ ὑμῶν νόμιμον αἰώνιον εἰς τὰς γενεὰς ὑμῶν ἐν πάσῃ κατοικίᾳ ὑμῶν
And you shall eat neither bread nor roasted new grain until this very day, until you bring the gifts to your God; it is a perpetual statute throughout your generations in all your dwelling.
Until the firstfruit-sheaf has been offered, no bread, roasted grain, or fresh kernels of the new crop may be eaten — the firstfruit belongs to YHWH before the people may enjoy the harvest. The closing formula νόμιμον αἰώνιον εἰς τὰς γενεὰς ὑμῶν ('a perpetual statute throughout your generations', rendering חֻקַּת עוֹלָם) recurs across the chapter (vv. 21, 31, 41), binding the legislation on all future generations.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄρτονbreadAccusativedirect object of φάγεσθε→ object specificationἄρτος: 'bread / loaf'; renders לֶחֶם; baked bread from the new grain is forbidden until the firstfruit is rendered.
καὶand / norcoordinate conjunction (with negated verb: 'neither … nor')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πεφρυγμέναroastedPerf Mid/Pass Ptcp Acc Pl Neut · φρύγωattributive participle (modifying χίδρα)→ perfect participle (resultant state: parched/roasted grain)φρύγω: 'roast / parch'; the perfect passive participle describes grain that has been roasted; renders קָלִי ('parched grain'); the perfect denotes the finished, roasted condition.
χίδραnew grain / groatsAccusativedirect object of φάγεσθε→ object specificationχίδρον (pl. χίδρα): 'fresh groats / soft new kernels of grain'; renders כַּרְמֶל ('fresh ears'); the tender kernels of the new crop, eaten roasted — also forbidden until the firstfruit-offering.
νέαnewAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying χίδρα)→ object specificationνέος: 'new / fresh'; renders the freshness of the just-harvested grain; the prohibition concerns specifically the new crop before its consecration.
οὐnotnegative particle (with φάγεσθε)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negative forming the prohibition.
φάγεσθεyou shall eatFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · ἐσθίωmain verb (prohibitive future)→ prohibitive future (categorical command)ἐσθίω (fut. mid. φάγομαι): 'eat'; the prohibitive future οὐ φάγεσθε bars consumption of the new grain until the firstfruit has been presented.
ἕωςuntiltemporal conjunction/preposition ('until')→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until'; marks the temporal limit of the prohibition.
εἰςto / onpreposition + accusative (temporal: 'up to')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: here temporal, 'up to / on'; the doubled ἕως εἰς … τὴν ἡμέραν is a Hebraizing emphatic temporal expression.
αὐτὴνthis veryAccusativeintensive pronoun (with τὴν ἡμέραν: 'this very day')→ participant referenceαὐτός: in attributive position the intensive αὐτὴν τὴν ἡμέραν means 'this very/self-same day' (rendering עֶצֶם הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה, 'the very same day'), emphasising the exact terminus.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρανdayAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (temporal terminus)→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the day of the firstfruit-offering is the terminus of the prohibition.
ταύτηνthisAccusativedemonstrative (modifying ἡμέραν)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; the demonstrative fixes the precise day on which the offering frees the new grain for consumption.
ἕωςuntiltemporal conjunction (with ἄν + subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: 'until'; with ἄν + subjunctive it marks the indefinite-but-certain terminus.
ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive προσενέγκητε)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: modal particle generalising the temporal clause ('until you have brought').
προσενέγκητεyou bring / offerAor Act Subj 2 Pl · προσφέρωverb of temporal clause (terminal condition)→ aorist subjunctive (completed offering as terminus)προσφέρω: 'bring near / offer / present'; renders הִקְרִיב; the aorist subjunctive marks the offering as the completed act that lifts the prohibition; the standard cultic verb for presenting offerings (cf. Heb 5:1).
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ (nom. pl. ὑμεῖς): the explicit subject pronoun lends emphasis — the people themselves must render the offering before they may eat.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δῶραgifts / offeringsAccusativedirect object of προσενέγκητε→ object specificationδῶρον: 'gift / offering'; renders קָרְבָּן ('offering brought near'); the cultic 'gifts' presented to God; the same term is used of offerings at the altar in Matt 5:23–24; Heb 5:1.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεῷGodDativedative of recipient ('to your God')→ sphere or referenceθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; the covenant formula τῷ θεῷ ὑμῶν ('your God') stresses the relationship grounding the offering.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying θεῷ)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): the covenant possessive 'your God.'
νόμιμονstatute / ordinanceNominativenominative (appositional summary: '[it is] a statute')→ participant prominenceνόμιμον: 'statute / legal ordinance'; substantival neuter; νόμιμον αἰώνιον renders חֻקַּת עוֹלָם ('a perpetual statute'), the recurring binding-formula of the chapter (vv. 21, 31, 41).
αἰώνιονperpetual / everlastingNominativeattributive adjective (modifying νόμιμον)→ participant prominenceαἰώνιος: 'everlasting / perpetual'; renders עוֹלָם; the statute is permanently binding on the cultic community.
εἰςthroughout / forpreposition + accusative (temporal extent)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: here distributive-temporal, 'throughout / for'; εἰς τὰς γενεάς renders לְדֹרֹת ('for/throughout generations').
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενεὰςgenerationsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (temporal extent)→ object specificationγενεά: 'generation'; renders דּוֹר; the phrase εἰς τὰς γενεὰς ὑμῶν binds the statute on all Israel's descendants in perpetuity.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying γενεάς)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your generations.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
πάσῃall / everyDativeattributive adjective (modifying κατοικίᾳ)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'every'; ἐν πάσῃ κατοικίᾳ ὑμῶν universalises the statute to every Israelite settlement.
κατοικίᾳdwellingDativeobject of ἐν (locative)→ sphere or referenceκατοικία: 'dwelling / settlement'; renders מוֹשָׁב; the statute holds in every place Israel dwells.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying κατοικίᾳ)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your dwelling.'
15
καὶ ἀριθμήσετε ὑμεῖς ἀπὸ τῆς ἐπαύριον τῶν σαββάτων ἀπὸ τῆς ἡμέρας ἧς ἂν προσενέγκητε τὸ δράγμα τοῦ ἐπιθέματος ἑπτὰ ἑβδομάδας ὁλοκλήρους
And you yourselves shall count from the morrow after the sabbath, from the day on which you bring the sheaf of the elevation-offering, seven full weeks.
The Feast of Weeks is defined by a count: seven full weeks (ἑπτὰ ἑβδομάδας ὁλοκλήρους) from the firstfruit-sheaf day. ἀπὸ τῆς ἐπαύριον τῶν σαββάτων ('from the morrow after the sabbath') echoes v. 11 and is the counting-anchor; the term ἐπίθεμα ('that which is laid/placed upon', the elevation-offering) names the wave-sheaf rite. The seven-weeks count yields the name 'Feast of Weeks' (Heb. שָׁבֻעוֹת).
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀριθμήσετεyou shall countFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ἀριθμέωmain verb (legislative future)→ imperatival future (cultic obligation)ἀριθμέω: 'count / number'; renders סָפַר; the counting of the seven weeks/fifty days is the defining act of the Feast of Weeks, fixing Pentecost relative to the firstfruit-sheaf.
ὑμεῖςyou yourselvesNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ (nom. pl.): the explicit emphatic subject stresses that the whole community is responsible for the count.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (starting point of count)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; marks the terminus a quo of the fifty-day count.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with ἐπαύριον)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπαύριονmorrow / day afteradverbial noun (with article: 'the morrow')→ clausal contributionἐπαύριον: 'the next day / morrow'; indeclinable adverb used substantivally with the article; ἀπὸ τῆς ἐπαύριον τῶν σαββάτων ('from the morrow after the sabbath') is the counting-anchor that echoes the sheaf-rite of v. 11.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σαββάτωνsabbathGenitivegenitive (with ἐπαύριον: 'after the sabbath')→ relational specificationσάββατον (gen. pl. σαββάτων): the neuter plural with singular sense ('the sabbath'); the referent — whether the weekly Sabbath or the festival rest-day — is the crux that divided Pharisees and Sadducees over the Pentecost date; the LXX's pairing with τῆς πρώτης (v. 11) leans toward the festival reckoning.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (restating the start-point)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: the second ἀπό restates the terminus a quo with the appositional 'from the day.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdayGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (start-day of count)→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the count begins from the very day of the sheaf-offering.
ἧςon whichGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive by attraction, modifying ἡμέρας)→ relational specificationὅς: the relative ἧς (gen. fem.) is attracted to the case of its antecedent ἡμέρας; 'the day on which.'
ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive προσενέγκητε)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: modal particle generalising the relative-temporal clause.
προσενέγκητεyou bring / offerAor Act Subj 2 Pl · προσφέρωverb of relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (offering as defining event of the start-day)προσφέρω: 'bring near / offer'; renders הִקְרִיב; the aorist subjunctive fixes the count's start to the day the sheaf is presented.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δράγμαsheafAccusativedirect object of προσενέγκητε→ object specificationδράγμα: 'sheaf'; the firstfruit-sheaf of vv. 10–11, now called 'the sheaf of the elevation-offering.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιθέματοςelevation-offeringGenitivegenitive of definition (modifying δράγμα)→ relational specificationἐπίθεμα: 'that which is laid/placed upon; an offering set up/elevated'; renders תְּנוּפָה ('wave/elevation offering'); the term names the rite of lifting up the sheaf before YHWH.
ἑπτὰsevenindeclinable numeral (modifying ἑβδομάδας)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; indeclinable; seven weeks structure the count toward Pentecost.
ἑβδομάδαςweeksAccusativedirect object of ἀριθμήσετε→ object specificationἑβδομάς: 'a period of seven, a week'; renders שָׁבוּעַ; the 'seven weeks' counted give the feast its name (Weeks / שָׁבֻעוֹת).
ὁλοκλήρουςfull / completeAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἑβδομάδας)→ object specificationὁλόκληρος: 'whole / complete / entire'; renders תְּמִימֹת ('complete'); the weeks must be 'full' — seven complete seven-day cycles, leaving no partial week, so the count lands exactly on the fiftieth day.
16
ἕως τῆς ἐπαύριον τῆς ἐσχάτης ἑβδομάδος ἀριθμήσετε πεντήκοντα ἡμέρας καὶ προσοίσετε θυσίαν νέαν τῷ κυρίῳ
Until the morrow after the last week you shall count fifty days, and you shall bring a new grain offering to the LORD.
The count terminates on 'the morrow after the seventh week' — the fiftieth day, πεντήκοντα ἡμέρας, the number that gives Pentecost (πεντηκοστή) its Greek name. On that day a new grain offering (θυσίαν νέαν) of the wheat firstfruits is presented. The NT places the outpouring of the Spirit on this very day (Acts 2:1, ἐν τῷ συμπληροῦσθαι τὴν ἡμέραν τῆς πεντηκοστῆς).
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (terminus of count)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until'; marks the terminus ad quem of the fifty-day count.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with ἐπαύριον)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπαύριονmorrow / day afteradverbial noun (with article)→ clausal contributionἐπαύριον: 'the morrow'; the fiftieth day is 'the day after' the seventh complete week — the count lands one day beyond seven sevens (49+1).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐσχάτηςlastGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying ἑβδομάδος)→ relational specificationἔσχατος: 'last / final'; renders the seventh and final week of the count; the day after it completes the fifty.
ἑβδομάδοςweekGenitivegenitive (with ἐπαύριον: 'after the last week')→ relational specificationἑβδομάς (gen.): 'week'; the genitive specifies the seventh week beyond which the fiftieth day falls.
ἀριθμήσετεyou shall countFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ἀριθμέωmain verb (legislative future)→ imperatival futureἀριθμέω: 'count'; the repeated counting-verb now expressed in days — fifty in total.
πεντήκονταfiftyindeclinable numeral (modifying ἡμέρας)→ measure or countπεντήκοντα: 'fifty'; indeclinable; renders חֲמִשִּׁים; the fifty-day count gives the feast its Greek name πεντηκοστή ('Pentecost'); cf. Acts 2:1.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativedirect object of ἀριθμήσετε→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the fifty days counted from the firstfruit-sheaf to Pentecost.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσοίσετεyou shall bring / offerFut Act Indic 2 Pl · προσφέρωmain verb (legislative future, cultic offering)→ imperatival future (cultic obligation)προσφέρω (fut. προσοίσω): 'bring near / present / offer'; renders הִקְרִיב; the suppletive future shares the stem of οἴσετε; on the fiftieth day a new grain offering of the wheat harvest is presented.
θυσίανgrain offering / sacrificeAccusativedirect object of προσοίσετε→ object specificationθυσία: 'offering'; here the cereal offering (מִנְחָה) of the new wheat crop; cf. the two loaves of v. 17.
νέανnewAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying θυσίαν)→ object specificationνέος: 'new'; renders חֲדָשָׁה; the offering is from the newly harvested wheat — the firstfruits of the second (wheat) harvest, distinct from the barley sheaf of v. 10.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): renders יהוה; the new offering is brought to the LORD.
17
ἀπὸ τῆς κατοικίας ὑμῶν προσοίσετε ἄρτους ἐπίθεμα δύο ἄρτους ἐκ δύο δεκάτων σεμιδάλεως ἔσονται ἐζυμωμένοι πεφθήσονται πρωτογενημάτων τῷ κυρίῳ
From your dwelling you shall bring loaves as an elevation-offering — two loaves of two tenths of fine flour; they shall be leavened, baked of the firstfruits to the LORD.
The Pentecost offering is uniquely two leavened loaves (δύο ἄρτους … ἐζυμωμένοι) of the wheat firstfruits — exceptional, since leaven was normally barred from altar-offerings (2:11). The two leavened loaves came to be read of the union of two peoples, and the firstfruits (πρωτογενήματα) figure of the Spirit's first harvest at Pentecost (Acts 2; cf. Rom 8:23 ἀπαρχὴ τοῦ πνεύματος).
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; the loaves come from the people's own settlements — domestic produce, not sanctuary stores.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικίαςdwellingGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (source)→ relational specificationκατοικία: 'dwelling / settlement'; renders מוֹשָׁב; the loaves are baked from the people's own harvested grain at home.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying κατοικίας)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your dwelling.'
προσοίσετεyou shall bring / offerFut Act Indic 2 Pl · προσφέρωmain verb (legislative future)→ imperatival future (cultic obligation)προσφέρω (fut. προσοίσω): 'bring near / offer'; the loaves are presented as the elevation-offering of the Feast of Weeks.
ἄρτουςloavesAccusativedirect object of προσοίσετε→ object specificationἄρτος: 'bread / loaf'; renders לֶחֶם; the two baked loaves are the distinctive Pentecost offering of the wheat firstfruits.
ἐπίθεμαelevation-offeringAccusativeaccusative in apposition to ἄρτους→ object specificationἐπίθεμα: 'elevation-/wave-offering'; renders תְּנוּפָה; the loaves are 'lifted up' before YHWH as the sheaf was.
δύοtwoindeclinable numeral (modifying ἄρτους)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; indeclinable; the prescribed number of loaves; the pairing was variously read typologically of two peoples or two harvests.
ἄρτουςloavesAccusativeaccusative (restating the offering with specification)→ object specificationἄρτος: the repeated ἄρτους introduces the precise specification of their composition.
ἐκof / frompreposition + genitive (material)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'out of / from'; marks the material from which the loaves are made.
δύοtwoindeclinable numeral (modifying δεκάτων)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; the loaves are made from two-tenths of fine flour.
δεκάτωνtenthsGenitivegenitive of material (with ἐκ)→ relational specificationδέκατον: 'a tenth (of an ephah)'; renders עִשָּׂרוֹן; two-tenths of fine flour go into the two loaves.
σεμιδάλεωςof fine flourGenitivepartitive genitive (material)→ relational specificationσεμίδαλις: 'fine wheat flour'; renders סֹלֶת; the finest flour of the new wheat crop.
ἔσονταιthey shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula (with predicate ἐζυμωμένοι)→ legislative future (prescribing the loaves' condition)εἰμί (fut. ἔσονται): the future copula prescribes that the loaves 'shall be' leavened — a striking exception to the usual altar-ban on leaven.
ἐζυμωμένοιleavenedPerf Mid/Pass Ptcp Nom Pl Masc · ζυμόωpredicate participle (periphrastic with ἔσονται)→ perfect participle (resultant state: fully leavened)ζυμόω: 'leaven / ferment'; the perfect passive participle with ἔσονται forms a periphrastic future-perfect ('shall be [in a] leavened [state]'); renders חָמֵץ; the leavening is exceptional — normally leaven is excluded from offerings (Lev 2:11) — marking these firstfruit loaves as ordinary daily bread brought before God.
πεφθήσονταιthey shall be bakedFut Pass Indic 3 Pl · πέσσωmain verb (future passive)→ predictive/legislative future passiveπέσσω/πέπτω (fut. pass. πεφθήσονται): 'cook / bake'; renders תֵּאָפֶינָה ('shall be baked'); the loaves are to be fully baked bread, presented as the staple food of the people consecrated to YHWH.
πρωτογενημάτωνof firstfruitsGenitivegenitive of source/quality (modifying ἄρτους)→ relational specificationπρωτογένημα: 'firstfruit / first produce'; renders בִּכּוּרִים; the loaves are the firstfruits of the wheat harvest; the πρωτο- root connects to the firstfruits theology Paul develops of Christ and the Spirit (1 Cor 15:20; Rom 8:23).
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): renders יהוה; the firstfruit loaves are presented to the LORD.
18
καὶ προσάξετε μετὰ τῶν ἄρτων ἑπτὰ ἀμνοὺς ἀμώμους ἐνιαυσίους καὶ μόσχον ἕνα ἐκ βουκολίου καὶ κριοὺς δύο ἀμώμους ἔσονται ὁλοκαύτωμα τῷ κυρίῳ καὶ αἱ θυσίαι αὐτῶν καὶ αἱ σπονδαὶ αὐτῶν θυσίαν ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας τῷ κυρίῳ
And with the loaves you shall bring seven unblemished lambs a year old, and one calf from the herd, and two unblemished rams; they shall be a whole burnt offering to the LORD, with their grain offerings and their drink offerings, an offering, a fragrance of sweet savor to the LORD.
Accompanying the two loaves is a full burnt-offering array: seven yearling lambs, a bull-calf, and two rams, all ἄμωμοι ('unblemished'), with their grain and drink offerings — a complete ὁλοκαύτωμα forming an ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας ('pleasing aroma') to YHWH. The lavishness marks Pentecost as a major harvest celebration.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσάξετεyou shall bring / offerFut Act Indic 2 Pl · προσάγωmain verb (legislative future, cultic offering)→ imperatival future (cultic obligation)προσάγω: 'bring near / present'; renders הִקְרִיב; the accompanying animal offerings are presented alongside the loaves.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with / together with'; the animal offerings accompany the loaf-offering.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρτωνloavesGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationἄρτος (gen. pl.): the two firstfruit loaves of v. 17.
ἑπτὰsevenindeclinable numeral (modifying ἀμνούς)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; indeclinable; the prescribed number of lambs.
ἀμνοὺςlambsAccusativedirect object of προσάξετε→ object specificationἀμνός: 'lamb'; renders כֶּבֶשׂ; the seven lambs of the Pentecost burnt offering; ἀμνός is the term John applies to Christ (ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, John 1:29).
ἀμώμουςunblemishedAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἀμνούς)→ object specificationἄμωμος: 'without blemish'; renders תְּמִימִם; the cultic requirement of unblemished victims.
ἐνιαυσίουςa year oldAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἀμνούς)→ object specificationἐνιαύσιος: 'yearling / a year old'; renders בְּנֵי שָׁנָה; the prescribed age of the lambs.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μόσχονcalf / young bullAccusativedirect object (second victim)→ object specificationμόσχος: 'calf / young bull'; renders פַּר ('bull'); the single bull-calf of the Pentecost offering.
ἕναoneAccusativenumeral adjective (modifying μόσχον)→ measure or countεἷς: 'one'; the masculine accusative ἕνα specifies a single bull-calf.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'from'; the calf is taken from the herd.
βουκολίουherd of cattleGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (source)→ relational specificationβουκόλιον: 'herd of cattle'; renders בָּקָר; the bovine herd from which the bull-calf is drawn.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κριοὺςramsAccusativedirect object (third set of victims)→ object specificationκριός: 'ram'; renders אַיִל; the two rams complete the Pentecost burnt offering.
δύοtwoindeclinable numeral (modifying κριούς)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; indeclinable; the prescribed number of rams.
ἀμώμουςunblemishedAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying κριούς)→ object specificationἄμωμος: 'without blemish'; the rams too must be physically perfect.
ἔσονταιthey shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula (predicating ὁλοκαύτωμα)→ legislative futureεἰμί (fut.): the future copula identifies the whole set of animals as constituting a single burnt offering.
ὁλοκαύτωμαwhole burnt offeringNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt offering'; renders עֹלָה; the animals together form the wholly-consumed offering of the feast.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): renders יהוה.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσίαιgrain offeringsNominativenominative (the accompanying cereal offerings)→ participant prominenceθυσία (pl.): the grain offerings (מִנְחָה) prescribed to accompany each animal of the burnt offering.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying θυσίαι)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. pl.): 'their' — belonging to the animal victims.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σπονδαὶdrink offeringsNominativenominative (the accompanying libations)→ participant prominenceσπονδή (pl.): the wine libations (נֶסֶךְ) prescribed with each victim.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying σπονδαί)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. pl.): 'their' — belonging to the victims.
θυσίανan offeringAccusativeaccusative in apposition (summary label)→ object specificationθυσία (acc.): the appositional summary gathers the whole as 'an offering' — an aroma pleasing to YHWH.
ὀσμὴνfragranceAccusativeaccusative in apposition (with εὐωδίας)→ object specificationὀσμή: 'fragrance'; ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας ('fragrance of sweet savor') renders רֵיחַ נִיחֹחַ, the formula of acceptable sacrifice.
εὐωδίαςof sweet savorGenitivegenitive of quality (modifying ὀσμήν)→ relational specificationεὐωδία: 'sweet smell'; forms the Hebraism 'pleasing aroma'; the offering ascends acceptably to God.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): renders יהוה; the offering is pleasing to the LORD.
19
καὶ ποιήσουσιν χίμαρον ἐξ αἰγῶν ἕνα περὶ ἁμαρτίας καὶ δύο ἀμνοὺς ἐνιαυσίους εἰς θυσίαν σωτηρίου μετὰ τῶν ἄρτων τοῦ πρωτογενήματος
And they shall offer one kid of the goats for a sin offering, and two lambs a year old for a peace offering, with the loaves of the firstfruits.
Beyond the burnt offering, Pentecost requires a goat περὶ ἁμαρτίας ('for a sin offering') and two lambs εἰς θυσίαν σωτηρίου ('for a peace/salvation offering'). The phrase περὶ ἁμαρτίας is the exact LXX idiom that Paul and Hebrews take up for Christ's atoning death (Rom 8:3; Heb 10:6, 18), and σωτήριον ('peace/well-being offering') renders שְׁלָמִים, the fellowship sacrifice shared in a communal meal.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσουσινthey shall offer / makeFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (legislative future, cultic 'offer')→ imperatival future (cultic obligation)ποιέω: 'do / make'; in cultic usage 'offer / perform (a sacrifice)'; the third-person plural shifts to the officiants/people who perform the rite.
χίμαρονkid / he-goatAccusativedirect object (sin-offering victim)→ object specificationχίμαρος: 'young he-goat / kid'; renders שְׂעִיר ('he-goat'); the standard sin-offering victim.
ἐξof / frompreposition + genitive (source/kind)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'from / of'; specifies the kind — a goat 'from the goats.'
αἰγῶνgoatsGenitivegenitive object of ἐξ (source)→ relational specificationαἴξ (gen. pl. αἰγῶν): 'goat'; renders עִזִּים; the goat-flock from which the sin-offering kid is taken.
ἕναoneAccusativenumeral adjective (modifying χίμαρον)→ measure or countεἷς: 'one'; a single goat for the sin offering.
περὶforpreposition + genitive (purpose: 'for sin')→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'concerning / for'; the idiom περὶ ἁμαρτίας ('for a sin offering') renders חַטָּאת; this exact phrase becomes a key NT atonement formula (Rom 8:3, περὶ ἁμαρτίας; Heb 10:6, 8, 18).
ἁμαρτίαςsin / sin offeringGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; in the idiom περὶ ἁμαρτίας it denotes the sin offering itself; renders חַטָּאת, which in Hebrew likewise means both 'sin' and 'sin offering'; the purificatory sacrifice cleanses the festal assembly.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δύοtwoindeclinable numeral (modifying ἀμνούς)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; indeclinable; the two peace-offering lambs.
ἀμνοὺςlambsAccusativedirect object (peace-offering victims)→ object specificationἀμνός: 'lamb'; renders כֶּבֶשׂ; the two lambs of the fellowship offering.
ἐνιαυσίουςa year oldAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἀμνούς)→ object specificationἐνιαύσιος: 'yearling'; the prescribed age of the lambs.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: telic, 'for / as'; renders לְ of purpose.
θυσίανoffering / sacrificeAccusativeaccusative of purpose (with εἰς)→ object specificationθυσία: 'sacrifice'; here the fellowship/peace sacrifice qualified by σωτηρίου.
σωτηρίουof peace / well-beingGenitivegenitive of definition (modifying θυσίαν)→ relational specificationσωτήριον: 'deliverance / well-being / peace offering'; θυσία σωτηρίου renders זֶבַח שְׁלָמִים ('peace/fellowship offering'); unlike the wholly-burnt offering, this sacrifice is shared in a communal meal, expressing covenant fellowship with God.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with'; the offerings accompany the firstfruit loaves.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρτωνloavesGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationἄρτος (gen. pl.): the two firstfruit loaves of v. 17.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρωτογενήματοςfirstfruitGenitivegenitive of definition (modifying ἄρτων)→ relational specificationπρωτογένημα: 'firstfruit / first produce'; renders בִּכּוּרִים; the loaves are 'of the firstfruit' — the consecrated first yield of the wheat harvest.
20
καὶ ἐπιθήσει αὐτὰ ὁ ἱερεὺς μετὰ τῶν ἄρτων τοῦ πρωτογενήματος ἐπίθεμα ἔναντι κυρίου μετὰ τῶν δύο ἀμνῶν ἅγια ἔσονται τῷ κυρίῳ τῷ ἱερεῖ τῷ προσφέροντι αὐτὰ αὐτῷ ἔσται
And the priest shall set them as an elevation-offering before the LORD with the loaves of the firstfruit, with the two lambs; they shall be holy to the LORD; they shall belong to the priest who offers them.
The priest 'lays/sets up' (ἐπιθήσει, cognate with ἐπίθεμα) the loaves and the two peace-offering lambs as an elevation-offering before YHWH. The offerings are ἅγια ('holy') to the LORD and assigned as the priest's portion — the participle τῷ προσφέροντι ('to the one offering') marks the officiating priest as the recipient of the consecrated food.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιθήσειshall set / presentFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (priestly elevation-rite)→ imperatival future (cultic obligation)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon / set up / present'; cognate with ἐπίθεμα ('elevation-offering'); renders הֵנִיף ('elevate / wave'); the priest 'sets up' the loaves and lambs before YHWH in the elevation-rite.
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object (the loaves and lambs)→ participant referenceαὐτός (n. pl.): the neuter pronoun gathers the loaves and offerings as the object of the elevation.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject (agent of the rite)→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; renders כֹּהֵן; the priest alone performs the elevation.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with'; the elevation includes the loaves.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρτωνloavesGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationἄρτος (gen. pl.): the firstfruit loaves of v. 17.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρωτογενήματοςfirstfruitGenitivegenitive of definition (modifying ἄρτων)→ relational specificationπρωτογένημα: 'firstfruit'; renders בִּכּוּרִים; the loaves of the wheat firstfruit.
ἐπίθεμαelevation-offeringAccusativeaccusative in apposition (predicate: 'as an elevation-offering')→ object specificationἐπίθεμα: 'elevation-/wave-offering'; renders תְּנוּפָה; the loaves and lambs are presented as a single elevation before YHWH.
ἔναντιbeforepreposition + genitive (in the presence of)→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before / in the presence of'; renders לִפְנֵי; the rite is performed in the divine presence.
κυρίουLORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος (gen.): renders יהוה.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with'; the two peace-offering lambs are elevated together with the loaves.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δύοtwoindeclinable numeral (modifying ἀμνῶν)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; the two peace-offering lambs of v. 19.
ἀμνῶνlambsGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationἀμνός (gen. pl.): the two fellowship-offering lambs.
ἅγιαholyNominativepredicate adjective (with ἔσονται)→ participant prominenceἅγιος (n. pl. ἅγια): 'holy / set apart'; renders קֹדֶשׁ; the offerings, once elevated, are consecrated 'holy to the LORD' and pass into the sacred sphere — hence assignable only to the priest.
ἔσονταιthey shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula (predicating ἅγια)→ legislative futureεἰμί (fut.): the future copula declares the consecrated status of the offerings.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of dedication ('holy to the LORD')→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): renders יהוה; the offerings belong to the LORD.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖpriestDativedative of possession ('shall belong to the priest')→ sphere or referenceἱερεύς (dat.): 'priest'; the consecrated offerings become the priest's portion — the priestly share of holy food.
τῷtheDativearticle (with participle)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσφέροντιwho offersPres Act Ptcp Dat Sg Masc · προσφέρωattributive participle (modifying ἱερεῖ)→ present participle (the officiating priest)προσφέρω (pres. ptcp.): 'offer / present'; the articular participle τῷ προσφέροντι ('the one offering') designates the specific officiating priest who performs the rite and so receives the portion.
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object of προσφέροντι→ participant referenceαὐτός (n. pl.): the offerings the priest presents.
αὐτῷto himDativedative of possession ('it shall belong to him')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat.): the resumptive pronoun underscores that the holy portion is the offering priest's own.
ἔσταιit shall be / belongFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (of possession with dative αὐτῷ)→ legislative futureεἰμί (fut. ἔσται): with the dative αὐτῷ expresses possession ('it shall be his') — the priest's right to the consecrated firstfruit food.
21
καὶ καλέσετε ταύτην τὴν ἡμέραν κλητήν ἁγία ἔσται ὑμῖν πᾶν ἔργον λατρευτὸν οὐ ποιήσετε ἐν αὐτῇ νόμιμον αἰώνιον εἰς τὰς γενεὰς ὑμῶν ἐν πάσῃ τῇ κατοικίᾳ ὑμῶν
And you shall proclaim this day a convocation; it shall be holy for you; you shall do no servile work on it; it is a perpetual statute throughout your generations in all your dwelling.
The day of Weeks is proclaimed (καλέσετε, cognate with κλητή) a holy convocation with the standard servile-work ban and the perpetual-statute formula (νόμιμον αἰώνιον … ἐν πάσῃ τῇ κατοικίᾳ). This refrain seals each major feast (cf. vv. 14, 31, 41).
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καλέσετεyou shall proclaimFut Act Indic 2 Pl · καλέωmain verb (cultic proclamation)→ imperatival futureκαλέω: 'call / proclaim'; cognate with κλητή; the day is publicly proclaimed a sacred assembly.
ταύτηνthisAccusativedemonstrative (modifying ἡμέραν)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; points to the Pentecost day just legislated.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρανdayAccusativedirect object of καλέσετε→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the fiftieth day, the Feast of Weeks.
κλητήνa convocationAccusativepredicate accusative (object complement of καλέσετε)→ object specificationκλητός: 'called / convocation'; renders מִקְרָא; the day is to be 'called' a sacred assembly.
ἁγίαholyNominativepredicate adjective (with ἔσται)→ participant prominenceἅγιος: 'holy'; renders קֹדֶשׁ; the day is consecrated for the people.
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ legislative futureεἰμί (fut.): the future copula prescribes the day's holiness.
ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl.): the community for whom the day is set apart.
πᾶνany / allAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἔργον)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / any'; with the negated verb, a total ban on servile work.
ἔργονworkAccusativedirect object of ποιήσετε→ object specificationἔργον: 'work'; qualified by λατρευτόν as servile work.
λατρευτὸνservile / of laborAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἔργον)→ object specificationλατρευτός: 'servile'; renders עֲבֹדָה; the festal work-ban formula.
οὐnotnegative particle (with ποιήσετε)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negative forming the prohibition.
ποιήσετεyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (prohibitive future)→ prohibitive futureποιέω: the recurring festal work-ban οὐ ποιήσετε.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
αὐτῇitDativeobject of ἐν (temporal: 'on it')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. fem.): refers to ἡ ἡμέρα — 'on that day.'
νόμιμονstatute / ordinanceNominativenominative (appositional summary)→ participant prominenceνόμιμον: 'statute'; νόμιμον αἰώνιον renders חֻקַּת עוֹלָם, the perpetual-statute refrain (cf. vv. 14, 31, 41).
αἰώνιονperpetualNominativeattributive adjective (modifying νόμιμον)→ participant prominenceαἰώνιος: 'everlasting'; renders עוֹלָם; the statute is permanently binding.
εἰςthroughoutpreposition + accusative (temporal extent)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: temporal-distributive, 'throughout'; εἰς τὰς γενεάς renders לְדֹרֹת.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενεὰςgenerationsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (temporal extent)→ object specificationγενεά: 'generation'; renders דּוֹר; the statute binds all descendants.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying γενεάς)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your generations.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
πάσῃallDativeattributive adjective (modifying κατοικίᾳ)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'every / all'; universalises the statute to every settlement.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικίᾳdwellingDativeobject of ἐν (locative)→ sphere or referenceκατοικία: 'dwelling / settlement'; renders מוֹשָׁב.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying κατοικίᾳ)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your dwelling.'
22
καὶ ὅταν θερίζητε τὸν θερισμὸν τῆς γῆς ὑμῶν οὐ συντελέσετε τὸ λοιπὸν τοῦ θερισμοῦ τοῦ ἀγροῦ σου ἐν τῷ θερίζειν σε καὶ τὰ ἀποπίπτοντα τοῦ θερισμοῦ σου οὐ συλλέξεις τῷ πτωχῷ καὶ τῷ προσηλύτῳ ὑπολείψῃ αὐτά ἐγὼ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν
And when you reap the harvest of your land, you shall not finish off the remainder of the harvest of your field in your reaping, and the fallen grain of your harvest you shall not gather up; you shall leave them for the poor and the sojourner: I am the LORD your God.
The harvest feast of Weeks is immediately followed by the gleaning-command (cf. 19:9–10): the edges and fallen grain are left for the poor (πτωχός) and the resident alien (προσήλυτος). The placement embeds covenant charity within the cultic year — the festal joy of harvest must overflow into care for the dependent. The clause closes with the self-revelation formula ἐγὼ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν.
Word-by-word analysis· 41 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅτανwhentemporal conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅταν: 'when(ever)'; takes the subjunctive; introduces the recurring harvest situation.
θερίζητεyou reapPres Act Subj 2 Pl · θερίζωverb of temporal clause→ present subjunctive (general/customary condition)θερίζω: 'reap'; renders קָצַר; the customary reaping that triggers the gleaning obligation.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θερισμὸνharvestAccusativedirect object (cognate object of θερίζητε)→ object specificationθερισμός: 'harvest'; the cognate object 'reap the harvest' (figura etymologica).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying θερισμόν)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; the harvest of 'your land.'
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying γῆς)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your land.'
οὐnotnegative particle (with συντελέσετε)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negative forming the prohibition.
συντελέσετεyou shall finish off / completeFut Act Indic 2 Pl · συντελέωmain verb (prohibitive future)→ prohibitive future (charitable restraint)συντελέω: 'complete / finish off / exhaust'; renders כָּלָה ('finish/consume to the end'); the command not to 'finish off' the harvest means not to reap the field's edges bare — leave a margin for the poor.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with λοιπόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιπὸνremainder / restAccusativedirect object of συντελέσετε (substantival adjective)→ object specificationλοιπός: 'remaining'; substantival τὸ λοιπόν ('the remainder'); here the standing grain left at the field's margins, reserved for gleaners.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θερισμοῦharvestGenitivepartitive genitive (modifying τὸ λοιπόν)→ relational specificationθερισμός (gen.): 'harvest'; the remainder 'of the harvest.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγροῦfieldGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying θερισμοῦ)→ relational specificationἀγρός: 'field'; renders שָׂדֶה; the cultivated field whose edges are spared.
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying ἀγροῦ)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. sg. σου): the singular 'your' addresses the individual landholder (a shift from the plural of the preceding clauses).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (articular infinitive: temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν τῷ + inf.: a temporal construction, 'in/while the reaping' (= 'when you reap').
τῷtheDativearticle (with infinitive)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θερίζεινto reap / reapingPres Act Inf · θερίζωarticular infinitive (temporal: 'while reaping')→ present infinitive (contemporaneous action)θερίζω (pres. inf.): 'reap'; the articular infinitive ἐν τῷ θερίζειν renders the Hebrew temporal infinitive בְּקֻצְרֶךָ ('in your reaping').
σεyouAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive→ participant referenceσύ (acc. sg. σε): the accusative subject of the articular infinitive ('while you reap').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with participle)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀποπίπτονταfallen / falling grainPres Act Ptcp Acc Pl Neut · ἀποπίπτωsubstantival participle (direct object of συλλέξεις)→ present participle (the grain that falls)ἀποπίπτω: 'fall off / drop'; the articular participle τὰ ἀποπίπτοντα ('the things that fall', the gleanings) renders לֶקֶט ('gleanings'); the dropped ears are left for the needy (cf. Ruth 2).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θερισμοῦharvestGenitivepartitive genitive (modifying τὰ ἀποπίπτοντα)→ relational specificationθερισμός (gen.): 'harvest'; the fallen grain 'of your harvest.'
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying θερισμοῦ)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. sg.): 'your harvest.'
οὐnotnegative particle (with συλλέξεις)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negative forming the prohibition.
συλλέξειςyou shall gather upFut Act Indic 2 Sg · συλλέγωmain verb (prohibitive future)→ prohibitive future (charitable restraint)συλλέγω: 'gather / collect'; renders לָקַט ('glean'); the landholder is forbidden to gather the dropped ears — they belong to the gleaning poor.
τῷfor theDativearticle (with πτωχῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πτωχῷpoorDativedative of advantage (beneficiary)→ sphere or referenceπτωχός: 'poor / destitute'; renders עָנִי ('afflicted/poor'); the gleanings are the right of the destitute; the term is central to Jesus' beatitude (Luke 6:20, οἱ πτωχοί).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷfor theDativearticle (with προσηλύτῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσηλύτῳsojourner / proselyteDativedative of advantage (beneficiary)→ sphere or referenceπροσήλυτος: 'sojourner / resident alien / proselyte'; renders גֵּר ('resident alien'); the LXX coinage προσήλυτος ('one who has come to') becomes the technical term for a convert to Israel's faith; the gleaning-law's care for the alien grounds the inclusion of the nations.
ὑπολείψῃyou shall leaveFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · ὑπολείπωmain verb (positive command)→ imperatival future (charitable obligation)ὑπολείπω (mid. ὑπολείπομαι): 'leave behind / leave remaining'; renders עָזַב ('leave'); the positive counterpart to the prohibitions — the margins and gleanings are deliberately left for the needy.
αὐτάthemAccusativedirect object of ὑπολείψῃ→ participant referenceαὐτός (n. pl.): the gleanings and margins left behind.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic, in self-revelation formula)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic pronoun opens the self-identification formula ἐγὼ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν ('I am the LORD your God'), the covenant signature that grounds the ethical command in YHWH's own authority.
κύριοςLORDNominativepredicate nominative (self-identification)→ participant prominenceκύριος: renders the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the self-revelation formula 'I am the LORD your God' (rendering אֲנִי יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם) is the motivational seal of Holiness-Code legislation (cf. Lev 19:10).
ὁtheNominativearticle (with θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativepredicate nominative (in apposition to κύριος)→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; the covenant title 'your God' binds the gleaning-law to Israel's redemptive relationship with YHWH.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying θεός)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your God' — the covenant possessive.
23
καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων
And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
The ἐλάλησεν-formula opens the autumn cluster of the seventh month — the Day of Trumpets (vv. 23–25). The repeated speech-formula at vv. 26 and 33 keeps each autumn feast as a discrete divine word.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: renders the Hebrew narrative waw, opening a new divine speech-unit.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (single completed speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak'; the aorist ἐλάλησεν introduces the legislation of the Day of Trumpets.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: renders the Tetragrammaton יהוה.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: transliteration of מֹשֶׁה; accusative as object of πρός.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing direct discourse)→ present participle (attendant circumstance)λέγω (pres. ptcp.): renders the quotative לֵאמֹר ('saying').
24
λάλησον τοῖς υἱοῖς Ισραηλ λέγων τοῦ μηνὸς τοῦ ἑβδόμου μιᾷ τοῦ μηνὸς ἔσται ὑμῖν ἀνάπαυσις μνημόσυνον σαλπίγγων κλητὴ ἁγία ἔσται ὑμῖν
Speak to the sons of Israel, saying: In the seventh month, on the first of the month, you shall have a rest, a memorial of trumpet-blasts, a holy convocation.
On the first of the seventh month Israel keeps a rest (ἀνάπαυσις) and a μνημόσυνον σαλπίγγων ('memorial of trumpet-blasts') — the day later known as Rosh Hashanah, opening the solemn season of atonement and ingathering. The trumpet-blast (σάλπιγξ) summons the assembly and 'remembers' Israel before God; the NT links the eschatological σάλπιγξ to resurrection and the Lord's coming (1 Cor 15:52; 1 Thess 4:16).
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
λάλησονspeakAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (divine imperative to Moses)→ ingressive aorist imperative (commissioned speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak'; renders דַּבֵּר; the aorist imperative commissions Moses to address the people.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativeindirect object (dative of address)→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ, the covenant people.
ΙσραηλIsraelindeclinable proper noun (genitival)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing direct discourse)→ present participle (attendant circumstance)λέγω (pres. ptcp.): renders the quotative לֵאמֹר ('saying'), introducing the content.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηνὸςmonthGenitivegenitive of time ('in the month')→ relational specificationμήν (gen.): 'month'; the genitive of time fixes the feast within the seventh month (Tishri).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ordinal)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑβδόμουseventhGenitiveattributive ordinal (modifying μηνός)→ relational specificationἕβδομος: 'seventh'; renders שְׁבִיעִי; the seventh month (Tishri) is the great festal month of the autumn — Trumpets, Atonement, and Booths.
μιᾷfirst (day)Dativedative of time (cardinal for ordinal: 'on the first')→ measure or countεἷς, μία, ἕν: 'one'; the feminine dative μιᾷ (sc. ἡμέρᾳ) renders the Hebrew idiom of using the cardinal 'one' for the first day of the month (בְּאֶחָד לַחֹדֶשׁ).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηνὸςmonthGenitivepartitive genitive ('of the month')→ relational specificationμήν (gen.): 'the first of the month.'
ἔσταιshall be / you shall haveFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (with dative ὑμῖν: possession)→ legislative futureεἰμί (fut. ἔσται): with the dative ὑμῖν ('there shall be for you') prescribes the day's observance.
ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of advantage/possession→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl.): the community for whom the day is appointed.
ἀνάπαυσιςrestNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceἀνάπαυσις: 'rest / cessation'; renders שַׁבָּתוֹן ('solemn rest'); the day is a sabbath-like rest, though not the weekly Sabbath.
μνημόσυνονmemorialNominativepredicate nominative (apposition)→ participant prominenceμνημόσυνον: 'memorial / remembrance'; renders זִכָּרוֹן; the trumpet-blasts serve as a 'memorial' — bringing Israel to remembrance before God; the term has cultic resonance (cf. Acts 10:4, prayers as μνημόσυνον).
σαλπίγγωνof trumpet-blasts / trumpetsGenitivegenitive of definition (modifying μνημόσυνον)→ relational specificationσάλπιγξ: 'trumpet / trumpet-blast'; renders תְּרוּעָה ('blast / shout'); the day is the 'memorial of trumpet-blasts'; the σάλπιγξ figures the eschatological summons in the NT (1 Cor 15:52; 1 Thess 4:16; Rev 8–9).
κλητὴa convocation / calledNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceκλητός: κλητὴ ἁγία ('holy convocation'), the chapter refrain rendering מִקְרָא־קֹדֶשׁ.
ἁγίαholyNominativeattributive adjective (modifying κλητή)→ participant prominenceἅγιος: 'holy'; renders קֹדֶשׁ.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (predicating the convocation)→ legislative futureεἰμί (fut.): the repeated future copula reaffirms the day's status as a holy convocation.
ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl.): the community for whom the day is consecrated.
25
πᾶν ἔργον λατρευτὸν οὐ ποιήσετε καὶ προσάξετε ὁλοκαύτωμα κυρίῳ
You shall do no servile work, and you shall bring a whole burnt offering to the LORD.
The standard festal pair: the servile-work prohibition and the command to bring a whole burnt offering. The brevity matches the day's role as the solemn opening of the seventh-month cycle, building toward the Day of Atonement.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
πᾶνany / allAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἔργον)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / any'; with the negated verb, an absolute ban on servile work.
ἔργονworkAccusativedirect object of ποιήσετε→ object specificationἔργον: 'work'; qualified by λατρευτόν as servile work.
λατρευτὸνservile / of laborAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἔργον)→ object specificationλατρευτός: 'servile'; renders עֲבֹדָה; the festal work-ban formula.
οὐnotnegative particle (with ποιήσετε)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negative forming the prohibition.
ποιήσετεyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (prohibitive future)→ prohibitive futureποιέω: the recurring festal work-ban οὐ ποιήσετε.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσάξετεyou shall bring / offerFut Act Indic 2 Pl · προσάγωmain verb (legislative future, cultic offering)→ imperatival future (cultic obligation)προσάγω: 'bring near / present'; renders הִקְרִיב; the command to offer a burnt offering on the day.
ὁλοκαύτωμαwhole burnt offeringAccusativedirect object→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt offering'; renders עֹלָה; the wholly-consumed offering of the Trumpets day.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of recipient (anarthrous)→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): renders יהוה; the offering is brought to the LORD.
26
καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων
And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
A fresh ἐλάλησεν-formula opens the legislation of the Day of Atonement (vv. 26–32), the most solemn day of the year, distinguished by its summons to self-affliction and the severe 'cutting-off' sanctions.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: renders the Hebrew narrative waw, opening a new divine speech-unit.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (single completed speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak'; the aorist ἐλάλησεν introduces the Atonement legislation.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: renders the Tetragrammaton יהוה.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: transliteration of מֹשֶׁה.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing direct discourse)→ present participle (attendant circumstance)λέγω (pres. ptcp.): renders the quotative לֵאמֹר ('saying').
27
καὶ τῇ δεκάτῃ τοῦ μηνὸς τοῦ ἑβδόμου τούτου ἡμέρα ἐξιλασμοῦ κλητὴ ἁγία ἔσται ὑμῖν καὶ ταπεινώσετε τὰς ψυχὰς ὑμῶν καὶ προσάξετε ὁλοκαύτωμα τῷ κυρίῳ
And on the tenth of this seventh month is a day of atonement; it shall be a holy convocation for you, and you shall afflict your souls, and you shall bring a whole burnt offering to the LORD.
The tenth of the seventh month is ἡμέρα ἐξιλασμοῦ ('a day of atonement'), the supreme purgation-day of Leviticus 16. Uniquely, the people must ταπεινώσετε τὰς ψυχὰς ὑμῶν ('afflict/humble your souls', rendering וְעִנִּיתֶם אֶת־נַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶם) — fasting and penitence. ἐξιλασμός ('propitiation/atonement') is the term Hebrews develops for Christ's once-for-all cleansing (Heb 9; cf. ἱλασμός, 1 John 2:2).
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῇtheDativearticle (with ordinal)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεκάτῃtenth (day)Dativedative of time (substantival ordinal: 'on the tenth')→ sphere or referenceδέκατος: 'tenth'; substantival ἡ δεκάτη (sc. ἡμέρα); renders עָשׂוֹר; the tenth of Tishri is the fixed Day of Atonement (Lev 16:29).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηνὸςmonthGenitivepartitive genitive ('of the month')→ relational specificationμήν (gen.): 'month'; the tenth day of the seventh month.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ordinal)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑβδόμουseventhGenitiveattributive ordinal (modifying μηνός)→ relational specificationἕβδομος: 'seventh'; the same seventh month (Tishri) of the Trumpets day.
τούτουthisGenitivedemonstrative (modifying μηνός)→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'this'; binds the Atonement day to the same seventh month already named (v. 24).
ἡμέραdayNominativepredicate nominative ('[it is] a day')→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: 'day'; ἡμέρα ἐξιλασμοῦ ('day of atonement') names the supreme purgation-day.
ἐξιλασμοῦof atonement / propitiationGenitivegenitive of definition (modifying ἡμέρα)→ relational specificationἐξιλασμός: 'atonement / propitiation / expiation'; renders כִּפֻּרִים; the cognate verb ἐξιλάσκομαι ('make atonement') runs through Lev 16; the word-group (with ἱλαστήριον, ἱλασμός) is foundational for NT atonement theology (Rom 3:25; Heb 9:5; 1 John 2:2).
κλητὴa convocation / calledNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceκλητός: κλητὴ ἁγία ('holy convocation'), the chapter refrain.
ἁγίαholyNominativeattributive adjective (modifying κλητή)→ participant prominenceἅγιος: 'holy'; renders קֹדֶשׁ.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (predicating the convocation)→ legislative futureεἰμί (fut.): the future copula prescribes the day's sacred status.
ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl.): the community for whom the day is set apart.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταπεινώσετεyou shall afflict / humbleFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ταπεινόωmain verb (legislative future)→ imperatival future (penitential obligation)ταπεινόω: 'humble / afflict / abase'; renders עִנָּה; the idiom ταπεινώσετε τὰς ψυχὰς ὑμῶν ('afflict your souls') denotes the self-denial — fasting and penitence — required uniquely on the Day of Atonement; failure carries the 'cutting-off' sanction (vv. 29–30).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχὰςsouls / selvesAccusativedirect object of ταπεινώσετε→ object specificationψυχή: 'soul / life / self'; renders נֶפֶשׁ; in the idiom 'afflict your souls' it denotes the whole self subjected to penitential self-denial (fasting); cf. the Hebraic breadth of נֶפֶשׁ as the living person.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying ψυχάς)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your souls.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσάξετεyou shall bring / offerFut Act Indic 2 Pl · προσάγωmain verb (legislative future, cultic offering)→ imperatival future (cultic obligation)προσάγω: 'bring near / present'; renders הִקְרִיב; the command to offer the burnt offering of the day.
ὁλοκαύτωμαwhole burnt offeringAccusativedirect object→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt offering'; renders עֹלָה; the festal burnt offering, distinct from the great atonement rites of Lev 16.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): renders יהוה.
28
πᾶν ἔργον οὐ ποιήσετε ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταύτῃ ἔστιν γὰρ ἡμέρα ἐξιλασμοῦ αὕτη ὑμῖν ἐξιλάσασθαι περὶ ὑμῶν ἔναντι κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ ὑμῶν
You shall do no work on this very day, for it is a day of atonement for you, to make atonement for you before the LORD your God.
Unlike the other annual feasts (which forbid only servile work), the Day of Atonement forbids πᾶν ἔργον ('all work') like the weekly Sabbath — the γάρ-clause grounds the ban in the day's unique purpose: ἐξιλάσασθαι περὶ ὑμῶν ('to make atonement for you'). The infinitive of purpose and the περὶ ὑμῶν ('for you / on your behalf') anticipate the substitutionary logic of NT atonement.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
πᾶνany / allAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἔργον)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / any'; note the total prohibition πᾶν ἔργον (not merely ἔργον λατρευτόν) — the Atonement ban matches the absolute Sabbath ban of v. 3.
ἔργονworkAccusativedirect object of ποιήσετε→ object specificationἔργον: 'work'; the unqualified ἔργον (without λατρευτόν) marks the Atonement-day rest as total, like the weekly Sabbath — even food-preparation is excluded.
οὐnotnegative particle (with ποιήσετε)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negative forming the absolute prohibition.
ποιήσετεyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (prohibitive future)→ prohibitive future (absolute work-ban)ποιέω: the prohibitive future; the total work-ban distinguishes Atonement from the other annual feasts.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
αὐτῇthis veryDativeintensive pronoun (with τῇ ἡμέρᾳ: 'this very day')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: in attributive position the intensive αὐτῇ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ('this very/self-same day') renders עֶצֶם הַיּוֹם, emphasising the precise day of the absolute rest.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativeobject of ἐν (temporal)→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the Atonement day on which all work ceases.
ταύτῃthisDativedemonstrative (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ participant reference or interestοὗτος: 'this'; reinforces the deictic precision ('on this day').
ἔστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (in causal γάρ-clause)→ stative present (grounding predication)εἰμί: the present copula in the γάρ-clause grounds the work-ban in the day's identity as the atonement-day.
γὰρforcausal particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: 'for'; the explanatory particle grounds the total work-ban in the supreme purpose of the day.
ἡμέραdayNominativepredicate nominative ('it is a day')→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: 'day'; ἡμέρα ἐξιλασμοῦ restates the day's atoning function as the reason for the absolute rest.
ἐξιλασμοῦof atonementGenitivegenitive of definition (modifying ἡμέρα)→ relational specificationἐξιλασμός: 'atonement / propitiation'; renders כִּפֻּרִים; cf. v. 27.
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative (subject, resuming ἡμέρα)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; the demonstrative αὕτη identifies 'this day' as the atonement-day for the people.
ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl.): the atonement is wrought 'for you' — on the people's behalf.
ἐξιλάσασθαιto make atonementAor Mid Inf · ἐξιλάσκομαιinfinitive of purpose→ aorist infinitive (telic: 'in order to atone')ἐξιλάσκομαι: 'make atonement / propitiate / expiate'; renders כִּפֶּר; the infinitive of purpose states the day's goal — to purge and reconcile the people before YHWH; this verb-group underlies NT atonement language (ἱλάσκομαι, Heb 2:17; ἱλασμός, 1 John 2:2).
περὶfor / concerningpreposition + genitive (on behalf of)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'concerning / on behalf of'; with the atonement-verb it has substitutionary force ('to make atonement on your behalf').
ὑμῶνyouGenitivegenitive object of περί (beneficiaries of atonement)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): the people on whose behalf atonement is made.
ἔναντιbeforepreposition + genitive (in the presence of)→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before / in the presence of'; renders לִפְנֵי; the atonement is enacted in the divine presence.
κυρίουLORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος (gen.): renders יהוה; atonement is made before the LORD.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with θεοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive in apposition to κυρίου→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; the covenant title 'the LORD your God' grounds the atonement in the covenant relationship.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying θεοῦ)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your God.'
29
πᾶσα ψυχή ἥτις μὴ ταπεινωθήσεται ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταύτῃ ἐξολεθρευθήσεται ἐκ τοῦ λαοῦ αὐτῆς
Every soul that is not humbled on this very day shall be utterly destroyed from its people.
The first of two severe sanctions: anyone who refuses the self-affliction (fasting) is to be 'utterly destroyed from the people' (ἐξολεθρευθήσεται). ἐξολεθρεύω renders the Hebrew כָּרֵת ('cut off'), the karet penalty — exclusion from the covenant community, whether by death or excommunication. Refusing to humble oneself on the atonement-day is treated as covenant apostasy.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
πᾶσαeveryNominativeattributive adjective (modifying ψυχή)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'every / all'; the distributive πᾶσα ψυχή ('every soul/person') makes the sanction universal — no exceptions.
ψυχήsoul / personNominativesubject→ participant prominenceψυχή: 'soul / person / individual life'; renders נֶפֶשׁ; here the whole human person as a legal subject ('every soul' = 'everyone').
ἥτιςwhoever / whichNominativeindefinite relative pronoun (subject of subordinate clause)→ participant referenceὅστις: the indefinite relative ἥτις ('whoever / any that') generalises — 'every soul of whatever kind that does not humble itself'; emphasises the categorical scope of the law.
μὴnotnegative particle (with future, in conditional-relative clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: the subjective negative; in this conditional-relative clause μή negates the verb ('whoever does not humble himself').
ταπεινωθήσεταιwill be humbled / humble himselfFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ταπεινόωverb of relative clause (condition)→ future passive (reflexive sense: 'humble oneself')ταπεινόω (fut. pass.): 'be humbled / humble oneself'; renders the reflexive עִנָּה (Pual/Hithpael nuance, 'afflict oneself'); the passive here bears reflexive force — whoever does not undertake the self-affliction of fasting and penitence.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
αὐτῇthis veryDativeintensive pronoun (with τῇ ἡμέρᾳ)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: the intensive αὐτῇ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ('this very day') renders עֶצֶם הַיּוֹם.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativeobject of ἐν (temporal)→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the Atonement day on which self-affliction is mandatory.
ταύτῃthisDativedemonstrative (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ participant reference or interestοὗτος: 'this'; reinforces the deictic precision.
ἐξολεθρευθήσεταιshall be utterly destroyed / cut offFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐξολεθρεύωmain verb (apodosis: the sanction)→ future passive (judicial sentence)ἐξολεθρεύω: 'utterly destroy / exterminate'; renders the karet-verb כָּרַת ('cut off'); the standard LXX rendering of the כָּרֵת penalty — removal from the covenant community by death or excommunication; the intensive ἐξ- underscores total severance from the people.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'out of / from'; marks the separation from the people.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (separation)→ relational specificationλαός: 'people'; renders עַם; the covenant community from which the offender is cut off.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying λαοῦ: 'its people')→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. fem.): refers back to ψυχή; the offender is cut off 'from its (own) people' — the loss of covenant belonging.
30
καὶ πᾶσα ψυχή ἥτις ποιήσει ἔργον ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταύτῃ ἀπολεῖται ἡ ψυχὴ ἐκείνη ἐκ τοῦ λαοῦ αὐτῆς
And every soul that does work on this very day, that soul shall perish from its people.
The parallel sanction targets working rather than fasting: anyone who does work shall 'perish' (ἀπολεῖται) from the people. The resumptive ἡ ψυχὴ ἐκείνη ('that soul') is a Hebraism (rendering the casus pendens), and ἀπόλλυμι here is functionally synonymous with the ἐξολεθρεύω of v. 29 — both render the divine extirpation of the covenant-breaker.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶσαeveryNominativeattributive adjective (modifying ψυχή)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'every'; universalises the second sanction.
ψυχήsoul / personNominativesubject (casus pendens, resumed by ἡ ψυχὴ ἐκείνη)→ participant prominenceψυχή: 'soul / person'; renders נֶפֶשׁ; the fronted subject is resumed pleonastically by ἡ ψυχὴ ἐκείνη — a Hebraism (casus pendens / nominative absolute).
ἥτιςwhoeverNominativeindefinite relative pronoun (subject of relative clause)→ participant referenceὅστις: 'whoever / any that'; generalises the offender.
ποιήσειwill doFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause (condition)→ future (conditional protasis)ποιέω: 'do'; the future in the relative clause states the violating act — doing work on the Atonement-day.
ἔργονworkAccusativedirect object of ποιήσει→ object specificationἔργον: 'work'; the unqualified ἔργον (any work) matches the absolute ban of v. 28.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
αὐτῇthis veryDativeintensive pronoun (with τῇ ἡμέρᾳ)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'this very day' (αὐτῇ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ), rendering עֶצֶם הַיּוֹם.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativeobject of ἐν (temporal)→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the Atonement day.
ταύτῃthisDativedemonstrative (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ participant reference or interestοὗτος: 'this'; deictic precision.
ἀπολεῖταιshall perishFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀπόλλυμιmain verb (apodosis: the sanction)→ future middle (judicial perishing)ἀπόλλυμι (mid. ἀπόλλυμαι): 'perish / be destroyed / be lost'; renders אָבַד / the karet penalty; functionally synonymous here with ἐξολεθρεύω (v. 29) — both denote divine extirpation from the covenant people.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with ψυχή)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχὴsoulNominativesubject (resumptive, in apposition to the fronted πᾶσα ψυχή)→ participant prominenceψυχή: the resumptive ἡ ψυχὴ ἐκείνη ('that soul') is a Hebraism reprising the suspended subject (casus pendens).
ἐκείνηthatNominativedemonstrative (modifying ψυχή)→ participant prominenceἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the distal demonstrative points back to the offending soul; ἡ ψυχὴ ἐκείνη renders הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִוא, the formula of judicial identification.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'from'; separation from the people.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (separation)→ relational specificationλαός: 'people'; renders עַם; the covenant community.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying λαοῦ)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. fem.): 'its people' — refers to ψυχή.
31
πᾶν ἔργον οὐ ποιήσετε νόμιμον αἰώνιον εἰς τὰς γενεὰς ὑμῶν ἐν πάσαις κατοικίαις ὑμῶν
You shall do no work; it is a perpetual statute throughout your generations in all your dwellings.
The absolute work-ban (πᾶν ἔργον, as in v. 28) is restated and sealed with the perpetual-statute formula (νόμιμον αἰώνιον … ἐν πάσαις κατοικίαις) that recurs across the chapter (vv. 14, 21, 41), binding the Atonement-day rest on all generations everywhere.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
πᾶνany / allAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἔργον)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / any'; the total work-ban, repeated from v. 28.
ἔργονworkAccusativedirect object of ποιήσετε→ object specificationἔργον: 'work'; the unqualified ἔργον marks the absolute Atonement-day rest.
οὐnotnegative particle (with ποιήσετε)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negative forming the prohibition.
ποιήσετεyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (prohibitive future)→ prohibitive future (absolute work-ban)ποιέω: the prohibitive future restates the total ban.
νόμιμονstatute / ordinanceNominativenominative (appositional summary)→ participant prominenceνόμιμον: 'statute'; νόμιμον αἰώνιον renders חֻקַּת עוֹלָם, the perpetual-statute refrain (cf. vv. 14, 21, 41).
αἰώνιονperpetualNominativeattributive adjective (modifying νόμιμον)→ participant prominenceαἰώνιος: 'everlasting'; renders עוֹלָם; the statute is permanently binding.
εἰςthroughoutpreposition + accusative (temporal extent)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: temporal-distributive, 'throughout'; εἰς τὰς γενεάς renders לְדֹרֹת.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενεὰςgenerationsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (temporal extent)→ object specificationγενεά: 'generation'; renders דּוֹר; binds the statute on all descendants.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying γενεάς)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your generations.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
πάσαιςallDativeattributive adjective (modifying κατοικίαις)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all'; universalises the statute to every settlement.
κατοικίαιςdwellingsDativeobject of ἐν (locative)→ sphere or referenceκατοικία (pl.): 'dwellings / settlements'; renders מוֹשְׁבֹת; the plural here ('in all your dwellings') matches the universalising scope.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying κατοικίαις)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your dwellings.'
32
σάββατα σαββάτων ἔσται ὑμῖν καὶ ταπεινώσετε τὰς ψυχὰς ὑμῶν ἀπὸ ἐνάτης τοῦ μηνὸς ἀπὸ ἑσπέρας ἕως ἑσπέρας σαββατιεῖτε τὰ σάββατα ὑμῶν
It shall be a sabbath of sabbaths for you, and you shall afflict your souls; from the ninth of the month, from evening to evening, you shall keep your sabbath.
The Atonement-day is named σάββατα σαββάτων ('a sabbath of sabbaths', the Hebrew superlative שַׁבַּת שַׁבָּתוֹן) — the most solemn rest of the year. Its reckoning is unusual: ἀπὸ ἑσπέρας ἕως ἑσπέρας ('from evening to evening'), beginning the evening of the ninth — the basis for the Jewish evening-to-evening day. The cognate σαββατιεῖτε τὰ σάββατα ('you shall sabbath your sabbath') is a figura etymologica intensifying the command.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
σάββαταa sabbathNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceσάββατον (pl. σάββατα): the neuter plural with singular sense; σάββατα σαββάτων ('a sabbath of sabbaths') renders שַׁבַּת שַׁבָּתוֹן, a Hebrew superlative idiom marking the most absolute rest.
σαββάτωνof sabbathsGenitivegenitive of intensity (Hebraic superlative)→ relational specificationσάββατον (gen. pl.): the genitive σαββάτων forms the superlative 'sabbath of sabbaths' — a rest surpassing all others, fitting the supreme atonement-day.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (predicating the sabbath)→ legislative futureεἰμί (fut.): the future copula prescribes the day's supreme sabbath-status.
ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl.): the community for whom the rest is appointed.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταπεινώσετεyou shall afflict / humbleFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ταπεινόωmain verb (legislative future)→ imperatival future (penitential obligation)ταπεινόω: 'humble / afflict'; renders עִנָּה; the repeated command to 'afflict your souls' (cf. v. 27) reaffirms the fasting-penitence at the heart of the day.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχὰςsoulsAccusativedirect object of ταπεινώσετε→ object specificationψυχή: 'soul / self'; renders נֶפֶשׁ; the whole person subjected to penitential self-denial.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying ψυχάς)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your souls.'
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (temporal start)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; marks the start of the day's reckoning.
ἐνάτηςninth (day)Genitivesubstantival ordinal (genitive: 'from the ninth')→ relational specificationἔνατος: 'ninth'; substantival ἡ ἐνάτη (sc. ἡμέρα); the Atonement-rest begins the evening of the ninth — anticipating the tenth — establishing the evening-to-evening cultic day.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηνὸςmonthGenitivepartitive genitive ('of the month')→ relational specificationμήν (gen.): 'month'; the ninth of the seventh month.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (temporal start)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: the second ἀπό specifies the time of day — 'from evening.'
ἑσπέραςeveningGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (temporal start)→ relational specificationἑσπέρα: 'evening'; renders עֶרֶב; the day's rest begins at evening.
ἕωςuntil / topreposition + genitive (temporal end)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until / to'; marks the terminus of the rest.
ἑσπέραςeveningGenitivegenitive object of ἕως (temporal end)→ relational specificationἑσπέρα: 'evening'; ἀπὸ ἑσπέρας ἕως ἑσπέρας ('from evening to evening') defines the cultic day and grounds the Jewish evening-reckoning of the day.
σαββατιεῖτεyou shall keep sabbathFut Act Indic 2 Pl · σαββατίζωmain verb (legislative future, cognate construction)→ imperatival future (cultic obligation)σαββατίζω: 'keep sabbath / observe a sabbath-rest'; a denominative verb from σάββατον; the cognate construction σαββατιεῖτε τὰ σάββατα ('you shall sabbath your sabbath') is a figura etymologica rendering תִּשְׁבְּתוּ שַׁבַּתְּכֶם, intensifying the rest-command.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σάββαταsabbathAccusativecognate accusative (object of σαββατιεῖτε)→ object specificationσάββατον (pl.): the cognate object 'your sabbath'; the figura etymologica binds verb and noun for emphasis — 'keep your sabbath-rest completely.'
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying σάββατα)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your sabbath.'
33
καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων
And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
The final ἐλάλησεν-formula opens the legislation of the Feast of Booths/Tabernacles (vv. 33–43), the climactic ingathering-feast of the year and the setting of John 7.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: renders the Hebrew narrative waw, opening a new divine speech-unit.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (single completed speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak'; the aorist ἐλάλησεν introduces the Booths legislation.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: renders the Tetragrammaton יהוה.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: transliteration of מֹשֶׁה.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing direct discourse)→ present participle (attendant circumstance)λέγω (pres. ptcp.): renders the quotative לֵאמֹר ('saying').
34
λάλησον τοῖς υἱοῖς Ισραηλ λέγων τῇ πεντεκαιδεκάτῃ τοῦ μηνὸς τοῦ ἑβδόμου τούτου ἑορτὴ σκηνῶν ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας τῷ κυρίῳ
Speak to the sons of Israel, saying: On the fifteenth of this seventh month is the Feast of Booths for seven days to the LORD.
Five days after Atonement, on the fifteenth (full moon) of the seventh month, begins the seven-day ἑορτὴ σκηνῶν ('Feast of Booths/Tabernacles', rendering חַג הַסֻּכּוֹת) — the great ingathering and joy-feast. In the NT it is the setting of Jesus' temple discourse and the 'living water' cry of John 7:2, 37–39; σκηνή ('tent/tabernacle') also undergirds the incarnation language of John 1:14 (ἐσκήνωσεν).
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
λάλησονspeakAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (divine imperative to Moses)→ ingressive aorist imperative (commissioned speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak'; renders דַּבֵּר; commissions Moses to address the people.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativeindirect object (dative of address)→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ, the covenant people.
ΙσραηλIsraelindeclinable proper noun (genitival)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing direct discourse)→ present participle (attendant circumstance)λέγω (pres. ptcp.): renders the quotative לֵאמֹר ('saying').
τῇtheDativearticle (with ordinal)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεντεκαιδεκάτῃfifteenth (day)Dativedative of time (substantival ordinal: 'on the fifteenth')→ sphere or referenceπεντεκαιδέκατος: 'fifteenth'; substantival (sc. ἡμέρᾳ); renders חֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר; the fifteenth of the seventh month (full moon) opens Booths.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηνὸςmonthGenitivepartitive genitive ('of the month')→ relational specificationμήν (gen.): 'month'; the fifteenth day of the seventh month.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ordinal)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑβδόμουseventhGenitiveattributive ordinal (modifying μηνός)→ relational specificationἕβδομος: 'seventh'; the same seventh month (Tishri).
τούτουthisGenitivedemonstrative (modifying μηνός)→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'this'; binds Booths to the same seventh month as Trumpets and Atonement.
ἑορτὴfeastNominativepredicate nominative ('[is] the feast')→ participant prominenceἑορτή: 'feast / pilgrimage festival'; renders חַג; ἑορτὴ σκηνῶν ('Feast of Booths') is the climactic ingathering pilgrimage-feast, also called σκηνοπηγία ('tent-pitching', John 7:2).
σκηνῶνof booths / tentsGenitivegenitive of definition (modifying ἑορτή)→ relational specificationσκηνή: 'tent / booth / tabernacle'; renders סֻכָּה ('booth'); the temporary shelters in which Israel dwells during the feast; σκηνή also names the wilderness Tabernacle and underlies the incarnation verb of John 1:14 (ἐσκήνωσεν, 'tabernacled among us').
ἑπτὰsevenindeclinable numeral (modifying ἡμέρας)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; indeclinable; the seven-day span of the feast.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('for seven days')→ object specificationἡμέρα: accusative of duration; the feast lasts seven days, with an eighth-day assembly (v. 36).
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of dedication→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): renders יהוה; the feast is kept to the LORD.
35
καὶ ἡ ἡμέρα ἡ πρώτη κλητὴ ἁγία πᾶν ἔργον λατρευτὸν οὐ ποιήσετε
And the first day is a holy convocation; you shall do no servile work.
The first day of the seven-day feast is a holy convocation with the servile-work ban, paralleling the opening day of Unleavened Bread (v. 7). The rubric brackets the festal week alongside the eighth-day convocation of v. 36.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραdayNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the first day of Booths.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with ordinal)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρώτηfirstNominativeattributive ordinal (modifying ἡμέρα)→ participant prominenceπρῶτος: 'first'; the opening convocation-day of the feast.
κλητὴa convocation / calledNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceκλητός: κλητὴ ἁγία ('holy convocation'), the chapter refrain.
ἁγίαholyNominativeattributive adjective (modifying κλητή)→ participant prominenceἅγιος: 'holy'; renders קֹדֶשׁ.
πᾶνany / allAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἔργον)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / any'; the total ban on servile work.
ἔργονworkAccusativedirect object of ποιήσετε→ object specificationἔργον: 'work'; qualified by λατρευτόν as servile work.
λατρευτὸνservile / of laborAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἔργον)→ object specificationλατρευτός: 'servile'; renders עֲבֹדָה; the festal work-ban formula.
οὐnotnegative particle (with ποιήσετε)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negative forming the prohibition.
ποιήσετεyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (prohibitive future)→ prohibitive futureποιέω: the recurring festal work-ban οὐ ποιήσετε.
36
ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας προσάξετε ὁλοκαυτώματα τῷ κυρίῳ καὶ ἡ ἡμέρα ἡ ὀγδόη κλητὴ ἁγία ἔσται ὑμῖν καὶ προσάξετε ὁλοκαυτώματα τῷ κυρίῳ ἐξόδιόν ἐστιν πᾶν ἔργον λατρευτὸν οὐ ποιήσετε
Seven days you shall bring whole burnt offerings to the LORD; and the eighth day shall be a holy convocation for you, and you shall bring whole burnt offerings to the LORD; it is a closing assembly; you shall do no servile work.
Burnt offerings span all seven days; then an added eighth day is a holy convocation called ἐξόδιον ('a closing/solemn assembly', rendering עֲצֶרֶת) — a festal coda beyond the seven. This 'last, great day of the feast' (cf. John 7:37, τῇ ἐσχάτῃ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ μεγάλῃ τῆς ἑορτῆς) is the occasion of Jesus' cry of living water.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ἑπτὰsevenindeclinable numeral (modifying ἡμέρας)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; indeclinable; the burnt offerings span all seven days of the feast.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('for seven days')→ object specificationἡμέρα: accusative of duration; offerings on each day of the feast.
προσάξετεyou shall bring / offerFut Act Indic 2 Pl · προσάγωmain verb (legislative future, cultic offering)→ imperatival future (cultic obligation)προσάγω: 'bring near / present'; renders הִקְרִיב; the command to offer burnt offerings throughout the feast.
ὁλοκαυτώματαwhole burnt offeringsAccusativedirect object→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα (pl.): 'whole burnt offerings'; renders עֹלוֹת; the daily offerings of Booths (the largest of any feast, Num 29:12–34).
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): renders יהוה.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραdayNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the added eighth day.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with ordinal)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀγδόηeighthNominativeattributive ordinal (modifying ἡμέρα)→ participant prominenceὄγδοος: 'eighth'; renders שְׁמִינִי; the eighth day is an added closing assembly beyond the seven, the 'last great day' (John 7:37).
κλητὴa convocation / calledNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceκλητός: κλητὴ ἁγία ('holy convocation'), the chapter refrain.
ἁγίαholyNominativeattributive adjective (modifying κλητή)→ participant prominenceἅγιος: 'holy'; renders קֹדֶשׁ.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (predicating the convocation)→ legislative futureεἰμί (fut.): the future copula prescribes the eighth day's sacred status.
ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl.): the community for whom the day is set apart.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσάξετεyou shall bring / offerFut Act Indic 2 Pl · προσάγωmain verb (legislative future)→ imperatival future (cultic obligation)προσάγω: 'bring near / offer'; the eighth day too has its burnt offering.
ὁλοκαυτώματαwhole burnt offeringsAccusativedirect object→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα (pl.): the burnt offerings of the eighth-day assembly.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): renders יהוה.
ἐξόδιόνclosing assembly / solemn closeNominativepredicate nominative ('[it is] a closing assembly')→ participant prominenceἐξόδιον: 'closing/concluding (festal) assembly'; renders עֲצֶרֶת ('solemn assembly / restraint'); the term (from ἔξοδος, 'a going out') marks the eighth day as the solemn conclusion of the entire festal year.
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative present (identifying predication)εἰμί: the present copula identifies the eighth day as the festal close.
πᾶνany / allAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἔργον)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / any'; the ban on servile work.
ἔργονworkAccusativedirect object of ποιήσετε→ object specificationἔργον: 'work'; qualified by λατρευτόν as servile work.
λατρευτὸνservile / of laborAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἔργον)→ object specificationλατρευτός: 'servile'; renders עֲבֹדָה; the festal work-ban formula.
οὐnotnegative particle (with ποιήσετε)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negative forming the prohibition.
ποιήσετεyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (prohibitive future)→ prohibitive futureποιέω: the recurring festal work-ban οὐ ποιήσετε.
37
αὗται αἱ ἑορταὶ κυρίῳ ἃς καλέσετε κλητὰς ἁγίας ὥστε προσενέγκαι καρπώματα τῷ κυρίῳ ὁλοκαυτώματα καὶ θυσίας αὐτῶν καὶ σπονδὰς αὐτῶν τὸ καθ᾿ ἡμέραν εἰς ἡμέραν
These are the feasts of the LORD, which you shall proclaim as holy convocations, so as to bring fire-offerings to the LORD — whole burnt offerings and their grain offerings and their drink offerings — the matter of each day on its day.
A closing summary gathers the whole annual cycle: these are the feasts to be proclaimed as holy convocations, each with its proper offerings — burnt offerings, grain offerings, and libations — rendered τὸ καθ᾿ ἡμέραν εἰς ἡμέραν ('the matter of each day on its day'), a Hebraism (דְּבַר־יוֹם בְּיוֹמוֹ) for the daily-appointed portion.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
αὗταιtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'these'; the demonstrative gathers up the whole festal list in summary (echoing vv. 2, 4).
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑορταὶfeastsNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceἑορτή: 'feast'; the annual appointed feasts summarised.
κυρίῳof/to the LORDDativedative of dedication ('feasts to the LORD')→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): renders יהוה; the feasts belong to the LORD.
ἃςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of καλέσετε)→ participant referenceὅς: the relative ἃς agrees with ἑορταί and introduces the defining clause.
καλέσετεyou shall proclaimFut Act Indic 2 Pl · καλέωverb of relative clause→ imperatival future (cultic proclamation)καλέω: 'proclaim / convene'; cognate with κλητή; the feasts are publicly proclaimed as sacred assemblies.
κλητὰςconvocations / calledAccusativepredicate accusative (object complement)→ object specificationκλητός: 'called / convocation'; κλητὰς ἁγίας ('holy convocations'), renders מִקְרָאֵי קֹדֶשׁ.
ἁγίαςholyAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying κλητάς)→ object specificationἅγιος: 'holy'; renders קֹדֶשׁ.
ὥστεso as / in order toconjunction (introducing result/purpose infinitive)→ discourse linkage or contrastὥστε: 'so as to / in order to'; with the infinitive προσενέγκαι it expresses the purpose of the convocations — the presenting of offerings.
προσενέγκαιto bring / offerAor Act Inf · προσφέρωinfinitive of purpose/result (with ὥστε)→ aorist infinitive (telic)προσφέρω: 'bring near / present / offer'; renders הִקְרִיב; the aorist infinitive states the goal of the convocations — to present the appointed offerings to YHWH.
καρπώματαfire-offerings / burnt giftsAccusativedirect object of προσενέγκαι→ object specificationκάρπωμα: 'offering made by fire / burnt gift'; renders אִשֶּׁה ('fire-offering'); the general category of offerings consumed on the altar, here itemised as burnt offerings, grain offerings, and libations.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): renders יהוה.
ὁλοκαυτώματαwhole burnt offeringsAccusativeaccusative in apposition to καρπώματα→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα (pl.): 'whole burnt offerings'; the first itemised category of fire-offerings.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θυσίαςgrain offeringsAccusativeaccusative (further itemisation of offerings)→ object specificationθυσία (pl.): the accompanying grain offerings (מִנְחָה).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying θυσίας)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. pl.): 'their' — belonging to the burnt offerings.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σπονδὰςdrink offeringsAccusativeaccusative (further itemisation)→ object specificationσπονδή (pl.): the accompanying drink offerings/libations (נֶסֶךְ).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying σπονδάς)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. pl.): 'their' — belonging to the offerings.
τὸthe (matter)Accusativesubstantival article (adverbial: 'the matter of')→ noun-phrase markingὁ/τό: the neuter article substantivises the following phrase — 'the (appointed thing) of each day'; introduces the Hebraism of daily-portioned offerings.
καθ᾿according to / eachpreposition + accusative (distributive, elided)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: in distributive sense 'day by day'; τὸ καθ᾿ ἡμέραν ('the matter of each day').
ἡμέρανdayAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (distributive)→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; in the distributive idiom 'each day.'
εἰςfor / onpreposition + accusative (distributive: 'on its day')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: here distributive, 'on/for (its) day'; the phrase τὸ καθ᾿ ἡμέραν εἰς ἡμέραν renders דְּבַר־יוֹם בְּיוֹמוֹ ('the matter of a day on its day'), i.e. each day's offerings on their appointed day.
ἡμέρανdayAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (distributive)→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the repeated ἡμέραν completes the Hebraism of daily-appointed portions.
38
πλὴν τῶν σαββάτων κυρίου καὶ πλὴν τῶν δομάτων ὑμῶν καὶ πλὴν πασῶν τῶν εὐχῶν ὑμῶν καὶ πλὴν τῶν ἑκουσίων ὑμῶν ἃ ἂν δῶτε τῷ κυρίῳ
Besides the sabbaths of the LORD, and besides your gifts, and besides all your vows, and besides your freewill offerings, which you give to the LORD.
The fourfold πλήν ('besides / apart from') clarifies that the festal offerings do not replace but supplement the ongoing cultic life: the weekly Sabbath offerings, freewill gifts (δόματα), vows (εὐχαί), and voluntary offerings (ἑκούσια). The festal calendar is layered atop the regular and the voluntary worship of Israel.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
πλὴνbesides / apart frompreposition + genitive (exception/addition)→ spatial or relational framingπλήν: 'besides / except / apart from'; renders מִלְּבַד ('apart from'); the fourfold anaphora of πλήν marks the festal offerings as additional to the standing categories of worship.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σαββάτωνsabbathsGenitivegenitive object of πλήν→ relational specificationσάββατον (pl.): 'sabbaths'; the regular weekly Sabbath offerings (Num 28:9–10), distinct from and prior to the festal offerings.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying σαββάτων)→ relational specificationκύριος (gen.): renders יהוה; 'the sabbaths of the LORD' — the LORD's own appointed weekly rest.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλὴνbesidespreposition + genitive (addition)→ spatial or relational framingπλήν: 'besides'; second member of the anaphora.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δομάτωνgiftsGenitivegenitive object of πλήν→ relational specificationδόμα: 'gift'; renders מַתָּנָה ('gift'); the voluntary gifts brought to the sanctuary apart from the prescribed festal offerings.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying δομάτων)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your gifts.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλὴνbesidespreposition + genitive (addition)→ spatial or relational framingπλήν: 'besides'; third member of the anaphora.
πασῶνallGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying εὐχῶν)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; 'all your vows.'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐχῶνvowsGenitivegenitive object of πλήν→ relational specificationεὐχή: 'vow / prayer'; renders נֶדֶר ('vow'); the votive offerings pledged to YHWH, distinct from the calendar's fixed offerings.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying εὐχῶν)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your vows.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλὴνbesidespreposition + genitive (addition)→ spatial or relational framingπλήν: 'besides'; fourth member of the anaphora.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑκουσίωνfreewill offeringsGenitivegenitive object of πλήν (substantival adjective)→ relational specificationἑκούσιος: 'voluntary / freewill'; substantival τὰ ἑκούσια ('freewill offerings'); renders נְדָבָה ('freewill offering'); the spontaneous gifts given beyond all obligation.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying ἑκουσίων)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your freewill offerings.'
ἃwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of δῶτε)→ participant referenceὅς: the relative ἃ (acc. n. pl.) gathers all the foregoing voluntary offerings as the object of 'give.'
ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive δῶτε)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: modal particle generalising the relative clause ('whatever you give').
δῶτεyou giveAor Act Subj 2 Pl · δίδωμιverb of relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (indefinite: 'whatever you may give')δίδωμι: 'give'; renders נָתַן; the aorist subjunctive with ἄν generalises — all such voluntary gifts, whenever offered, are additional to the festal calendar.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): renders יהוה; all the offerings are given to the LORD.
39
καὶ ἐν τῇ πεντεκαιδεκάτῃ ἡμέρᾳ τοῦ μηνὸς τοῦ ἑβδόμου τούτου ὅταν συντελέσητε τὰ γενήματα τῆς γῆς ἑορτάσετε τῷ κυρίῳ ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ πρώτῃ ἀνάπαυσις καὶ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ ὀγδόῃ ἀνάπαυσις
And on the fifteenth day of this seventh month, when you have gathered in the produce of the land, you shall keep a feast to the LORD seven days; on the first day a rest, and on the eighth day a rest.
A second account of Booths, now stressing its agricultural meaning: it is celebrated 'when you have gathered in the produce of the land' (ὅταν συντελέσητε τὰ γενήματα), the autumn ingathering. The first and eighth days are each a rest (ἀνάπαυσις), framing the seven-day rejoicing introduced in v. 40.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῇtheDativearticle (with ordinal)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεντεκαιδεκάτῃfifteenthDativeattributive ordinal (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceπεντεκαιδέκατος: 'fifteenth'; the fifteenth of the seventh month, repeated from v. 34.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the opening day of Booths.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηνὸςmonthGenitivepartitive genitive→ relational specificationμήν (gen.): 'month'; the fifteenth of the seventh month.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ordinal)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑβδόμουseventhGenitiveattributive ordinal (modifying μηνός)→ relational specificationἕβδομος: 'seventh'; the seventh month (Tishri).
τούτουthisGenitivedemonstrative (modifying μηνός)→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'this'; the same seventh month.
ὅτανwhentemporal conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅταν: 'when(ever)'; takes the subjunctive; ties Booths to the completion of the harvest.
συντελέσητεyou have gathered in / completedAor Act Subj 2 Pl · συντελέωverb of temporal clause→ aorist subjunctive (completed harvest as condition)συντελέω: 'complete / finish / bring to an end'; renders אָסַף ('gather in') in the sense of completing the harvest; here the autumn ingathering of all the land's produce, which Booths celebrates.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενήματαproduce / yieldAccusativedirect object of συντελέσητε→ object specificationγένημα: 'produce / fruit / yield (of the soil)'; renders תְּבוּאָה; the land's harvested crops — Booths is the feast of the completed ingathering.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying γενήματα)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; renders אֶרֶץ; 'the produce of the land.'
ἑορτάσετεyou shall keep a feastFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ἑορτάζωmain verb (legislative future)→ imperatival future (festal celebration)ἑορτάζω: 'celebrate a feast / keep festival'; denominative from ἑορτή; renders חָגַג ('celebrate a pilgrimage feast'); Booths is the joyous ingathering-festival kept before YHWH.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of dedication→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): renders יהוה; the feast is kept to the LORD.
ἑπτὰsevenindeclinable numeral (modifying ἡμέρας)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; indeclinable; the seven-day feast.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἡμέρα: accusative of duration; seven days of feasting.
τῇon theDativearticle (with ordinal)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the first day of the feast.
τῇtheDativearticle (with ordinal)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρώτῃfirstDativeattributive ordinal (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceπρῶτος: 'first'; the first day's rest opens the feast.
ἀνάπαυσιςrestNominativepredicate nominative ('[is] a rest')→ participant prominenceἀνάπαυσις: 'rest'; renders שַׁבָּתוֹן; the first day is a sabbath-like rest.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῇon theDativearticle (with ordinal)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the eighth day.
τῇtheDativearticle (with ordinal)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀγδόῃeighthDativeattributive ordinal (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceὄγδοος: 'eighth'; the added eighth-day rest (cf. v. 36).
ἀνάπαυσιςrestNominativepredicate nominative ('[is] a rest')→ participant prominenceἀνάπαυσις: 'rest'; the eighth day too is a sabbath-like rest, the festal coda.
40
καὶ λήμψεσθε τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ πρώτῃ καρπὸν ξύλου ὡραῖον καὶ κάλλυνθρα φοινίκων καὶ κλάδους ξύλου δασεῖς καὶ ἰτέας καὶ ἄγνου κλάδους ἐκ χειμάρρου εὐφρανθῆναι ἔναντι κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ ὑμῶν ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας
And on the first day you shall take goodly fruit of a tree, and palm-fronds, and leafy boughs of a tree, and willows, and branches of the chaste-tree from the brook, to rejoice before the LORD your God seven days.
The distinctive Booths-rite: taking goodly fruit, palm-fronds (φοίνικες), leafy and willow boughs to 'rejoice before the LORD' (εὐφρανθῆναι ἔναντι κυρίου) for seven days. This is the basis of the later lulav and the festal joy; the palm-branches of John 12:13 and the great Hosanna of the feast trace to this command. Joy (εὐφραίνομαι) is the keynote of Booths.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λήμψεσθεyou shall takeFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb (legislative future)→ imperatival future (festal obligation)λαμβάνω (fut. mid. λήμψομαι): 'take / receive'; renders לָקַח; the command to take the festal branches and fruit — the ceremonial 'four species' of the lulav tradition.
τῇon theDativearticle (with ordinal)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the first day of the feast.
τῇtheDativearticle (with ordinal)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρώτῃfirstDativeattributive ordinal (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceπρῶτος: 'first'; the branch-taking begins on the first day.
καρπὸνfruitAccusativedirect object of λήμψεσθε→ object specificationκαρπός: 'fruit'; renders פְּרִי; the 'goodly fruit of a tree' (traditionally the citron, etrog).
ξύλουof a tree / woodGenitivegenitive of source (modifying καρπόν)→ relational specificationξύλον: 'tree / wood'; renders עֵץ; 'fruit of a tree'; the term ξύλον is also that of the cross in NT usage (Acts 5:30; Gal 3:13).
ὡραῖονgoodly / beautifulAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying καρπόν)→ object specificationὡραῖος: 'beautiful / in its prime / goodly'; renders הָדָר ('splendor / beauty'); the fruit must be choice and beautiful — fitting for presentation before YHWH.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κάλλυνθραpalm-frondsAccusativedirect object of λήμψεσθε→ object specificationκάλλυνθρον: 'palm-frond / palm-branch (for adorning)'; renders כַּפֹּת ('fronds') of תְּמָרִים; the palm-branches central to the festal procession (cf. the palm-waving of John 12:13).
φοινίκωνof palm treesGenitivegenitive of source (modifying κάλλυνθρα)→ relational specificationφοῖνιξ: 'palm tree / date-palm'; renders תָּמָר; 'fronds of palm trees'; φοῖνιξ is the palm of John 12:13 (τὰ βαΐα τῶν φοινίκων).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κλάδουςboughs / branchesAccusativedirect object of λήμψεσθε→ object specificationκλάδος: 'branch / bough'; renders עֲנַף; the leafy boughs of the festal bundle.
ξύλουof a treeGenitivegenitive of source (modifying κλάδους)→ relational specificationξύλον: 'tree'; 'boughs of a tree' (the leafy/myrtle branch of tradition).
δασεῖςleafy / bushyAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying κλάδους)→ object specificationδασύς: 'thick / leafy / bushy'; renders עָבֹת ('leafy / thick-foliaged'); the boughs are to be densely-leaved (the myrtle of later tradition).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰτέαςwillowsAccusativedirect object of λήμψεσθε→ object specificationἰτέα: 'willow'; renders עֲרָבָה ('willow of the brook'); the willow-branches of the festal bundle.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄγνουof the chaste-tree / agnus castusGenitivegenitive of source (modifying κλάδους)→ relational specificationἄγνος: 'chaste-tree / agnus castus (a willow-like shrub)'; the LXX adds this species; the genitive 'branches of the chaste-tree' supplements the willow imagery of the brook-side foliage.
κλάδουςbranchesAccusativedirect object of λήμψεσθε→ object specificationκλάδος: 'branch'; 'branches of the chaste-tree from the brook.'
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'from'; the branches are gathered from the watercourse.
χειμάρρουbrook / wadiGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (source)→ relational specificationχείμαρρος: 'winter-torrent / brook / wadi'; renders נַחַל ('brook / wadi'); the willow and chaste-tree grow by the water; the brook-side imagery resonates with the 'living water' theme Jesus proclaims at this feast (John 7:38).
εὐφρανθῆναιto rejoiceAor Pass Inf · εὐφραίνωinfinitive of purpose→ aorist passive infinitive (telic: 'in order to rejoice')εὐφραίνω (pass. εὐφραίνομαι 'rejoice / be glad'): renders שָׂמַח ('rejoice'); the infinitive of purpose names the keynote of Booths — festal joy before YHWH; Booths is supremely 'the season of our rejoicing.'
ἔναντιbeforepreposition + genitive (in the presence of)→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before / in the presence of'; renders לִפְנֵי; the rejoicing is enacted in the divine presence at the sanctuary.
κυρίουLORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος (gen.): renders יהוה.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with θεοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive in apposition to κυρίου→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; the covenant title 'the LORD your God.'
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying θεοῦ)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your God.'
ἑπτὰsevenindeclinable numeral (modifying ἡμέρας)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; the rejoicing lasts seven days.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἡμέρα: accusative of duration; the seven-day span of festal joy.
41
τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ νόμιμον αἰώνιον εἰς τὰς γενεὰς ὑμῶν ἐν τῷ μηνὶ τῷ ἑβδόμῳ ἑορτάσετε αὐτήν
Of the year it is a perpetual statute throughout your generations; in the seventh month you shall keep it as a feast.
Booths is sealed with the perpetual-statute formula (νόμιμον αἰώνιον … εἰς τὰς γενεάς, cf. vv. 14, 21, 31), fixed annually to the seventh month. The seven-day feast is to be kept every year in perpetuity.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ἐνιαυτοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνιαυτοῦyearGenitivegenitive of time (annual recurrence: 'in the year')→ relational specificationἐνιαυτός: 'year'; renders שָׁנָה; the genitive marks the feast as an annual observance — kept each year of the cycle.
νόμιμονstatute / ordinanceNominativenominative (appositional summary)→ participant prominenceνόμιμον: 'statute'; νόμιμον αἰώνιον renders חֻקַּת עוֹלָם, the perpetual-statute refrain (cf. vv. 14, 21, 31).
αἰώνιονperpetualNominativeattributive adjective (modifying νόμιμον)→ participant prominenceαἰώνιος: 'everlasting'; renders עוֹלָם; permanently binding.
εἰςthroughoutpreposition + accusative (temporal extent)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: temporal-distributive, 'throughout'; εἰς τὰς γενεάς renders לְדֹרֹת.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενεὰςgenerationsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (temporal extent)→ object specificationγενεά: 'generation'; renders דּוֹר; binds the statute on all descendants.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying γενεάς)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your generations.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηνὶmonthDativedative of time ('in the month')→ sphere or referenceμήν (dat.): 'month'; the seventh month, the fixed time of Booths.
τῷtheDativearticle (with ordinal)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑβδόμῳseventhDativeattributive ordinal (modifying μηνί)→ sphere or referenceἕβδομος: 'seventh'; the seventh month (Tishri), fixed time of the feast.
ἑορτάσετεyou shall keep as a feastFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ἑορτάζωmain verb (legislative future)→ imperatival future (festal obligation)ἑορτάζω: 'celebrate a feast'; renders חָגַג; the annual command to keep Booths in the seventh month.
αὐτήνitAccusativedirect object (resuming ἡ ἑορτή)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. fem.): the pronoun refers to the feast (ἑορτή); 'you shall keep it.'
42
ἐν σκηναῖς κατοικήσετε ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας πᾶς ὁ αὐτόχθων ἐν Ισραηλ κατοικήσει ἐν σκηναῖς
In booths you shall dwell seven days; every native-born in Israel shall dwell in booths,
The command that gives the feast its name: for seven days Israel dwells ἐν σκηναῖς ('in booths'), every native-born Israelite. The temporary shelters re-enact the wilderness sojourn (v. 43); σκηνή ('tent / tabernacle') resonates with the wilderness Tabernacle and with the incarnation (John 1:14, ἐσκήνωσεν, 'he tabernacled among us').
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
σκηναῖςbooths / tentsDativeobject of ἐν (locative: 'in booths')→ sphere or referenceσκηνή: 'tent / booth'; renders סֻכָּה; the temporary shelters of the feast; the booth-dwelling re-enacts the wilderness wandering and gives Tabernacles its name.
κατοικήσετεyou shall dwellFut Act Indic 2 Pl · κατοικέωmain verb (legislative future)→ imperatival future (festal obligation)κατοικέω: 'dwell / inhabit / settle'; renders יָשַׁב; the command to live in booths for the seven days of the feast.
ἑπτὰsevenindeclinable numeral (modifying ἡμέρας)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; the seven-day span of booth-dwelling.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἡμέρα: accusative of duration.
πᾶςeveryNominativeattributive adjective (modifying ὁ αὐτόχθων)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'every / all'; the booth-dwelling is universal among native Israelites — no exceptions.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with αὐτόχθων)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτόχθωνnative-bornNominativesubject (substantival adjective)→ participant prominenceαὐτόχθων: 'native / indigenous / native-born'; renders אֶזְרָח ('native'); the homeborn Israelite, distinguished from the προσήλυτος ('sojourner'); all native-born Israel keeps the booth-rite.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: sphere of belonging)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: here 'in / among'; ἐν Ισραηλ ('in Israel') marks the sphere of the covenant nation.
ΙσραηλIsraelindeclinable proper noun (object of ἐν)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; 'the native-born in Israel.'
κατοικήσειshall dwellFut Act Indic 3 Sg · κατοικέωmain verb (legislative future, distributive subject)→ imperatival future (festal obligation)κατοικέω: 'dwell'; the third-person future applies the booth-dwelling distributively to every native Israelite.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
σκηναῖςboothsDativeobject of ἐν (locative)→ sphere or referenceσκηνή (pl.): 'booths'; the repeated ἐν σκηναῖς frames the verse and underscores the central rite of the feast.
43
ὅπως ἴδωσιν αἱ γενεαὶ ὑμῶν ὅτι ἐν σκηναῖς κατῴκισα τοὺς υἱοὺς Ισραηλ ἐν τῷ ἐξαγαγεῖν με αὐτοὺς ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου ἐγὼ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν
so that your generations may know that I made the sons of Israel dwell in booths when I brought them out of the land of Egypt: I am the LORD your God.
The ὅπως-clause gives the feast its theological rationale: the booth-dwelling is a living memorial so that future generations may know that YHWH made Israel dwell in booths at the Exodus. The clause closes with the covenant signature ἐγὼ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν ('I am the LORD your God'), grounding the festal memory in the redemptive history of the Exodus.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ὅπωςso thatconjunction (introducing purpose clause + subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅπως: 'so that / in order that'; introduces the purpose clause with the subjunctive; states the memorial rationale of the feast.
ἴδωσινthey may know / seeAor Act Subj 3 Pl · ὁράωverb of purpose clause→ aorist subjunctive (purpose: 'that they may come to know')ὁράω (aor. subj. ἴδωσιν): 'see / perceive / know'; renders יָדַע ('know') in the sense of perceiving and grasping the meaning; the booth-rite is a teaching-memorial for future generations.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενεαὶgenerationsNominativesubject of ἴδωσιν→ participant prominenceγενεά: 'generation'; renders דּוֹר; the future generations who learn from the feast the meaning of the Exodus.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying γενεαί)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your generations.'
ὅτιthatconjunction (introducing content clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that'; introduces the content of what the generations are to know.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
σκηναῖςboothsDativeobject of ἐν (locative)→ sphere or referenceσκηνή (pl.): 'booths'; the booths of the wilderness, which the feast commemorates.
κατῴκισαI made dwell / settledAor Act Indic 1 Sg · κατοικίζωmain verb of content clause (divine first-person)→ constative aorist (the historical Exodus act)κατοικίζω: 'cause to dwell / settle / make to dwell'; the causative of κατοικέω; renders הוֹשַׁבְתִּי (Hiphil of יָשַׁב, 'I made dwell'); YHWH himself is the one who settled Israel in booths during the wilderness journey — the festal rite memorialises his providential care.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativedirect object of κατῴκισα→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ, the people YHWH led out of Egypt and settled in booths.
ΙσραηλIsraelindeclinable proper noun (genitival)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; 'the sons of Israel.'
ἐνwhen / inpreposition + dative (articular infinitive: temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν τῷ + inf.: a temporal construction, 'when / while I brought out' (= 'at the Exodus').
τῷtheDativearticle (with infinitive)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐξαγαγεῖνto bring out / brought outAor Act Inf · ἐξάγωarticular infinitive (temporal: 'when I brought out')→ aorist infinitive (the Exodus event)ἐξάγω: 'lead out / bring out'; renders הוֹצִיא (Hiphil of יָצָא); the articular infinitive ἐν τῷ ἐξαγαγεῖν renders the Hebrew temporal infinitive בְּהוֹצִיאִי ('when I brought out'); the Exodus is the redemptive event the feast memorialises.
μεI / meAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive→ participant referenceἐγώ (acc. με): the accusative subject of the articular infinitive ('when I brought them out'); YHWH himself is the Exodus-agent.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of the infinitive→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. pl.): the sons of Israel, object of the bringing-out.
ἐκfrom / out ofpreposition + genitive (separation/source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'out of'; marks the place of departure.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; 'out of the land of Egypt.'
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of relationship (with γῆς)→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος: standard LXX form of מִצְרַיִם; 'the land of Egypt,' the house of bondage from which YHWH redeemed Israel.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic, self-revelation formula)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic pronoun opens the covenant signature ἐγὼ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν ('I am the LORD your God'), sealing the festal rationale in YHWH's redemptive self-identification.
κύριοςLORDNominativepredicate nominative (self-identification)→ participant prominenceκύριος: renders the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the self-revelation formula 'I am the LORD your God' grounds the feast in the covenant relationship and the Exodus deliverance.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativepredicate nominative (in apposition to κύριος)→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; the covenant title 'your God.'
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying θεός)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your God' — the covenant possessive.
44
καὶ ἐλάλησεν Μωυσῆς τὰς ἑορτὰς κυρίου τοῖς υἱοῖς Ισραηλ
And Moses declared the feasts of the LORD to the sons of Israel.
The chapter closes with a narrative subscription: Moses 'declared the feasts of the LORD' (τὰς ἑορτὰς κυρίου) to the people, sealing the whole calendar as faithfully delivered and promulgated. The colophon mirrors the opening speech-formula (v. 1), forming an inclusio around the legislation.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: renders the Hebrew narrative waw, closing the chapter with the report of Moses' faithful transmission.
ἐλάλησενdeclared / spokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (narrative report)→ constative aorist (completed act of proclamation)λαλέω: 'speak / declare'; the aorist reports Moses' faithful promulgation of the festal calendar to Israel — the human echo of the divine ἐλάλησεν that opened each section.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: transliteration of מֹשֶׁה; the mediator who conveys YHWH's calendar to the people, fulfilling the commission of v. 2.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑορτὰςfeastsAccusativedirect object of ἐλάλησεν→ object specificationἑορτή: 'feast'; the whole festal calendar — τὰς ἑορτὰς κυρίου ('the feasts of the LORD') — gathered up in the closing summary.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying ἑορτάς)→ relational specificationκύριος (gen.): renders יהוה; the feasts belong to the LORD — the closing phrase echoes the opening designation αἱ ἑορταὶ κυρίου (v. 2), framing the chapter.
τοῖςto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativeindirect object (dative of recipient)→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ, the recipients of the festal legislation.
ΙσραηλIsraelindeclinable proper noun (genitival)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; 'the sons of Israel,' the covenant people to whom the calendar is given.