1
καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν ἐν τῷ ὄρει Σινα λέγων
And the LORD spoke to Moses on Mount Sinai, saying,
The formula καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν … λέγων is the standard Leviticus speech-introduction; the locative ἐν τῷ ὄρει Σινα is striking here (most Levitical laws are given 'from the tent of meeting'), anchoring the land-laws of ch. 25–26 to the Sinai theophany itself and lending them foundational covenantal weight.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (single completed speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak'; renders דִּבֶּר (Piel); the aorist ἐλάλησεν heads the standard Levitical revelation-formula καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων, marking the inauguration of a new divine instruction.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the nominative subject marks this as unmediated YHWH-speech delivered at Sinai.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (recipient of the speech)→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: transliteration of Hebrew מֹשֶׁה; declined as a first/second-declension noun in Rahlfs' LXX (acc. Μωυσῆν); the mediator who receives the land-laws on the people's behalf.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρειmountainDativedative of place (locative: 'on the mountain')→ sphere or referenceὄρος: 'mountain'; renders הַר; the setting ἐν τῷ ὄρει Σινα distinguishes these land-laws by grounding them in the Sinai revelation rather than the tent of meeting, underscoring their covenantal foundation.
ΣιναSinaiindeclinable proper noun (in apposition to ὄρει)→ participant identificationΣινα: transliteration of Hebrew סִינַי; indeclinable in the LXX; the mountain of the theophany and covenant-giving, here the locus of the land-sabbath and Jubilee legislation.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Masc Nom Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing direct speech)→ present participle (Hebraizing complementary participle = לֵאמֹר)λέγω (pres. ptc.): the participle λέγων renders the Hebrew infinitive לֵאמֹר ('saying'), a fixed LXX device introducing the content of direct divine speech that follows.
2
λάλησον τοῖς υἱοῖς Ισραηλ καὶ ἐρεῖς πρὸς αὐτούς ἐὰν εἰσέλθητε εἰς τὴν γῆν ἣν ἐγὼ δίδωμι ὑμῖν καὶ ἀναπαύσεται ἡ γῆ ἣν ἐγὼ δίδωμι ὑμῖν σάββατα τῷ κυρίῳ
Speak to the sons of Israel and you shall say to them: When you come into the land that I am giving you, then the land shall rest a sabbath to the LORD.
The double command λάλησον … ἐρεῖς directs the law to the whole people. The conditional ἐὰν εἰσέλθητε frames the legislation as land-contingent: it takes effect only upon entry into the gift-land. The remarkable subject of ἀναπαύσεται is ἡ γῆ — the land itself keeps sabbath, personified as a covenant party that rests τῷ κυρίῳ.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
λάλησονspeakAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (divine imperative to Moses)→ ingressive aorist imperative (begin the proclamation)λαλέω: 'speak'; renders דַּבֵּר (Piel); the aorist imperative frames the address to Israel as a single decisive commissioned act.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativedative of addressee (indirect object of λάλησον)→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; the phrase οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ renders בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, the standard designation of the covenant people as the addressees of the law.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable proper noun (genitive in sense, qualifying υἱοῖς)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable in the LXX; here the people collectively as recipients of the land-law.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρεῖςyou shall sayFut Act Indic 2 Sg · λέγω (εἶπον/ἐρῶ)main verb (future with imperatival force)→ imperatival future (legal directive: 'you shall say')λέγω (fut. ἐρῶ): the future ἐρεῖς with directive force renders the Hebrew weqatal וְאָמַרְתָּ ('and you shall say'), a standard LXX rendering binding the speaker to deliver the words that follow.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
αὐτούςthemAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the sons of Israel)→ participant referenceαὐτός: third-person pronoun; resumes οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ as the addressees of the proclamation.
ἐὰνwhen / ifconditional conjunction (introducing protasis + subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if / when(ever)'; with the subjunctive εἰσέλθητε it frames the law as contingent on Israel's future entry into the land — temporal-conditional ('when you come in').
εἰσέλθητεyou come inAor Act Subj 2 Pl · εἰσέρχομαιverb of conditional protasis→ aorist subjunctive (future contingency viewed as a single entry-event)εἰσέρχομαι: 'enter / come into'; renders בּוֹא; the entry into the gift-land is the trigger-condition activating the land-sabbath legislation.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction of entry)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of entry).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the land of promise)→ object specificationγῆ: 'land / earth'; renders אֶרֶץ; the gift-land is the subject-matter of the whole chapter and, in v. 23, declared to belong to YHWH alone.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of δίδωμι, antecedent γῆν)→ participant referenceὅς, ἥ, ὅ: relative pronoun; the feminine accusative ἥν agrees with γῆν and is the object of δίδωμι.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic first-person pronoun: YHWH the giver)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic pronoun stresses that the land is YHWH's personal gift, anticipating the ownership-claim of v. 23 (ἐμὴ γάρ ἐστιν ἡ γῆ).
δίδωμιI am givingPres Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιverb of relative clause (divine bestowal of the land)→ futuristic / progressive present (the gift in process of being granted)δίδωμι: 'give'; renders נָתַן; the present tense presents the gift as already in train; the land is granted by YHWH, who therefore retains ultimate title to it (v. 23).
ὑμῖνto youDativedative of recipient (indirect object of δίδωμι)→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of recipient (indirect object of δίδωμι).
καὶthen / andapodosis-marker (Hebraizing waw introducing the main clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here the apodotic καί introducing the apodosis of the conditional ('when you come in … then the land shall rest'), a Hebraism rendering the waw of the apodosis.
ἀναπαύσεταιshall restFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀναπαύωmain verb of apodosis (subject ἡ γῆ)→ predictive / legislative future (mandated rest of the land)ἀναπαύω (mid. ἀναπαύομαι): 'rest / cease'; renders שָׁבַת; the cognate noun ἀνάπαυσις (v. 4) names the seventh-year rest; here the land itself is the subject — the personified land keeps sabbath to the LORD.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandNominativesubject of ἀναπαύσεται (the personified land)→ participant prominenceγῆ: 'land'; the land as grammatical subject of the sabbath-rest is theologically loaded — the soil itself observes the covenant rhythm owed to its true owner.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of δίδωμι, antecedent γῆ; resumptive)→ participant referenceὅς, ἥ, ὅ: the relative is repeated (a Hebraizing resumption) re-identifying the land as YHWH's gift.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic, repeated)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic repetition reinforces divine ownership underlying the obligation.
δίδωμιI am givingPres Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιverb of relative clause (repeated)→ futuristic / progressive presentδίδωμι: the repeated gift-clause underlines that the very land which must rest is held only as a divine grant.
ὑμῖνto youDativedative of recipient→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of recipient.
σάββαταa sabbathAccusativeaccusative of inner content / cognate accusative ('rest a sabbath')→ object specificationσάββατον (pl. σάββατα): 'sabbath / rest'; renders שַׁבָּת; the neuter plural σάββατα frequently functions as a singular in the LXX; here an internal accusative specifying the kind of rest — a sabbath-rest belonging to the LORD.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of advantage/possession ('a sabbath to/for the LORD')→ sphere or referenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the land's rest is owed specifically to YHWH — σάββατα τῷ κυρίῳ parallels the human sabbath of Exod 20:10 and marks the land as a participant in covenant worship.
3
ἓξ ἔτη σπερεῖς τὸν ἀγρόν σου καὶ ἓξ ἔτη τεμεῖς τὴν ἄμπελόν σου καὶ συνάξεις τὸν καρπὸν αὐτῆς
Six years you shall sow your field, and six years you shall prune your vineyard and gather in its fruit;
The six-year work period (sowing field, pruning vineyard, gathering fruit) is stated as the positive premise against which the seventh-year cessation (v. 4) is defined. The triad σπερεῖς / τεμεῖς / συνάξεις covers the full agricultural cycle of arable and vine cultivation, echoing the six-day/seventh-day rhythm of Exod 20:9–10.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἓξsixnumeral (indeclinable, modifying ἔτη)→ clausal contributionἕξ: 'six'; indeclinable; the six working years mirror the six working days of the weekly sabbath command (Exod 20:9), extending the sabbath principle to the land.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('for six years')→ object specificationἔτος (pl. ἔτη): 'year'; renders שָׁנָה; accusative of temporal extent marking the duration of permitted cultivation.
σπερεῖςyou shall sowFut Act Indic 2 Sg · σπείρωmain verb (legislative future, 2nd person)→ permissive/legislative future (allowed activity of the six years)σπείρω: 'sow / scatter seed'; renders זָרַע; the future with second-person addressee functions as legislative permission; the same verb is negated in v. 4 (οὐ σπερεῖς) for the seventh year.
τὸνthe / yourAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγρόνfieldAccusativedirect object of σπερεῖς→ object specificationἀγρός: 'field / arable land'; renders שָׂדֶה; the cultivated field, paired with the vineyard to represent the two staples of grain and wine.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying ἀγρόν)→ relational specificationσύ: possessive genitive; the field is the addressee's own holding — yet held under YHWH's title (v. 23).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἓξsixnumeral (indeclinable, modifying ἔτη)→ clausal contributionἕξ: 'six'; the repetition with the vineyard parallels the field-clause, covering both kinds of cultivation.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἔτος: 'year'; repeated for the vine-pruning clause.
τεμεῖςyou shall pruneFut Act Indic 2 Sg · τέμνωmain verb (legislative future)→ permissive/legislative future (allowed vine-pruning)τέμνω: 'cut / prune'; here in the technical sense of pruning the vine (rendering זָמַר); negated in v. 4 (οὐ τεμεῖς) for the seventh year — neither field-sowing nor vine-pruning is permitted in the land-sabbath.
τὴνthe / yourAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄμπελόνvineyard / vineAccusativedirect object of τεμεῖς→ object specificationἄμπελος: 'vine / vineyard'; renders כֶּרֶם / גֶּפֶן; paired with ἀγρός to denote the totality of cultivated produce.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσύ: possessive genitive modifying ἄμπελον.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνάξειςyou shall gather inFut Act Indic 2 Sg · συνάγωmain verb (legislative future, completing the work-cycle)→ permissive/legislative future (allowed harvest-gathering)συνάγω: 'gather together / bring in'; renders אָסַף; the in-gathering of the crop completes the cultivation cycle; the same verb is used negatively of the seventh and Jubilee years (cf. μηδὲ συναγάγωμεν, v. 20).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρπὸνfruitAccusativedirect object of συνάξεις→ object specificationκαρπός: 'fruit / produce / crop'; renders תְּבוּאָה / פְּרִי; the yield gathered in during the six working years.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of source (referring to ἄμπελον / γῆ)→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'its fruit' — the produce of the vine/land gathered in the working years.
4
τῷ δὲ ἔτει τῷ ἑβδόμῳ σάββατα ἀνάπαυσις ἔσται τῇ γῇ σάββατα τῷ κυρίῳ τὸν ἀγρόν σου οὐ σπερεῖς καὶ τὴν ἄμπελόν σου οὐ τεμεῖς
but in the seventh year there shall be a sabbath, a rest for the land, a sabbath to the LORD: your field you shall not sow, and your vineyard you shall not prune.
δέ marks the decisive contrast with the six working years. The piling of terms σάββατα ἀνάπαυσις … σάββατα τῷ κυρίῳ defines the seventh year emphatically as total rest belonging to YHWH. The two prohibitions (οὐ σπερεῖς / οὐ τεμεῖς) exactly negate the permissions of v. 3, enacting the land-sabbath.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
τῷin theDativearticle (with dative of time)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive; here adversative, marking the contrast between the six working years and the seventh year of rest.
ἔτειyearDativedative of time when ('in the seventh year')→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; dative of time specifying when the sabbath-rest falls.
τῷtheDativearticle (with ἑβδόμῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑβδόμῳseventhDativeattributive ordinal adjective (modifying ἔτει)→ sphere or referenceἕβδομος: 'seventh'; renders שְׁבִיעִי; the seventh year as land-sabbath corresponds structurally to the seventh day of the weekly sabbath and the seventh-times-seventh count leading to the Jubilee (v. 8).
σάββαταa sabbathNominativepredicate nominative (with ἔσται)→ participant prominenceσάββατον (pl. σάββατα): 'sabbath'; the neuter plural functions as a singular; the doubling σάββατα ἀνάπαυσις ('a sabbath, a rest') renders the emphatic Hebrew שַׁבַּת שַׁבָּתוֹן ('a sabbath of complete rest').
ἀνάπαυσιςrestNominativepredicate nominative in apposition to σάββατα→ participant prominenceἀνάπαυσις: 'rest / cessation'; cognate with ἀναπαύσεται (v. 2); the pairing σάββατα ἀνάπαυσις intensifies the idea of complete cessation — the land's solemn rest of v. 5 (ἐνιαυτὸς ἀναπαύσεως).
ἔσταιthere shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predication of the seventh year)→ legislative future (the year is constituted as rest)εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; the future-of-statute declares what the seventh year shall be — a sabbath-rest for the land.
τῇfor theDativearticle (with dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῇlandDativedative of advantage ('rest for the land')→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land'; the beneficiary of the rest is the land itself, again personified as the party that keeps sabbath.
σάββαταa sabbathNominativepredicate nominative (repeated, with τῷ κυρίῳ)→ participant prominenceσάββατον: the repetition σάββατα τῷ κυρίῳ (as in v. 2) reasserts that the land's rest is rendered to YHWH as an act of covenant obedience.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of advantage/possession ('a sabbath to the LORD')→ sphere or referenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the land-sabbath is owed to YHWH, the land's true owner.
τὸνthe / yourAccusativearticle (fronted object)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγρόνfieldAccusativedirect object of σπερεῖς (fronted for emphasis)→ object specificationἀγρός: 'field'; fronted before its verb for emphatic contrast with v. 3 — this same field you may not now sow.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσύ: possessive genitive modifying ἀγρόν.
οὐnotnegative particle (prohibition with future indicative)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: the negative with the future indicative (οὐ σπερεῖς) forms an emphatic legal prohibition ('you shall not sow'), the standard LXX rendering of the Hebrew לֹא + imperfect in apodictic law.
σπερεῖςyou shall sowFut Act Indic 2 Sg · σπείρωmain verb (prohibited action)→ prohibitive future (apodictic prohibition)σπείρω: 'sow'; the negated future οὐ σπερεῖς prohibits the very act permitted in v. 3, enacting the land-sabbath.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνthe / yourAccusativearticle (fronted object)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄμπελόνvineyardAccusativedirect object of τεμεῖς (fronted)→ object specificationἄμπελος: 'vine / vineyard'; fronted for emphatic contrast with v. 3.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσύ: possessive genitive modifying ἄμπελον.
οὐnotnegative particle (prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: the negative forming the second apodictic prohibition (οὐ τεμεῖς).
τεμεῖςyou shall pruneFut Act Indic 2 Sg · τέμνωmain verb (prohibited action)→ prohibitive future (apodictic prohibition)τέμνω: 'prune'; the negated future οὐ τεμεῖς completes the pair of prohibitions defining the land-sabbath: neither sowing nor pruning.
5
καὶ τὰ αὐτόματα ἀναβαίνοντα τοῦ ἀγροῦ σου οὐκ ἐκθερίσεις καὶ τὴν σταφυλὴν τοῦ ἁγιάσματός σου οὐκ ἐκτρυγήσεις ἐνιαυτὸς ἀναπαύσεως ἔσται τῇ γῇ
And the spontaneous growth that springs up of your field you shall not reap, and the grapes of your consecrated vine you shall not vintage: it shall be a year of rest for the land.
The two further prohibitions (οὐκ ἐκθερίσεις / οὐκ ἐκτρυγήσεις) forbid not all eating (cf. vv. 6–7) but the commercial harvest of the self-sown crop and the vintage of the untended vine. The summary ἐνιαυτὸς ἀναπαύσεως ('a year of rest') restates the institution by its name.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with αὐτόματα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτόματαself-sprung thingsAccusativesubstantivized adjective (direct object of ἐκθερίσεις)→ object specificationαὐτόματος: 'of itself / spontaneous'; renders סָפִיחַ ('aftergrowth'); τὰ αὐτόματα ἀναβαίνοντα is the crop that springs up untended — it may be eaten (vv. 6–7) but not reaped as an owned harvest; the same phrase recurs at the Jubilee (v. 11).
ἀναβαίνονταspringing upPres Act Ptc Neut Acc Pl · ἀναβαίνωattributive participle (modifying τὰ αὐτόματα)→ present participle (ongoing, characteristic growth)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up / spring up / grow'; the participle describes the self-seeded crop that 'comes up' of its own accord in the fallow year.
τοῦof the / yourGenitivearticle (with ἀγροῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγροῦfieldGenitivegenitive of source ('of your field')→ relational specificationἀγρός: 'field'; the source of the self-sown growth.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσύ: possessive genitive modifying ἀγροῦ.
οὐκnotnegative particle (prohibition with future)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ before vowel): forms the apodictic prohibition οὐκ ἐκθερίσεις.
ἐκθερίσειςyou shall reapFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐκθερίζωmain verb (prohibited action)→ prohibitive future (apodictic prohibition)ἐκθερίζω: 'reap completely / harvest out'; renders קָצַר; the compound ἐκ- stresses the full commercial reaping that is forbidden in the sabbath year.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with σταφυλὴν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σταφυλὴνgrapes / grape-clusterAccusativedirect object of ἐκτρυγήσεις→ object specificationσταφυλή: 'cluster of grapes'; renders עֵנָב; the produce of the untended vine that may not be vintaged as a harvest.
τοῦof the / yourGenitivearticle (with ἁγιάσματός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁγιάσματόςconsecrated thing / holy portionGenitivegenitive of source/relationship ('of your consecrated vine')→ relational specificationἁγίασμα: 'consecrated/holy thing'; here the LXX reads the Hebrew נָזִיר ('untended / unpruned vine', lit. 'nazirite vine') as 'your consecrated thing', treating the fallow-year vine as set apart to God; the rendering theologizes the untended vine as holy.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσύ: possessive genitive modifying ἁγιάσματος.
οὐκnotnegative particle (prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ): forms the prohibition οὐκ ἐκτρυγήσεις.
ἐκτρυγήσειςyou shall vintage / gather as harvestFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐκτρυγάωmain verb (prohibited action)→ prohibitive future (apodictic prohibition)ἐκτρυγάω: 'gather the vintage completely'; renders בָּצַר; like ἐκθερίζω, the compound denotes the full commercial vintage forbidden in the sabbath year, distinct from incidental eating.
ἐνιαυτὸςa yearNominativepredicate nominative (with ἔσται)→ participant prominenceἐνιαυτός: 'year'; renders שָׁנָה; ἐνιαυτὸς ἀναπαύσεως ('a year of rest') is the name of the institution, parallel to ἐνιαυτὸς ἀφέσεως ('a year of release') for the Jubilee (v. 10).
ἀναπαύσεωςof restGenitivegenitive of quality/description (defining ἐνιαυτός)→ relational specificationἀνάπαυσις: 'rest'; the descriptive genitive names the seventh year by its essential character — a year wholly of rest for the land.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predication)→ legislative futureεἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; the future-of-statute defining the seventh year.
τῇfor theDativearticle (with γῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῇlandDativedative of advantage ('rest for the land')→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land'; again the beneficiary of the rest.
6
καὶ ἔσται τὰ σάββατα τῆς γῆς βρώματά σοι καὶ τῷ παιδί σου καὶ τῇ παιδίσκῃ σου καὶ τῷ μισθωτῷ σου καὶ τῷ παροίκῳ τῷ προσκειμένῳ πρὸς σέ
And the sabbath of the land shall be food for you, and for your male slave and for your female slave, and for your hireling and for the sojourner who is attached to you;
The complement of the prohibitions: what may not be harvested commercially is nonetheless free food for all. The expanding list (owner, male slave, female slave, hireling, resident sojourner) levels social distinctions — the sabbath-yield belongs to none and so feeds everyone, foreshadowing the Jubilee's economic release.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predication)→ legislative futureεἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; declares the destined use of the sabbath-yield as common food.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with σάββατα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σάββαταsabbathNominativesubject of ἔσται→ participant prominenceσάββατον (pl. σάββατα): here τὰ σάββατα τῆς γῆς ('the sabbath of the land') stands by metonymy for the produce of the sabbath year — the land's rest yields the common food.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with γῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive (defining: 'the sabbath of the land')→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; the sabbath belongs to the land, whose spontaneous yield is now shared.
βρώματάfoodNominativepredicate nominative ('shall be food')→ participant prominenceβρῶμα (pl. βρώματα): 'food / things to eat'; renders אָכְלָה; the sabbath-produce is provision, not property — free sustenance for the whole household and beyond.
σοιfor youDativedative of advantage (first beneficiary: the owner)→ participant reference or interestσύ: dative of advantage; the landholder heads the list but holds no privileged claim to the sabbath-yield.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷfor the / yourDativearticle (with παιδί)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδίmale slave / servantDativedative of advantage (beneficiary)→ sphere or referenceπαῖς: 'child / servant / slave'; renders עֶבֶד; here the household male slave, included on equal footing with the owner as a recipient of the sabbath-food.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσύ: possessive genitive.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῇfor the / yourDativearticle (with παιδίσκῃ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδίσκῃfemale slave / maidservantDativedative of advantage (beneficiary)→ sphere or referenceπαιδίσκη: 'maidservant / female slave'; renders אָמָה / שִׁפְחָה; the female slave is named alongside the male, ensuring both share the sabbath-yield.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσύ: possessive genitive.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷfor the / yourDativearticle (with μισθωτῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μισθωτῷhireling / hired workerDativedative of advantage (beneficiary)→ sphere or referenceμισθωτός: 'hired man / wage-laborer'; renders שָׂכִיר; the same term defines the status the Hebrew debt-servant is to be given (vv. 40, 50, 53) — a hireling, not a slave.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσύ: possessive genitive.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷfor theDativearticle (with παροίκῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παροίκῳsojourner / resident alienDativedative of advantage (beneficiary)→ sphere or referenceπάροικος: 'sojourner / resident alien'; renders תּוֹשָׁב; the resident foreigner shares the sabbath-yield — and in v. 23 Israel itself is called πάροικοι before YHWH; cf. 1 Pet 2:11.
τῷtheDativearticle (with participle προσκειμένῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσκειμένῳattached / dwelling nearPres Mid/Pass Ptc Masc Dat Sg · πρόσκειμαιattributive participle (modifying παροίκῳ)→ present participle (ongoing state of attachment)πρόσκειμαι: 'be attached to / lie near / dwell beside'; describes the sojourner who has joined himself to the household; renders the Hebrew sense of the תּוֹשָׁב residing 'with you'.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (with προσκειμένῳ)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (with προσκειμένῳ).
σέyouAccusativeaccusative object of πρός ('attached to you')→ participant referenceσύ: accusative; completes the phrase 'the sojourner who is attached to you'.
7
καὶ τοῖς κτήνεσίν σου καὶ τοῖς θηρίοις τοῖς ἐν τῇ γῇ σου ἔσται πᾶν τὸ γένημα αὐτοῦ εἰς βρῶσιν
and for your cattle and for the wild beasts that are in your land all its produce shall be for food.
The provision now reaches beyond the human household to domestic cattle and even wild animals — the widest possible circle of beneficiaries. πᾶν τὸ γένημα αὐτοῦ εἰς βρῶσιν seals the principle: the entire self-sown yield is given over as common food, none of it claimed as harvest.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςfor the / yourDativearticle (with κτήνεσίν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτήνεσίνcattle / livestockDativedative of advantage (beneficiary)→ sphere or referenceκτῆνος (pl. κτήνη): 'beast / domestic animal / cattle'; renders בְּהֵמָה; the domestic livestock share the sabbath-yield.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσύ: possessive genitive.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςfor theDativearticle (with θηρίοις)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θηρίοιςwild beastsDativedative of advantage (beneficiary)→ sphere or referenceθηρίον: 'wild animal / beast'; renders חַיָּה; the inclusion of wild beasts extends the sabbath-provision to the whole created order within the land.
τοῖςthatDativearticle (attributive, = 'the ones')→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇthe / yourDativearticle (with γῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῇlandDativedative of place (locative: 'in your land')→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land'; the wild beasts of the land are included in the provision.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσύ: possessive genitive.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predication)→ legislative futureεἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; declares the destined use of the whole yield.
πᾶνallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying γένημα)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all / every'; πᾶν τὸ γένημα — the entirety of the sabbath-produce, with no portion reserved as private harvest.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with γένημα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γένημαproduce / yieldNominativesubject of ἔσται→ participant prominenceγένημα: 'produce / fruit of the ground'; renders תְּבוּאָה; the agricultural yield of the land (distinct from γέννημα, 'offspring'); the whole of it is given for food.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of source (referring to the land/field)→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'its produce' — the land's own spontaneous yield.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose/destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose/destination).
βρῶσινfood / eatingAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (purpose: 'for food')→ object specificationβρῶσις: 'eating / food'; renders אָכְלָה; εἰς βρῶσιν ('for food') marks the purpose of the whole sabbath-yield — sustenance freely shared, not commerce.
8
καὶ ἐξαριθμήσεις σεαυτῷ ἑπτὰ ἀναπαύσεις ἐτῶν ἑπτὰ ἔτη ἑπτάκις καὶ ἔσονταί σοι ἑπτὰ ἑβδομάδες ἐτῶν ἐννέα καὶ τεσσαράκοντα ἔτη
And you shall count for yourself seven rests of years, seven years seven times, and the seven weeks of years shall be for you forty-nine years.
The Jubilee section opens with a precise reckoning: seven sabbatical cycles (7 × 7) yield forty-nine years, after which the fiftieth is hallowed (v. 10). The arithmetic (ἑπτάκις … ἐννέα καὶ τεσσαράκοντα) builds the institution on the same sevenfold rhythm as the land-sabbath, now squared.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (new unit)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαριθμήσειςyou shall count outFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐξαριθμέωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (directive to reckon the cycles)ἐξαριθμέω: 'count out / number fully'; renders סָפַר; the compound ἐξ- stresses the complete enumeration of the seven cycles up to the Jubilee.
σεαυτῷfor yourselfDativereflexive dative of advantage→ sphere or referenceσεαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun 'yourself'; the dative σεαυτῷ ('for yourself') makes the addressee personally responsible for the reckoning.
ἑπτὰsevennumeral (indeclinable, modifying ἀναπαύσεις)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; indeclinable; the sacred number structuring both the land-sabbath and the Jubilee count.
ἀναπαύσειςrestsAccusativedirect object of ἐξαριθμήσεις→ object specificationἀνάπαυσις (pl. ἀναπαύσεις): 'rest'; here 'seven rests of years' = seven sabbatical-year cycles, each culminating in a land-sabbath.
ἐτῶνof yearsGenitivegenitive (defining: 'rests of years')→ relational specificationἔτος (gen. pl. ἐτῶν): 'year'; the genitive specifies that the 'rests' are measured in years, i.e. sabbatical cycles.
ἑπτὰsevennumeral (modifying ἔτη)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; restating the cycle-length in apposition.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative in apposition ('seven years')→ object specificationἔτος: 'year'; 'seven years seven times' spells out the multiplication 7 × 7.
ἑπτάκιςseven timesnumeral adverb (multiplicative)→ clausal contributionἑπτάκις: 'seven times'; the multiplicative adverb completing 'seven years seven times' = forty-nine years.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσονταίshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (result of the reckoning)→ predictive future (the sum that results)εἰμί (fut. ἔσονται): 'be'; the plural agrees with αἱ ἑπτὰ ἑβδομάδες, stating the total reached.
σοιfor youDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestσύ: dative; the result accrues 'to you', the reckoner.
ἑπτὰsevennumeral (modifying ἑβδομάδες)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; the seven 'weeks of years'.
ἑβδομάδεςweeksNominativesubject of ἔσονται→ participant prominenceἑβδομάς: 'seven / week / hebdomad'; renders שָׁבוּעַ; 'weeks of years' = sabbatical cycles; the same term underlies the seventy weeks of Dan 9:24–27.
ἐτῶνof yearsGenitivegenitive (defining: 'weeks of years')→ relational specificationἔτος (gen. pl.): 'year'; defines the 'weeks' as units of seven years rather than seven days.
ἐννέαninenumeral (with τεσσαράκοντα: 'forty-nine')→ measure or countἐννέα: 'nine'; combined with τεσσαράκοντα to give the sum forty-nine.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (in compound numeral)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τεσσαράκονταfortynumeral (indeclinable)→ measure or countτεσσαράκοντα: 'forty'; ἐννέα καὶ τεσσαράκοντα = forty-nine, the sum of seven sabbatical cycles, after which the fiftieth (Jubilee) year follows.
ἔτηyearsNominativepredicate nominative (in apposition: 'forty-nine years')→ participant prominenceἔτος: 'year'; the total expressed — forty-nine years complete the count to the Jubilee.
9
καὶ διαγγελεῖτε σάλπιγγος φωνῇ ἐν πάσῃ τῇ γῇ ὑμῶν τῷ μηνὶ τῷ ἑβδόμῳ τῇ δεκάτῃ τοῦ μηνός τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τοῦ ἱλασμοῦ διαγγελεῖτε σάλπιγγι ἐν πάσῃ τῇ γῇ ὑμῶν
And you shall make proclamation with the sound of a trumpet in all your land in the seventh month, on the tenth of the month; on the day of atonement you shall make proclamation with a trumpet in all your land.
The Jubilee is inaugurated not at New Year but on the Day of Atonement (τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τοῦ ἱλασμοῦ), tying liberty to expiation: release follows reconciliation with God. The double διαγγελεῖτε frames the verse and stresses the universal scope (ἐν πάσῃ τῇ γῇ) of the trumpet-blast — the σάλπιγξ that the NT hears eschatologically (1 Cor 15:52; 1 Thess 4:16).
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διαγγελεῖτεyou shall proclaim / sound abroadFut Act Indic 2 Pl · διαγγέλλωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (mandated proclamation)διαγγέλλω: 'announce throughout / proclaim widely'; renders the Hiphil of עָבַר ('cause to pass through/sound'); the compound δια- stresses that the trumpet-sound is to carry through the whole land.
σάλπιγγοςof a trumpetGenitivegenitive of source/quality (with φωνῇ: 'the sound of a trumpet')→ relational specificationσάλπιγξ: 'trumpet'; renders שׁוֹפָר ('ram's-horn'); the Jubilee trumpet whose blast proclaims release; the same word names the eschatological trumpet of resurrection and the Lord's coming (1 Cor 15:52; 1 Thess 4:16; Matt 24:31).
φωνῇwith the soundDativedative of means/instrument ('with the sound')→ sphere or referenceφωνή: 'sound / voice'; σάλπιγγος φωνῇ ('with the sound of a trumpet') is the instrumental means of the proclamation.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
πάσῃallDativeattributive adjective (modifying γῇ)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all / whole'; ἐν πάσῃ τῇ γῇ — the trumpet sounds throughout the entire land, marking the universal scope of the release.
τῇthe / yourDativearticle (with γῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῇlandDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land'; the whole land hears the Jubilee trumpet.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσύ (pl.): possessive genitive 'your'.
τῷin theDativearticle (with μηνὶ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηνὶmonthDativedative of time when ('in the seventh month')→ sphere or referenceμήν: 'month'; renders חֹדֶשׁ; the seventh month (Tishri) is the month of the Day of Atonement and Tabernacles.
τῷtheDativearticle (with ἑβδόμῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑβδόμῳseventhDativeattributive ordinal (modifying μηνὶ)→ sphere or referenceἕβδομος: 'seventh'; the seventh month, in which atonement and Jubilee coincide.
τῇon theDativearticle (with δεκάτῃ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεκάτῃtenthDativedative of time when (ordinal: 'on the tenth')→ sphere or referenceδέκατος: 'tenth'; the tenth of the seventh month is the Day of Atonement (Lev 16:29; 23:27).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with μηνός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηνόςmonthGenitivepartitive genitive ('the tenth of the month')→ relational specificationμήν (gen. μηνός): 'month'; the partitive genitive specifies the day within the month.
τῇon theDativearticle (with ἡμέρᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time when (in apposition: 'on the day')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τοῦ ἱλασμοῦ specifies the Day of Atonement as the precise occasion of the Jubilee proclamation.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ἱλασμοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱλασμοῦatonement / propitiationGenitivegenitive (defining: 'the day of atonement')→ relational specificationἱλασμός: 'propitiation / atonement / expiation'; renders כִּפֻּרִים; the Jubilee release is grounded in the great atonement — the same noun the NT applies to Christ (1 John 2:2; 4:10), so that gospel liberty likewise flows from expiation.
διαγγελεῖτεyou shall proclaimFut Act Indic 2 Pl · διαγγέλλωmain verb (repeated, framing the verse)→ legislative future (emphatic repetition)διαγγέλλω: the repetition of the verb at the verse's end (with σάλπιγγι) reinforces the solemn, total proclamation of the Jubilee throughout the land.
σάλπιγγιwith a trumpetDativedative of means/instrument→ sphere or referenceσάλπιγξ: 'trumpet'; here the dative of means — the proclamation is made by the trumpet-blast itself.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
πάσῃallDativeattributive adjective (modifying γῇ)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all'; the repeated ἐν πάσῃ τῇ γῇ underlines the all-encompassing reach of the trumpet.
τῇthe / yourDativearticle (with γῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῇlandDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land'; the whole land is summoned to the release.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσύ (pl.): possessive genitive 'your'.
10
καὶ ἁγιάσετε τὸ ἔτος τὸ πεντηκοστὸν ἐνιαυτὸν καὶ διαβοήσετε ἄφεσιν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς πᾶσιν τοῖς κατοικοῦσιν αὐτήν ἐνιαυτὸς ἀφέσεως σημασία αὕτη ἔσται ὑμῖν καὶ ἀπελεύσεται εἷς ἕκαστος εἰς τὴν κτῆσιν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἕκαστος εἰς τὴν πατρίδα αὐτοῦ ἀπελεύσεσθε
And you shall hallow the fiftieth year, and you shall proclaim release upon the land to all who inhabit it: it shall be for you a year of release, a signal; and each one shall go away to his possession, and each shall return to his ancestral home.
The theological centre of the chapter and of the whole Jubilee institution. The fiftieth year is hallowed (ἁγιάσετε) and ἄφεσις ('release / liberty') is proclaimed (διαβοήσετε) to all the land's inhabitants. This ἄφεσις — the LXX word for Hebrew דְּרוֹר / יוֹבֵל — is the very term Isaiah 61:1 and Jesus in Luke 4:18–19 take up: κηρύξαι … ἄφεσιν ('to proclaim release to the captives'). The two clauses of return (each to his κτῆσις, each to his πατρίς) define the concrete content of liberty: restoration of inheritance and of family.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἁγιάσετεyou shall hallow / consecrateFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ἁγιάζωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (act of consecration)ἁγιάζω: 'make holy / consecrate / set apart'; renders קִדֵּשׁ; the fiftieth year is set apart to God — liberty is a sacred, not merely economic, act; the same verb describes hallowing the sabbath (Exod 20:11).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ἔτος)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔτοςyearAccusativedirect object of ἁγιάσετε→ object specificationἔτος: 'year'; the fiftieth year, the Jubilee, the object of consecration.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with πεντηκοστὸν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεντηκοστὸνfiftiethAccusativeattributive ordinal (modifying ἔτος)→ object specificationπεντηκοστός: 'fiftieth'; the Jubilee year following the forty-nine; the cognate noun πεντηκοστή names Pentecost (Acts 2:1), the fiftieth day, itself a feast of release and Spirit-outpouring.
ἐνιαυτὸνa yearAccusativeaccusative in apposition to ἔτος→ object specificationἐνιαυτός: 'year'; in apposition, emphasizing that the fiftieth is itself a full year of release.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διαβοήσετεyou shall proclaim aloudFut Act Indic 2 Pl · διαβοάωmain verb (legislative future; the central proclamation)→ legislative future (the proclamation of liberty)διαβοάω: 'cry out / proclaim throughout'; renders קָרָא דְּרוֹר ('proclaim liberty'); the compound δια- carries the cry across the whole land — the public, audible declaration of release that gives the Jubilee its name.
ἄφεσινrelease / libertyAccusativedirect object of διαβοήσετε (the content proclaimed)→ object specificationἄφεσις: 'release / remission / liberty'; here renders דְּרוֹר ('liberty'), and below (ἐνιαυτὸς ἀφέσεως) יוֹבֵל ('jubilee'); this is the headline term: the same ἄφεσις Jesus proclaims in Luke 4:18–19 (citing Isa 61:1, κηρύξαι αἰχμαλώτοις ἄφεσιν), and the word for the forgiveness of sins (ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν, Luke 24:47; Acts 2:38) — the Jubilee release becomes the gospel paradigm of redemption.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (extent over: 'throughout the land')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'upon / throughout'; ἄφεσιν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς — liberty proclaimed over the whole land.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with γῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; the whole land is the sphere of the proclaimed release.
πᾶσινto allDativedative of advantage (modifying κατοικοῦσιν)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all'; the release reaches every inhabitant without exception.
τοῖςthe onesDativearticle (substantivizing the participle)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦσινwho dwell / inhabitPres Act Ptc Masc Dat Pl · κατοικέωsubstantival participle (dative: 'to those inhabiting')→ present participle (the resident population)κατοικέω: 'dwell / inhabit / settle'; renders יָשַׁב; πᾶσιν τοῖς κατοικοῦσιν αὐτήν ('to all who inhabit it') marks the comprehensive reach of the liberty — every dweller in the land.
αὐτήνitAccusativeaccusative object of κατοικοῦσιν (the land)→ participant referenceαὐτός: pronoun referring to ἡ γῆ ('the land').
ἐνιαυτὸςa yearNominativepredicate nominative (with ἔσται)→ participant prominenceἐνιαυτός: 'year'; ἐνιαυτὸς ἀφέσεως ('a year of release') is the formal name of the Jubilee, parallel to ἐνιαυτὸς ἀναπαύσεως for the seventh year (v. 5).
ἀφέσεωςof releaseGenitivegenitive of quality (defining ἐνιαυτός)→ relational specificationἄφεσις: 'release'; here rendering יוֹבֵל ('jubilee'); the descriptive genitive names the year by its essential character — release.
σημασίαa signal / sign-proclamationNominativepredicate nominative in apposition (with αὕτη)→ participant prominenceσημασία: 'signal / signalling / trumpet-blast'; renders יוֹבֵל understood as the blast that signals; the LXX uses σημασία as a near-technical term for the Jubilee throughout the chapter (vv. 11, 12, 13, 15), tying the year to the trumpet-signal of v. 9.
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of ἔσται)→ participant referenceοὗτος (fem. αὕτη): 'this'; demonstrative identifying 'this' fiftieth year as the year of release.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predication)→ legislative futureεἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; declares the constituted character of the fiftieth year.
ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestσύ (pl.): dative; the release is granted 'to you', Israel.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the effect of release)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπελεύσεταιshall go away / returnFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb (effect of the release: return to property)→ predictive future (the consequence of liberty)ἀπέρχομαι: 'go away / depart / return'; renders שׁוּב; the concrete effect of ἄφεσις — each Israelite returns to the ancestral holding he had lost through debt.
εἷςoneNominativesubject (with ἕκαστος, distributive: 'each one')→ measure or countεἷς: 'one'; εἷς ἕκαστος ('each single one') is an emphatic distributive — no individual is left out of the restoration.
ἕκαστοςeachNominativesubject (distributive, with εἷς)→ participant prominenceἕκαστος: 'each / every one'; the distributive emphasizes the individual, universal scope of the Jubilee return.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal of return)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal of return).
τὴνthe / hisAccusativearticle (with κτῆσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτῆσινpossession / propertyAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (goal: 'to his possession')→ object specificationκτῆσις: 'possession / property holding'; renders אֲחֻזָּה; the ancestral land-holding to which each returns at the Jubilee — the inalienable family inheritance.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἕκαστοςeachNominativesubject (distributive, parallel clause)→ participant prominenceἕκαστος: 'each one'; restated for the parallel return to family.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal of return)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal of return).
τὴνthe / hisAccusativearticle (with πατρίδα)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρίδαancestral home / clanAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (goal: 'to his family/homeland')→ object specificationπατρίς: 'fatherland / native place / family'; renders מִשְׁפָּחָה ('clan / family'); the second dimension of the release — restoration not only of land but of one's kin-group and ancestral belonging.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive.
ἀπελεύσεσθεyou shall returnFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb (summary, shifting to 2nd plural)→ predictive/legislative future (the people's return)ἀπέρχομαι: 'go away / return'; the shift from third singular (ἀπελεύσεται) to second plural (ἀπελεύσεσθε) gathers the whole people into the act of return, closing the headline statute on a direct address to Israel.
11
ἀφέσεως σημασία αὕτη τὸ ἔτος τὸ πεντηκοστὸν ἐνιαυτὸς ἔσται ὑμῖν οὐ σπερεῖτε οὐδὲ ἀμήσετε τὰ αὐτόματα ἀναβαίνοντα αὐτῆς καὶ οὐ τρυγήσετε τὰ ἡγιασμένα αὐτῆς
A signal of release is this: the fiftieth year shall be a year for you; you shall not sow, nor shall you reap its spontaneous growth, and you shall not gather the vintage of its consecrated produce.
The Jubilee, like the seventh year, suspends agriculture: no sowing, no reaping of the self-sown growth, no vintage. The prohibitions echo vv. 4–5 verbatim in vocabulary (αὐτόματα ἀναβαίνοντα), now in the second plural — extending the land-rest to the whole community in the year of liberty.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
ἀφέσεωςof releaseGenitivegenitive of quality (with σημασία)→ relational specificationἄφεσις: 'release'; ἀφέσεως σημασία ('a signal of release') restates the Jubilee's name from v. 10.
σημασίαa signalNominativepredicate nominative (with implied ἐστίν)→ participant prominenceσημασία: 'signal / trumpet-blast'; the technical LXX term for the Jubilee year (cf. v. 10).
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject)→ participant referenceοὗτος (fem. αὕτη): 'this'; identifying the fiftieth year.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with ἔτος)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔτοςyearNominativesubject (in apposition: 'the fiftieth year')→ participant prominenceἔτος: 'year'; the fiftieth year, again named as the Jubilee.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with πεντηκοστὸν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεντηκοστὸνfiftiethNominativeattributive ordinal (modifying ἔτος)→ participant prominenceπεντηκοστός: 'fiftieth'; the Jubilee year.
ἐνιαυτὸςa yearNominativepredicate nominative (with ἔσται)→ participant prominenceἐνιαυτός: 'year'; restating the fiftieth as a full year.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predication)→ legislative futureεἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; the future-of-statute.
ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestσύ (pl.): dative; the Jubilee is given to Israel.
οὐnotnegative particle (prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: forms the prohibition οὐ σπερεῖτε.
σπερεῖτεyou shall sowFut Act Indic 2 Pl · σπείρωmain verb (prohibited action)→ prohibitive future (apodictic prohibition)σπείρω: 'sow'; the prohibition οὐ σπερεῖτε extends the land-sabbath's first prohibition (v. 4) to the Jubilee.
οὐδὲnornegative coordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδέ: 'and not / nor'; coordinating the second prohibition.
ἀμήσετεyou shall reapFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ἀμάωmain verb (prohibited action)→ prohibitive future (apodictic prohibition)ἀμάω: 'reap / mow'; renders קָצַר; prohibits harvesting the self-sown crop in the Jubilee, as ἐκθερίζω did in v. 5.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with αὐτόματα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτόματαself-sprung thingsAccusativesubstantivized adjective (object of ἀμήσετε)→ object specificationαὐτόματος: 'spontaneous'; τὰ αὐτόματα ἀναβαίνοντα repeats the phrase of v. 5 — the self-seeded growth that may not be harvested in the Jubilee.
ἀναβαίνονταspringing upPres Act Ptc Neut Acc Pl · ἀναβαίνωattributive participle (modifying τὰ αὐτόματα)→ present participle (characteristic growth)ἀναβαίνω: 'spring up / grow'; the self-sown crop coming up of itself, as in v. 5.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of source (referring to the land)→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'its (the land's) self-sown growth'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotnegative particle (prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: forms the prohibition οὐ τρυγήσετε.
τρυγήσετεyou shall vintage / gatherFut Act Indic 2 Pl · τρυγάωmain verb (prohibited action)→ prohibitive future (apodictic prohibition)τρυγάω: 'gather the vintage'; renders בָּצַר; prohibits the grape-harvest in the Jubilee, parallel to ἐκτρυγάω in v. 5.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ἡγιασμένα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡγιασμέναconsecrated thingsPerf Mid/Pass Ptc Neut Acc Pl · ἁγιάζωsubstantival perfect participle (object of τρυγήσετε)→ perfect participle (settled state: 'things that have been consecrated')ἁγιάζω (perf. pass. ptc.): 'having been consecrated'; the untended produce of the Jubilee vine, treated as holy/set-apart (cf. τοῦ ἁγιάσματός σου, v. 5); the perfect marks the abiding consecrated state of the year's growth.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of source (referring to the land/vine)→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'its consecrated produce'.
12
ὅτι ἀφέσεως σημασία ἐστίν ἅγιον ἔσται ὑμῖν ἀπὸ τῶν πεδίων φάγεσθε τὰ γενήματα αὐτῆς
For it is a signal of release; it shall be holy to you; you shall eat its produce from the fields.
ὅτι gives the reason for the prohibitions of v. 11: the year's holiness. As in the seventh year, eating is permitted though harvesting is not — the people eat directly ἀπὸ τῶν πεδίων ('from the open fields'), receiving the land's yield as a gift rather than taking it as a crop.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; introduces the ground of the preceding prohibitions — the year's sacred character.
ἀφέσεωςof releaseGenitivegenitive of quality (with σημασία)→ relational specificationἄφεσις: 'release'; restating the Jubilee's name as ground for its holiness.
σημασίαa signalNominativepredicate nominative (with ἐστίν)→ participant prominenceσημασία: 'signal'; the technical term for the Jubilee.
ἐστίνit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predication in causal clause)→ stative present (the year's abiding character)εἰμί (pres. ἐστίν): 'be'; states the present, abiding nature of the year as a signal of release.
ἅγιονholyNominativepredicate adjective (with ἔσται)→ participant prominenceἅγιος: 'holy / set apart'; renders קֹדֶשׁ; the Jubilee is holy to Israel — the release is a sacred institution, its produce sanctified.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predication)→ legislative futureεἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; declares the year's holy status for Israel.
ὑμῖνto youDativedative of advantage/reference→ participant reference or interestσύ (pl.): dative; the holiness obtains 'for you', Israel.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; the produce is eaten directly from the fields, not from stored harvest.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with πεδίων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεδίωνfields / open plainsGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (source of food)→ relational specificationπεδίον: 'plain / open field'; renders שָׂדֶה; the people eat the spontaneous yield straight from the open country — a gift received, not a harvest reaped.
φάγεσθεyou shall eatFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · ἐσθίω (φάγομαι)main verb (permitted action)→ permissive future (eating is allowed)ἐσθίω (fut. φάγομαι): 'eat'; the permitted counterpart to the harvesting prohibitions — direct consumption of the land's yield is allowed.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with γενήματα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενήματαproduce / yieldAccusativedirect object of φάγεσθε→ object specificationγένημα (pl. γενήματα): 'produce / fruit of the ground'; the spontaneous yield eaten in the Jubilee.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of source (referring to the land)→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'its (the land's) produce'.
13
ἐν τῷ ἔτει τῆς ἀφέσεως σημασίᾳ αὐτῆς ἐπανελεύσεται ἕκαστος εἰς τὴν κτῆσιν αὐτοῦ
In the year of release, in its signal, each shall return to his possession.
The verse restates the core Jubilee effect — each returns to his ancestral holding (κτῆσις) — and serves as the legal premise for the redemption rules that follow (vv. 14–28): because every holding reverts at the next ἄφεσις, all sales are in effect leases priced by the harvests until then.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῷtheDativearticle (with ἔτει)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔτειyearDativedative of time when ('in the year')→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; ἐν τῷ ἔτει τῆς ἀφέσεως ('in the year of release') names the Jubilee as the time of restoration.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with ἀφέσεως)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀφέσεωςof releaseGenitivegenitive of quality (defining ἔτει)→ relational specificationἄφεσις: 'release'; the year named by its defining act — the Jubilee release.
σημασίᾳin the signalDativedative in apposition / of time ('in its signal')→ sphere or referenceσημασία: 'signal'; the trumpet-signal year; σημασίᾳ αὐτῆς ('in its signal') re-identifies the Jubilee by the trumpet-blast of v. 9.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (referring to the year)→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'its (the year's) signal'.
ἐπανελεύσεταιshall returnFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐπανέρχομαιmain verb (the Jubilee return)→ predictive/legislative future (mandated return)ἐπανέρχομαι: 'return / come back again'; the double compound ἐπ-ανα- stresses the going back up to one's own holding; renders שׁוּב; the technical verb of Jubilee restoration.
ἕκαστοςeachNominativesubject (distributive)→ participant prominenceἕκαστος: 'each one'; the distributive subject — every individual returns to his property.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
τὴνthe / hisAccusativearticle (with κτῆσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτῆσινpossessionAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (goal of return)→ object specificationκτῆσις: 'possession / holding'; renders אֲחֻזָּה; the ancestral land-holding to which each returns.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive.
14
ἐὰν δὲ ἀποδῷ πρᾶσιν τῷ πλησίον σου ἐὰν καὶ κτήσῃ παρὰ τοῦ πλησίον σου μὴ θλιβέτω ἄνθρωπος τὸν πλησίον
But if you sell a sale to your neighbor, or if you buy from your neighbor, let no one oppress his neighbor.
The land-redemption legislation opens with the governing principle: in any transaction (whether selling or buying) μὴ θλιβέτω ἄνθρωπος τὸν πλησίον — 'let no one wrong his neighbor.' Because Jubilee will undo every sale, fair pricing (vv. 15–16) is a matter of covenant justice, framed by the love-of-neighbor ethic (πλησίον, repeated ×3).
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (protasis + subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the case-law condition governing sales.
δὲbut / andtransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the transition to the redemption-law section.
ἀποδῷyou sell / give overAor Act Subj 2 Sg · ἀποδίδωμιverb of conditional protasis→ aorist subjunctive (hypothetical single transaction)ἀποδίδωμι: 'give back / sell / render'; renders מָכַר ('sell'); ἀποδῷ πρᾶσιν ('sell a sale') is a cognate construction (Hebraism rendering the infinitive-absolute idiom) emphasizing the act of selling.
πρᾶσινa saleAccusativecognate accusative (with ἀποδῷ: 'sell a sale')→ object specificationπρᾶσις: 'sale / selling'; renders מִמְכָּר; the cognate accusative πρᾶσιν reinforces the verb — a Hebraistic intensification ('make a sale').
τῷto the / yourDativearticle (with πλησίον)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλησίονneighborDativedative of recipient (the buyer)→ sphere or referenceπλησίον: 'neighbor'; substantivized adverb (rendering רֵעַ); the transaction-partner; the love-of-neighbor command (Lev 19:18) governs all such dealing.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationσύ: possessive genitive; 'your neighbor'.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (second protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introducing the alternative case (buying).
καὶalsoadverbial / coordinating ('or if also')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: 'also / even'; ἐὰν καί — 'or if you also' — extending the rule to the buyer's side.
κτήσῃyou buy / acquireAor Mid Subj 2 Sg · κτάομαιverb of conditional protasis (buying)→ aorist subjunctive (hypothetical acquisition)κτάομαι: 'acquire / buy / get for oneself'; renders קָנָה; covers the purchaser's side of the transaction, balancing ἀποδῷ.
παρὰfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τοῦthe / yourGenitivearticle (with πλησίον)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλησίονneighborGenitivegenitive of source ('from your neighbor')→ relational specificationπλησίον: 'neighbor'; the seller in the buying-case.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationσύ: possessive genitive.
μὴnotnegative particle (prohibition with imperative)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: the negative with the third-person imperative θλιβέτω forms the prohibition 'let no one oppress'.
θλιβέτωlet him oppress / wrongPres Act Impv 3 Sg · θλίβωmain verb (apodosis: prohibition)→ prohibitive present imperative (ongoing prohibition of wronging)θλίβω: 'press / afflict / oppress'; renders יָנָה ('wrong / mistreat'); the present imperative prohibits any ongoing practice of taking advantage in trade; the same refrain recurs at v. 17.
ἄνθρωποςanyone / a manNominativesubject of θλιβέτω→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man / person'; here generic 'anyone' — no person is to wrong his neighbor in trade.
τὸνthe / hisAccusativearticle (with πλησίον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλησίονneighborAccusativedirect object of θλιβέτω→ object specificationπλησίον: 'neighbor'; the protected party; the threefold πλησίον frames the whole transaction within the neighbor-love ethic.
15
κατὰ ἀριθμὸν ἐτῶν μετὰ τὴν σημασίαν κτήσῃ παρὰ τοῦ πλησίον κατὰ ἀριθμὸν ἐνιαυτῶν γενημάτων ἀποδώσεταί σοι
According to the number of years after the signal you shall buy from your neighbor; according to the number of years of crops he shall sell to you.
The pricing principle: land is valued κατὰ ἀριθμὸν ἐτῶν … κατὰ ἀριθμὸν ἐνιαυτῶν γενημάτων — by the number of crop-years remaining before the next σημασία (Jubilee). Since the buyer is really purchasing a fixed number of harvests, the price must be proportionate; this is the just-dealing of v. 14 made concrete.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard/measure)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to'; introduces the measure of valuation — the count of years.
ἀριθμὸνnumberAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationἀριθμός: 'number / reckoning'; renders מִסְפַּר; the price is set by counting the harvest-years left until Jubilee.
ἐτῶνof yearsGenitivegenitive (defining ἀριθμὸν: 'number of years')→ relational specificationἔτος (gen. pl.): 'year'; the years remaining until the next release determine the value.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + acc.: 'after'; μετὰ τὴν σημασίαν — the years counted from after the last Jubilee-signal.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with σημασίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σημασίανsignal (Jubilee)Accusativeaccusative object of μετά→ object specificationσημασία: 'signal'; the Jubilee year as reference-point for counting the harvest-years.
κτήσῃyou shall buyFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · κτάομαιmain verb (directive)→ legislative future (directive to buy on this basis)κτάομαι: 'acquire / buy'; the buyer pays in proportion to the harvest-years to be enjoyed.
παρὰfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τοῦthe / yourGenitivearticle (with πλησίον)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλησίονneighborGenitivegenitive of source→ relational specificationπλησίον: 'neighbor'; the seller.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard/measure, repeated)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: the repeated κατά ἀριθμόν stresses strict proportionality.
ἀριθμὸνnumberAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationἀριθμός: 'number'; the count of crop-years governing the seller's price.
ἐνιαυτῶνof yearsGenitivegenitive (defining ἀριθμὸν)→ relational specificationἐνιαυτός (gen. pl.): 'year'; synonymous with ἔτος here; the years of harvest counted in the valuation.
γενημάτωνof crops / produceGenitivegenitive (qualifying ἐνιαυτῶν: 'years of crops')→ relational specificationγένημα (gen. pl.): 'produce / crop'; ἐνιαυτῶν γενημάτων ('years of crops') makes explicit that what is being priced is a number of harvests, not the land itself — the land is YHWH's (v. 23).
ἀποδώσεταίhe shall sellFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀποδίδωμιmain verb (the seller's act)→ legislative future (directive to sell on this basis)ἀποδίδωμι (mid.): 'sell / render'; the seller sets his price 'to you' in proportion to the harvest-years remaining.
σοιto youDativedative of recipient (the buyer)→ participant reference or interestσύ: dative; the buyer to whom the sale is made.
16
καθότι ἂν πλεῖον τῶν ἐτῶν πληθύνῃ τὴν ἔγκτησιν αὐτοῦ καὶ καθότι ἂν ἔλαττον τῶν ἐτῶν ἐλαττονώσῃ τὴν κτῆσιν αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἀριθμὸν γενημάτων αὐτοῦ οὕτως ἀποδώσεταί σοι
In proportion as the years are more, he shall increase its purchase-price, and in proportion as the years are fewer, he shall lessen its price; for it is the number of its crops that he sells to you.
The proportionality rule spelled out symmetrically: more remaining years → higher price (πληθύνῃ); fewer years → lower price (ἐλαττονώσῃ). The ground (ὅτι) restates v. 15: what is sold is ἀριθμὸν γενημάτων — a number of harvests. The land, being YHWH's and reverting at Jubilee, is never absolutely sold.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καθότιin proportion ascorrelative conjunction (proportional)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθότι: 'according as / in proportion as'; introduces the proportional clauses governing the price.
ἂν(modal particle)modal particle (with subjunctive, generalizing)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: the modal particle with the subjunctive πληθύνῃ generalizes the rule to any such case.
πλεῖονmorecomparative adverb/adjective ('more of the years')→ clausal contributionπλείων (neut. πλεῖον): 'more / greater'; the more harvest-years remain, the higher the price.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἐτῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐτῶνyearsGenitivepartitive/comparative genitive ('more of the years')→ relational specificationἔτος (gen. pl.): 'year'; the remaining years whose number sets the value.
πληθύνῃhe shall increaseAor Act Subj 3 Sg · πληθύνωverb of proportional clause→ aorist subjunctive (generalized rule)πληθύνω: 'multiply / increase'; renders רָבָה (Hiphil); the seller raises the price in proportion to the years.
τὴνthe / itsAccusativearticle (with ἔγκτησιν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔγκτησινpurchase-price / acquired holdingAccusativedirect object of πληθύνῃ→ object specificationἔγκτησις: 'acquired property / purchase-value'; the price/value of the holding, which rises with the number of years.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive (of the property).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθότιin proportion ascorrelative conjunction (proportional, second clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθότι: 'in proportion as'; the converse clause.
ἂν(modal particle)modal particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: with subjunctive ἐλαττονώσῃ, generalizing.
ἔλαττονless / fewercomparative adverb/adjective ('fewer of the years')→ clausal contributionἐλάττων (neut. ἔλαττον): 'less / fewer'; fewer remaining years → lower price.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἐτῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐτῶνyearsGenitivecomparative genitive→ relational specificationἔτος (gen. pl.): 'year'; the diminishing number of years.
ἐλαττονώσῃhe shall lessenAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἐλαττονόωverb of proportional clause→ aorist subjunctive (generalized rule)ἐλαττονόω: 'make less / diminish'; renders מָעַט (Hiphil); the seller lowers the price as the remaining harvest-years decrease.
τὴνthe / itsAccusativearticle (with κτῆσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτῆσινprice / holdingAccusativedirect object of ἐλαττονώσῃ→ object specificationκτῆσις: 'possession / acquisition-value'; here the price of the holding, lowered with fewer years.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive.
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; introduces the ground of the proportional pricing.
ἀριθμὸνnumberAccusativeaccusative (object of ἀποδώσεται: what is really sold)→ object specificationἀριθμός: 'number'; ἀριθμὸν γενημάτων — what is sold is precisely 'a number of crops', not the land.
γενημάτωνof cropsGenitivegenitive (defining ἀριθμὸν)→ relational specificationγένημα (gen. pl.): 'produce / crop'; the harvests are the true object of sale.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of source (of the land)→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'its (the land's) crops'.
οὕτωςso / thusadverb of manner (resumptive)→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / in this way'; sums up: on this basis the sale is transacted.
ἀποδώσεταίhe shall sellFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀποδίδωμιmain verb (the manner of sale)→ legislative futureἀποδίδωμι (mid.): 'sell'; the seller transacts on the harvest-count basis.
σοιto youDativedative of recipient→ participant reference or interestσύ: dative; the buyer.
17
μὴ θλιβέτω ἄνθρωπος τὸν πλησίον καὶ φοβηθήσῃ κύριον τὸν θεόν σου ἐγώ εἰμι κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν
Let no one oppress his neighbor; and you shall fear the LORD your God: I am the LORD your God.
The neighbor-protection refrain of v. 14 returns, now grounded in the fear of God and sealed by the covenant self-identification ἐγώ εἰμι κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν. Economic justice is theological: to defraud the neighbor is to disregard YHWH, who claims Israel as his own.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
μὴnotnegative particle (prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: with θλιβέτω forms the prohibition 'let no one oppress'.
θλιβέτωlet him oppressPres Act Impv 3 Sg · θλίβωmain verb (prohibition refrain)→ prohibitive present imperativeθλίβω: 'oppress / wrong'; the refrain of v. 14 repeated, binding all dealing to neighbor-justice.
ἄνθρωποςanyoneNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'person / anyone'; generic subject.
τὸνthe / hisAccusativearticle (with πλησίον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλησίονneighborAccusativedirect object of θλιβέτω→ object specificationπλησίον: 'neighbor'; the protected party (Lev 19:18).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φοβηθήσῃyou shall fearAor Pass(dep) Subj/Fut 2 Sg · φοβέομαιmain verb (motive clause: fear of God)→ legislative future (the demanded reverence)φοβέομαι: 'fear / revere'; renders יָרֵא; φοβηθήσῃ κύριον — the fear of YHWH is the inner motive that secures justice toward the neighbor; recurs at vv. 36, 43.
κύριονLORDAccusativedirect object of φοβηθήσῃ→ object specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the object of Israel's reverent fear.
τὸνthe / yourAccusativearticle (with θεόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόνGodAccusativeaccusative in apposition to κύριον→ object specificationθεός: 'God'; κύριον τὸν θεόν σου ('the LORD your God') joins the divine name and title in the covenant formula.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationσύ: possessive genitive; 'your God'.
ἐγώINominativesubject (emphatic, self-identification formula)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic pronoun heading the covenant self-identification ἐγώ εἰμι κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν, the seal of authority on the command.
εἰμιamPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula in self-identification)→ stative present (abiding covenant relation)εἰμί (pres. εἰμι): 'be'; the formula ἐγώ εἰμι κύριος renders אֲנִי יְהוָה, the recurring Levitical seal of divine authority (cf. Lev 18:5; 19:2).
κύριοςLORDNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the self-identifying divine name.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with θεὸς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativepredicate nominative in apposition→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; completing the covenant formula 'the LORD your God'.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationσύ (pl.): possessive genitive; 'your (pl.) God'.
18
καὶ ποιήσετε πάντα τὰ δικαιώματά μου καὶ πάσας τὰς κρίσεις μου καὶ φυλάξασθε καὶ ποιήσετε αὐτὰ καὶ κατοικήσετε ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς πεποιθότες
And you shall do all my statutes and all my judgments; and you shall keep them and do them, and you shall dwell on the land in security.
The provision-promise (vv. 18–22) is framed by obedience: keeping YHWH's statutes and judgments brings secure dwelling (κατοικήσετε … πεποιθότες). The perfect participle πεποιθότες ('having come to trust / in confidence') captures the settled security that flows from covenant fidelity.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσετεyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (command to obey)ποιέω: 'do / perform'; renders עָשָׂה; doing the statutes is the condition of the promised blessing.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying δικαιώματά)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the obedience demanded is comprehensive.
τὰthe / myAccusativearticle (with δικαιώματά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δικαιώματάstatutes / ordinancesAccusativedirect object of ποιήσετε→ object specificationδικαίωμα (pl. δικαιώματα): 'statute / righteous ordinance'; renders חֻקָּה; the divine decrees to be performed; cf. Rom 2:26; 8:4 for the NT use of δικαίωμα.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationἐγώ: possessive genitive; 'my statutes' — YHWH's own decrees.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying κρίσεις)→ object specificationπᾶς (fem. pl. πάσας): 'all'; comprehensive.
τὰςthe / myAccusativearticle (with κρίσεις)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρίσειςjudgments / ordinancesAccusativedirect object of ποιήσετε→ object specificationκρίσις (pl. κρίσεις): 'judgment / legal decision'; renders מִשְׁפָּט; the case-by-case ordinances paired with the δικαιώματα as the two standard categories of Torah law.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationἐγώ: possessive genitive; 'my judgments'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φυλάξασθεkeep / observeAor Mid Impv 2 Pl · φυλάσσωmain verb (imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperative (take care to keep)φυλάσσω (mid.): 'guard / keep / observe'; renders שָׁמַר; the pairing φυλάξασθε καὶ ποιήσετε ('keep and do') is the standard Levitical idiom for full obedience.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσετεyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (repeated, with αὐτὰ)→ legislative futureποιέω: 'do'; the repetition 'keep and do them' stresses that observance must issue in performance.
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object of ποιήσετε (the statutes/judgments)→ participant referenceαὐτός: pronoun resuming the statutes and judgments.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the promise)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατοικήσετεyou shall dwellFut Act Indic 2 Pl · κατοικέωmain verb (the promised blessing)→ predictive future (promise consequent on obedience)κατοικέω: 'dwell / settle'; renders יָשַׁב; secure dwelling in the land is the reward of fidelity; the same verb described the land's inhabitants in v. 10.
ἐπὶon / uponpreposition + genitive (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (location).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with γῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (location of dwelling)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; the gift-land in which secure dwelling is promised.
πεποιθότεςin security / trustingPerf Act Ptc Masc Nom Pl · πείθω (πέποιθα)circumstantial participle (manner: 'in confidence')→ perfect participle (settled state of confident security)πείθω (perf. πέποιθα, 'trust'): 'having come to trust / being confident'; renders לָבֶטַח ('in safety'); the perfect denotes a settled state of secure confidence — Israel dwells without fear because it trusts YHWH's provision.
19
καὶ δώσει ἡ γῆ τὰ ἐκφόρια αὐτῆς καὶ φάγεσθε εἰς πλησμονὴν καὶ κατοικήσετε πεποιθότες ἐπ᾿ αὐτῆς
And the land shall give its yield, and you shall eat to fullness, and you shall dwell on it in security.
The land's giving (δώσει ἡ γῆ) is the counterpart to YHWH's giving of the land (v. 2): obedient Israel receives fullness (εἰς πλησμονήν) and the repeated κατοικήσετε πεποιθότες seals the promise of secure dwelling — the answer to the anxiety voiced in v. 20.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώσειshall giveFut Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (the land's yield)→ predictive future (promised fruitfulness)δίδωμι: 'give'; renders נָתַן; the land 'gives' its yield as YHWH's gift mediated through the obedient covenant order.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with γῆ)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandNominativesubject of δώσει→ participant prominenceγῆ: 'land'; the land as giver of produce to the faithful.
τὰthe / itsAccusativearticle (with ἐκφόρια)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκφόριαyield / produceAccusativedirect object of δώσει→ object specificationἐκφόριον (pl. ἐκφόρια): 'produce / what the land bears forth'; renders יְבוּל; the abundant crop yielded to the obedient.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of source (of the land)→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'its (the land's) yield'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φάγεσθεyou shall eatFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · ἐσθίω (φάγομaι)main verb (consequence: eating)→ predictive future (promised satisfaction)ἐσθίω (fut. φάγομαι): 'eat'; the people eat to satisfaction from the abundant yield.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (result/measure)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (result/measure).
πλησμονὴνfullness / satietyAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς ('to satiety')→ object specificationπλησμονή: 'fullness / satisfaction'; renders שֹׂבַע; εἰς πλησμονήν ('to the full') marks the abundance of the blessing — no scarcity for the faithful.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατοικήσετεyou shall dwellFut Act Indic 2 Pl · κατοικέωmain verb (repeated promise of dwelling)→ predictive futureκατοικέω: 'dwell'; the repeated promise of secure dwelling, echoing v. 18.
πεποιθότεςin securityPerf Act Ptc Masc Nom Pl · πείθω (πέποιθα)circumstantial participle (manner)→ perfect participle (settled state of confidence)πείθω (perf. πέποιθα): 'being confident / secure'; the repeated πεποιθότες seals the promise of fearless dwelling.
ἐπ᾿onpreposition + genitive (location, elided)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί (ἐπ᾿): 'on / upon'; elided before the vowel of αὐτῆς.
αὐτῆςitGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (the land)→ relational specificationαὐτός: pronoun referring to ἡ γῆ; 'on it (the land)'.
20
ἐὰν δὲ λέγητε τί φαγόμεθα ἐν τῷ ἔτει τῷ ἑβδόμῳ τούτῳ ἐὰν μὴ σπείρωμεν μηδὲ συναγάγωμεν τὰ γενήματα ἡμῶν
But if you say, 'What shall we eat in this seventh year, if we do not sow nor gather in our crops?'—
The law anticipates the people's anxious question: with no sowing or gathering in the seventh (and fiftieth) year, how shall we eat? The voiced objection (τί φαγόμεθα) sets up the promise of v. 21 — the deliberative-subjunctive question of trust answered by the blessing of the sixth year.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (protasis + subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the anticipated objection.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the turn to the hypothetical worry.
λέγητεyou sayPres Act Subj 2 Pl · λέγωverb of conditional protasis→ present subjunctive (hypothetical ongoing speech/worry)λέγω: 'say'; the present subjunctive frames the worry as a habitual or anticipated saying.
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object of φαγόμεθα)→ participant referenceτίς: interrogative 'what?'; the object of anxious inquiry.
φαγόμεθαshall we eatFut Mid Indic 1 Pl · ἐσθίω (φάγομαι)main verb of the quoted question (deliberative sense)→ deliberative future (anxious self-questioning)ἐσθίω (fut. φάγομαι): 'eat'; τί φαγόμεθα ('what shall we eat?') is the voiced fear that the fallow year will bring famine — answered by the promise of v. 21.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῷtheDativearticle (with ἔτει)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔτειyearDativedative of time when→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; the seventh (sabbath) year of the anxiety.
τῷtheDativearticle (with ἑβδόμῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑβδόμῳseventhDativeattributive ordinal (modifying ἔτει)→ sphere or referenceἕβδομος: 'seventh'; the sabbath year in which no crop is sown.
τούτῳthisDativedemonstrative pronoun (modifying ἔτει)→ participant reference or interestοὗτος: 'this'; vividly points to 'this seventh year' of the worry.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (embedded protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; the embedded condition within the worry.
μὴnotnegative particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: negates the subjunctive σπείρωμεν.
σπείρωμενwe sowAor Act Subj 1 Pl · σπείρωverb of embedded protasis→ aorist subjunctive (hypothetical)σπείρω: 'sow'; the abstention from sowing that prompts the worry.
μηδὲnornegative coordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastμηδέ: 'nor'; coordinating the second negated verb.
συναγάγωμενwe gather inAor Act Subj 1 Pl · συνάγωverb of embedded protasis→ aorist subjunctive (hypothetical)συνάγω: 'gather in'; the abstention from harvesting; the same verb of in-gathering as v. 3.
τὰthe / ourAccusativearticle (with γενήματα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενήματαcrops / produceAccusativedirect object of συναγάγωμεν→ object specificationγένημα (pl. γενήματα): 'produce / crop'; the harvest that will not be gathered in the fallow year.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationἐγώ (pl. ἡμῶν): possessive genitive; 'our crops'.
21
καὶ ἀποστελῶ τὴν εὐλογίαν μου ὑμῖν ἐν τῷ ἔτει τῷ ἕκτῳ καὶ ποιήσει τὰ γενήματα αὐτῆς εἰς τὰ τρία ἔτη
then I will send my blessing to you in the sixth year, and it shall produce its crops for the three years.
YHWH's answer to the anxiety of v. 20: he will send (ἀποστελῶ) his blessing in the sixth year so that one harvest suffices for three years (sixth, seventh fallow, and into the eighth). The promise grounds the land-sabbath in trust in divine provision — obedience does not produce scarcity but the LORD's superabundance.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶthen / andapodosis-marker (answering the protasis of v. 20)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: apodotic καί introducing YHWH's response to the worry of v. 20.
ἀποστελῶI will sendFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (divine first-person promise)→ predictive future (assured divine act of blessing)ἀποστέλλω: 'send / send forth'; renders צִוָּה ('command') here in the sense of commissioning the blessing; YHWH personally dispatches the εὐλογία that makes the sixth-year crop triple.
τὴνthe / myAccusativearticle (with εὐλογίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐλογίανblessingAccusativedirect object of ἀποστελῶ→ object specificationεὐλογία: 'blessing'; renders בְּרָכָה; the divine blessing that multiplies the harvest — the concrete provision underwriting the land-sabbath.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationἐγώ: possessive genitive; 'my blessing' — YHWH's own.
ὑμῖνto youDativedative of recipient→ participant reference or interestσύ (pl.): dative; the blessing is granted to Israel.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῷtheDativearticle (with ἔτει)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔτειyearDativedative of time when→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; the sixth year, in which the triple blessing falls.
τῷtheDativearticle (with ἕκτῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἕκτῳsixthDativeattributive ordinal (modifying ἔτει)→ sphere or referenceἕκτος: 'sixth'; the year before the sabbath, blessed to yield a triple crop.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειit shall produceFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (the land's yield, subject ἡ γῆ implied)→ predictive future (the result of the blessing)ποιέω: 'make / produce'; here of the land 'producing' its crops — a Hebraism (עָשָׂה פְּרִי, 'make/bear fruit'); the blessed land yields enough for three years.
τὰthe / itsAccusativearticle (with γενήματα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενήματαcrops / produceAccusativedirect object of ποιήσει→ object specificationγένημα (pl. γενήματα): 'produce / crop'; the harvest multiplied to a three-year supply.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of source (of the land)→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'its (the land's) crops'.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (extent/purpose: 'for')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (extent/purpose: 'for').
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with τρία ἔτη)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρίαthreeAccusativenumeral adjective (modifying ἔτη)→ measure or countτρεῖς (neut. τρία): 'three'; the sixth-year crop suffices for three years — sixth, seventh, and eighth until the new harvest.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('for the three years')→ object specificationἔτος (pl. ἔτη): 'year'; the three-year span covered by the single blessed harvest.
22
καὶ σπερεῖτε τὸ ἔτος τὸ ὄγδοον καὶ φάγεσθε ἀπὸ τῶν γενημάτων παλαιά ἕως τοῦ ἔτους τοῦ ἐνάτου ἕως ἂν ἔλθῃ τὸ γένημα αὐτῆς φάγεσθε παλαιὰ παλαιῶν
And you shall sow in the eighth year, and you shall eat of the produce, old store, until the ninth year; until its produce comes you shall eat old store of the old.
Sowing resumes in the eighth year, but the people continue eating the stored old grain (παλαιά) of the sixth-year blessing until the ninth-year harvest comes in. The emphatic παλαιὰ παλαιῶν ('old of the old', a Hebraizing superlative) marks the surplus that abundantly outlasts the fallow year — provision so great that old stores remain even into the second year.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σπερεῖτεyou shall sowFut Act Indic 2 Pl · σπείρωmain verb (resumption of sowing)→ predictive/legislative futureσπείρω: 'sow'; cultivation resumes in the eighth year after the fallow seventh.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ἔτος)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔτοςyearAccusativeaccusative of time (extent/when: 'in the eighth year')→ object specificationἔτος: 'year'; the eighth year, when sowing resumes.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὄγδοον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄγδοονeighthAccusativeattributive ordinal (modifying ἔτος)→ object specificationὄγδοος: 'eighth'; the year after the sabbath, in which planting resumes though the old store still feeds them.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φάγεσθεyou shall eatFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · ἐσθίω (φάγομαι)main verb (continued eating of old store)→ predictive futureἐσθίω (fut. φάγομαι): 'eat'; the people continue to eat the stored sixth-year crop.
ἀπὸof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; partitive — eating 'of' the stored produce.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with γενημάτων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενημάτωνproduceGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (partitive)→ relational specificationγένημα (gen. pl.): 'produce / crop'; the stored harvest of the blessed sixth year.
παλαιάold storeAccusativesubstantivized adjective (in apposition: 'old things')→ object specificationπαλαιός: 'old'; τὰ παλαιά ('old store') is the grain of previous years still being eaten — testimony to the surplus of the blessing.
ἕωςuntilpreposition/conjunction + genitive (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until'; marks the limit — eating old store until the ninth year.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ἔτους)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔτουςyearGenitivegenitive of time (with ἕως: 'until the year')→ relational specificationἔτος (gen. ἔτους): 'year'; the ninth year, when the new harvest arrives.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ἐνάτου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνάτουninthGenitiveattributive ordinal (modifying ἔτους)→ relational specificationἔνατος: 'ninth'; the year whose harvest finally replaces the old store.
ἕωςuntiltemporal conjunction (with ἂν + subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: 'until'; ἕως ἂν ἔλθῃ — 'until (the harvest) comes', the indefinite temporal limit.
ἂν(modal particle)modal particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: with subjunctive ἔλθῃ in the indefinite temporal clause.
ἔλθῃcomesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιverb of temporal clause→ aorist subjunctive (indefinite future event)ἔρχομαι: 'come'; the arrival of the new harvest ends the reliance on the old store.
τὸthe / itsNominativearticle (with γένημα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γένημαproduceNominativesubject of ἔλθῃ→ participant prominenceγένημα: 'produce / crop'; the new harvest of the ninth year.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of source (of the land)→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'its (the land's) produce'.
φάγεσθεyou shall eatFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · ἐσθίω (φάγομαι)main verb (repeated)→ predictive futureἐσθίω (fut. φάγομαι): 'eat'; the repeated verb stresses the continued sufficiency of the old store.
παλαιὰold storeAccusativesubstantivized adjective (object: 'old things')→ object specificationπαλαιός: 'old'; the emphatic phrase παλαιὰ παλαιῶν follows.
παλαιῶνof the oldGenitivepartitive/superlative genitive (Hebraizing: 'old of the old')→ relational specificationπαλαιός (gen. pl.): 'old'; παλαιὰ παλαιῶν ('old of old') is a Hebraizing superlative idiom for the very oldest stores — the blessing is so great that grain remains from years past.
23
καὶ ἡ γῆ οὐ πραθήσεται εἰς βεβαίωσιν ἐμὴ γάρ ἐστιν ἡ γῆ διότι προσήλυτοι καὶ πάροικοι ὑμεῖς ἐστε ἐναντίον μου
And the land shall not be sold in perpetuity, for the land is mine; for you are proselytes and sojourners before me.
The theological heart of the redemption-laws and a major crux. The land cannot be permanently alienated because it is not Israel's to keep absolutely: ἐμὴ γάρ ἐστιν ἡ γῆ ('for the land is mine'). Israel holds it only as προσήλυτοι καὶ πάροικοι ('resident aliens and sojourners') before YHWH — the very status the NT applies to Christians on earth (1 Pet 2:11; Heb 11:13; cf. Ps 39:12).
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with γῆ)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandNominativesubject of πραθήσεται→ participant prominenceγῆ: 'land'; the subject of the prohibition — the land may not be sold away permanently.
οὐnotnegative particle (prohibition with future)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: forms the legal prohibition οὐ πραθήσεται.
πραθήσεταιshall be soldFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · πιπράσκωmain verb (passive prohibition)→ prohibitive future (apodictic prohibition)πιπράσκω (fut. pass. πραθήσεται): 'be sold'; renders מָכַר; the passive 'shall not be sold' forbids permanent alienation of the land; cf. its use of the believer 'sold under sin' at Rom 7:14.
εἰςin / forpreposition + accusative (purpose/result)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: here 'into / for' permanency.
βεβαίωσινperpetuity / confirmationAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς ('in perpetuity')→ object specificationβεβαίωσις: 'confirmation / making-secure / permanence'; renders לִצְמִתֻת ('in perpetuity / irrevocably'); εἰς βεβαίωσιν ('for permanent confirmation') is exactly what the land-sale may not effect — all sales are temporary, reversed at Jubilee.
ἐμὴmineNominativepredicate possessive adjective (with ἐστιν)→ participant prominenceἐμός: 'my / mine'; the emphatic, fronted ἐμή ('mine is the land') is the theological ground of the whole chapter — YHWH's absolute ownership; renders כִּי־לִי הָאָרֶץ.
γάρforcausal conjunction (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: 'for'; introduces the reason for the prohibition — divine ownership.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula of the ownership-claim)→ stative present (abiding divine ownership)εἰμί (pres. ἐστιν): 'be'; the present tense asserts YHWH's permanent, present title to the land.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with γῆ)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandNominativesubject of ἐστιν→ participant prominenceγῆ: 'land'; 'the land is mine' — the foundational ownership-claim.
διότιfor / becausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastδιότι: 'because / for the reason that'; introduces the further ground — Israel's status as sojourners.
προσήλυτοιproselytes / resident aliensNominativepredicate nominative (with ἐστε)→ participant prominenceπροσήλυτος: 'incomer / resident alien / proselyte'; renders גֵּר; strikingly, Israel is called גֵּר/προσήλυτος in its own land — tenants, not freeholders; the NT takes up this self-understanding for the believer (1 Pet 2:11, παροίκους καὶ παρεπιδήμους; Heb 11:13).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάροικοιsojourners / tenantsNominativepredicate nominative (with ἐστε)→ participant prominenceπάροικος: 'sojourner / resident foreigner / tenant'; renders תּוֹשָׁב; paired with προσήλυτοι to define Israel's tenancy under YHWH; the pair grounds the NT 'pilgrim' theology (1 Pet 2:11; Eph 2:19, where believers are no longer πάροικοι but fellow-citizens).
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic, 2nd person plural)→ participant referenceσύ (pl. ὑμεῖς): the emphatic pronoun stresses 'you yourselves are but tenants' — Israel's holding is derivative and provisional.
ἐστεarePres Act Indic 2 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present (Israel's abiding status before God)εἰμί (pres. ἐστε): 'be'; asserts the present, abiding status of Israel as sojourners before YHWH.
ἐναντίονbefore / in the presence ofpreposition + genitive (relational: 'before me')→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before / in the presence of'; renders עִמָּדִי ('with me'); Israel are sojourners 'before/with' YHWH — guests on his land, dwelling in his presence.
μουmeGenitivegenitive object of ἐναντίον→ relational specificationἐγώ: genitive; 'before me' — the divine landlord before whom Israel are tenants.
24
καὶ κατὰ πᾶσαν γῆν κατασχέσεως ὑμῶν λύτρα δώσετε τῆς γῆς
And throughout all the land of your possession you shall grant redemption of the land.
The corollary of divine ownership: because the land is YHWH's and only held in tenancy, a right of redemption (λύτρα) must everywhere attach to it. No sale is final; the land can always be bought back — the principle worked out in detail in vv. 25–34. The noun λύτρα anticipates the NT vocabulary of redemption (λύτρον, Mark 10:45).
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατὰthroughoutpreposition + accusative (distributive: 'throughout all')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'throughout / over the whole of'; the redemption-right applies everywhere.
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying γῆν)→ object specificationπᾶς (fem. πᾶσαν): 'all / the whole'; no part of the holding is exempt from the redemption-right.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; the territory of Israel's holding.
κατασχέσεωςof possession / holdingGenitivegenitive (defining γῆν: 'land of your possession')→ relational specificationκατάσχεσις: 'possession / holding'; renders אֲחֻזָּה; the land Israel holds as its (tenant) possession; the key term for the inalienable inheritance throughout the chapter.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσύ (pl.): possessive genitive; 'your possession'.
λύτραredemption / ransom-priceAccusativedirect object of δώσετε→ object specificationλύτρον (pl. λύτρα): 'ransom / means of redemption'; renders גְּאֻלָּה; λύτρα δώσετε ('you shall grant redemption') establishes the buy-back right; the same root yields ἀπολύτρωσις ('redemption') and λύτρον (the ransom of Mark 10:45) in NT soteriology.
δώσετεyou shall grant / giveFut Act Indic 2 Pl · δίδωμιmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (mandated provision of redemption)δίδωμι: 'give / grant'; λύτρα δώσετε — Israel must always allow the means of redemption on sold land.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with γῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive (defining λύτρα: 'redemption of the land')→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; the object of redemption — the land itself is always redeemable.
25
ἐὰν δὲ πένηται ὁ ἀδελφός σου ὁ μετὰ σοῦ καὶ ἀποδῶται ἀπὸ τῆς κατασχέσεως αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔλθῃ ὁ ἀγχιστεύων ἐγγίζων ἔγγιστα αὐτοῦ καὶ λυτρώσεται τὴν πρᾶσιν τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ αὐτοῦ
But if your brother who is with you grows poor and sells some of his possession, then his kinsman who is next of kin to him shall come and redeem the sale of his brother.
The first redemption case: the nearest kinsman (ὁ ἀγχιστεύων) is to buy back land a poor brother has sold. The piled participles ἐγγίζων ἔγγιστα ('drawing near, nearest') stress the duty of the closest relative — the gō'ēl/redeemer figure that culminates theologically in Christ the kinsman-redeemer of his impoverished people.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the poverty-case.
δὲbuttransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the new case.
πένηταιgrows poorPres Mid Subj 3 Sg · πένομαιverb of conditional protasis→ present subjunctive (hypothetical state of becoming poor)πένομαι: 'be poor / be in want'; renders מוּךְ ('grow poor'); the recurring trigger of the social-welfare laws (vv. 25, 35, 39, 47).
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἀδελφός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφόςbrotherNominativesubject of πένηται→ participant prominenceἀδελφός: 'brother'; renders אָח; the fellow-Israelite as 'brother' — kinship language that grounds the obligation of mercy.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationσύ: possessive genitive; 'your brother'.
ὁthe (who is)Nominativearticle (attributive phrase: 'the one with you')→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with'; ὁ μετὰ σοῦ ('who is with you') marks the brother as one dwelling alongside you, within the community of obligation.
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationσύ: genitive; 'with you'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποδῶταιsellsAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · ἀποδίδωμιverb of conditional protasis→ aorist subjunctive (hypothetical sale)ἀποδίδωμι (mid.): 'sell'; the poor brother sells off part of his holding under economic pressure.
ἀπὸof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive: 'some of')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; partitive — he sells part of his possession.
τῆςthe / hisGenitivearticle (with κατασχέσεως)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατασχέσεωςpossessionGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (partitive)→ relational specificationκατάσχεσις: 'possession / holding'; the ancestral land partly sold off.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive.
καὶand / thenapodosis-marker (introducing the redeemer's action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: apodotic καί introducing the consequence — the kinsman's coming to redeem.
ἔλθῃshall comeAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb of apodosis→ aorist subjunctive (the redeemer's intervention)ἔρχομαι: 'come'; the kinsman comes forward to exercise the redemption-right.
ὁtheNominativearticle (substantivizing ἀγχιστεύων)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγχιστεύωνkinsman-redeemerPres Act Ptc Masc Nom Sg · ἀγχιστεύωsubstantival participle (subject: 'the one acting as next-of-kin')→ present participle (the one functioning as redeemer)ἀγχιστεύω: 'act as next of kin / play the redeemer'; renders גָּאַל; ὁ ἀγχιστεύων is the gō'ēl, the kinsman-redeemer (cf. Boaz in Ruth 4); a key OT type of Christ the redeemer of his people's lost inheritance.
ἐγγίζωνnear / drawing nearPres Act Ptc Masc Nom Sg · ἐγγίζωattributive participle (modifying ὁ ἀγχιστεύων)→ present participle (closeness of kinship)ἐγγίζω: 'draw near / be near'; describes the closeness of the kin-relation; ἐγγίζων ἔγγιστα ('near, nearest') is a Hebraizing intensification stressing the closest relative.
ἔγγισταnearestsuperlative adverb (intensifying ἐγγίζων)→ clausal contributionἔγγιστα: 'nearest / closest'; superlative adverb; the redemption-duty falls on the very nearest kinsman.
αὐτοῦto himGenitivegenitive of relationship ('nearest to him')→ relational specificationαὐτός: genitive; 'nearest to him (the poor brother)'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λυτρώσεταιshall redeemFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λυτρόωmain verb (the act of redemption)→ predictive/legislative future (the redeemer buys back)λυτρόω (mid. λυτρόομαι): 'redeem / ransom / buy back'; renders גָּאַל; the kinsman 'redeems' the sold land; the same verb describes YHWH's redemption of Israel from Egypt (Exod 6:6) and Christ's redemption of his people (Titus 2:14; 1 Pet 1:18).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with πρᾶσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρᾶσινsale / sold propertyAccusativedirect object of λυτρώσεται→ object specificationπρᾶσις: 'sale / thing sold'; here the sold land that the kinsman redeems.
τοῦof the / hisGenitivearticle (with ἀδελφοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφοῦbrotherGenitivegenitive of relationship (whose sale is redeemed)→ relational specificationἀδελφός: 'brother'; the impoverished kinsman whose land is bought back.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'his brother'.
26
ἐὰν δὲ μὴ ᾖ τινι ὁ ἀγχιστεύων καὶ εὐπορηθῇ τῇ χειρὶ καὶ εὑρεθῇ αὐτῷ τὸ ἱκανὸν λύτρα αὐτοῦ
But if someone has no kinsman-redeemer, and he prospers by his hand and finds enough for his redemption,
The second case: where no kinsman-redeemer exists, the seller himself, if he prospers (εὐπορηθῇ τῇ χειρί, 'becomes able by his hand'), may find the means (τὸ ἱκανόν) to redeem his own land. The idiom εὐπορέω τῇ χειρί recurs through the chapter (vv. 28, 49) for economic recovery.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the no-redeemer case.
δὲbuttransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the alternative case.
μὴnotnegative particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: negates the subjunctive ᾖ.
ᾖthere be / he havePres Act Subj 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of conditional protasis (existence/possession)→ present subjunctive (hypothetical absence of a redeemer)εἰμί (pres. subj. ᾖ): 'be'; with dative τινι = 'someone has no...' (dative of possession); the case where no kinsman exists.
τινιto someoneDativedative of possession ('someone has')→ sphere or referenceτις: indefinite pronoun 'someone'; dative of possession — 'if to someone there is no redeemer'.
ὁtheNominativearticle (substantivizing ἀγχιστεύων)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγχιστεύωνkinsman-redeemerPres Act Ptc Masc Nom Sg · ἀγχιστεύωsubstantival participle (subject of ᾖ)→ present participle (the redeemer-figure)ἀγχιστεύω: 'act as next-of-kin / redeemer'; here the absent gō'ēl whom the poor man lacks.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐπορηθῇhe prospers / has meansAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · εὐπορέωverb of conditional protasis→ aorist subjunctive (hypothetical gaining of means)εὐπορέω: 'have plenty / prosper / find means'; εὐπορηθῇ τῇ χειρί ('becomes able by his hand') is the idiom for economic recovery (cf. vv. 28, 49); renders the Hiphil of נָשַׂג ('his hand reaches').
τῇby the / hisDativearticle (with χειρὶ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρὶhandDativedative of means/respect ('by his hand / in respect of means')→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand'; renders יָד; here in the idiomatic sense of one's means or ability — 'his hand reaches enough'; cf. v. 28 (ἡ χεὶρ αὐτοῦ).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὑρεθῇis found / he findsAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωverb of conditional protasis (passive: 'there is found to him')→ aorist subjunctive (hypothetical finding of means)εὑρίσκω (pass.): 'be found'; εὑρεθῇ αὐτῷ τὸ ἱκανόν ('there is found to him the sufficient amount') — he comes to possess enough to redeem.
αὐτῷto himDativedative of possession/advantage→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative; 'to/for him' the sufficient sum is found.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with ἱκανὸν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱκανὸνenough / the sufficient amountNominativesubstantivized adjective (subject of εὑρεθῇ)→ participant prominenceἱκανός: 'sufficient / enough'; τὸ ἱκανόν ('the sufficient amount') is the sum needed to redeem the land; renders דֵּי ('enough').
λύτραfor redemptionGenitivegenitive of purpose / apposition ('enough of/for his redemption')→ relational specificationλύτρον (here λύτρα): 'ransom / redemption-price'; λύτρα αὐτοῦ ('his redemption') specifies the purpose of the sufficient sum — the buy-back of his land.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (of the redemption)→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'his redemption'.
27
καὶ συλλογιεῖται τὰ ἔτη τῆς πράσεως αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀποδώσει ὃ ὑπερέχει τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ ᾧ ἀπέδοτο ἑαυτὸν αὐτῷ καὶ ἀπελεύσεται εἰς τὴν κατάσχεσιν αὐτοῦ
then he shall reckon the years of its sale and repay the surplus to the man to whom he sold it, and shall return to his possession.
The mechanism of self-redemption: the seller reckons (συλλογιεῖται) the years since the sale, repays the buyer the value of the years still remaining until Jubilee (ὃ ὑπερέχει, 'the surplus'), and returns to his holding. The buyer is not cheated — he is repaid for the unused harvest-years he forgoes.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶand / thenapodosis-marker→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: apodotic καί introducing the redemption-reckoning.
συλλογιεῖταιhe shall reckon / calculateFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · συλλογίζομαιmain verb (the reckoning)→ legislative future (directive to calculate)συλλογίζομαι: 'reckon up / calculate'; renders חָשַׁב; the seller computes the years to determine the redemption-price; the verb recurs at vv. 50, 52 for the servant's redemption.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ἔτη)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔτηyearsAccusativedirect object of συλλογιεῖται→ object specificationἔτος (pl. ἔτη): 'year'; the years elapsed since the sale, basis of the calculation.
τῆςof the / itsGenitivearticle (with πράσεως)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πράσεωςsaleGenitivegenitive (defining ἔτη: 'years of its sale')→ relational specificationπρᾶσις: 'sale'; the years counted from the time of the sale.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'its (the land's) sale'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποδώσειhe shall repayFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποδίδωμιmain verb (the repayment)→ legislative future (directive to repay the surplus)ἀποδίδωμι: 'pay back / restore'; the seller repays the buyer for the remaining harvest-years.
ὃwhatAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἀποδώσει: 'that which')→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; ὃ ὑπερέχει ('what exceeds') = the surplus value of the years left.
ὑπερέχειexceeds / is overPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ὑπερέχωverb of relative clause→ stative present (the amount that stands as surplus)ὑπερέχω: 'exceed / be superior / be in excess'; here 'the amount in excess' — the value of the remaining years that the seller must refund.
τῷto theDativearticle (with ἀνθρώπῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνθρώπῳmanDativedative of recipient (the buyer)→ sphere or referenceἄνθρωπος: 'man / person'; the buyer to whom the surplus is repaid.
ᾧto whomDativerelative pronoun (indirect object in relative clause)→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun (dat.); 'to whom he sold'.
ἀπέδοτοhe soldAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀποδίδωμιverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (the past sale)ἀποδίδωμι (mid.): 'sell'; the original sale to that man.
ἑαυτὸνit / himselfAccusativereflexive pronoun (object; here the property/holding)→ participant referenceἑαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun; in the LXX construction the seller 'sold himself/his own' — i.e. his holding — to the buyer (the resumptive αὐτῷ follows, a Hebraizing redundancy).
αὐτῷto himDativeresumptive dative (Hebraizing pleonasm with ᾧ)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative; the resumptive pronoun 'to him', redundantly resuming the relative ᾧ — a Hebraism (the resumptive pronoun after a relative).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπελεύσεταιhe shall returnFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb (the return to property)→ predictive future (consequence of redemption)ἀπέρχομαι: 'go away / return'; the redeemed man returns to his recovered holding.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
τὴνthe / hisAccusativearticle (with κατάσχεσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατάσχεσινpossessionAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (goal of return)→ object specificationκατάσχεσις: 'possession / holding'; the ancestral land regained through self-redemption.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive.
28
ἐὰν δὲ μὴ εὐπορηθῇ ἡ χεὶρ αὐτοῦ τὸ ἱκανὸν ὥστε ἀποδοῦναι αὐτῷ καὶ ἔσται ἡ πρᾶσις τῷ κτησαμένῳ αὐτὰ ἕως τοῦ ἕκτου ἔτους τῆς ἀφέσεως καὶ ἐξελεύσεται τῇ ἀφέσει καὶ ἀπελεύσεται εἰς τὴν κατάσχεσιν αὐτοῦ
But if his hand does not prosper enough so as to repay him, then the sale shall belong to the one who bought it until the sixth year of release, and it shall go out in the release, and he shall return to his possession.
The fallback: if the seller cannot raise the redemption-price, the buyer keeps the land only until the Jubilee, at which point it 'goes out' (ἐξελεύσεται) in the release and reverts to the original family. Even an unredeemed sale is ultimately undone by the ἄφεσις — the Jubilee is the final guarantor of the family inheritance.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the default case.
δὲbuttransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the contrary case.
μὴnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: negates εὐπορηθῇ.
εὐπορηθῇprospersAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · εὐπορέωverb of conditional protasis→ aorist subjunctive (hypothetical failure to gain means)εὐπορέω: 'have means / prosper'; here the hand does not reach enough — the seller cannot afford redemption.
ἡthe / hisNominativearticle (with χεὶρ)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεὶρhandNominativesubject of εὐπορηθῇ ('his hand', idiom for means)→ participant prominenceχείρ: 'hand'; ἡ χεὶρ αὐτοῦ ('his hand') idiomatically denotes his means/resources, as at v. 26.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ἱκανὸν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱκανὸνenoughAccusativesubstantivized adjective (accusative of respect: 'as to the sufficient amount')→ object specificationἱκανός: 'sufficient'; τὸ ἱκανόν — the sum that proves beyond his reach.
ὥστεso asconjunction + infinitive (result/purpose)→ discourse linkage or contrastὥστε: 'so as to / so that'; with the infinitive ἀποδοῦναι introduces the intended result.
ἀποδοῦναιto repayAor Act Inf · ἀποδίδωμιinfinitive of result (with ὥστε)→ aorist infinitive (the unattainable repayment)ἀποδίδωμι: 'pay back'; the repayment to the buyer that the seller cannot manage.
αὐτῷto himDativedative of recipient (the buyer)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative; the buyer who would be repaid.
καὶand / thenapodosis-marker→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: apodotic καί introducing the consequence.
ἔσταιshall be / belongFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (possession of the sale)→ legislative future (the land stays with the buyer until Jubilee)εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; with the dative τῷ κτησαμένῳ = 'shall belong to the buyer'.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with πρᾶσις)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρᾶσιςsale / sold propertyNominativesubject of ἔσται→ participant prominenceπρᾶσις: 'sale / thing sold'; the sold land that remains with the buyer until the Jubilee.
τῷto theDativearticle (substantivizing κτησαμένῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτησαμένῳto the one who boughtAor Mid Ptc Masc Dat Sg · κτάομαιsubstantival participle (dative of possession: 'the buyer')→ aorist participle (the completed act of purchase)κτάομαι (aor. mid. ptc.): 'having acquired / bought'; ὁ κτησάμενος is 'the purchaser', who holds the land until it reverts at Jubilee.
αὐτὰit / themAccusativedirect object of κτησαμένῳ (the property)→ participant referenceαὐτός: pronoun (neut. pl., the holding); 'the things he bought'.
ἕωςuntilpreposition/conjunction + genitive (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until'; the limit of the buyer's tenure.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ἔτους)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἕκτουsixthGenitiveattributive ordinal (modifying ἔτους)→ relational specificationἕκτος: 'sixth'; the LXX here reads 'the sixth year of release', differing from MT's 'year of jubilee'; ἕως τοῦ ἕκτου ἔτους τῆς ἀφέσεως marks the term of the buyer's holding up to the release-year.
ἔτουςyearGenitivegenitive of time (with ἕως)→ relational specificationἔτος (gen. ἔτους): 'year'; the year of release at which the land reverts.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with ἀφέσεως)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀφέσεωςof release (Jubilee)Genitivegenitive (defining ἔτους: 'year of release')→ relational specificationἄφεσις: 'release'; the Jubilee, which terminates the buyer's tenure and restores the land.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξελεύσεταιit shall go outFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (the reversion)→ predictive/legislative future (release of the property)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out / be released'; the technical Jubilee term — the land (and later the servant, v. 41) 'goes out' free at the release.
τῇin theDativearticle (with ἀφέσει)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀφέσειrelease (Jubilee)Dativedative of time when ('in the release')→ sphere or referenceἄφεσις: 'release'; τῇ ἀφέσει ('at the Jubilee') is when the reversion takes effect.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπελεύσεταιhe shall returnFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb (return to property)→ predictive futureἀπέρχομαι: 'return'; the original owner returns to his recovered holding at the Jubilee.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
τὴνthe / hisAccusativearticle (with κατάσχεσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατάσχεσινpossessionAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (goal of return)→ object specificationκατάσχεσις: 'possession / holding'; the ancestral land restored at the Jubilee.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive.
29
ἐὰν δέ τις ἀποδῶται οἰκίαν οἰκητὴν ἐν πόλει τετειχισμένῃ καὶ ἔσται ἡ λύτρωσις αὐτῆς ἕως πληρωθῇ ἐνιαυτὸς ἡμερῶν ἔσται ἡ λύτρωσις αὐτῆς
But if someone sells a dwelling-house in a walled city, then its redemption shall last until a full year of days is completed; its redemption-right shall last a year.
A distinct rule for urban property: a house in a walled city may be redeemed only within one full year of sale. Unlike farmland, which is tied to the Jubilee, the walled-city house is treated more like ordinary property — its redemption-window is a single year (ἐνιαυτὸς ἡμερῶν, 'a year of days').
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the urban-house case.
δέbuttransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the new case.
τιςsomeoneNominativeindefinite pronoun (subject)→ participant referenceτις: indefinite 'someone / anyone'; the hypothetical seller.
ἀποδῶταιsellsAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · ἀποδίδωμιverb of conditional protasis→ aorist subjunctive (hypothetical sale)ἀποδίδωμι (mid.): 'sell'; the sale of an urban dwelling.
οἰκίανhouseAccusativedirect object of ἀποδῶται→ object specificationοἰκία: 'house / dwelling'; renders בַּיִת; the urban property in view, distinguished from agricultural land.
οἰκητὴνdwelling / inhabitedAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying οἰκίαν)→ object specificationοἰκητός: 'habitable / dwelt-in'; οἰκίαν οἰκητήν ('a dwelling-house') specifies a residence in a walled town; renders בֵּית מוֹשַׁב.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
πόλειcityDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceπόλις: 'city / town'; renders עִיר; the walled city whose houses follow this special rule.
τετειχισμένῃwalled / fortifiedPerf Mid/Pass Ptc Fem Dat Sg · τειχίζωattributive participle (modifying πόλει)→ perfect participle (settled state: 'having been walled')τειχίζω (perf. pass. ptc.): 'fortify with a wall'; renders חוֹמָה ('wall'); the perfect marks the abiding fortified state — a walled city as opposed to an open village (v. 31).
καὶand / thenapodosis-marker→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: apodotic καί introducing the redemption-rule.
ἔσταιshall be / lastFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (the redemption-window)→ legislative future (the right endures for a set time)εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; the redemption-right 'shall be' available for the stated period.
ἡthe / itsNominativearticle (with λύτρωσις)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λύτρωσιςredemption-rightNominativesubject of ἔσται→ participant prominenceλύτρωσις: 'redemption / ransoming'; renders גְּאֻלָּה; the right to buy back the house; the same noun describes the messianic redemption (Luke 1:68; 2:38; Heb 9:12).
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (of the house)→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'its (the house's) redemption'.
ἕωςuntiltemporal conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: 'until'; the redemption-window lasts until a full year is complete.
πληρωθῇis completedAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · πληρόωverb of temporal clause→ aorist subjunctive (completion of the year)πληρόω: 'fill / complete / fulfill'; renders מָלֵא; the redemption-window closes when a full year is fulfilled.
ἐνιαυτὸςa yearNominativesubject of πληρωθῇ→ participant prominenceἐνιαυτός: 'year'; ἐνιαυτὸς ἡμερῶν ('a year of days') is a Hebraism (שְׁנַת יָמִים) for a full calendar year.
ἡμερῶνof daysGenitivegenitive (defining ἐνιαυτὸς: 'a full year')→ relational specificationἡμέρα (gen. pl.): 'day'; ἐνιαυτὸς ἡμερῶν = 'a year of days', i.e. a complete twelve-month year.
ἔσταιshall lastFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (repeated, restating the window)→ legislative futureεἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; the repetition emphasizes the fixed one-year redemption-period.
ἡthe / itsNominativearticle (with λύτρωσις)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λύτρωσιςredemption-rightNominativesubject (repeated)→ participant prominenceλύτρωσις: 'redemption'; restated to underline the one-year limit on the right.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'its redemption'.
30
ἐὰν δὲ μὴ λυτρωθῇ ἕως ἂν πληρωθῇ αὐτῆς ἐνιαυτὸς ὅλος κυρωθήσεται ἡ οἰκία ἡ οὖσα ἐν πόλει τῇ ἐχούσῃ τεῖχος βεβαίως τῷ κτησαμένῳ αὐτὴν εἰς τὰς γενεὰς αὐτοῦ καὶ οὐκ ἐξελεύσεται ἐν τῇ ἀφέσει
But if it is not redeemed until a whole year of it is completed, the house that is in a city having a wall shall be confirmed permanently to the one who bought it, throughout his generations, and it shall not go out in the release.
The exception to the Jubilee principle: an unredeemed walled-city house passes permanently (βεβαίως, the adverbial form of βεβαίωσις, v. 23) to the buyer 'throughout his generations' and does not revert at the Jubilee (οὐκ ἐξελεύσεται ἐν τῇ ἀφέσει). Urban real estate is thus distinguished from the ancestral farmland that is YHWH's inalienable gift.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the non-redemption case.
δὲbuttransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the contrary case.
μὴnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: negates λυτρωθῇ.
λυτρωθῇit is redeemedAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · λυτρόωverb of conditional protasis→ aorist subjunctive (hypothetical non-redemption)λυτρόω (pass.): 'be redeemed'; the house is not bought back within the year.
ἕωςuntiltemporal conjunction (with ἂν + subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: 'until'; the limit of the redemption-window.
ἂν(modal particle)modal particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: with subjunctive πληρωθῇ in the indefinite temporal clause.
πληρωθῇis completedAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · πληρόωverb of temporal clause→ aorist subjunctive (completion of the year)πληρόω: 'complete / fulfill'; the full year of the redemption-window elapses.
αὐτῆςof itGenitivegenitive (with ἐνιαυτὸς: 'a year of it')→ relational specificationαὐτός: genitive; 'a whole year of it (the house's redemption-period)'.
ἐνιαυτὸςyearNominativesubject of πληρωθῇ→ participant prominenceἐνιαυτός: 'year'; ἐνιαυτὸς ὅλος ('a whole year') = the complete redemption-window.
ὅλοςwholeNominativeattributive adjective (modifying ἐνιαυτὸς)→ participant prominenceὅλος: 'whole / entire'; emphasizes the full year that must elapse without redemption.
κυρωθήσεταιshall be confirmed / made permanentFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · κυρόωmain verb (the permanent transfer)→ legislative future (legal confirmation of ownership)κυρόω: 'confirm / ratify / make valid'; renders קוּם (Qal/Hiphil, 'be established'); the house is legally and permanently 'confirmed' to the buyer — a technical term of property law.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with οἰκία)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίαhouseNominativesubject of κυρωθήσεται→ participant prominenceοἰκία: 'house'; the urban dwelling now permanently transferred.
ἡthe (which is)Nominativearticle (substantivizing the participle οὖσα)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὖσαbeing / that isPres Act Ptc Fem Nom Sg · εἰμίattributive participle (modifying οἰκία)→ present participle (location of the house)εἰμί (pres. ptc. οὖσα): 'being'; ἡ οὖσα ἐν πόλει ('the one that is in a city') specifies the house's location as the basis of the rule.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
πόλειcityDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceπόλις: 'city'; the walled city.
τῇthe (which has)Dativearticle (substantivizing ἐχούσῃ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐχούσῃhavingPres Act Ptc Fem Dat Sg · ἔχωattributive participle (modifying πόλει)→ present participle (the city's having a wall)ἔχω (pres. ptc.): 'have'; τῇ ἐχούσῃ τεῖχος ('which has a wall') defines the walled city — the decisive criterion distinguishing it from the open village of v. 31.
τεῖχοςwallAccusativedirect object of ἐχούσῃ→ object specificationτεῖχος: 'wall / city-wall'; renders חוֹמָה; the presence of a wall makes the house's transfer permanent.
βεβαίωςpermanently / securelyadverb of manner (with κυρωθήσεται)→ clausal contributionβεβαίως: 'firmly / permanently'; adverb cognate with βεβαίωσις (v. 23) — the very permanence forbidden for farmland is here permitted for the walled-city house.
τῷto theDativearticle (substantivizing κτησαμένῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτησαμένῳto the one who boughtAor Mid Ptc Masc Dat Sg · κτάομαιsubstantival participle (dative of advantage: the buyer)→ aorist participle (completed purchase)κτάομαι (aor. mid. ptc.): 'having bought'; the buyer to whom the house is permanently confirmed.
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object of κτησαμένῳ (the house)→ participant referenceαὐτός: pronoun; 'it (the house)'.
εἰςthroughout / forpreposition + accusative (extent of time)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: 'for / throughout'; εἰς τὰς γενεὰς αὐτοῦ — for all his generations.
τὰςthe / hisAccusativearticle (with γενεὰς)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενεὰςgenerationsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationγενεά (pl. γενεάς): 'generation'; renders דּוֹר; the permanence extends to the buyer's descendants in perpetuity.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'his generations'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ): negates ἐξελεύσεται.
ἐξελεύσεταιit shall go outFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (negated: no Jubilee reversion)→ predictive future (the exception to release)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out / be released'; the negated future — unlike farmland, this house does not 'go out' (revert) at the Jubilee.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῇtheDativearticle (with ἀφέσει)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀφέσειrelease (Jubilee)Dativedative of time when→ sphere or referenceἄφεσις: 'release'; the Jubilee, at which this house, exceptionally, does not revert.
31
αἱ δὲ οἰκίαι αἱ ἐν ἐπαύλεσιν αἷς οὐκ ἔστιν ἐν αὐταῖς τεῖχος κύκλῳ πρὸς τὸν ἀγρὸν τῆς γῆς λογισθήτωσαν λυτρωταὶ διὰ παντὸς ἔσονται καὶ ἐν τῇ ἀφέσει ἐξελεύσονται
But the houses in villages which have no wall around them shall be reckoned together with the open country of the land: they shall be always redeemable, and in the release they shall go out.
The converse rule: unwalled village houses are legally classed with the open farmland (πρὸς τὸν ἀγρὸν τῆς γῆς λογισθήτωσαν) — they are always redeemable (λυτρωταὶ διὰ παντός) and revert at the Jubilee. The wall is the decisive legal criterion separating permanent urban property from Jubilee-bound rural property.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
αἱtheNominativearticle (with οἰκίαι)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the contrasting rule for village houses.
οἰκίαιhousesNominativesubject (of λογισθήτωσαν / ἔσονται)→ participant prominenceοἰκία: 'house'; the village dwellings now in view.
αἱthe (which are)Nominativearticle (attributive phrase: 'the ones in villages')→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ἐπαύλεσινvillages / hamletsDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceἔπαυλις (dat. pl. ἐπαύλεσιν): 'farmstead / village / hamlet'; renders חָצֵר ('settlement / unwalled village'); the open settlements without walls.
αἷςwhichDativerelative pronoun (dative; Hebraizing with resumptive ἐν αὐταῖς)→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun (dat.); 'to which' there is no wall — followed by the resumptive ἐν αὐταῖς (Hebraism).
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ): negates ἔστιν.
ἔστινthere isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of relative clause (existence)→ stative present (the absence of a wall)εἰμί (pres. ἔστιν): 'be / there is'; the villages have no wall.
ἐνin / aroundpreposition + dative (resumptive: 'in them')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (resumptive: 'in them').
αὐταῖςthemDativeresumptive dative (Hebraizing pleonasm with αἷς)→ sphere or referenceαὐτός: dative; the resumptive 'in them', redundantly resuming αἷς — a Hebraism.
τεῖχοςwallNominativesubject of ἔστιν→ participant prominenceτεῖχος: 'wall'; the wall that these villages lack.
κύκλῳround aboutDativeadverbial dative (of place: 'around')→ sphere or referenceκύκλος (dat. κύκλῳ): 'in a circle / round about'; used adverbially — 'a wall round about'; renders סָבִיב.
πρὸςwith / aspreposition + accusative (association/classification)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: here 'in relation to / as belonging with'; the village house is reckoned together with the farmland.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἀγρὸν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγρὸνopen country / fieldAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (classification)→ object specificationἀγρός: 'field / open country'; the village house is legally classed with the farmland — hence subject to the Jubilee.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with γῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive (defining ἀγρὸν: 'open country of the land')→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; the agricultural land with which the village house is grouped.
λογισθήτωσανlet them be reckonedAor Pass Impv 3 Pl · λογίζομαιmain verb (legal reckoning)→ aorist passive imperative (mandated classification)λογίζομαι (pass.): 'reckon / count / regard as'; renders חָשַׁב; the village houses are legally 'reckoned' as farmland; the same verb is central to Paul's reckoning of righteousness (Rom 4).
λυτρωταὶredeemableNominativepredicate adjective (with ἔσονται)→ participant prominenceλυτρωτός: 'redeemable / capable of being ransomed'; λυτρωταὶ διὰ παντός ('always redeemable') — unlike the walled-city house, these may be bought back at any time.
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (idiomatic: 'always')→ spatial or relational framingδιά + gen.: in the idiom διὰ παντός ('through all [time] / always / continually').
παντὸςall (time)Genitivegenitive object of διά (idiom: 'always')→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; διὰ παντός = 'perpetually / always' — the redemption-right never lapses.
ἔσονταιthey shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (predication)→ legislative futureεἰμί (fut. ἔσονται): 'be'; declares the perpetual redeemability of village houses.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῇtheDativearticle (with ἀφέσει)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀφέσειrelease (Jubilee)Dativedative of time when→ sphere or referenceἄφεσις: 'release'; at the Jubilee these houses revert.
ἐξελεύσονταιthey shall go outFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (Jubilee reversion)→ predictive/legislative future (release of the property)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out / be released'; the village houses 'go out' (revert) at the Jubilee, like farmland.
32
καὶ αἱ πόλεις τῶν Λευιτῶν οἰκίαι τῶν πόλεων αὐτῶν κατασχέσεως λυτρωταὶ διὰ παντὸς ἔσονται τοῖς Λευίταις
And as for the cities of the Levites, the houses of the cities of their possession shall be always redeemable by the Levites.
A special exemption for the Levites, who have no farmland inheritance but only their cities: their city-houses are perpetually redeemable (λυτρωταὶ διὰ παντός), never falling under the walled-city permanence rule of v. 30. Their urban property functions as their κατάσχεσις in lieu of agricultural land (cf. Num 35:1–8).
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the Levite exception)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheNominativearticle (with πόλεις)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesNominativenominative (casus pendens: 'as for the cities')→ participant prominenceπόλις (pl. πόλεις): 'city'; the Levitical cities, the nominative standing as a topic-fronting (casus pendens).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with Λευιτῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛευιτῶνLevitesGenitivegenitive of possession (whose cities)→ relational specificationΛευίτης (gen. pl. Λευιτῶν): 'Levite'; the priestly tribe; their cities are their substitute for a land-inheritance (Num 35).
οἰκίαιhousesNominativesubject of ἔσονται (resuming the topic)→ participant prominenceοἰκία: 'house'; the Levite dwellings that remain perpetually redeemable.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with πόλεων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωνcitiesGenitivegenitive (defining οἰκίαι: 'houses of the cities')→ relational specificationπόλις (gen. pl. πόλεων): 'city'; the Levite cities.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'their cities'.
κατασχέσεωςof possessionGenitivegenitive (defining: 'cities of their possession')→ relational specificationκατάσχεσις: 'possession / holding'; the Levite cities constitute their κατάσχεσις in place of farmland.
λυτρωταὶredeemableNominativepredicate adjective (with ἔσονται)→ participant prominenceλυτρωτός: 'redeemable'; the Levite houses are always redeemable, never permanently alienated.
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (idiom: 'always')→ spatial or relational framingδιά + gen.: in διὰ παντός ('always / perpetually').
παντὸςall (time)Genitivegenitive object of διά (idiom)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; διὰ παντός = 'perpetually'.
ἔσονταιthey shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (predication)→ legislative futureεἰμί (fut. ἔσονται): 'be'; declares the perpetual redeemability of Levite houses.
τοῖςby the / for theDativearticle (with Λευίταις)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛευίταιςLevitesDativedative of advantage/agent ('redeemable by/for the Levites')→ sphere or referenceΛευίτης (dat. pl. Λευίταις): 'Levite'; the right of perpetual redemption belongs to the Levites over their own city-property.
33
καὶ ὃς ἂν λυτρωσάμενος παρὰ τῶν Λευιτῶν καὶ ἐξελεύσεται ἡ διάπρασις αὐτῶν οἰκιῶν πόλεως κατασχέσεως αὐτῶν ἐν τῇ ἀφέσει ὅτι οἰκίαι τῶν πόλεων τῶν Λευιτῶν κατάσχεσις αὐτῶν ἐν μέσῳ υἱῶν Ισραηλ
And whoever redeems from the Levites—then the sale of their houses of the city of their possession shall go out in the release; for the houses of the cities of the Levites are their possession in the midst of the sons of Israel.
The Levite exemption is reinforced: even when a Levite house is bought, the sale 'goes out' at the Jubilee, because the Levite cities are their inalienable possession (κατάσχεσις) in the midst of Israel — their only inheritance, which can never be permanently lost.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὃςwhoeverNominativerelative pronoun (subject; generalizing with ἂν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; ὃς ἂν ('whoever') generalizes the case of one redeeming/buying from the Levites.
ἂν(modal particle)modal particle (generalizing relative)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: with the relative clause, generalizing ('whoever').
λυτρωσάμενοςhaving redeemed / buyingAor Mid Ptc Masc Nom Sg · λυτρόωcircumstantial participle (the one who redeems/buys)→ aorist participle (the act of redeeming/purchasing)λυτρόω (aor. mid. ptc.): 'having redeemed / bought back'; whoever acquires a Levite house by purchase still cannot hold it past the Jubilee.
παρὰfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with Λευιτῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛευιτῶνLevitesGenitivegenitive of source ('from the Levites')→ relational specificationΛευίτης (gen. pl.): 'Levite'; the sellers of the city-houses.
καὶthen / andapodosis-marker→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: apodotic καί introducing the consequence.
ἐξελεύσεταιshall go outFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (Jubilee reversion)→ predictive/legislative futureἐξέρχομαι: 'go out / be released'; the sale of the Levite house reverts at the Jubilee.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with διάπρασις)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διάπρασιςsaleNominativesubject of ἐξελεύσεται→ participant prominenceδιάπρασις: 'sale / selling-off'; the compound (δια- + πρᾶσις) for the transaction of a Levite house, which is undone at the Jubilee.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'their (the Levites') sale'.
οἰκιῶνof housesGenitivegenitive (defining διάπρασις: 'sale of houses')→ relational specificationοἰκία (gen. pl.): 'house'; the Levite houses sold.
πόλεωςof the cityGenitivegenitive (defining οἰκιῶν: 'houses of the city')→ relational specificationπόλις (gen. πόλεως): 'city'; the Levite city.
κατασχέσεωςof possessionGenitivegenitive (defining: 'of their possession')→ relational specificationκατάσχεσις: 'possession'; the city as the Levites' holding.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῇtheDativearticle (with ἀφέσει)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀφέσειrelease (Jubilee)Dativedative of time when→ sphere or referenceἄφεσις: 'release'; the Jubilee at which even the Levite-house sale reverts.
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; gives the reason — the Levite houses are their permanent possession.
οἰκίαιhousesNominativesubject of the causal clause→ participant prominenceοἰκία: 'house'; the Levite houses as their inalienable holding.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with πόλεων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωνcitiesGenitivegenitive (defining οἰκίαι)→ relational specificationπόλις (gen. pl.): 'city'; the Levite cities.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with Λευιτῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛευιτῶνLevitesGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationΛευίτης (gen. pl.): 'Levite'; whose cities these are.
κατάσχεσιςpossessionNominativepredicate nominative ('are their possession')→ participant prominenceκατάσχεσις: 'possession / holding'; the Levite houses are their κατάσχεσις — their inheritance in place of farmland.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
μέσῳthe midstDativedative of place (idiom: 'in the midst of')→ sphere or referenceμέσος: 'middle / midst'; ἐν μέσῳ ('in the midst of') renders בְּתוֹךְ; the Levites hold their cities among the other tribes.
υἱῶνof sonsGenitivegenitive (with μέσῳ: 'in the midst of the sons')→ relational specificationυἱός (gen. pl.): 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ, the people among whom the Levites dwell.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable proper noun (qualifying υἱῶν)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; the covenant people in whose midst the Levites live.
34
καὶ οἱ ἀγροὶ οἱ ἀφωρισμένοι ταῖς πόλεσιν αὐτῶν οὐ πραθήσονται ὅτι κατάσχεσις αἰωνία τοῦτο αὐτῶν ἐστιν
And the fields set apart for their cities shall not be sold, for this is their everlasting possession.
The pasture-fields attached to the Levite cities may never be sold at all — they are κατάσχεσις αἰωνία ('an everlasting possession'). The strongest form of inalienability in the chapter, fitting the tribe that has no other inheritance but lives by what is given to it (cf. the priestly portion as the LORD himself, Num 18:20).
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with ἀγροὶ)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγροὶfieldsNominativesubject of πραθήσονται→ participant prominenceἀγρός: 'field'; the pasture-lands around the Levite cities (cf. Num 35:2–5).
οἱthe (set apart)Nominativearticle (substantivizing ἀφωρισμένοι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀφωρισμένοιset apart / allottedPerf Mid/Pass Ptc Masc Nom Pl · ἀφορίζωattributive participle (modifying ἀγροὶ)→ perfect participle (settled state: 'having been set apart')ἀφορίζω (perf. pass. ptc.): 'mark off / set apart / allot'; renders מִגְרָשׁ ('open land / pasture'); the perfect marks the fields as permanently designated for the Levite cities; cf. Paul 'set apart' for the gospel (Rom 1:1; Gal 1:15).
ταῖςfor the / theirDativearticle (with πόλεσιν)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεσινcitiesDativedative of advantage ('set apart for their cities')→ sphere or referenceπόλις (dat. pl. πόλεσιν): 'city'; the Levite cities to which the pasture-fields belong.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'their cities'.
οὐnotnegative particle (prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: forms the absolute prohibition οὐ πραθήσονται.
πραθήσονταιshall be soldFut Pass Indic 3 Pl · πιπράσκωmain verb (passive prohibition)→ prohibitive future (absolute prohibition of sale)πιπράσκω (fut. pass.): 'be sold'; the Levite pasture-fields may never be sold at all — the strongest inalienability rule of the chapter.
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; gives the reason for the absolute prohibition.
κατάσχεσιςpossessionNominativepredicate nominative (with ἐστιν)→ participant prominenceκατάσχεσις: 'possession'; the Levite fields are their permanent holding.
αἰωνίαeverlastingNominativeattributive adjective (modifying κατάσχεσις)→ participant prominenceαἰώνιος: 'eternal / everlasting'; renders עוֹלָם; κατάσχεσις αἰωνία ('an everlasting possession') — the same phrase used of the land-promise to Abraham (Gen 17:8); the Levite fields are inalienable forever.
τοῦτοthisNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of ἐστιν)→ participant referenceοὗτος (neut. τοῦτο): 'this'; refers to the pasture-fields as the Levites' everlasting holding.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'their possession'.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula in causal clause)→ stative present (the abiding fact of possession)εἰμί (pres. ἐστιν): 'be'; asserts the everlasting fact of the Levites' holding.
35
ἐὰν δὲ πένηται ὁ ἀδελφός σου καὶ ἀδυνατήσῃ ταῖς χερσὶν παρὰ σοί ἀντιλήμψῃ αὐτοῦ ὡς προσηλύτου καὶ παροίκου καὶ ζήσεται ὁ ἀδελφός σου μετὰ σοῦ
But if your brother grows poor and is unable with his hands alongside you, you shall support him as a proselyte and sojourner, and your brother shall live with you.
The third poverty-case (after vv. 25, and before v. 39) turns to the destitute brother who cannot support himself. The command ἀντιλήμψῃ αὐτοῦ ('you shall take hold of / support him') treats him as one would a resident alien — to be sustained so that he may live (ζήσεται) within the community rather than be exploited.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the poverty-case.
δὲbuttransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the new case.
πένηταιgrows poorPres Mid Subj 3 Sg · πένομαιverb of conditional protasis→ present subjunctive (hypothetical impoverishment)πένομαι: 'be poor / in want'; the recurring trigger of the welfare laws.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἀδελφός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφόςbrotherNominativesubject of πένηται→ participant prominenceἀδελφός: 'brother'; the impoverished fellow-Israelite.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationσύ: possessive genitive; 'your brother'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀδυνατήσῃis unable / failsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἀδυνατέωverb of conditional protasis→ aorist subjunctive (hypothetical incapacity)ἀδυνατέω: 'be unable / powerless'; renders מוֹט ('totter / waver'); the brother's hands fail him — he cannot sustain himself by his own labor.
ταῖςwith the / hisDativearticle (with χερσὶν)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χερσὶνhandsDativedative of means/respect ('with his hands')→ sphere or referenceχείρ (dat. pl. χερσίν): 'hand'; here means/ability — he is unable 'with his hands' to provide.
παρὰalongside / withpreposition + dative (association)→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + dat.: 'beside / with'; παρὰ σοί — the brother dwelling alongside you.
σοίyouDativedative object of παρά→ participant reference or interestσύ: dative; 'with you'.
ἀντιλήμψῃyou shall support / take hold ofFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · ἀντιλαμβάνωmain verb (the command to help)→ legislative future (mandated support)ἀντιλαμβάνω (mid. ἀντιλαμβάνομαι, + gen.): 'take hold of / help / support'; renders חָזַק (Hiphil, 'strengthen / uphold'); the command to sustain the failing brother; cf. ἀντιλαμβάνεσθαι τῶν ἀσθενούντων (Acts 20:35).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀντιλήμψῃ→ relational specificationαὐτός: genitive; the object of the supporting verb (ἀντιλαμβάνομαι takes the genitive).
ὡςascomparative particle ('as / like')→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like'; the brother is to be treated as one would a resident alien.
προσηλύτουa proselyte / resident alienGenitivegenitive of comparison (with ὡς)→ relational specificationπροσήλυτος: 'resident alien / proselyte'; renders גֵּר; the impoverished brother is to be supported as the law commands for the protected sojourner.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παροίκουa sojournerGenitivegenitive of comparison (with ὡς, coordinate)→ relational specificationπάροικος: 'sojourner / tenant'; renders תּוֹשָׁב; paired with προσήλυτος (as in v. 23) — the brother is to receive the protective care owed to the resident foreigner.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing purpose/result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ζήσεταιshall liveFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb (the intended outcome)→ predictive future (result of the support: survival)ζάω: 'live'; renders חָיָה; the goal of the support — that the brother survive and flourish in the community; the refrain ζήσεται ὁ ἀδελφός σου recurs in v. 36.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἀδελφός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφόςbrotherNominativesubject of ζήσεται→ participant prominenceἀδελφός: 'brother'; the one who is to live by the support given.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationσύ: possessive genitive; 'your brother'.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with'; the brother lives 'with you', in the community.
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationσύ: genitive; 'with you'.
36
οὐ λήμψῃ παρ᾿ αὐτοῦ τόκον οὐδὲ ἐπὶ πλήθει καὶ φοβηθήσῃ τὸν θεόν σου ἐγὼ κύριος καὶ ζήσεται ὁ ἀδελφός σου μετὰ σοῦ
You shall not take interest from him nor anything for increase; and you shall fear your God—I am the LORD—and your brother shall live with you.
The core prohibition of usury: no interest (τόκος) or increase may be exacted from a needy brother. The motive is again the fear of God, sealed by ἐγὼ κύριος, and the goal restated: that your brother may live with you. Compassion, not profit, governs lending within the covenant family.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
οὐnotnegative particle (prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: forms the prohibition οὐ λήμψῃ.
λήμψῃyou shall takeFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (prohibited action)→ prohibitive future (apodictic prohibition of usury)λαμβάνω (fut. λήμψομαι): 'take / receive'; renders לָקַח; οὐ λήμψῃ τόκον ('you shall not take interest') is the central anti-usury statute (cf. Exod 22:25; Deut 23:19; Ps 15:5; Ezek 18:8).
παρ᾿frompreposition + genitive (source, elided)→ spatial or relational framingπαρά (παρ᾿): 'from'; elided before the vowel of αὐτοῦ.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive of source ('from him')→ relational specificationαὐτός: genitive; the poor brother from whom no interest is to be taken.
τόκονinterest / usuryAccusativedirect object of λήμψῃ→ object specificationτόκος: 'interest / usury' (lit. 'offspring' of money); renders נֶשֶׁךְ ('bite / interest'); the gain forbidden on a loan to a needy brother; cf. the ironic τόκος of the parable (Matt 25:27; Luke 19:23).
οὐδὲnornegative coordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδέ: 'nor'; extending the prohibition to all increase.
ἐπὶforpreposition + dative (purpose/ground)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + dat.: 'for / on the basis of'; ἐπὶ πλήθει — 'for increase', i.e. lending so as to gain more.
πλήθειincrease / abundanceDativedative object of ἐπί (purpose: 'for increase')→ sphere or referenceπλῆθος: 'multitude / increase'; renders תַּרְבִּית / מַרְבִּית ('increase / usury on goods'); the second form of forbidden gain — surcharge on food or goods lent.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φοβηθήσῃyou shall fearAor Pass(dep) Subj/Fut 2 Sg · φοβέομαιmain verb (motive clause)→ legislative future (the demanded reverence)φοβέομαι: 'fear / revere'; the fear of God as the inner restraint against exploiting the poor (as in v. 17, 43).
τὸνthe / yourAccusativearticle (with θεόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόνGodAccusativedirect object of φοβηθήσῃ→ object specificationθεός: 'God'; the object of reverent fear that secures mercy.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationσύ: possessive genitive; 'your God'.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (self-identification formula, copula implied)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic pronoun of the formula ἐγὼ κύριος ('I am the LORD'), sealing the command with divine authority.
κύριοςLORDNominativepredicate nominative (self-identification)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; ἐγὼ κύριος ('I am the LORD') is the abbreviated covenant seal (cf. v. 17).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ζήσεταιshall liveFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb (intended outcome)→ predictive future (result of mercy: survival)ζάω: 'live'; the refrain ζήσεται ὁ ἀδελφός σου ('your brother shall live') restated — the goal of all the welfare laws is the brother's life.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἀδελφός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφόςbrotherNominativesubject of ζήσεται→ participant prominenceἀδελφός: 'brother'; the one preserved by the prohibition of usury.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationσύ: possessive genitive; 'your brother'.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with'; the brother lives 'with you'.
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationσύ: genitive; 'with you'.
37
τὸ ἀργύριόν σου οὐ δώσεις αὐτῷ ἐπὶ τόκῳ καὶ ἐπὶ πλεονασμὸν οὐ δώσεις αὐτῷ τὰ βρώματά σου
You shall not give him your silver at interest, and you shall not give him your food for profit.
The usury prohibition spelled out in its two spheres: money (ἀργύριον) may not be lent at interest (ἐπὶ τόκῳ), and food (βρώματα) may not be given for profit (ἐπὶ πλεονασμόν). The fronted objects and doubled οὐ δώσεις give the law its emphatic, comprehensive form — no gain of any kind at the expense of the needy brother.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
τὸthe / yourAccusativearticle (with ἀργύριόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀργύριόνsilver / moneyAccusativedirect object of δώσεις (fronted for emphasis)→ object specificationἀργύριον: 'silver / money'; renders כֶּסֶף; loaned money on which no interest may be charged.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσύ: possessive genitive; 'your silver'.
οὐnotnegative particle (prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: forms the prohibition οὐ δώσεις.
δώσειςyou shall giveFut Act Indic 2 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (prohibited action)→ prohibitive future (apodictic prohibition)δίδωμι: 'give / lend'; οὐ δώσεις … ἐπὶ τόκῳ — you shall not lend at interest.
αὐτῷto himDativedative of recipient (the poor brother)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative; the needy brother.
ἐπὶat / forpreposition + dative (terms of the loan)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + dat.: 'on terms of'; ἐπὶ τόκῳ — 'at interest'.
τόκῳinterestDativedative object of ἐπί (terms: 'at interest')→ sphere or referenceτόκος: 'interest / usury'; the gain forbidden on a money-loan.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶforpreposition + accusative (purpose: 'for profit')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'for / with a view to'; ἐπὶ πλεονασμόν — 'for profit/increase'.
πλεονασμὸνprofit / increaseAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (purpose)→ object specificationπλεονασμός: 'increase / surplus / profit'; renders מַרְבִּית; the gain forbidden on a loan of food; cognate with πλεονεξία ('greed'), the vice the prohibition guards against.
οὐnotnegative particle (prohibition, repeated)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: forms the second prohibition οὐ δώσεις.
δώσειςyou shall giveFut Act Indic 2 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (prohibited action, repeated)→ prohibitive future (apodictic prohibition)δίδωμι: 'give'; the repeated οὐ δώσεις extends the prohibition from money to food.
αὐτῷto himDativedative of recipient→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative; the poor brother.
τὰthe / yourAccusativearticle (with βρώματά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βρώματάfoodAccusativedirect object of δώσεις→ object specificationβρῶμα (pl. βρώματα): 'food'; renders אֹכֶל; the food lent, on which no surcharge may be exacted.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσύ: possessive genitive; 'your food'.
38
ἐγὼ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν ὁ ἐξαγαγὼν ὑμᾶς ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου δοῦναι ὑμῖν τὴν γῆν Χανααν ὥστε εἶναι ὑμῶν θεός
I am the LORD your God who brought you out of the land of Egypt, to give you the land of Canaan, so as to be your God.
The self-identification expanded into a redemptive-historical ground: the God who forbids usury is the God who brought Israel out of Egypt to give them Canaan and to be their God. The exodus-and-gift formula roots the social ethics of the chapter in YHWH's own redeeming generosity — Israel must deal with the poor as God dealt with Israel.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ἐγὼINominativesubject (self-identification formula)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic pronoun of the formula ἐγὼ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν.
κύριοςLORDNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the self-identifying divine name.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with θεὸς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativepredicate nominative in apposition→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; 'the LORD your God', the covenant title.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationσύ (pl.): possessive genitive; 'your (pl.) God'.
ὁthe (who)Nominativearticle (substantivizing ἐξαγαγὼν)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐξαγαγὼνwho brought outAor Act Ptc Masc Nom Sg · ἐξάγωsubstantival participle (in apposition to κύριος: 'the one who brought out')→ aorist participle (the past redemptive act of the exodus)ἐξάγω (aor. ptc.): 'lead out / bring out'; renders הוֹצִיא; ὁ ἐξαγαγὼν ὑμᾶς ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου is the standard exodus-formula identifying YHWH by his redeeming act — the theological ground of all Israel's obligations.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object of ἐξαγαγὼν→ participant referenceσύ (pl. ὑμᾶς): 'you'; the redeemed people.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ ('out of the land')→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; the land of bondage from which Israel was redeemed.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive (defining γῆς: 'land of Egypt')→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος: 'Egypt'; the house of slavery, the exodus from which grounds the social law.
δοῦναιto giveAor Act Inf · δίδωμιinfinitive of purpose (with ἐξαγαγὼν)→ aorist infinitive (the purpose of the exodus)δίδωμι (aor. inf.): 'give'; the purpose of the deliverance — to give Israel the land of Canaan; the gift-land that is YHWH's and held in tenancy (v. 23).
ὑμῖνto youDativedative of recipient→ participant reference or interestσύ (pl.): dative; the recipients of the land-gift.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of δοῦναι→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; the promised land of Canaan.
Χαναανof Canaanindeclinable proper noun (qualifying γῆν)→ participant identificationΧανααν: transliteration of כְּנַעַן; indeclinable; the land promised to the patriarchs and given to Israel.
ὥστεso asconjunction + infinitive (result/purpose)→ discourse linkage or contrastὥστε: 'so as to / so that'; with the infinitive εἶναι expresses the goal of the whole redemptive act.
εἶναιto bePres Act Inf · εἰμίinfinitive of result (with ὥστε)→ present infinitive (the abiding covenant goal)εἰμί (pres. inf.): 'be'; ὥστε εἶναι ὑμῶν θεός — the ultimate purpose: that YHWH might be Israel's God, the covenant formula (cf. Exod 6:7; Lev 26:12).
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of relationship (predicate: 'your God')→ relational specificationσύ (pl.): possessive genitive; 'your God'.
θεόςGodNominativepredicate nominative (with εἶναι: 'to be God')→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; the covenant goal — YHWH as Israel's God; the nominative as predicate of the infinitive εἶναι (Hebraizing construction).
39
ἐὰν δὲ ταπεινωθῇ ὁ ἀδελφός σου παρὰ σοὶ καὶ πραθῇ σοι οὐ δουλεύσει σοι δουλείαν οἰκέτου
But if your brother is brought low alongside you and is sold to you, he shall not serve you with the servitude of a slave.
The climactic social law: an Israelite who, in poverty, sells himself into service must not be treated as a chattel slave (δουλείαν οἰκέτου). The cognate accusative δουλεύσει … δουλείαν underlines the prohibited kind of service — the brother is a debtor-worker, never a slave, because he belongs to YHWH (v. 42).
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the debt-servitude case.
δὲbuttransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the new case.
ταπεινωθῇis brought low / impoverishedAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · ταπεινόωverb of conditional protasis→ aorist subjunctive (hypothetical impoverishment)ταπεινόω: 'humble / bring low'; renders מוּךְ here in the sense of being reduced to poverty; the passive 'is brought low' depicts the brother forced by destitution into servitude.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἀδελφός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφόςbrotherNominativesubject of ταπεινωθῇ→ participant prominenceἀδελφός: 'brother'; the impoverished Israelite who sells himself into service.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationσύ: possessive genitive; 'your brother'.
παρὰalongside / withpreposition + dative (association)→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + dat.: 'beside / with'; παρὰ σοί — the brother dwelling with you.
σοὶyouDativedative object of παρά→ participant reference or interestσύ: dative; 'with you'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πραθῇis soldAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · πιπράσκωverb of conditional protasis→ aorist subjunctive (hypothetical sale into service)πιπράσκω (pass.): 'be sold'; the brother sells himself (is sold) into debt-service.
σοιto youDativedative of recipient (the buyer)→ participant reference or interestσύ: dative; the one to whom he is sold.
οὐnotnegative particle (prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: forms the prohibition οὐ δουλεύσει.
δουλεύσειhe shall serveFut Act Indic 3 Sg · δουλεύωmain verb (prohibited manner of service)→ prohibitive future (apodictic prohibition of slave-service)δουλεύω: 'serve / be a slave'; renders עָבַד; the cognate construction δουλεύσει … δουλείαν ('serve a servitude') is a Hebraism; the brother may work, but not with slave-status.
σοιyouDativedative of recipient (whom he serves)→ participant reference or interestσύ: dative; the master whom he serves as a hireling, not a slave.
δουλείανservitude / slaveryAccusativecognate accusative (with δουλεύσει)→ object specificationδουλεία: 'slavery / bondage'; the cognate accusative δουλείαν οἰκέτου ('the servitude of a slave') names exactly the status forbidden; cf. Paul's πνεῦμα δουλείας (Rom 8:15) and the δουλεία of Gal 4:24.
οἰκέτουof a slave / household-servantGenitivegenitive (defining δουλείαν: 'a slave's servitude')→ relational specificationοἰκέτης: 'household slave / domestic servant'; renders עֶבֶד; the chattel-slave status the Israelite brother must never be reduced to — contrast the hireling-status of v. 40.
40
ὡς μισθωτὸς ἢ πάροικος ἔσται σοι ἕως τοῦ ἔτους τῆς ἀφέσεως ἐργᾶται παρὰ σοί
As a hireling or a sojourner he shall be to you; until the year of release he shall work alongside you.
The positive definition of the brother's status: he is to be a hireling (μισθωτός) or sojourner (πάροικος), not a slave — working until the Jubilee, when he is freed (v. 41). His service is a temporary, wage-like arrangement, bounded by the ἄφεσις that guarantees his liberty.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ὡςascomparative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like'; defines the brother's permitted status.
μισθωτὸςa hirelingNominativepredicate nominative (with ἔσται)→ participant prominenceμισθωτός: 'hired worker'; renders שָׂכִיר; the wage-laborer status the brother is to have — free, paid, temporary; cf. the μισθωτός of John 10:12–13.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; offering the alternative status.
πάροικοςa sojournerNominativepredicate nominative (alternative)→ participant prominenceπάροικος: 'sojourner / resident alien'; renders תּוֹשָׁב; the protected free-resident status, contrasted with the οἰκέτης (slave) of v. 39.
ἔσταιhe shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predication of status)→ legislative future (the mandated status)εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; declares the brother's status as hireling/sojourner.
σοιto youDativedative of relationship ('to/for you')→ participant reference or interestσύ: dative; 'he shall be to you' a hireling, not a slave.
ἕωςuntilpreposition/conjunction + genitive (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until'; the term of service runs only to the Jubilee.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ἔτους)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔτουςyearGenitivegenitive of time (with ἕως)→ relational specificationἔτος (gen. ἔτους): 'year'; the year of release that ends his service.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with ἀφέσεως)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀφέσεωςof release (Jubilee)Genitivegenitive (defining ἔτους: 'year of release')→ relational specificationἄφεσις: 'release'; the Jubilee that liberates the debt-servant.
ἐργᾶταιhe shall workPres/Fut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐργάζομαιmain verb (the brother's labor)→ legislative future (the permitted service)ἐργάζομαι: 'work / labor'; renders עָבַד; the brother labors as a free worker 'with you' until the Jubilee — honorable employment, not bondage.
παρὰalongsidepreposition + dative (association)→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + dat.: 'beside / with'; he works 'alongside you', as a fellow rather than a chattel.
σοίyouDativedative object of παρά→ participant reference or interestσύ: dative; 'with you'.
41
καὶ ἐξελεύσεται τῇ ἀφέσει καὶ τὰ τέκνα αὐτοῦ μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀπελεύσεται εἰς τὴν γενεὰν αὐτοῦ εἰς τὴν κατάσχεσιν τὴν πατρικὴν ἀποδραμεῖται
And he shall go out in the release, he and his children with him, and shall return to his family; to his ancestral possession he shall hasten back.
The debt-servant 'goes out' free at the Jubilee with his children — the same ἐξέρχομαι used of land-reversion (vv. 28, 31). His liberty is total: he returns to family (γενεά) and ancestral holding (κατάσχεσις πατρική). The vivid ἀποδραμεῖται ('he shall run back') paints the joyful homeward rush of the freed man.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξελεύσεταιhe shall go outFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (the servant's release)→ predictive/legislative future (manumission at the Jubilee)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out / be released'; the technical Jubilee term applied now to the person — the debt-servant goes free, as land 'goes out' (vv. 28, 31).
τῇin theDativearticle (with ἀφέσει)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀφέσειrelease (Jubilee)Dativedative of time when→ sphere or referenceἄφεσις: 'release'; the Jubilee that liberates the servant — the same ἄφεσις of v. 10 and Luke 4:18.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰthe / hisNominativearticle (with τέκνα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέκναchildrenNominativesubject (joining in the release: 'and his children')→ participant prominenceτέκνον (pl. τέκνα): 'child'; renders בָּנִים; the servant's children are freed with him — his whole household restored to liberty.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'his children'.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (association, elided)→ spatial or relational framingμετά (μετ᾿): 'with'; elided before the vowel of αὐτοῦ.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of μετ᾿ ('with him')→ relational specificationαὐτός: genitive; 'with him' — the children go out alongside the father.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπελεύσεταιhe shall returnFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb (return to family)→ predictive future (the homeward return)ἀπέρχομαι: 'go away / return'; the freed man returns to his clan.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
τὴνthe / hisAccusativearticle (with γενεὰν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενεὰνfamily / clanAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (goal of return)→ object specificationγενεά: 'generation / family / clan'; renders מִשְׁפָּחָה; the kin-group to which the freed servant is restored.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'his family'.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal, repeated)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal, repeated).
τὴνthe / hisAccusativearticle (with κατάσχεσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατάσχεσινpossessionAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (goal of return)→ object specificationκατάσχεσις: 'possession / holding'; the ancestral land regained at the Jubilee.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with πατρικὴν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρικὴνancestral / paternalAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying κατάσχεσιν)→ object specificationπατρικός: 'paternal / ancestral'; renders אֲבֹתָיו; the holding of his fathers — the inheritance restored to him.
ἀποδραμεῖταιhe shall hasten back / run backFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀποτρέχωmain verb (vivid return)→ predictive future (the eager homeward rush)ἀποτρέχω (fut. ἀποδραμοῦμαι): 'run off / hasten back'; renders שׁוּב here with a vivid nuance of running — the freed man eagerly hurries home to his ancestral possession.
42
διότι οἰκέται μού εἰσιν οὗτοι οὓς ἐξήγαγον ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου οὐ πραθήσεται ἐν πράσει οἰκέτου
For these are my servants, whom I brought out of the land of Egypt: he shall not be sold in the sale of a slave.
The decisive ground for the whole servant-law and a major crux: οἰκέται μού εἰσιν ('they are MY servants') — Israelites cannot become anyone else's slaves because they are already YHWH's, redeemed from Egypt. The exodus establishes God's prior, exclusive ownership; therefore οὐ πραθήσεται ἐν πράσει οἰκέτου ('he shall not be sold as a slave is sold'). Cf. 1 Cor 7:23, 'you were bought with a price; do not become slaves of men.'
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
διότιfor / becausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastδιότι: 'because / for the reason that'; introduces the theological ground for the prohibition of enslaving an Israelite.
οἰκέταιservantsNominativepredicate nominative (with εἰσιν)→ participant prominenceοἰκέτης (pl. οἰκέται): 'household servant / slave'; renders עֲבָדִים; the emphatic claim — Israelites are YHWH's own servants/slaves, hence not to be enslaved by men; the same word ironically denotes the chattel-status forbidden in v. 39.
μούmyGenitivegenitive of possession (emphatic, fronted)→ relational specificationἐγώ: possessive genitive; the fronted μού ('MY servants') is the heart of the verse — exclusive divine ownership of Israel.
εἰσινarePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present (the abiding fact of belonging to YHWH)εἰμί (pres. εἰσιν): 'be'; asserts the present, abiding ownership — they belong to YHWH now and always.
οὗτοιtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject: 'these ones')→ participant referenceοὗτος (pl. οὗτοι): 'these'; the Israelites, YHWH's redeemed servants.
οὓςwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐξήγαγον)→ participant referenceὅς (pl. οὕς): relative pronoun; 'whom I brought out' — relating Israel to the exodus.
ἐξήγαγονI brought outAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐξάγωverb of relative clause (the exodus)→ constative aorist (the decisive past redemption)ἐξάγω: 'lead out / bring out'; renders הוֹצֵאתִי; the first-person exodus-claim — YHWH himself redeemed Israel, grounding his exclusive ownership.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; the land of bondage.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive (defining γῆς)→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος: 'Egypt'; the place of slavery from which YHWH redeemed his servants.
οὐnotnegative particle (prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: forms the prohibition οὐ πραθήσεται.
πραθήσεταιhe shall be soldFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · πιπράσκωmain verb (passive prohibition)→ prohibitive future (apodictic prohibition)πιπράσκω (fut. pass.): 'be sold'; the cognate construction οὐ πραθήσεται ἐν πράσει ('shall not be sold in a sale') is a Hebraism; the Israelite may not be sold as a chattel-slave is sold.
ἐνin / aspreposition + dative (manner: cognate construction)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: here in the cognate-dative construction 'in/by a sale' (Hebraism).
πράσειsaleDativecognate dative (with πραθήσεται)→ sphere or referenceπρᾶσις: 'sale'; the cognate dative πράσει intensifies — 'sold in the manner of a slave-sale'.
οἰκέτουof a slaveGenitivegenitive (defining πράσει: 'a slave's sale')→ relational specificationοἰκέτης: 'household slave'; the chattel-sale forbidden for an Israelite — he is YHWH's servant, not a man's slave.
43
οὐ κατατενεῖς αὐτὸν ἐν τῷ μόχθῳ καὶ φοβηθήσῃ κύριον τὸν θεόν σου
You shall not strain him in toil, and you shall fear the LORD your God.
The treatment-clause: the master may not drive the brother-servant harshly (κατατενεῖς, 'strain / wear down with toil') — the very word for Egyptian oppression (cf. Exod 1:13–14 LXX). Restraint is grounded again in the fear of God: to oppress the redeemed is to forget the Redeemer.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
οὐnotnegative particle (prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: forms the prohibition οὐ κατατενεῖς.
κατατενεῖςyou shall strain / drive harshlyFut Act Indic 2 Sg · κατατείνωmain verb (prohibited action)→ prohibitive future (apodictic prohibition of harsh rule)κατατείνω: 'stretch / strain / oppress with hard labor'; renders רָדָה בְּפֶרֶךְ ('rule with rigor'); the verb of harsh oppression — exactly what Egypt did to Israel (Exod 1:13); recurs at vv. 46, 53.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of κατατενεῖς→ participant referenceαὐτός: accusative; the brother-servant who must not be oppressed.
ἐνin / withpreposition + dative (instrument/manner)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: 'with / in'; ἐν τῷ μόχθῳ — 'with hard toil'.
τῷtheDativearticle (with μόχθῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόχθῳtoil / hard laborDativedative of means/manner ('with toil')→ sphere or referenceμόχθος: 'hard labor / toil / hardship'; renders פֶּרֶךְ ('rigor / harshness'); the oppressive labor forbidden — the brother is a worker, not a slave to be ground down.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φοβηθήσῃyou shall fearAor Pass(dep) Subj/Fut 2 Sg · φοβέομαιmain verb (motive clause)→ legislative future (the demanded reverence)φοβέομαι: 'fear / revere'; the fear of God as restraint against oppression — the refrain of vv. 17, 36.
κύριονLORDAccusativedirect object of φοβηθήσῃ→ object specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the object of reverent fear.
τὸνthe / yourAccusativearticle (with θεόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόνGodAccusativeaccusative in apposition to κύριον→ object specificationθεός: 'God'; 'the LORD your God', the covenant formula.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationσύ: possessive genitive; 'your God'.
44
καὶ παῖς καὶ παιδίσκη ὅσοι ἂν γένωνταί σοι ἀπὸ τῶν ἐθνῶν ὅσοι κύκλῳ σού εἰσιν ἀπ᾿ αὐτῶν κτήσεσθε δοῦλον καὶ δούλην
And as for male and female servant—as many as may become yours—from the nations that are around you, from them you shall acquire male and female slave.
The sharp counterpoint to the brother-law: permanent chattel slaves (δοῦλος, δούλη) may be acquired — but only from the surrounding nations (ἀπὸ τῶν ἐθνῶν), not from fellow-Israelites. The distinction is not racial superiority but covenant status: Israel is YHWH's own redeemed people and so cannot be enslaved, whereas the law here tolerates (without commending) the acquisition of foreign slaves as the ancient world universally practiced.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the contrasting rule)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παῖςmale servant / slaveNominativenominative (casus pendens: 'as for a male servant')→ participant prominenceπαῖς: 'boy / servant / slave'; here the male slave that may be acquired from the nations; the nominative is a topic-fronting resumed by δοῦλον below.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παιδίσκηfemale servant / slaveNominativenominative (casus pendens, parallel to παῖς)→ participant prominenceπαιδίσκη: 'maidservant / female slave'; the female slave acquirable from the nations, resumed by δούλην.
ὅσοιas many asNominativerelative pronoun (correlative: 'as many as')→ participant referenceὅσος (pl. ὅσοι): 'as many as / whoever'; introducing the relative clause defining the permissible source.
ἂν(modal particle)modal particle (with subjunctive, generalizing)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: with subjunctive γένωνται, generalizing the relative.
γένωνταίmay becomeAor Mid Subj 3 Pl · γίνομαιverb of relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (generalized possibility)γίνομαι: 'become / come to be'; 'as many as may become yours' — the slaves who may come into one's possession.
σοιyours / to youDativedative of possession/advantage→ participant reference or interestσύ: dative; 'become yours'.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; the permitted source — the surrounding nations.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἐθνῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐθνῶνnations / GentilesGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (source)→ relational specificationἔθνος (gen. pl. ἐθνῶν): 'nation / Gentile'; renders גּוֹיִם; the foreign nations from whom slaves may be acquired — contrasted with the brother-Israelite who may not be enslaved.
ὅσοιas many as / whoNominativerelative pronoun (second relative clause)→ participant referenceὅσος (pl. ὅσοι): 'as many as'; defining the nations 'who are around you'.
κύκλῳround aboutDativeadverbial dative (of place: 'around')→ sphere or referenceκύκλος (dat. κύκλῳ): 'round about'; used adverbially — the surrounding nations; renders סָבִיב.
σούyouGenitivegenitive (with κύκλῳ: 'around you')→ relational specificationσύ: genitive; 'around you'.
εἰσινarePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίverb of relative clause (existence/location)→ stative present (the surrounding nations)εἰμί (pres. εἰσιν): 'be'; 'who are around you' — the neighboring peoples.
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (source, resumptive, elided)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό (ἀπ᾿): 'from'; resumptive 'from them', elided before αὐτῶν.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of ἀπ᾿ (source)→ relational specificationαὐτός: genitive; 'from them' — the surrounding nations.
κτήσεσθεyou shall acquireFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · κτάομαιmain verb (the permitted acquisition)→ permissive future (allowed acquisition of foreign slaves)κτάομαι: 'acquire / get / buy'; renders קָנָה; the permitted acquisition of slaves from the nations.
δοῦλονmale slaveAccusativedirect object of κτήσεσθε→ object specificationδοῦλος: 'slave / bondservant'; renders עֶבֶד; the permanent male slave acquirable from foreigners — the status forbidden for an Israelite brother (v. 39).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δούληνfemale slaveAccusativedirect object of κτήσεσθε (coordinate)→ object specificationδούλη: 'female slave'; renders אָמָה; the permanent female slave acquirable from the nations.
45
καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν υἱῶν τῶν παροίκων τῶν ὄντων ἐν ὑμῖν ἀπὸ τούτων κτήσεσθε καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν συγγενῶν αὐτῶν ὅσοι ἂν γένωνται ἐν τῇ γῇ ὑμῶν ἔστωσαν ὑμῖν εἰς κατάσχεσιν
And also from the sons of the sojourners who are among you, from these you shall acquire, and from their kindred who are among you, as many as may be born in your land—let them be a possession for you.
The permitted source of slaves is extended to the children of resident aliens and their kindred born in the land — these too may become a κατάσχεσις ('possession'). The very word for the inalienable family holding is here used of foreign slaves, sharpening the contrast: the land and the Israelite are YHWH's and revert, but foreign slaves are inheritable property.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; an additional permitted source.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with υἱῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsons / childrenGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (source)→ relational specificationυἱός (gen. pl.): 'son / child'; the children of the resident aliens.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with παροίκων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παροίκωνsojournersGenitivegenitive (defining υἱῶν: 'sons of the sojourners')→ relational specificationπάροικος (gen. pl.): 'sojourner / resident alien'; the resident foreigners whose children may be acquired as slaves.
τῶνthe (who are)Genitivearticle (substantivizing ὄντων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄντωνbeing / who arePres Act Ptc Masc Gen Pl · εἰμίattributive participle (modifying παροίκων)→ present participle (the resident aliens among you)εἰμί (pres. ptc. ὄντων): 'being'; τῶν ὄντων ἐν ὑμῖν ('who are among you') specifies the resident aliens dwelling in Israel.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ὑμῖνyouDativedative object of ἐν ('among you')→ participant reference or interestσύ (pl.): dative; 'among you'.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (resumptive source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; resumptive 'from these'.
τούτωνtheseGenitivedemonstrative pronoun (genitive object of ἀπό)→ relational specificationοὗτος (gen. pl. τούτων): 'these'; the children of resident aliens just named.
κτήσεσθεyou shall acquireFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · κτάομαιmain verb (permitted acquisition)→ permissive futureκτάομαι: 'acquire / buy'; the permitted acquisition extended to the children of sojourners.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; a further source — their kindred.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with συγγενῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συγγενῶνkindred / relativesGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (source)→ relational specificationσυγγενής (gen. pl. συγγενῶν): 'kinsman / relative'; the extended families of the resident aliens born in the land.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'their kindred'.
ὅσοιas many asNominativerelative pronoun (correlative)→ participant referenceὅσος (pl. ὅσοι): 'as many as'; defining those born in the land.
ἂν(modal particle)modal particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: with subjunctive γένωνται, generalizing.
γένωνταιmay be bornAor Mid Subj 3 Pl · γίνομαιverb of relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (generalized possibility)γίνομαι: 'become / be born'; 'as many as are born in your land' — the locally-born offspring of resident aliens.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇthe / yourDativearticle (with γῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῇlandDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land'; the land of Israel where they are born.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσύ (pl.): possessive genitive; 'your land'.
ἔστωσανlet them bePres Act Impv 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (imperative: the grant of possession)→ present imperative (legal grant)εἰμί (pres. impv. ἔστωσαν): 'let them be'; the foreign slaves are granted as a possession.
ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestσύ (pl.): dative; 'for you' as possession.
εἰςfor / aspreposition + accusative (predicate: 'as a possession')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: 'for / as'; εἰς κατάσχεσιν ('as a possession') — a Hebraizing predicate construction.
κατάσχεσινpossessionAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (predicate)→ object specificationκατάσχεσις: 'possession / holding'; pointedly the same word used for the inalienable family land — here applied to inheritable foreign slaves, underscoring the contrast with the brother who can never be a κατάσχεσις.
46
καὶ καταμεριεῖτε αὐτοὺς τοῖς τέκνοις ὑμῶν μεθ᾿ ὑμᾶς καὶ ἔσονται ὑμῖν κατόχιμοι εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα τῶν ἀδελφῶν ὑμῶν τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ ἕκαστος τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ οὐ κατατενεῖ αὐτὸν ἐν τοῖς μόχθοις
And you shall apportion them to your children after you, and they shall be held by you forever as property; but of your brothers, the sons of Israel, no one shall strain his brother in toils.
Two contrasting halves: foreign slaves may be inherited by one's children as perpetual property (κατόχιμοι εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα), but among Israelite brothers (τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ) no one may oppress his brother (οὐ κατατενεῖ). The repeated κατατενεῖ binds back to v. 43, framing the whole servant-law by the prohibition of Egyptian-style oppression of fellow-Israelites.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταμεριεῖτεyou shall apportion / distributeFut Act Indic 2 Pl · καταμερίζωmain verb (the inheritance of slaves)→ permissive/legislative future (bequest of slaves)καταμερίζω: 'divide up / apportion / distribute as inheritance'; the foreign slaves are bequeathed to one's children as part of the estate.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of καταμεριεῖτε (the slaves)→ participant referenceαὐτός: accusative; the foreign slaves apportioned as inheritance.
τοῖςto the / yourDativearticle (with τέκνοις)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέκνοιςchildrenDativedative of recipient (the heirs)→ sphere or referenceτέκνον (dat. pl.): 'child'; the heirs who inherit the slaves.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσύ (pl.): possessive genitive; 'your children'.
μεθ᾿afterpreposition + accusative (succession, elided)→ spatial or relational framingμετά (μεθ᾿): here + accusative 'after'; μεθ᾿ ὑμᾶς ('after you') = your successors.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeaccusative object of μεθ᾿ ('after you')→ participant referenceσύ (pl. ὑμᾶς): 'you'; the children come 'after you' as heirs.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσονταιthey shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (predication of permanent status)→ legislative futureεἰμί (fut. ἔσονται): 'be'; declares the slaves' permanent property-status.
ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of advantage/possession→ participant reference or interestσύ (pl.): dative; 'for you' as property.
κατόχιμοιheld as property / bondsmenNominativepredicate adjective (with ἔσονται)→ participant prominenceκατόχιμος: 'held fast / retained as property'; the foreign slaves are permanently 'held' — perpetual chattel, the status forbidden for the Israelite brother.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (extent of time: 'forever')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: 'for'; εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα ('forever').
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with αἰῶνα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰῶναage / foreverAccusativeaccusative of extent of time (idiom: 'forever')→ object specificationαἰών: 'age / eternity'; εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα ('forever') renders לְעֹלָם — the perpetual property-status of foreign slaves.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἀδελφῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφῶνbrothersGenitivepartitive genitive (transition: 'but of your brothers')→ relational specificationἀδελφός (gen. pl.): 'brother'; the partitive genitive marks the sharp turn — concerning your brothers, a different rule entirely.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationσύ (pl.): possessive genitive; 'your brothers'.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with υἱῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive in apposition ('the sons of Israel')→ relational specificationυἱός (gen. pl.): 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ, the covenant brothers who may not be enslaved.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable proper noun (qualifying υἱῶν)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; the covenant people.
ἕκαστοςeach one / no oneNominativesubject (distributive: 'each one ... shall not')→ participant prominenceἕκαστος: 'each one'; with the negated verb = 'no one (of you, each toward) his brother'.
τὸνthe / hisAccusativearticle (with ἀδελφὸν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφὸνbrotherAccusativedirect object of κατατενεῖ→ object specificationἀδελφός: 'brother'; the fellow-Israelite who must not be oppressed.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'his brother'.
οὐnotnegative particle (prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: forms the prohibition οὐ κατατενεῖ.
κατατενεῖshall strain / oppressFut Act Indic 3 Sg · κατατείνωmain verb (prohibited action)→ prohibitive future (apodictic prohibition)κατατείνω: 'oppress with hard labor'; the repeated prohibition (cf. v. 43) — no Israelite may grind down his brother as Egypt ground down Israel.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object (resumptive, Hebraizing pleonasm with ἀδελφὸν)→ participant referenceαὐτός: accusative; the resumptive 'him', redundantly resuming τὸν ἀδελφὸν — a Hebraism.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (means/manner)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: 'with'; ἐν τοῖς μόχθοις — 'with toils'.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with μόχθοις)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόχθοιςtoils / hard laborsDativedative of means/manner→ sphere or referenceμόχθος (dat. pl.): 'hard labor / toil'; the oppressive labor forbidden against a brother (cf. v. 43).
47
ἐὰν δὲ εὕρῃ ἡ χεὶρ τοῦ προσηλύτου ἢ τοῦ παροίκου τοῦ παρὰ σοὶ καὶ ἀπορηθεὶς ὁ ἀδελφός σου πραθῇ τῷ προσηλύτῳ ἢ τῷ παροίκῳ τῷ παρὰ σοὶ ἐκ γενετῆς προσηλύτῳ
But if the hand of the proselyte or the sojourner who is with you prospers, and your brother, having fallen into want, is sold to the proselyte or the sojourner who is with you, or to a proselyte by birth,
The final case reverses the social positions: a resident alien prospers while an Israelite falls into poverty and sells himself to the foreigner. Even here the brother is not abandoned — the right of redemption (vv. 48–49) and Jubilee release (v. 54) still hold, because he remains YHWH's servant (v. 55). The idiom εὕρῃ ἡ χείρ ('the hand finds/reaches') again denotes economic capacity.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the reversed-positions case.
δὲbuttransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the new case.
εὕρῃprospers / finds (means)Aor Act Subj 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωverb of conditional protasis→ aorist subjunctive (hypothetical prospering)εὑρίσκω: 'find'; εὕρῃ ἡ χείρ ('the hand finds [means]') is the idiom for economic success — here the resident alien prospers; renders the Hiphil of נָשַׂג ('his hand reaches').
ἡtheNominativearticle (with χεὶρ)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεὶρhandNominativesubject of εὕρῃ (idiom for means)→ participant prominenceχείρ: 'hand'; ἡ χείρ ('the hand') idiomatically = the means/resources of the resident alien.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with προσηλύτου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσηλύτουproselyte / resident alienGenitivegenitive of possession (whose hand)→ relational specificationπροσήλυτος: 'resident alien / proselyte'; renders גֵּר; the prospering foreigner to whom the Israelite may sell himself.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; offering the alternative — sojourner.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with παροίκου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παροίκουsojournerGenitivegenitive of possession (parallel to προσηλύτου)→ relational specificationπάροικος: 'sojourner / resident foreigner'; renders תּוֹשָׁב; paired with προσήλυτος.
τοῦthe (who is)Genitivearticle (attributive phrase: 'the one with you')→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρὰwithpreposition + dative (association)→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + dat.: 'beside / with'; the foreigner dwelling 'with you'.
σοὶyouDativedative object of παρά→ participant reference or interestσύ: dative; 'with you'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπορηθεὶςhaving fallen into wantAor Pass Ptc Masc Nom Sg · ἀπορέωcircumstantial participle (cause: 'because impoverished')→ aorist participle (the brother's impoverishment)ἀπορέω (pass.): 'be at a loss / be destitute'; renders מוּךְ; the participle gives the cause — the brother, reduced to want, sells himself.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἀδελφός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφόςbrotherNominativesubject of πραθῇ→ participant prominenceἀδελφός: 'brother'; the impoverished Israelite who sells himself to a foreigner.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationσύ: possessive genitive; 'your brother'.
πραθῇis soldAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · πιπράσκωverb of conditional protasis→ aorist subjunctive (hypothetical self-sale)πιπράσκω (pass.): 'be sold'; the brother is sold (sells himself) to the resident alien.
τῷto theDativearticle (with προσηλύτῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσηλύτῳproselyteDativedative of recipient (the buyer)→ sphere or referenceπροσήλυτος: 'resident alien / proselyte'; the foreigner to whom the brother is sold.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; the alternative buyer.
τῷto theDativearticle (with παροίκῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παροίκῳsojournerDativedative of recipient (parallel buyer)→ sphere or referenceπάροικος: 'sojourner'; the alternative foreign buyer.
τῷthe (who is)Dativearticle (attributive: 'the one with you')→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρὰwithpreposition + dative (association)→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + dat.: 'with'; the foreigner 'with you'.
σοὶyouDativedative object of παρά→ participant reference or interestσύ: dative; 'with you'.
ἐκfrom / bypreposition + genitive (origin)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'from'; ἐκ γενετῆς ('from birth') — by descent.
γενετῆςbirthGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (origin: 'from birth')→ relational specificationγενετή: 'birth'; ἐκ γενετῆς ('from birth / by descent') describes a proselyte-by-birth, i.e. a member of a resident-alien family born into that status; the same phrase as the man born blind ἐκ γενετῆς (John 9:1).
προσηλύτῳto a proselyteDativedative of recipient (further alternative: 'a proselyte by birth')→ sphere or referenceπροσήλυτος: 'resident alien / proselyte'; προσηλύτῳ ἐκ γενετῆς — a foreigner who is a resident alien by birth, a further possible buyer.
48
μετὰ τὸ πραθῆναι αὐτῷ λύτρωσις ἔσται αὐτῷ εἷς τῶν ἀδελφῶν αὐτοῦ λυτρώσεται αὐτόν
After he has been sold to him, there shall be redemption for him: one of his brothers shall redeem him.
Even sold to a foreigner, the Israelite retains the right of redemption (λύτρωσις ἔσται αὐτῷ): one of his brothers may buy him back. The verse establishes that no sale to an outsider can extinguish the covenant claim on a son of Israel — the kinsman-redemption that points toward the redemption of God's people in Christ.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (articular infinitive: temporal)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + acc.: 'after'; with the articular infinitive τὸ πραθῆναι ('the being sold') = 'after he is sold'.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with the infinitive πραθῆναι)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πραθῆναιto be sold / being soldAor Pass Inf · πιπράσκωarticular infinitive (object of μετά: temporal)→ aorist infinitive (the completed sale)πιπράσκω (aor. pass. inf.): 'be sold'; the articular infinitive μετὰ τὸ πραθῆναι ('after the being-sold') marks the time from which the redemption-right runs.
αὐτῷto himDativedative (agent/recipient with the passive infinitive: 'sold to him')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative; 'to him (the foreign buyer)' the brother has been sold.
λύτρωσιςredemption-rightNominativesubject of ἔσται→ participant prominenceλύτρωσις: 'redemption / ransoming'; the right to be bought back persists even after sale to a foreigner; cf. its messianic use (Luke 1:68; 2:38; Heb 9:12).
ἔσταιthere shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predication of the right)→ legislative future (the right endures)εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; declares the abiding existence of the redemption-right.
αὐτῷfor himDativedative of advantage ('redemption for him')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative; the sold brother for whom redemption remains available.
εἷςoneNominativesubject of λυτρώσεται ('one of his brothers')→ measure or countεἷς: 'one'; εἷς τῶν ἀδελφῶν ('one of his brothers') — any one kinsman may act as redeemer.
τῶνof the / hisGenitivearticle (with ἀδελφῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφῶνbrothersGenitivepartitive genitive ('one of his brothers')→ relational specificationἀδελφός (gen. pl.): 'brother'; the kinsmen, any of whom may redeem him.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'his brothers'.
λυτρώσεταιshall redeemFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λυτρόωmain verb (the act of redemption)→ legislative future (the kinsman's redeeming act)λυτρόω (mid.): 'redeem / ransom / buy back'; the kinsman redeems the enslaved brother — the same verb of YHWH's redemption of Israel and Christ's of his people (Titus 2:14; 1 Pet 1:18).
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object of λυτρώσεται→ participant referenceαὐτός: accusative; the brother who is redeemed.
49
ἀδελφὸς πατρὸς αὐτοῦ ἢ υἱὸς ἀδελφοῦ πατρὸς λυτρώσεται αὐτὸν ἢ ἀπὸ τῶν οἰκείων τῶν σαρκῶν αὐτοῦ ἐκ τῆς φυλῆς αὐτοῦ λυτρώσεται αὐτόν ἐὰν δὲ εὐπορηθεὶς ταῖς χερσὶν λυτρώσηται ἑαυτόν
His father's brother, or his father's brother's son, shall redeem him, or one from his own kin, of his own flesh, from his tribe, shall redeem him; or, if having prospered by his hands, he may redeem himself.
The redeeming kinsmen are listed in widening circles — uncle, cousin, any near relative 'of his own flesh' (τῶν σαρκῶν αὐτοῦ) from his tribe — and finally the man himself, should he prosper. The emphasis on blood-kinship (σάρξ) anticipates the incarnational logic of redemption: the redeemer must share the flesh of the redeemed (cf. Heb 2:14).
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
ἀδελφὸςbrotherNominativesubject of λυτρώσεται ('father's brother' = uncle)→ participant prominenceἀδελφός: 'brother'; ἀδελφὸς πατρός ('father's brother') = the paternal uncle, the first named redeemer.
πατρὸςof fatherGenitivegenitive of relationship (defining ἀδελφὸς)→ relational specificationπατήρ (gen. πατρός): 'father'; 'father's brother' = uncle.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'his father'.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; the next possible redeemer.
υἱὸςsonNominativesubject (parallel: 'father's brother's son' = cousin)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; υἱὸς ἀδελφοῦ πατρός ('son of father's brother') = the cousin, the second-named redeemer.
ἀδελφοῦof brotherGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationἀδελφός (gen.): 'brother'; 'brother of (his) father'.
πατρὸςof fatherGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationπατήρ (gen.): 'father'; completing 'father's brother's son' = cousin.
λυτρώσεταιshall redeemFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λυτρόωmain verb (the act of redemption)→ legislative futureλυτρόω (mid.): 'redeem / ransom'; the kinsman buys the brother back.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of λυτρώσεται→ participant referenceαὐτός: accusative; the sold brother.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; widening the circle of redeemers.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source: 'one from')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; 'someone from his kin'.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with οἰκείων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκείωνkinsmen / household membersGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (source)→ relational specificationοἰκεῖος: 'belonging to the household / kinsman'; the near relatives; cf. οἰκεῖοι τῆς πίστεως ('the household of faith', Gal 6:10).
τῶνthe / hisGenitivearticle (with σαρκῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σαρκῶνflesh / blood-relationsGenitivegenitive (defining οἰκείων: 'of his flesh')→ relational specificationσάρξ (gen. pl. σαρκῶν): 'flesh'; τῶν σαρκῶν αὐτοῦ ('of his flesh') = blood-relations; the redeemer must share the flesh of the redeemed — a principle echoed in the incarnation (Heb 2:14).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'his flesh'.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'from'; 'from his tribe'.
τῆςthe / hisGenitivearticle (with φυλῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλῆςtribeGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (source)→ relational specificationφυλή: 'tribe'; renders מִשְׁפָּחָה / שֵׁבֶט; the kin-group from which a redeemer may come.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'his tribe'.
λυτρώσεταιshall redeemFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λυτρόωmain verb (repeated)→ legislative futureλυτρόω (mid.): 'redeem'; the kinsman-redemption restated.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object of λυτρώσεται→ participant referenceαὐτός: accusative; the redeemed brother.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (self-redemption case)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the self-redemption option.
δὲbuttransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the alternative — self-redemption.
εὐπορηθεὶςhaving prosperedAor Pass Ptc Masc Nom Sg · εὐπορέωcircumstantial participle (condition: 'if he has gained means')→ aorist participle (the man's economic recovery)εὐπορέω (pass.): 'have means / prosper'; the participle gives the condition — if the man himself comes into means.
ταῖςby the / hisDativearticle (with χερσὶν)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χερσὶνhandsDativedative of means ('by his hands')→ sphere or referenceχείρ (dat. pl. χερσίν): 'hand'; idiomatic for means/ability — 'prospered by his hands'.
λυτρώσηταιhe may redeemAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · λυτρόωverb of conditional clause (self-redemption)→ aorist subjunctive (hypothetical self-redemption)λυτρόω (mid.): 'redeem'; the man redeems himself if he has the means — λυτρώσηται ἑαυτόν ('redeem himself').
ἑαυτόνhimselfAccusativereflexive pronoun (object: 'himself')→ participant referenceἑαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun 'himself'; the man buys back his own freedom.
50
καὶ συλλογιεῖται πρὸς τὸν κεκτημένον αὐτὸν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἔτους οὗ ἀπέδοτο ἑαυτὸν αὐτῷ ἕως τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ τῆς ἀφέσεως καὶ ἔσται τὸ ἀργύριον τῆς πράσεως αὐτοῦ ὡς μισθίου ἔτος ἐξ ἔτους ἔσται μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ
And he shall reckon with the one who bought him from the year in which he sold himself to him until the year of release; and the silver of his sale shall be as that of a hired man: year by year it shall be reckoned with him.
The redemption-price is calculated by reckoning (συλλογιεῖται) the years from sale to Jubilee, valuing the service as that of a hired man (μίσθιος), year by year. The Israelite's time of service is treated as paid labor, not slavery — his very enslavement is accounted as wages owed, preserving his dignity.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συλλογιεῖταιhe shall reckonFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · συλλογίζομαιmain verb (the reckoning)→ legislative future (directive to calculate)συλλογίζομαι: 'reckon up / calculate'; the redemption-price is computed by counting the years (cf. v. 27).
πρὸςwithpreposition + accusative (reckoning with)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: 'with / in relation to'; he reckons 'with' the buyer.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing κεκτημένον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεκτημένονthe one who bought / owns himPerf Mid/Pass Ptc Masc Acc Sg · κτάομαιsubstantival participle (the owner)→ perfect participle (settled state of ownership)κτάομαι (perf. mid. ptc. κεκτημένος): 'having acquired / possessing'; the perfect denotes the present owner — the foreigner who bought the brother.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of κεκτημένον→ participant referenceαὐτός: accusative; the brother who was bought.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (temporal starting-point)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; the reckoning runs from the year of sale.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ἔτους)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔτουςyearGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (starting-point)→ relational specificationἔτος (gen. ἔτους): 'year'; the year in which he sold himself, the start of the count.
οὗin whichGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive of time: 'in which')→ relational specificationὅς (gen. οὗ): relative pronoun; 'the year in which he sold himself'.
ἀπέδοτοhe soldAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀποδίδωμιverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (the past self-sale)ἀποδίδωμι (mid.): 'sell'; ἀπέδοτο ἑαυτόν ('he sold himself') into service.
ἑαυτὸνhimselfAccusativereflexive pronoun (object: 'himself')→ participant referenceἑαυτοῦ: reflexive 'himself'; he sold himself into the foreigner's service.
αὐτῷto himDativedative of recipient (the buyer)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative; 'to him (the buyer)'.
ἕωςuntilpreposition/conjunction + genitive (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until'; the count runs to the Jubilee.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ἐνιαυτοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνιαυτοῦyearGenitivegenitive of time (with ἕως)→ relational specificationἐνιαυτός (gen. ἐνιαυτοῦ): 'year'; the year of release that ends the reckoning.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with ἀφέσεως)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀφέσεωςof release (Jubilee)Genitivegenitive (defining ἐνιαυτοῦ)→ relational specificationἄφεσις: 'release'; the Jubilee, the terminus of the reckoning and of his service.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (valuation of the price)→ legislative futureεἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; the sale-price is valued as a hired man's wage.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with ἀργύριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀργύριονsilver / priceNominativesubject of ἔσται→ participant prominenceἀργύριον: 'silver / money / price'; the redemption-money, valued as wages.
τῆςof the / hisGenitivearticle (with πράσεως)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πράσεωςsaleGenitivegenitive (defining ἀργύριον: 'silver of his sale')→ relational specificationπρᾶσις: 'sale'; the price paid for him.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'his sale'.
ὡςascomparative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like'; the price is valued as a hired man's.
μισθίουof a hired manGenitivegenitive of comparison (with ὡς)→ relational specificationμίσθιος: 'hired servant / day-laborer'; renders שָׂכִיר; the brother's worth is reckoned as that of a wage-laborer (cf. the μίσθιοι of the prodigal's father, Luke 15:17, 19).
ἔτοςyearAccusativeaccusative of time (idiom: 'year by year')→ object specificationἔτος: 'year'; ἔτος ἐξ ἔτους ('year by year') is a Hebraizing distributive idiom — the service is counted year by year.
ἐξfrom / bypreposition + genitive (distributive idiom)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ (ἐξ): 'from'; in the distributive idiom ἔτος ἐξ ἔτους ('year by year').
ἔτουςyearGenitivegenitive (distributive idiom: 'year by year')→ relational specificationἔτος (gen. ἔτους): 'year'; completing the idiom 'year by year'.
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (the yearly reckoning)→ legislative futureεἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; the service shall be counted with him year by year.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (association, elided)→ spatial or relational framingμετά (μετ᾿): 'with'; 'with him' — the reckoning is made in his account.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of μετ᾿→ relational specificationαὐτός: genitive; 'with him'.
51
ἐὰν δέ τινι πλεῖον τῶν ἐτῶν ᾖ πρὸς ταῦτα ἀποδώσει τὰ λύτρα αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀργυρίου τῆς πράσεως αὐτοῦ
But if, for someone, more of the years remain, accordingly he shall pay his redemption-price from the silver of his purchase.
Like the land-pricing of vv. 15–16, the self-redemption price is proportional: if many years remain until the Jubilee, the redemption-price is correspondingly higher, computed from the original purchase-money. Justice to the buyer is preserved while the brother's freedom is secured.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the many-years case.
δέbuttransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the case.
τινιfor someoneDativedative of reference (the person concerned)→ sphere or referenceτις: indefinite pronoun; dative of reference — 'for someone'.
πλεῖονmoreNominativesubject (substantive: 'more of the years')→ participant prominenceπλείων (neut. πλεῖον): 'more'; more years remaining → higher redemption-price.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἐτῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐτῶνyearsGenitivepartitive genitive ('more of the years')→ relational specificationἔτος (gen. pl.): 'year'; the years remaining until the Jubilee.
ᾖthere be / remainPres Act Subj 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of conditional protasis→ present subjunctive (the years that remain)εἰμί (pres. subj. ᾖ): 'be'; 'if more of the years remain' to someone.
πρὸςaccording to / towardpreposition + accusative (proportion: 'accordingly')→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: 'in proportion to / according to'; πρὸς ταῦτα ('accordingly') — in proportion to the remaining years.
ταῦταthese / accordinglyAccusativedemonstrative pronoun (object of πρός: 'these [years]')→ participant referenceοὗτος (neut. pl. ταῦτα): 'these things'; πρὸς ταῦτα = 'in proportion to these', i.e. the years.
ἀποδώσειhe shall payFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποδίδωμιmain verb (the payment)→ legislative future (directive to pay)ἀποδίδωμι: 'pay / render'; he pays the proportional redemption-price.
τὰthe / hisAccusativearticle (with λύτρα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λύτραredemption-price / ransomAccusativedirect object of ἀποδώσει→ object specificationλύτρον (pl. λύτρα): 'ransom / redemption-price'; the sum paid to redeem himself; cf. λύτρον ἀντὶ πολλῶν (Mark 10:45).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'his redemption-price'.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source: basis of calculation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; the price is reckoned from the original purchase-money.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ἀργυρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀργυρίουsilver / moneyGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (basis of reckoning)→ relational specificationἀργύριον: 'silver / money'; the purchase-money that is the basis of the proportional calculation.
τῆςof the / hisGenitivearticle (with πράσεως)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πράσεωςpurchase / saleGenitivegenitive (defining ἀργυρίου: 'money of his sale')→ relational specificationπρᾶσις: 'sale / purchase'; the original transaction-price.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'his sale'.
52
ἐὰν δὲ ὀλίγον καταλειφθῇ ἀπὸ τῶν ἐτῶν εἰς τὸν ἐνιαυτὸν τῆς ἀφέσεως καὶ συλλογιεῖται αὐτῷ κατὰ τὰ ἔτη αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀποδώσει τὰ λύτρα αὐτοῦ
But if little is left of the years until the year of release, then he shall reckon for him according to his years, and shall pay his redemption-price.
The converse of v. 51: if few years remain until the Jubilee, the redemption-price is proportionally lower, reckoned according to those years. The symmetrical pair (more years/fewer years) mirrors the land-pricing of vv. 15–16, applying the same equity to the redemption of persons.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the few-years case.
δὲbuttransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the converse case.
ὀλίγονlittleNominativesubject (substantive: 'a little')→ participant prominenceὀλίγος: 'little / few'; few years remaining → lower price.
καταλειφθῇis left / remainsAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · καταλείπωverb of conditional protasis→ aorist subjunctive (hypothetical remainder)καταλείπω (pass.): 'be left / remain'; 'if little is left of the years' before the Jubilee.
ἀπὸof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from / of'; partitive — 'of the years'.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἐτῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐτῶνyearsGenitivepartitive genitive ('of the years')→ relational specificationἔτος (gen. pl.): 'year'; the years remaining.
εἰςuntilpreposition + accusative (temporal goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: 'until / up to'; up to the year of release.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἐνιαυτὸν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνιαυτὸνyearAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (temporal goal)→ object specificationἐνιαυτός: 'year'; the year of release toward which the years are counted.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with ἀφέσεως)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀφέσεωςof release (Jubilee)Genitivegenitive (defining ἐνιαυτὸν)→ relational specificationἄφεσις: 'release'; the Jubilee.
καὶand / thenapodosis-marker→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: apodotic καί introducing the reckoning.
συλλογιεῖταιhe shall reckonFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · συλλογίζομαιmain verb (the reckoning)→ legislative futureσυλλογίζομαι: 'reckon / calculate'; the price is computed according to the few remaining years.
αὐτῷfor himDativedative of reference/advantage→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative; the reckoning is made 'for him'.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to'; the price is set by the number of his years.
τὰthe / hisAccusativearticle (with ἔτη)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationἔτος (pl. ἔτη): 'year'; his remaining years, the basis of the price.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'his years'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποδώσειhe shall payFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποδίδωμιmain verb (the payment)→ legislative futureἀποδίδωμι: 'pay / render'; he pays the proportionally-reduced redemption-price.
τὰthe / hisAccusativearticle (with λύτρα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λύτραredemption-priceAccusativedirect object of ἀποδώσει→ object specificationλύτρον (pl. λύτρα): 'ransom / redemption-price'; the sum to be paid for his freedom.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'his redemption-price'.
53
ὡς μισθωτὸς ἐνιαυτὸν ἐξ ἐνιαυτοῦ ἔσται μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ οὐ κατατενεῖς αὐτὸν ἐν τῷ μόχθῳ ἐνώπιόν σου
As a hireling year by year he shall be with him; you shall not let him be strained in toil before your eyes.
Even under a foreign master the Israelite is to be treated as a yearly hireling (μισθωτός), not a slave; and Israel bears a duty of oversight — οὐ κατατενεῖς … ἐνώπιόν σου ('you shall not let him be oppressed before your eyes'). The community is responsible to ensure the foreigner does not grind down a brother.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ὡςascomparative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like'; defines the brother's status under the foreigner.
μισθωτὸςa hirelingNominativepredicate nominative (with ἔσται)→ participant prominenceμισθωτός: 'hired worker'; the brother serves the foreigner as a wage-laborer, not a slave (cf. vv. 40, 50).
ἐνιαυτὸνyearAccusativeaccusative of time (idiom: 'year by year')→ object specificationἐνιαυτός: 'year'; ἐνιαυτὸν ἐξ ἐνιαυτοῦ ('year by year') is the Hebraizing distributive idiom (cf. ἔτος ἐξ ἔτους, v. 50).
ἐξfrom / bypreposition + genitive (distributive idiom)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ (ἐξ): 'from'; in the distributive idiom 'year by year'.
ἐνιαυτοῦyearGenitivegenitive (distributive idiom: 'year by year')→ relational specificationἐνιαυτός (gen. ἐνιαυτοῦ): 'year'; completing the idiom — his service is reckoned year by year.
ἔσταιhe shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predication of status)→ legislative future (the mandated status)εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; the brother shall be with the master as a yearly hireling.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (association, elided)→ spatial or relational framingμετά (μετ᾿): 'with'; he is 'with him (the master)'.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of μετ᾿ (the master)→ relational specificationαὐτός: genitive; the foreign master with whom the brother serves.
οὐnotnegative particle (prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: forms the prohibition οὐ κατατενεῖς.
κατατενεῖςyou shall let strain / oppressFut Act Indic 2 Sg · κατατείνωmain verb (prohibited oversight failure)→ prohibitive future (apodictic prohibition)κατατείνω: 'oppress with hard labor'; here Israel is charged not to permit such oppression of the brother by the foreigner — a duty of communal oversight; the repeated verb of vv. 43, 46.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of κατατενεῖς→ participant referenceαὐτός: accusative; the brother who must not be oppressed.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (means/manner)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: 'with'; ἐν τῷ μόχθῳ — 'with toil'.
τῷtheDativearticle (with μόχθῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόχθῳtoil / hard laborDativedative of means/manner→ sphere or referenceμόχθος: 'hard labor / toil'; the oppressive labor the brother must be spared.
ἐνώπιόνbefore / in the sight ofpreposition + genitive (in one's sight: oversight duty)→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the sight of'; renders לְעֵינֶיךָ ('before your eyes'); Israel must not stand by while a brother is oppressed in its sight — a duty of active intervention.
σουyourGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιόν ('your eyes')→ relational specificationσύ: genitive; 'before your eyes' — under your watching responsibility.
54
ἐὰν δὲ μὴ λυτρῶται κατὰ ταῦτα ἐξελεύσεται ἐν τῷ ἔτει τῆς ἀφέσεως αὐτὸς καὶ τὰ παιδία αὐτοῦ μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ
But if he is not redeemed in these ways, he shall go out in the year of release, he and his children with him.
The ultimate safeguard: even if no kinsman redeems him and he cannot redeem himself, the Israelite sold to a foreigner still 'goes out' free at the Jubilee, with his children. The ἄφεσις is the absolute backstop of liberty — no Israelite can be permanently enslaved, because all belong to YHWH (v. 55).
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the non-redemption case.
δὲbuttransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the final case.
μὴnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: negates λυτρῶται.
λυτρῶταιhe is redeemedPres Mid/Pass Subj 3 Sg · λυτρόωverb of conditional protasis→ present subjunctive (hypothetical non-redemption)λυτρόω (mid./pass.): 'be redeemed'; if he is not bought back by any of the means just described.
κατὰin / according topreposition + accusative (manner: 'in these ways')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to'; κατὰ ταῦτα ('in these ways / by these means') — the redemption-methods of vv. 48–52.
ταῦταthese (ways)Accusativedemonstrative pronoun (object of κατά)→ participant referenceοὗτος (neut. pl. ταῦτα): 'these things'; the redemption-provisions just given.
ἐξελεύσεταιhe shall go outFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (the Jubilee release)→ predictive/legislative future (guaranteed manumission)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out / be released'; the Jubilee guarantee — he goes free regardless, as land 'goes out' (vv. 28, 31) and the debt-servant (v. 41).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῷtheDativearticle (with ἔτει)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔτειyearDativedative of time when→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; the year of release.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with ἀφέσεως)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀφέσεωςof release (Jubilee)Genitivegenitive (defining ἔτει: 'year of release')→ relational specificationἄφεσις: 'release'; the Jubilee that frees him unconditionally — the same ἄφεσις of v. 10 and Luke 4:18.
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativesubject (intensive: 'he himself')→ participant prominenceαὐτός: intensive 'he himself'; the man goes free in person.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰthe / hisNominativearticle (with παιδία)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδίαchildrenNominativesubject (joining the release)→ participant prominenceπαιδίον (pl. παιδία): 'child / little one'; his children are freed with him — the whole household restored to liberty (cf. v. 41).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'his children'.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (association, elided)→ spatial or relational framingμετά (μετ᾿): 'with'; 'with him'.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of μετ᾿ ('with him')→ relational specificationαὐτός: genitive; the children go out with him.
55
ὅτι ἐμοὶ οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ οἰκέται παῖδές μου οὗτοί εἰσιν οὓς ἐξήγαγον ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου ἐγὼ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν
For to me the sons of Israel are servants; they are my servants, whom I brought out of the land of Egypt: I am the LORD your God.
The chapter's closing seal restates the ground of v. 42: ἐμοὶ … οἰκέται ('to ME they are servants'). Israel belongs to YHWH by the exodus, so they cannot be the permanent slaves of any human master; the final ἐγὼ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν stamps the whole legislation of land and liberty with divine authority. The exodus-redemption is the paradigm of the gospel's ἄφεσις (Luke 4:18; 1 Cor 7:23).
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; gives the final ground for the whole servant-law — divine ownership of Israel.
ἐμοὶto meDativedative of possession (emphatic, fronted: 'to ME')→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. ἐμοί): the emphatic, fronted dative of possession — 'to ME the sons of Israel are servants'; the climactic assertion of YHWH's exclusive claim.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with υἱοὶ)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject (with predicate οἰκέται)→ participant prominenceυἱός (pl. υἱοὶ): 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ, the covenant people who belong to YHWH.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable proper noun (qualifying υἱοὶ)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; the covenant people.
οἰκέταιservantsNominativepredicate nominative ('are servants')→ participant prominenceοἰκέτης (pl. οἰκέται): 'household servant / slave'; Israel are YHWH's servants — hence not to be permanently enslaved by men; cf. v. 42.
παῖδέςservants / childrenNominativepredicate nominative in apposition (intensifying οἰκέται)→ participant prominenceπαῖς (pl. παῖδες): 'servant / child'; παῖδές μου ('my servants') reinforces οἰκέται — they are doubly YHWH's own.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (emphatic)→ relational specificationἐγώ: possessive genitive; 'MY servants' — exclusive divine ownership.
οὗτοίtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of εἰσιν)→ participant referenceοὗτος (pl. οὗτοι): 'these'; the Israelites, YHWH's redeemed servants.
εἰσινarePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present (the abiding fact of belonging to YHWH)εἰμί (pres. εἰσιν): 'be'; asserts the present, abiding ownership — they are YHWH's servants now and always.
οὓςwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐξήγαγον)→ participant referenceὅς (pl. οὕς): relative pronoun; 'whom I brought out' — relating Israel to the exodus.
ἐξήγαγονI brought outAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐξάγωverb of relative clause (the exodus)→ constative aorist (the decisive past redemption)ἐξάγω: 'lead out / bring out'; renders הוֹצֵאתִי; the exodus-claim that grounds YHWH's ownership — the same wording as v. 42.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; the land of bondage.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive (defining γῆς)→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος: 'Egypt'; the house of slavery from which YHWH redeemed his servants — the paradigm of the gospel's release.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (self-identification formula, copula implied)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic pronoun of the closing formula ἐγὼ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν, sealing the chapter with divine authority.
κύριοςLORDNominativepredicate nominative (self-identification)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the self-identifying divine name.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with θεὸς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativepredicate nominative in apposition→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; completing the covenant seal 'the LORD your God'.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationσύ (pl.): possessive genitive; 'your (pl.) God' — the closing covenant claim over Israel.