Leviticus 26 — Greek, Translation, Interlinear & Discourse

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

οὐ ποιήσετε ὑμῖν αὐτοῖς χειροποίητα οὐδὲ γλυπτὰ οὐδὲ στήλην ἀναστήσετε ὑμῖν οὐδὲ λίθον σκοπὸν θήσετε ἐν τῇ γῇ ὑμῶν προσκυνῆσαι αὐτῷ ἐγώ εἰμι κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν

You shall not make for yourselves handmade idols, nor carved images, nor shall you set up a pillar for yourselves, nor shall you place a figured stone in your land to bow down to it; I am the LORD your God.

Apodictic prohibition opening the covenant sanctionsοὐ ποιήσετε

The chapter opens with the first table of the Decalogue in apodictic form: the future indicative οὐ ποιήσετε functions as an emphatic prohibition (a legal future = imperative), reinforced by the triple οὐδέ that bars idol, pillar, and figured stone alike. The closing ἐγώ εἰμι κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν is the Holiness-Code signature grounding the command in YHWH's exclusive identity.

Word-by-word analysis· 27 words

οὐnotnegative particle (with future indicative = apodictic prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negative; with the future indicative ποιήσετε it forms the legal-prohibitive future ('you shall not …'), the standard LXX rendering of the Hebrew לֹא + imperfect in apodictic law (cf. the Decalogue, Exod 20).

ποιήσετεyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (prohibition)→ prohibitive future (legal imperative)ποιέω: 'make / do'; renders עָשָׂה; the prohibitive future forbids the fabrication of any cult-image; the same verb recurs through the chapter for both Israel's doing of the commandments (v. 3) and YHWH's doing to Israel (v. 16).

ὑμῖνfor yourselvesDativedative of advantage (reflexive: 'for your own benefit')→ participant reference or interestσύ (pl. dat. ὑμῖν): the dative of advantage with the following reflexive αὐτοῖς underlines that idol-making would be self-serving and self-deceiving — gods of their own manufacture.

αὐτοῖςthemselvesDativeintensive/reflexive dative (reinforcing ὑμῖν)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: here reflexive-intensive with ὑμῖν, rendering the Hebrew reflexive לָכֶם; 'for your own selves,' stressing the futility of self-made deities.

χειροποίηταhandmade things / idolsAccusativedirect object of ποιήσετε→ object specificationχειροποίητος: 'made by hand'; in the LXX a near-technical pejorative for idols (cf. Lev 26:30; Isa 2:18; Jdt 8:18), branding the manufactured 'god' as the mere work of human hands; the term passes into NT polemic (Acts 7:48; Eph 2:11).

οὐδὲnornegative coordinating conjunction (first of three)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδέ: 'and not / nor'; the triple οὐδέ chains the prohibition across four categories of forbidden cult-object.

γλυπτὰcarved imagesAccusativedirect object (parallel to χειροποίητα)→ object specificationγλυπτόν: 'carved/graven thing'; renders פֶּסֶל; the standard LXX term for the graven image forbidden in the second commandment (Exod 20:4; Deut 5:8).

οὐδὲnornegative coordinating conjunction (second)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

στήληνpillar / standing-stoneAccusativedirect object of ἀναστήσετε→ object specificationστήλη: 'standing pillar / cult-stele'; renders מַצֵּבָה, the sacred standing-stone of Canaanite worship; though the patriarchs raised legitimate memorial pillars (Gen 28:18), the cultic מַצֵּבָה is here banned.

ἀναστήσετεyou shall set upFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ἀνίστημιmain verb (prohibition, with στήλην)→ prohibitive futureἀνίστημι: 'raise / set up / erect'; transitive in the active; renders הֵקִים; the verb of erecting a cult-pillar, here forbidden.

ὑμῖνfor yourselvesDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'for yourselves'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage.

οὐδὲnornegative coordinating conjunction (third)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

λίθονstoneAccusativedirect object of θήσετε→ object specificationλίθος: 'stone'; renders אֶבֶן; here a worked or 'figured' stone (with σκοπόν) set up as a cultic object of veneration; cf. the prohibition of אֶבֶן מַשְׂכִּית at Lev 26:1 MT.

σκοπὸνas a marker / for gazingAccusativeaccusative in apposition / predicate complement to λίθον→ object specificationσκοπός: 'watcher / mark / object of gaze'; the LXX renders the obscure Hebrew אֶבֶן מַשְׂכִּית ('figured/carved stone') with λίθον σκοπόν, perhaps 'a stone for looking at / an observation-stone,' i.e. a stone-image fixed for cultic veneration.

θήσετεyou shall placeFut Act Indic 2 Pl · τίθημιmain verb (prohibition, with λίθον)→ prohibitive futureτίθημι: 'put / place / set'; renders נָתַן / שִׂים; the verb of installing the cultic stone; τίθημι recurs as a divine action-verb in the curses (vv. 19, 30, 31).

ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).

τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γῇlandDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land / earth'; renders אֶרֶץ; 'your land' is the gift-land of promise — precisely the sphere that must remain free of idols and that will later 'enjoy its sabbaths' when emptied (vv. 34–35).

ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.

προσκυνῆσαιto bow down / worshipAor Act Inf · προσκυνέωinfinitive of purpose (with αὐτῷ)→ telic aorist infinitive (purpose: 'in order to worship')προσκυνέω: 'do obeisance / bow down / worship'; renders הִשְׁתַּחֲוָה; the infinitive states the forbidden purpose of the cult-stone — prostration before it; προσκυνέω + dative is the standard LXX construction for cultic veneration.

αὐτῷto itDativedative object of προσκυνῆσαι→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: refers to the forbidden stone-image; προσκυνέω governs the dative of the object venerated.

ἐγώINominativesubject (emphatic) of εἰμι→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic personal pronoun; the self-asseveration ἐγώ εἰμι κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν renders אֲנִי יהוה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם, the Holiness-Code signature-formula that grounds each command in YHWH's identity.

εἰμιamPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίcopula (self-identification formula)→ gnomic/timeless present (divine self-predication)εἰμί: 'be'; the copula of the self-identification formula; the timeless present asserts YHWH's abiding identity as the ground of the law.

κύριοςLORDNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the divine name is the subject's predicate in the self-asseveration that seals the prohibition.

ὁtheNominativearticle (with θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεὸςGodNominativepredicate nominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; the full title κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν binds the covenant name to the covenant relationship ('your God').

ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.

τὰ σάββατά μου φυλάξεσθε καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁγίων μου φοβηθήσεσθε ἐγώ εἰμι κύριος

You shall keep my sabbaths, and you shall reverence my holy things; I am the LORD.

Continuation of the apodictic preamble (positive commands)τὰ σάββατά μου φυλάξεσθε

The second member of the preamble pairs the two positive duties — sabbath-keeping and sanctuary-reverence — that correspond to the prohibition of v. 1; the fronted objects τὰ σάββατά μου and ἀπὸ τῶν ἁγίων μου give the verse a chiastic, emphatic shape, again sealed by ἐγώ εἰμι κύριος.

Word-by-word analysis· 13 words

τὰtheAccusativearticle (with σάββατα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

σάββατάsabbathsAccusativedirect object (fronted) of φυλάξεσθε→ object specificationσάββατον (pl. σάββατα): 'sabbath / rest'; transliterates שַׁבָּת; the keyword that ties this chapter to the sabbatical-year law of ch. 25 — the very sabbaths Israel neglects are those the emptied land will later repay (vv. 34–35, 43).

μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.

φυλάξεσθεyou shall keepFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · φυλάσσωmain verb (command in future form)→ imperatival future (legal command)φυλάσσω (mid.): 'guard / keep / observe'; renders שָׁמַר; the middle voice ('keep for yourselves') is idiomatic for cultic observance; the imperatival future has the force of a command.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἀπὸfrom / atpreposition + genitive (object of reverence, with φοβέομαι ἀπό)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: with φοβέομαι, the construction φοβέομαι ἀπό τινος ('stand in awe before / reverence') is a Hebraism rendering יָרֵא מִן, here 'revere my holy things.'

τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἁγίων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἁγίωνholy things / sanctuaryGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (reverence)→ relational specificationἅγιος (neut. pl. substantive τὰ ἅγια): 'holy things / sanctuary'; renders מִקְדָּשׁ; the same noun reappears in the curse θήσω … τὰ ἅγια ὑμῶν ἔρημα (v. 31), where the very sanctuary they failed to revere is laid waste.

φοβηθήσεσθεyou shall reverence / fearFut Pass(dep) Indic 2 Pl · φοβέομαιmain verb (command in future form)→ imperatival future (legal command)φοβέομαι: 'fear / revere'; deponent future-passive form; renders יָרֵא; the religious sense of awed reverence, not mere fright; with ἀπό the object is the sanctuary.

ἐγώINominativesubject (emphatic) of εἰμι→ participant referenceἐγώ: the shorter signature-formula ἐγώ εἰμι κύριος (without 'your God') seals the verse.

εἰμιamPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίcopula (self-identification formula)→ timeless presentεἰμί: copula of the self-asseveration formula.

κύριοςLORDNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.

ἐὰν τοῖς προστάγμασίν μου πορεύησθε καὶ τὰς ἐντολάς μου φυλάσσησθε καὶ ποιήσητε αὐτάς

If you walk in my ordinances and keep my commandments and do them,

Protasis of the blessing-conditional (governs vv. 4–13)ἐὰν … πορεύησθε

The first great conditional of the chapter: ἐάν + present subjunctive states the obedience-protasis whose apodosis (the cascade of blessings) begins with καὶ δώσω in v. 4. The Hebraic idiom 'walk in my statutes' (πορεύομαι + dative) makes obedience a manner of life, not mere assent; the threefold πορεύησθε / φυλάσσησθε / ποιήσητε escalates from disposition to observance to action.

Word-by-word analysis· 13 words

ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (introducing protasis, + subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the prospective condition (third-class) governing the blessings; renders אִם; the whole blessing-section hangs on this single ἐάν.

τοῖςtheDativearticle (with προστάγμασιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

προστάγμασίνordinances / statutesDativedative of sphere/manner (with πορεύομαι: 'walk in')→ sphere or referenceπρόσταγμα: 'ordinance / decree / statute'; renders חֻקָּה; with πορεύομαι the dative is the Hebraism 'walk in my statutes' (הָלַךְ בְּחֻקֹּתַי); contrasts pointedly with πορεύησθε πλάγιοι ('walk contrary,' vv. 21, 23) in the curses.

πορεύησθεyou walkPres Mid Subj 2 Pl · πορεύομαιverb of protasis (subjunctive with ἐάν)→ durative present subjunctive (ongoing manner of life)πορεύομαι: 'go / walk / conduct oneself'; the present subjunctive expresses obedience as a continuous walk; the dative idiom marks the statutes as the path trodden.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἐντολάς)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐντολάςcommandmentsAccusativedirect object of φυλάσσησθε→ object specificationἐντολή: 'commandment'; renders מִצְוָה; paired with πρόσταγμα to cover the whole range of covenant stipulation; the same noun is negated in the curse-protasis (v. 15, μὴ ποιεῖν πάσας τὰς ἐντολάς μου).

φυλάσσησθεyou keepPres Mid Subj 2 Pl · φυλάσσωverb of protasis (subjunctive with ἐάν)→ durative present subjunctiveφυλάσσω (mid.): 'keep / observe'; the middle of careful covenant observance; cf. v. 2.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ποιήσητεyou doAor Act Subj 2 Pl · ποιέωverb of protasis (subjunctive with ἐάν)→ effective aorist subjunctive (actual performance)ποιέω: 'do / perform'; the aorist climaxes the triad — not only to walk and keep but actually to perform the commandments; obedience consummated in deed.

αὐτάςthemAccusativedirect object of ποιήσητε (resumptive: the commandments)→ participant referenceαὐτός: feminine plural resuming τὰς ἐντολάς; the resumptive pronoun underscores the completeness of the required obedience.

καὶ δώσω τὸν ὑετὸν ὑμῖν ἐν καιρῷ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἡ γῆ δώσει τὰ γενήματα αὐτῆς καὶ τὰ ξύλα τῶν πεδίων ἀποδώσει τὸν καρπὸν αὐτῶν

then I will give you rain in its season, and the land shall give its produce, and the trees of the plains shall yield their fruit.

Apodosis (first blessing): the gift of rain and fertilityκαὶ δώσω

The apodosis opens with the first-person divine future δώσω, the keynote of the blessing-section; the gift of rain ἐν καιρῷ αὐτοῦ ('in its season') triggers a chain of giving — YHWH gives rain, the land gives produce, the trees yield fruit — each clause built on the verb 'give' (δώσω / δώσει / ἀποδώσει), portraying a cosmos of cascading generosity reversed in the curse of v. 20.

Word-by-word analysis· 24 words

καὶand / thenapodotic καί (introducing the consequence of the protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here the apodotic καί common in LXX conditionals, marking the transition from protasis (v. 3) to apodosis ('then I will give …').

δώσωI will giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (first blessing)→ promissory future (covenant blessing)δίδωμι: 'give'; renders נָתַן; the first of the great divine first-person futures; the gift of rain is the foundational blessing on which all agrarian abundance depends.

τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ὑετόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὑετὸνrainAccusativedirect object of δώσω→ object specificationὑετός: 'rain'; renders גֶּשֶׁם; rain in season is the primary covenant blessing in a land without rivers (cf. Deut 11:14); its withholding is threatened by the sky of iron (v. 19).

ὑμῖνto youDativedative of advantage (indirect object)→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage (indirect object).

ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).

καιρῷseasonDativedative of time (with ἐν: 'in its season')→ sphere or referenceκαιρός: 'appointed time / season'; renders עֵת; 'rain in its season' (ἐν καιρῷ αὐτοῦ) denotes the orderly former and latter rains essential to harvest.

αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession (referring to ὑετόν)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (referring to ὑετόν).

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἡtheNominativearticle (with γῆ)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γῆlandNominativesubject of δώσει→ participant prominenceγῆ: 'land / earth'; renders אֶרֶץ; the land personified as a giver — it 'gives its produce' in response to YHWH's rain; the same land 'will not give its seed' under the curse (v. 20).

δώσειshall giveFut Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (second clause)→ promissory futureδίδωμι: the land's giving mirrors YHWH's giving; the repetition of δίδωμι binds heaven, land, and tree into a single act of provision.

τὰtheAccusativearticle (with γενήματα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γενήματαproduce / yieldAccusativedirect object of δώσει→ object specificationγένημα: 'produce / crop' (from γίνομαι, distinct from γέννημα 'offspring'); renders יְבוּל; the standard LXX term for agricultural yield.

αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (the land's)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the land's).

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὰtheNominativearticle (with ξύλα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ξύλαtreesNominativesubject of ἀποδώσει→ participant prominenceξύλον: 'wood / tree'; renders עֵץ; here the fruit-trees of the plains; ξύλον recurs in the curse where 'the tree of the field will not give its fruit' (v. 20).

τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with πεδίων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πεδίωνof the plains / fieldsGenitivegenitive (partitive/descriptive: 'trees of the plains')→ relational specificationπεδίον: 'plain / open field'; renders שָׂדֶה; 'the trees of the plains' denotes the cultivated fruit-trees of the open country.

ἀποδώσειshall yield / renderFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποδίδωμιmain verb (third clause)→ promissory futureἀποδίδωμι: 'give back / render / yield'; the compound ἀπο- suggests the tree 'paying back' its fruit as if rendering what is due — the climax of the giving-chain (δώσω / δώσει / ἀποδώσει).

τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with καρπόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

καρπὸνfruitAccusativedirect object of ἀποδώσει→ object specificationκαρπός: 'fruit'; renders פְּרִי; completes the agrarian triad of grain, vine, and tree-fruit promised under obedience.

αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (the trees')→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the trees').

καὶ καταλήμψεται ὑμῖν ὁ ἀλοητὸς τὸν τρύγητον καὶ ὁ τρύγητος καταλήμψεται τὸν σπόρον καὶ φάγεσθε τὸν ἄρτον ὑμῶν εἰς πλησμονὴν καὶ κατοικήσετε μετὰ ἀσφαλείας ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὑμῶν

And the threshing shall overtake the vintage for you, and the vintage shall overtake the sowing, and you shall eat your bread to the full and dwell securely upon your land.

Continuation of blessing: overflowing harvest and secure dwellingκαὶ καταλήμψεται

The harvest is so abundant that the agricultural seasons overlap — threshing runs into vintage, vintage into the next sowing — a picture of unbroken plenty (cf. Amos 9:13). The blessing culminates in eating to satiety (εἰς πλησμονήν) and dwelling in safety (μετὰ ἀσφαλείας), the very security threatened in the curses.

Word-by-word analysis· 28 words

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

καταλήμψεταιshall overtake / reachFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · καταλαμβάνωmain verb (with subject ὁ ἀλοητός)→ promissory futureκαταλαμβάνω: 'seize / overtake / catch up with'; renders נָשַׂג ('reach / overtake'); the threshing 'overtakes' the vintage — i.e., one harvest is not finished before the next begins, an image of overflowing abundance.

ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'for you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage.

ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἀλοητός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἀλοητὸςthreshingNominativesubject of καταλήμψεται→ participant prominenceἀλοητός: 'threshing (-time)'; renders דַּיִשׁ; the grain-threshing season, here personified as overtaking the grape-harvest.

τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with τρύγητον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τρύγητονvintage / grape-harvestAccusativedirect object of καταλήμψεται→ object specificationτρύγητος: 'vintage / grape-gathering'; renders בָּצִיר; the autumn grape-harvest, the next season the threshing runs into.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὁtheNominativearticle (with τρύγητος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τρύγητοςvintageNominativesubject of the second καταλήμψεται→ participant prominenceτρύγητος: now subject — the vintage in turn overtakes the sowing-time, completing the cycle of overlapping plenty.

καταλήμψεταιshall overtakeFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · καταλαμβάνωmain verb (second clause)→ promissory futureκαταλαμβάνω: the verb repeats, binding the seasons into a continuous chain of harvest.

τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with σπόρον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

σπόρονsowing / seedtimeAccusativedirect object of καταλήμψεται→ object specificationσπόρος: 'sowing / seed / seedtime'; renders זֶרַע / זָרַע; here the next planting season; the same noun is denied in the curse 'the land shall not give its seed' (v. 20).

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

φάγεσθεyou shall eatFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · ἐσθίωmain verb→ promissory futureἐσθίω (fut. mid. φάγομαι): 'eat'; renders אָכַל; eating one's bread 'to the full' is the mark of blessing — bitterly inverted in v. 26 ('you shall eat and not be satisfied') and v. 29 (eating one's own children).

τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἄρτον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἄρτονbreadAccusativedirect object of φάγεσθε→ object specificationἄρτος: 'bread / loaf'; renders לֶחֶם; bread to satiety is staple-blessing; rationed bread 'by weight' is staple-curse (v. 26).

εἰςto / untopreposition + accusative (result/measure)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (result/measure).

πλησμονὴνfullness / satietyAccusativeobject of εἰς (result: 'to the full')→ object specificationπλησμονή: 'satiety / abundance'; renders שֹׂבַע; εἰς πλησμονήν ('to fullness') marks the completeness of the food-blessing.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

κατοικήσετεyou shall dwellFut Act Indic 2 Pl · κατοικέωmain verb→ promissory futureκατοικέω: 'dwell / settle / inhabit'; renders יָשַׁב; secure dwelling in the land is the goal of the blessings; the same verb describes the enemies who later 'inhabit' the desolated land (v. 32).

μετὰwith / inpreposition + genitive (attendant circumstance)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (attendant circumstance).

ἀσφαλείαςsafety / securityGenitiveobject of μετά (manner: 'in safety')→ relational specificationἀσφάλεια: 'security / safety'; renders בֶּטַח; μετὰ ἀσφαλείας ('securely') is the keynote of covenant peace, the opposite of the terror (δειλία) sent in the curse (v. 36).

ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (locative).

τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with γῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γῆςlandGenitiveobject of ἐπί (place of dwelling)→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'land'; it serves as object of ἐπί (place of dwelling).

καὶ πόλεμος οὐ διελεύσεται διὰ τῆς γῆς ὑμῶν καὶ δώσω εἰρήνην ἐν τῇ γῇ ὑμῶν καὶ κοιμηθήσεσθε καὶ οὐκ ἔσται ὑμᾶς ὁ ἐκφοβῶν καὶ ἀπολῶ θηρία πονηρὰ ἐκ τῆς γῆς ὑμῶν

And war shall not pass through your land, and I will give peace in your land, and you shall lie down and there shall be no one to terrify you; and I will destroy the harmful beasts out of your land.

Blessing of peace: war and wild beasts removedκαὶ πόλεμος οὐ διελεύσεται

The blessing turns from agrarian plenty to security: no war traverses the land, YHWH gives peace (εἰρήνην), the people sleep untroubled, and harmful beasts are removed. The phrase οὐκ ἔσται ὑμᾶς ὁ ἐκφοβῶν ('there shall be none to terrify you') is the antithesis of the terror (δειλία) and pursuit later inflicted (vv. 17, 36).

Word-by-word analysis· 31 words

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

πόλεμοςwarNominativesubject of διελεύσεται→ participant prominenceπόλεμος: 'war / battle'; renders חֶרֶב ('sword') here metonymically, or מִלְחָמָה; the sword that will not cross the land in blessing is the sword YHWH brings upon it in the curse (v. 25).

οὐnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

διελεύσεταιshall pass throughFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · διέρχομαιmain verb (negated)→ promissory future (negated)διέρχομαι: 'go through / traverse'; renders עָבַר; war 'passing through' the land denotes invasion; its negation promises immunity from invasion.

διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (path)→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (path).

τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with γῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γῆςlandGenitiveobject of διά→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'land'; it serves as object of διά.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

δώσωI will giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ promissory futureδίδωμι: again the divine giving-verb; here the gift is peace itself.

εἰρήνηνpeaceAccusativedirect object of δώσω→ object specificationεἰρήνη: 'peace / well-being'; renders שָׁלוֹם; the comprehensive covenant peace — security, prosperity, and absence of threat — given by YHWH within the land.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).

τῇtheDativearticle (with γῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γῇlandDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceγῇ: meaning 'land'; it serves as dative of place.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

κοιμηθήσεσθεyou shall lie down / sleepFut Pass(dep) Indic 2 Pl · κοιμάομαιmain verb→ promissory futureκοιμάομαι: 'lie down / sleep'; renders שָׁכַב; to lie down in peace with none to terrify is the proverbial image of secure rest (cf. Ps 4:9; Job 11:19).

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἔσταιthere shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential, negated)→ promissory future (negated)εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): existential 'there will be'; οὐκ ἔσται … ὁ ἐκφοβῶν ('there will be no one terrifying') is a Hebraism (אֵין מַחֲרִיד) for perfect security.

ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeaccusative object of the participle ἐκφοβῶν→ participant referenceσύ (acc. pl. ὑμᾶς): direct object of the substantival participle ὁ ἐκφοβῶν — 'the one terrifying you.'

ὁthe (one)Nominativearticle substantivizing the participle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐκφοβῶνterrifying / frighteningPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ἐκφοβέωsubstantival participle (subject of ἔσται)→ imperfective participle (continuous threatening)ἐκφοβέω: 'frighten / terrify'; the substantival participle ὁ ἐκφοβῶν ('the one who terrifies') renders מַחֲרִיד; its absence is the heart of the peace-blessing.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἀπολῶI will destroyFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀπόλλυμιmain verb→ promissory futureἀπόλλυμι: 'destroy / make to perish'; renders הִשְׁבִּית ('cause to cease'); here YHWH removes harmful beasts in blessing; the same verb later destroys Israel's enemies (cf. ἀπολῶ αὐτούς, v. 41) — and the people themselves perish (ἀπολεῖσθε, v. 38).

θηρίαbeasts / wild animalsAccusativedirect object of ἀπολῶ→ object specificationθηρίον: 'wild beast'; renders חַיָּה רָעָה; the wild beasts removed in blessing are sent against them in the curse (v. 22, ἀποστελῶ … τὰ θηρία τὰ ἄγρια).

πονηρὰharmful / evilAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying θηρία)→ object specificationπονηρός: 'evil / harmful / dangerous'; with θηρία = the dangerous wild beasts; renders רָעָה.

ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).

τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with γῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γῆςlandGenitiveobject of ἐκ→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'land'; it serves as object of ἐκ.

καὶ διώξεσθε τοὺς ἐχθροὺς ὑμῶν καὶ πεσοῦνται ἐναντίον ὑμῶν φόνῳ

And you shall pursue your enemies, and they shall fall before you by slaughter.

Blessing of victory (paired with v. 8)καὶ διώξεσθε

The peace within the land issues in dominance over enemies without: Israel pursues and the foe falls 'by slaughter.' The verbs διώκω ('pursue') and πίπτω ('fall') are exactly reversed in the curses, where Israel falls before its enemies and flees with none pursuing (vv. 17, 36).

Word-by-word analysis· 10 words

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

διώξεσθεyou shall pursueFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · διώκωmain verb→ promissory futureδιώκω: 'pursue / chase'; renders רָדַף; Israel as pursuer is the blessing-image; in the curse the enemies (and even a wind-blown leaf) pursue Israel (vv. 17, 36).

τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with ἐχθρούς)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐχθροὺςenemiesAccusativedirect object of διώξεσθε→ object specificationἐχθρός: 'enemy / foe'; renders אֹיֵב; the recurring word of the chapter — pursued here, but later Israel dwells 'in the land of its enemies' (vv. 34, 36, 38, 39).

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

πεσοῦνταιthey shall fallFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · πίπτωmain verb→ promissory futureπίπτω: 'fall'; renders נָפַל; the enemies fall in defeat; the verb returns in the curses for Israel's own fall (vv. 17, 36).

ἐναντίονbeforepreposition + genitive (in front of)→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before / in front of'; renders לִפְנֵי; 'they shall fall before you' marks total rout.

ὑμῶνyouGenitiveobject of ἐναντίον→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of ἐναντίον.

φόνῳby slaughter / swordDativedative of means/manner→ sphere or referenceφόνος: 'murder / slaughter'; renders חֶרֶב here in the sense of death by the sword; the instrumental dative 'by slaughter' describes the manner of the enemies' fall.

καὶ διώξονται ἐξ ὑμῶν πέντε ἑκατόν καὶ ἑκατὸν ὑμῶν διώξονται μυριάδας καὶ πεσοῦνται οἱ ἐχθροὶ ὑμῶν ἐναντίον ὑμῶν μαχαίρᾳ

And five of you shall pursue a hundred, and a hundred of you shall pursue ten thousand, and your enemies shall fall before you by the sword.

Intensification of the victory-blessing (hyperbolic ratios)καὶ διώξονται ἐξ ὑμῶν πέντε

The victory is intensified by hyperbolic ratios — five rout a hundred (20:1), a hundred rout ten thousand (100:1) — a numerical escalation expressing supernatural enablement (cf. Deut 32:30; Josh 23:10). The disproportion makes plain that the triumph is YHWH's, not Israel's military strength.

Word-by-word analysis· 19 words

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

διώξονταιshall pursueFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · διώκωmain verb (subject πέντε)→ promissory futureδιώκω: 'pursue'; the same verb as v. 7, now with the hyperbolic numerical ratios that mark the victory as miraculous.

ἐξof / from amongpreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: partitive 'from among you' — five drawn from Israel's number.

ὑμῶνof youGenitivepartitive genitive (object of ἐξ)→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'of you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as partitive genitive (object of ἐξ).

πέντεfiveNominativesubject of διώξονται (indeclinable numeral)→ measure or countπέντε: 'five'; indeclinable cardinal; the smaller term of the first ratio (5 : 100).

ἑκατόνa hundredAccusativedirect object of διώξονται (indeclinable numeral)→ measure or countἑκατόν: 'a hundred'; indeclinable cardinal; the object pursued — a twentyfold disproportion.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἑκατὸνa hundredNominativesubject of the second διώξονται (indeclinable numeral)→ measure or countἑκατόν: now subject — a hundred of Israel pursue ten thousand, a hundredfold ratio surpassing the first.

ὑμῶνof youGenitivepartitive genitive→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'of you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as partitive genitive.

διώξονταιshall pursueFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · διώκωmain verb (second clause)→ promissory futureδιώκω: the verb repeats for the escalated ratio.

μυριάδαςten thousands / myriadsAccusativedirect object of διώξονται→ object specificationμυριάς: 'ten thousand / myriad'; renders רְבָבָה; the plural with ἑκατόν yields the climactic 100 : 10,000 ratio of supernatural victory.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

πεσοῦνταιshall fallFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · πίπτωmain verb→ promissory futureπίπτω: 'fall'; the enemies' defeat completes the victory-blessing.

οἱtheNominativearticle (with ἐχθροί)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐχθροὶenemiesNominativesubject of πεσοῦνται→ participant prominenceἐχθρός: 'enemy'; cf. v. 7.

ἐναντίονbeforepreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.

μαχαίρᾳby the swordDativedative of means→ sphere or referenceμάχαιρα: 'sword / knife'; renders חֶרֶב; the instrumental dative 'by the sword' parallels φόνῳ in v. 7; the same sword is turned against Israel in v. 25 (μάχαιραν ἐκδικοῦσαν) and v. 33.

καὶ ἐπιβλέψω ἐφ᾿ ὑμᾶς καὶ αὐξανῶ ὑμᾶς καὶ πληθυνῶ ὑμᾶς καὶ στήσω τὴν διαθήκην μου μεθ᾿ ὑμῶν

And I will look upon you and increase you and multiply you, and I will establish my covenant with you.

Blessing of fruitfulness and covenant establishmentκαὶ ἐπιβλέψω

The blessing rises to the patriarchal promises: YHWH's gracious regard (ἐπιβλέψω) issues in increase and multiplication — αὐξανῶ … πληθυνῶ echoing the creation/patriarchal mandate (Gen 1:28; 17:6) — and culminates in establishing (στήσω) the covenant, the formal counterpart undone by the curse's διασκεδάσαι τὴν διαθήκην (v. 15).

Word-by-word analysis· 17 words

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐπιβλέψωI will look uponFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐπιβλέπωmain verb→ promissory futureἐπιβλέπω: 'look upon / regard favorably'; renders פָּנָה ('turn toward'); the divine favorable regard that precedes blessing; contrast ἐπιστήσω τὸ πρόσωπόν μου ἐφ᾿ ὑμᾶς ('I will set my face against you,' v. 17) in the curse.

ἐφ᾿uponpreposition + accusative (elided ἐπί)→ spatial or relational framingἐφ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (elided ἐπί).

ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of ἐπί→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of ἐπί.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

αὐξανῶI will increaseFut Act Indic 1 Sg · αὐξάνωmain verb→ promissory futureαὐξάνω: 'increase / make to grow'; renders הִפְרָה; transitive here ('I will make you increase'); the pair αὐξανῶ … πληθυνῶ recalls the creation-blessing 'increase and multiply' (Gen 1:28; 9:1) and the patriarchal promise (Gen 17:6).

ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

πληθυνῶI will multiplyFut Act Indic 1 Sg · πληθύνωmain verb→ promissory futureπληθύνω: 'multiply / make numerous'; renders הִרְבָּה; the second member of the fruitfulness-pair, fulfilling the Abrahamic promise of innumerable seed (Gen 22:17).

ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

στήσωI will establishFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb→ promissory futureἵστημι: 'set up / establish / confirm'; renders הֵקִים; στήσω τὴν διαθήκην ('I will establish my covenant') is covenant-confirmation language (Gen 17:7); the antithesis of the curse's διασκεδάσαι τὴν διαθήκην ('annul the covenant,' v. 15).

τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with διαθήκην)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

διαθήκηνcovenantAccusativedirect object of στήσω→ object specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant / testament'; renders בְּרִית; the central word of the chapter — established here (v. 9), set among them (v. 11), threatened with annulment (v. 15), avenged (v. 25), and finally remembered (vv. 42, 44, 45).

μεθ᾿withpreposition + genitive (elided μετά)→ spatial or relational framingμεθ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (elided μετά).

ὑμῶνyouGenitiveobject of μετά→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of μετά.

καὶ φάγεσθε παλαιὰ καὶ παλαιὰ παλαιῶν καὶ παλαιὰ ἐκ προσώπου νέων ἐξοίσετε

And you shall eat old stores, even the old stored long ago, and you shall clear out the old before the new.

Blessing of superabundant storeκαὶ φάγεσθε παλαιά

The blessing of plenty reaches its limit: stored grain so abundant that the old harvest is still being eaten when the new comes in, forcing them to 'bring out the old before the new' to make room. The threefold παλαιά hammers the theme of surplus (cf. v. 5's overlapping seasons).

Word-by-word analysis· 12 words

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

φάγεσθεyou shall eatFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · ἐσθίωmain verb→ promissory futureἐσθίω: 'eat'; here eating the aged stores — the sign of a surplus too great to consume; contrasts with the famine-eating of vv. 26, 29.

παλαιὰold (stores)Accusativedirect object (substantival neuter plural)→ object specificationπαλαιός: 'old / aged'; substantival neuter plural τὰ παλαιά = 'old produce / stored grain'; renders יָשָׁן ('old [harvest]'); the well-aged store is a mark of long-secured abundance.

καὶand / evencoordinating/epexegetic conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

παλαιὰoldAccusativesubstantival neuter plural (object)→ object specificationπαλαιά: the second occurrence; with παλαιῶν it forms a superlative-like genitive intensification, 'old of the old' = the very oldest stores.

παλαιῶνof old thingsGenitivepartitive/intensive genitive ('old of the old')→ relational specificationπαλαιός (gen. pl.): the Hebraizing construction παλαιὰ παλαιῶν ('old of olds') is a superlative idiom — the oldest, longest-stored grain — underscoring the depth of the reserves.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

παλαιὰoldAccusativedirect object of ἐξοίσετε→ object specificationπαλαιά: the third occurrence; the old must be carried out to make room for the incoming new harvest.

ἐκfrom / beforepreposition + genitive (with προσώπου: 'before')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ προσώπου: 'from before / before the face of'; a Hebraism (מִפְּנֵי) meaning 'on account of / to make way for' the new.

προσώπουface / presenceGenitiveobject of ἐκ (idiomatic: 'before the face of')→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; in the idiom ἐκ προσώπου νέων = 'because of / to make way for the new (grain).'

νέωνnew (produce)Genitivesubstantival genitive (the new harvest)→ relational specificationνέος: 'new / fresh'; substantival neuter plural 'the new (produce)'; renders חָדָשׁ; the fresh harvest displaces the old, a picture of unceasing supply.

ἐξοίσετεyou shall bring out / clear awayFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ἐκφέρωmain verb→ promissory futureἐκφέρω: 'carry out / bring forth'; renders הוֹצִיא; here 'clear out' the old store to receive the new — the happy problem of overflowing granaries.

καὶ θήσω τὴν διαθήκην μου ἐν ὑμῖν καὶ οὐ βδελύξεται ἡ ψυχή μου ὑμᾶς

And I will set my covenant among you, and my soul shall not abhor you.

Blessing of covenant-presence (prelude to v. 12)καὶ θήσω τὴν διαθήκην μου

The Greek 'I will set my covenant among you' (Hebrew: 'set my dwelling/tabernacle, מִשְׁכָּן, among you') leads directly into the dwelling-formula of v. 12. The litotes οὐ βδελύξεται ἡ ψυχή μου ὑμᾶς ('my soul shall not abhor you') is the exact inverse of v. 30's προσοχθιεῖ ἡ ψυχή μου ὑμῖν, marking the hinge between covenant favor and covenant loathing.

Word-by-word analysis· 14 words

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

θήσωI will set / placeFut Act Indic 1 Sg · τίθημιmain verb→ promissory futureτίθημι: 'place / set'; here renders נָתַן with מִשְׁכָּן ('dwelling') in the Hebrew — 'I will set my dwelling among you'; the LXX reads διαθήκην ('covenant'), assimilating to the covenant-theme; YHWH's presence/covenant set ἐν ὑμῖν prepares the walking-among of v. 12.

τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with διαθήκην)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

διαθήκηνcovenantAccusativedirect object of θήσω→ object specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant'; the LXX's διαθήκην here corresponds to Hebrew מִשְׁכָּן ('tabernacle/dwelling'), perhaps reading a related root or harmonizing to the covenant-motif; the effect is to make YHWH's covenant his indwelling presence.

ἐνamong / inpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).

ὑμῖνyouDativeobject of ἐν ('among you')→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of ἐν ('among you').

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

οὐnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

βδελύξεταιshall abhor / loatheFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · βδελύσσομαιmain verb (negated)→ promissory future (negated litotes)βδελύσσομαι: 'abhor / feel disgust at'; renders גָּעַל; the litotes 'my soul shall not abhor you' affirms abiding acceptance; its dark counterpart is προσοχθιεῖ ἡ ψυχή μου ὑμῖν ('my soul shall loathe you,' v. 30).

ἡtheNominativearticle (with ψυχή)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ψυχήsoulNominativesubject of βδελύξεται→ participant prominenceψυχή: 'soul / self'; renders נֶפֶשׁ; 'my soul' is an anthropopathic idiom for YHWH's inmost disposition; ἡ ψυχή μου recurs in vv. 30 (loathing) — the emotional pivot of the chapter.

ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object of βδελύξεται→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of βδελύξεται.

καὶ ἐμπεριπατήσω ἐν ὑμῖν καὶ ἔσομαι ὑμῶν θεός καὶ ὑμεῖς ἔσεσθέ μου λαός

And I will walk about among you and will be your God, and you shall be my people.

Climax of the blessings: the covenant-presence formulaκαὶ ἐμπεριπατήσω ἐν ὑμῖν

The covenant climax and headline crux of the chapter. YHWH's promise to 'walk among' Israel (ἐμπεριπατήσω, evoking Eden, Gen 3:8) and the bilateral covenant-formula 'I will be your God and you shall be my people' constitute the high point of the whole Holiness Code. Paul cites this verse verbatim at 2 Cor 6:16 (ἐνοικήσω ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ ἐμπεριπατήσω), applying the covenant-presence to the church as God's temple; the formula reaches its eschatological consummation at Rev 21:3.

Word-by-word analysis· 13 words

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐμπεριπατήσωI will walk about amongFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐμπεριπατέωmain verb (climactic blessing)→ promissory future (covenant presence)ἐμπεριπατέω: 'walk about in / among'; renders הִתְהַלַּךְ (Hithpael, 'walk back and forth'); the double compound ἐμ-περι-πατέω vividly portrays YHWH moving freely in Israel's midst — an Edenic image (cf. Gen 3:8, the LORD walking in the garden) and a Tabernacle image (2 Sam 7:6–7); Paul quotes precisely this verb at 2 Cor 6:16.

ἐνamong / inpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἔσομαιI will beFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula of covenant-formula)→ promissory futureεἰμί (fut. ἔσομαι): 'be'; ἔσομαι ὑμῶν θεός ('I will be your God') is the first half of the bipartite covenant-formula (cf. Gen 17:7; Exod 6:7; Jer 31:33), the verbal heart of the covenant relationship.

ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of relationship (predicate: 'your God')→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship (predicate: 'your God').

θεόςGodNominativepredicate nominative (with ἔσομαι)→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; the predicate of the covenant-formula; YHWH binds himself to be Israel's God — the relationship 2 Cor 6:16 and Rev 21:3 universalize and consummate.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic) of ἔσεσθε→ participant referenceσύ (nom. pl. ὑμεῖς): the emphatic pronoun marks the reciprocal second half of the covenant-formula — 'and you, for your part, shall be my people.'

ἔσεσθέyou shall beFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (copula of covenant-formula)→ promissory futureεἰμί (fut. ἔσεσθε): the second clause of the covenant-formula, 'you shall be my people'; together ἔσομαι … θεός / ἔσεσθε … λαός form the complete bilateral bond.

μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship (predicate: 'my people')→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship (predicate: 'my people').

λαόςpeopleNominativepredicate nominative (with ἔσεσθε)→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; renders עַם; the covenant designation of Israel; 'my people' answers 'your God,' sealing the mutual belonging that is the goal of the covenant (cf. Hos 2:23; Rom 9:25–26).

ἐγώ εἰμι κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν ὁ ἐξαγαγὼν ὑμᾶς ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου ὄντων ὑμῶν δούλων καὶ συνέτριψα τὸν δεσμὸν τοῦ ζυγοῦ ὑμῶν καὶ ἤγαγον ὑμᾶς μετὰ παρρησίας

I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt when you were slaves; and I broke the bond of your yoke and led you with boldness.

Exodus self-identification grounding the blessingsἐγώ εἰμι κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν

The blessing-section closes by grounding YHWH's claim in the exodus: he is the God who brought them out, broke the yoke-bond, and led them 'with boldness' (μετὰ παρρησίας). The same self-identification recurs at the chapter's mercy-climax (v. 45), framing both blessing and final mercy in the exodus-deliverance.

Word-by-word analysis· 27 words

ἐγώINominativesubject (emphatic) of εἰμι→ participant referenceἐγώ: the self-asseveration formula ἐγώ εἰμι κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν again, now extended by a relative participle recounting the exodus.

εἰμιamPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίcopula (self-identification)→ timeless presentεἰμί: copula of the divine self-predication.

κύριοςLORDNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.

ὁtheNominativearticle (with θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεὸςGodNominativepredicate nominative in apposition→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; the full covenant title 'the LORD your God.'

ὁthe (one)Nominativearticle substantivizing the participle ἐξαγαγών→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐξαγαγὼνwho brought outAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ἐξάγωattributive participle (apposition to κύριος)→ constative aorist participle (the exodus-act)ἐξάγω: 'lead out / bring out'; renders הוֹצִיא; the participial epithet ὁ ἐξαγαγὼν ὑμᾶς ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου is the standard LXX exodus-formula identifying YHWH by his foundational saving act (cf. Exod 20:2).

ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object of ἐξαγαγών→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐξαγαγών.

ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).

γῆςlandGenitiveobject of ἐκ→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'land'; it serves as object of ἐκ.

Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of relationship (with γῆς: 'land of Egypt')→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος: standard LXX form of מִצְרַיִם; the place of bondage from which YHWH delivered them.

ὄντωνbeing / when (you) werePres Act Ptcp Gen Pl Masc · εἰμίparticiple in genitive absolute (with ὑμῶν δούλων)→ imperfective participle (attendant state: 'while you were')εἰμί (ptcp.): the genitive-absolute construction ὄντων ὑμῶν δούλων ('you being slaves') sets the condition out of which YHWH redeemed them — a deliverance from servitude, not merely a relocation.

ὑμῶνyouGenitivesubject of the genitive absolute→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as subject of the genitive absolute.

δούλωνslavesGenitivepredicate of the genitive absolute→ relational specificationδοῦλος: 'slave / bondservant'; renders עֲבָדִים; the term emphasizes the servile condition from which the exodus freed them, in pointed contrast to the παρρησία ('boldness / freedom of bearing') in which YHWH then led them.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

συνέτριψαI broke / shatteredAor Act Indic 1 Sg · συντρίβωmain verb→ constative aorist (completed deliverance)συντρίβω: 'crush / shatter / break'; renders שָׁבַר; breaking 'the bond of the yoke' images liberation from slavery; the same verb returns in the curse where YHWH 'shatters the pride of your arrogance' (συντρίψω τὴν ὕβριν, v. 19).

τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with δεσμόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

δεσμὸνbond / fasteningAccusativedirect object of συνέτριψα→ object specificationδεσμός: 'bond / fetter / fastening'; here the bar fastening the yoke (מֹטָה); its breaking signifies release from compelled servitude.

τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ζυγοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ζυγοῦyokeGenitivegenitive (the yoke whose bond is broken)→ relational specificationζυγός: 'yoke'; renders עֹל; the yoke is the standard metaphor for servitude; YHWH's breaking of its bond marks Israel's transition from slaves to a free people (cf. the inverse image, the 'iron yoke,' Deut 28:48).

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἤγαγονI ledAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἄγωmain verb→ constative aoristἄγω: 'lead / bring'; renders הוֹלִיךְ; YHWH 'led' the freed people; with μετὰ παρρησίας the verb describes their upright, confident march out of bondage.

ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.

μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (manner)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (manner).

παρρησίαςboldness / opennessGenitiveobject of μετά (manner: 'with boldness')→ relational specificationπαρρησία: 'boldness / frank confidence / openness of bearing'; renders קוֹמְמִיּוּת ('upright, with heads held high'); the LXX captures the dignity of a liberated people — the opposite of the cringing posture of slaves; the term is later prominent in NT confidence-language.

ἐὰν δὲ μὴ ὑπακούσητέ μου μηδὲ ποιήσητε τὰ προστάγματά μου ταῦτα

But if you will not obey me, nor do these my ordinances,

Protasis of the curse-conditional (governs vv. 16–39)ἐὰν δὲ μὴ ὑπακούσητέ μου

The great hinge of the chapter: δέ pivots from blessing to curse, and the negated protasis ἐὰν δὲ μὴ ὑπακούσητε opens the long catalogue of judgments. The conditional structure exactly mirrors v. 3, but inverted — disobedience now triggers the apodosis of v. 16 (καὶ ἐγὼ ποιήσω οὕτως ὑμῖν).

Word-by-word analysis· 11 words

ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the prospective curse-condition, the dark counterpart of v. 3.

δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: the pivotal adversative marking the great turn from the blessings (vv. 3–13) to the curses (vv. 14–39).

μὴnotnegative particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: the subjective negative proper to the subjunctive of the protasis.

ὑπακούσητέyou obeyAor Act Subj 2 Pl · ὑπακούωverb of protasis (negated)→ effective aorist subjunctive (failure to obey)ὑπακούω: 'obey / hearken to'; renders שָׁמַע ('listen / heed'); the verb governs the genitive μου; disobedience here is failure to 'hear' YHWH — the refrain ἐὰν … μὴ ὑπακούσητέ μου recurs to mark each new cycle of curse (vv. 18, 21, 27).

μουmeGenitivegenitive object of ὑπακούω→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. μου): object of the verb of obeying; 'hearken to me.'

μηδὲnornegative coordinating conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμηδέ: 'and not / nor'; chains the second negated clause to the first.

ποιήσητεyou doAor Act Subj 2 Pl · ποιέωverb of protasis (negated)→ effective aorist subjunctiveποιέω: 'do / perform'; the failure to 'do' the ordinances inverts the obedience-protasis of v. 3 (καὶ ποιήσητε αὐτάς).

τὰtheAccusativearticle (with προστάγματα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

προστάγματάordinancesAccusativedirect object of ποιήσητε→ object specificationπρόσταγμα: 'ordinance / statute'; renders מִצְוֹת / חֻקִּים; the same ordinances Israel was to 'walk in' (v. 3) it now fails to perform.

ταῦταtheseAccusativedemonstrative adjective (modifying προστάγματα)→ object specificationοὗτος: 'this / these'; the deictic ταῦτα points to the whole body of Holiness-Code legislation just given.

ἀλλὰ ἀπειθήσητε αὐτοῖς καὶ τοῖς κρίμασίν μου προσοχθίσῃ ἡ ψυχὴ ὑμῶν ὥστε ὑμᾶς μὴ ποιεῖν πάσας τὰς ἐντολάς μου ὥστε διασκεδάσαι τὴν διαθήκην μου

but disobey them, and your soul loathe my judgments, so that you do not perform all my commandments, so as to break my covenant,

Continuation of the curse-protasis (escalating refusal)ἀλλὰ ἀπειθήσητε

The protasis intensifies from mere non-obedience (v. 14) to active rejection: ἀλλά ('but rather') introduces positive disobedience, loathing (προσοχθίσῃ ἡ ψυχὴ ὑμῶν — the verb that will rebound on YHWH's own soul in v. 30), and the deliberate result ὥστε διασκεδάσαι τὴν διαθήκην ('so as to break the covenant'), the exact antithesis of στήσω τὴν διαθήκην (v. 9).

Word-by-word analysis· 24 words

ἀλλὰbut ratherstrong adversative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλά: 'but / rather'; escalates from the negated obedience of v. 14 to positive rebellion.

ἀπειθήσητεyou disobeyAor Act Subj 2 Pl · ἀπειθέωverb of protasis→ effective aorist subjunctive (active disobedience)ἀπειθέω: 'disobey / be unpersuaded / refuse to believe'; renders מָאַס ('reject') or פָּרַר; stronger than mere non-hearing — a willful spurning of the commandments; the verb is prominent in Paul's discussion of Israel's unbelief (Rom 10:21; 11:30–31).

αὐτοῖςthemDativedative object of ἀπειθήσητε (the ordinances)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative object of ἀπειθέω, resuming τὰ προστάγματα of v. 14.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τοῖςtheDativearticle (with κρίμασιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

κρίμασίνjudgments / ordinancesDativedative object of προσοχθίσῃ→ sphere or referenceκρίμα: 'judgment / legal decision / ordinance'; renders מִשְׁפָּטִים; the divine 'judgments' which Israel's soul loathes — a loathing for which they will themselves be loathed (v. 30) and which is recalled at v. 43 (τὰ κρίματά μου ὑπερεῖδον).

προσοχθίσῃloathe / be wearied withAor Act Subj 3 Sg · προσοχθίζωverb of protasis (subject ἡ ψυχή)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (come to loathe)προσοχθίζω: 'be vexed / loathe / be wearied with'; renders גָּעַל; a leitmotif of the chapter — Israel's soul loathes YHWH's judgments (here), YHWH's soul loathes Israel (v. 30), and Israel loathed his ordinances (v. 43); the reciprocity is theologically pointed.

ἡtheNominativearticle (with ψυχή)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ψυχὴsoulNominativesubject of προσοχθίσῃ→ participant prominenceψυχή: 'soul / inner self'; renders נֶפֶשׁ; 'your soul' as the seat of the loathing, mirrored by 'my soul' in vv. 11, 30.

ὥστεso thatresult conjunction (+ infinitive)→ discourse linkage or contrastὥστε: 'so that / so as to'; introduces the result clause with the infinitive ποιεῖν; the rejection issues in failure to keep all the commandments.

ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive ποιεῖν→ participant referenceσύ (acc.): subject of the infinitive in the ὥστε-result clause.

μὴnotnegative particle (with infinitive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ποιεῖνto do / performPres Act Inf · ποιέωinfinitive of result (with ὥστε)→ durative present infinitive (ongoing non-performance)ποιέω: 'do'; the present infinitive of the result clause; not performing 'all my commandments' is the practical outcome of the loathing.

πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἐντολάς)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / every'; the totality stressed — failure to keep all the commandments breaks the covenant.

τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἐντολάς)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐντολάςcommandmentsAccusativedirect object of ποιεῖν→ object specificationἐντολή: 'commandment'; the same word as v. 3 (φυλάσσησθε τὰς ἐντολάς μου), now negated.

ὥστεso asresult conjunction (+ infinitive, second clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastὥστε: the second ὥστε states the ultimate result — the breaking of the covenant itself.

διασκεδάσαιto break / annulAor Act Inf · διασκεδάννυμιinfinitive of result (with ὥστε)→ effective aorist infinitive (annulment)διασκεδάννυμι: 'scatter / dissipate / annul'; renders הֵפֵר ('break / nullify'); διασκεδάσαι τὴν διαθήκην ('to break the covenant') is the direct antithesis of στήσω τὴν διαθήκην (v. 9); the same phrase recurs at v. 44, where YHWH refuses to let even exile annul his covenant.

τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with διαθήκην)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

διαθήκηνcovenantAccusativedirect object of διασκεδάσαι→ object specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant'; the covenant Israel's disobedience would annul — yet YHWH will not finally let it be annulled (v. 44).

καὶ ἐγὼ ποιήσω οὕτως ὑμῖν καὶ ἐπισυστήσω ἐφ᾿ ὑμᾶς τὴν ἀπορίαν τήν τε ψώραν καὶ τὸν ἴκτερον καὶ σφακελίζοντας τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ὑμῶν καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ὑμῶν ἐκτήκουσαν καὶ σπερεῖτε διὰ κενῆς τὰ σπέρματα ὑμῶν καὶ ἔδονται οἱ ὑπεναντίοι ὑμῶν

then I also will do thus to you, and I will bring upon you bewilderment, the scab and the jaundice, that waste your eyes and consume your soul; and you shall sow your seed in vain, and your adversaries shall eat it.

Apodosis: the first cycle of curses (disease and futility)καὶ ἐγὼ ποιήσω οὕτως ὑμῖν

The first curse-apodosis: the emphatic ἐγώ answers Israel's defiance with YHWH's reciprocal 'I also will do thus to you.' The judgments are wasting disease (ἀπορία, ψώρα, ἴκτερος) that consumes eyes and soul, and the futility-curse of sowing seed that the enemy eats — the exact reversal of the harvest-blessing of vv. 4–5.

Word-by-word analysis· 39 words

καὶand / thenapodotic καί→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: apodotic, introducing the consequence of the curse-protasis.

ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic) of ποιήσω→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic 'I also' (καὶ ἐγώ) sets YHWH's responsive action over against Israel's disobedience — a reciprocity (Hebrew אַף־אֲנִי) that recurs through the curses (vv. 24, 28, 41).

ποιήσωI will doFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (apodosis)→ minatory future (threatened judgment)ποιέω: 'do'; the same verb Israel failed to apply to the commandments (vv. 14–15) now describes YHWH's doing to Israel — measure answering measure.

οὕτωςthusadverb of manner→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / in this way'; points forward to the catalogue of curses that follows.

ὑμῖνto youDativedative of disadvantage→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of disadvantage.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐπισυστήσωI will bring upon / set againstFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐπισυνίστημιmain verb→ minatory futureἐπισυνίστημι: 'set up against / bring upon / muster against'; the double-compound ἐπι-συν-ίστημι intensifies the hostile imposition; renders הִפְקִיד ('appoint / visit upon'); YHWH 'sets upon' Israel a host of afflictions.

ἐφ᾿uponpreposition + accusative (elided ἐπί, hostile direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐφ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (elided ἐπί, hostile direction).

ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of ἐπί→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of ἐπί.

τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ἀπορίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἀπορίανbewilderment / wantAccusativedirect object of ἐπισυστήσω→ object specificationἀπορία: 'perplexity / helplessness / destitution'; renders בֶּהָלָה ('sudden terror / dismay'); the first affliction is a wasting bewilderment, perhaps including consumptive disease (Hebrew שַׁחֶפֶת).

τήνtheAccusativearticle (with ψώραν)→ noun-phrase markingτήν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τεandenclitic connective (correlating the diseases)→ discourse linkage or contrastτε: enclitic 'and'; here τήν τε ψώραν καὶ τὸν ἴκτερον couples the two named diseases.

ψώρανscab / itchAccusativedirect object (apposition to ἀπορίαν)→ object specificationψώρα: 'itch / mange / scab'; renders קַדַּחַת ('fever / inflammation'); a wasting skin/feverish disease.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἴκτερον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἴκτερονjaundiceAccusativedirect object→ object specificationἴκτερος: 'jaundice'; the LXX renders the Hebrew דַּלֶּקֶת ('burning fever / inflammation') with this term for the yellowing wasting-disease; together with ψώρα it depicts bodily decay.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

σφακελίζονταςwasting / consumingPres Act Ptcp Acc Pl Masc · σφακελίζωattributive participle (with the diseases, governing τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς)→ imperfective participle (ongoing destruction)σφακελίζω: 'be consumed with gangrene / waste away / mortify'; the diseases are personified as 'wasting your eyes'; renders מְכַלּוֹת עֵינַיִם ('consuming the eyes'); the participle accusative masculine agrees with the named afflictions.

τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with ὀφθαλμούς)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὀφθαλμοὺςeyesAccusativedirect object of σφακελίζοντας→ object specificationὀφθαλμός: 'eye'; renders עֵינַיִם; the wasting of the eyes (failing sight) is a classic symptom of chronic disease and despair (cf. Deut 28:65; Ps 6:8).

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ψυχήν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ψυχὴνsoul / lifeAccusativeobject (with participle ἐκτήκουσαν)→ object specificationψυχή: 'soul / life'; here the inner vitality that wastes away; the disease consumes both body (eyes) and soul (life-force).

ἐκτήκουσανwasting away / meltingPres Act Ptcp Acc Sg Fem · ἐκτήκωattributive participle (agreeing with ψυχήν)→ imperfective participle (progressive wasting)ἐκτήκω: 'melt away / waste / consume utterly'; the participle (fem. agreeing with ψυχήν) renders Hebrew מְדִיבֹת נָפֶשׁ ('causing the soul to pine'); the soul is 'melting away' under the affliction; cf. the cognate at v. 39 (τακήσονται).

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

σπερεῖτεyou shall sowFut Act Indic 2 Pl · σπείρωmain verb→ minatory futureσπείρω: 'sow'; renders זָרַע; sowing 'in vain' (διὰ κενῆς) is the futility-curse — labor without harvest, the inverse of vv. 4–5 and 10; cf. Deut 28:38.

διὰin (vain)preposition + genitive (idiom διὰ κενῆς: 'in vain')→ spatial or relational framingδιά: in the idiom διὰ κενῆς ('to no purpose / in vain'); a fixed adverbial phrase.

κενῆςvain / emptyGenitiveobject of διά (idiomatic: 'in vain')→ relational specificationκενός: 'empty / vain'; the substantival feminine in the fixed phrase διὰ κενῆς = 'for nothing'; renders לָרִיק; the seed is sown to no profit.

τὰtheAccusativearticle (with σπέρματα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

σπέρματαseedAccusativedirect object of σπερεῖτε→ object specificationσπέρμα: 'seed'; renders זֶרַע; the seed sown in vain because the enemy will consume the crop.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἔδονταιshall eat / devourFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἐσθίωmain verb (subject οἱ ὑπεναντίοι)→ minatory futureἐσθίω (fut. ἔδομαι): 'eat / devour'; the enemies eat what Israel sowed — the bitter inversion of the food-blessing (φάγεσθε … εἰς πλησμονήν, v. 5).

οἱtheNominativearticle (with ὑπεναντίοι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὑπεναντίοιadversariesNominativesubject of ἔδονται→ participant prominenceὑπεναντίος: 'adversary / opponent'; renders אֹיֵב / צַר; a near-synonym of ἐχθρός, the foes who reap what Israel sowed.

καὶ ἐπιστήσω τὸ πρόσωπόν μου ἐφ᾿ ὑμᾶς καὶ πεσεῖσθε ἐναντίον τῶν ἐχθρῶν ὑμῶν καὶ διώξονται ὑμᾶς οἱ μισοῦντες ὑμᾶς καὶ φεύξεσθε οὐθενὸς διώκοντος ὑμᾶς

And I will set my face against you, and you shall fall before your enemies; and those who hate you shall pursue you, and you shall flee with no one pursuing you.

Continuation of first curse-cycle (military defeat and panic)καὶ ἐπιστήσω τὸ πρόσωπόν μου

YHWH's hostile regard — 'I will set my face against you' (the inverse of ἐπιβλέψω, v. 9) — produces total military reversal: Israel falls before its enemies and is pursued by its haters. The climactic φεύξεσθε οὐθενὸς διώκοντος ('you shall flee though none pursues') is the exact undoing of the victory-blessing (vv. 7–8) and reappears at v. 36.

Word-by-word analysis· 24 words

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐπιστήσωI will set / fixFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐφίστημιmain verb→ minatory futureἐφίστημι: 'set upon / fix / direct against'; renders נָתַן (פָּנִים בְּ); ἐπιστήσω τὸ πρόσωπόν μου ἐφ᾿ ὑμᾶς ('I will set my face against you') is the formula of divine hostility, the antithesis of the favorable ἐπιβλέψω of v. 9.

τὸtheAccusativearticle (with πρόσωπον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πρόσωπόνfaceAccusativedirect object of ἐπιστήσω→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / countenance'; renders פָּנִים; 'my face against you' denotes settled divine opposition; cf. the priestly blessing's positive 'the LORD make his face shine upon you' (Num 6:25).

ἐφ᾿against / uponpreposition + accusative (elided ἐπί, hostile)→ spatial or relational framingἐφ᾿: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (elided ἐπί, hostile).

ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of ἐπί→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of ἐπί.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

πεσεῖσθεyou shall fallFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · πίπτωmain verb→ minatory futureπίπτω: 'fall'; now Israel falls before its enemies — the precise reversal of v. 7 (πεσοῦνται … οἱ ἐχθροὶ ὑμῶν), where the enemies fell before Israel.

ἐναντίονbeforepreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.

τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἐχθρῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐχθρῶνenemiesGenitiveobject of ἐναντίον→ relational specificationἐχθρός: 'enemy'; the foes who in blessing fell before Israel now stand before it as conquerors.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

διώξονταιshall pursueFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · διώκωmain verb (subject οἱ μισοῦντες)→ minatory futureδιώκω: 'pursue'; now Israel's haters pursue them — the inversion of vv. 7–8 where Israel pursued the foe.

ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.

οἱthe (ones)Nominativearticle substantivizing the participle μισοῦντες→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

μισοῦντεςthose who hatePres Act Ptcp Nom Pl Masc · μισέωsubstantival participle (subject of διώξονται)→ imperfective participle (settled hostility)μισέω: 'hate'; the substantival participle οἱ μισοῦντες ὑμᾶς ('those hating you') renders שֹׂנְאֵיכֶם; Israel's persecutors are defined by their hatred.

ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of the participle μισοῦντες→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of the participle μισοῦντες.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

φεύξεσθεyou shall fleeFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · φεύγωmain verb→ minatory futureφεύγω: 'flee'; renders נָס; the panic-flight even when none pursues is the mark of divinely-sent terror (cf. Prov 28:1), elaborated at v. 36.

οὐθενὸςno oneGenitivegenitive subject of the genitive-absolute participle→ relational specificationοὐθείς (= οὐδείς): 'no one'; the Hellenistic spelling οὐθενός; subject of the genitive absolute 'with no one pursuing.'

διώκοντοςpursuingPres Act Ptcp Gen Sg Masc · διώκωparticiple in genitive absolute (concessive: 'though none pursues')→ imperfective participle (attendant circumstance)διώκω (ptcp.): the genitive absolute οὐθενὸς διώκοντος ('with no one pursuing') stresses the irrationality of the panic — terror without a visible cause, the inner collapse of a people under divine judgment (cf. v. 36).

ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of the participle διώκοντος→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of the participle διώκοντος.

καὶ ἐὰν ἕως τούτου μὴ ὑπακούσητέ μου καὶ προσθήσω τοῦ παιδεῦσαι ὑμᾶς ἑπτάκις ἐπὶ ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις ὑμῶν

And if even thus you will not obey me, then I will go on to chastise you seven times more for your sins.

Second curse-cycle: the 'sevenfold' refrain introducedκαὶ ἐὰν ἕως τούτου μὴ ὑπακούσητέ μου

The second cycle opens with the renewed protasis (ἐὰν … μὴ ὑπακούσητέ μου) and introduces the chapter's signature refrain ἑπτάκις ('seven times'), the measure of intensified discipline that marks each escalating stage (cf. vv. 21, 24, 28). The idiom προσθήσω τοῦ παιδεῦσαι ('I will add to discipline' = 'discipline still more') is a Hebraism (יָסַף + infinitive).

Word-by-word analysis· 17 words

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: opens the renewed protasis of the second discipline-cycle.

ἕωςup to / evenpreposition + genitive (ἕως τούτου: 'up to this point')→ spatial or relational framingἕως: in ἕως τούτου ('up to this / even thus far') = 'in spite of all this'; renders עַד־אֵלֶּה ('despite these things').

τούτουthisGenitiveobject of ἕως (demonstrative)→ relational specificationοὗτος: the demonstrative refers to the first round of curses just described; 'after all this, if still you do not obey.'

μὴnotnegative particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὑπακούσητέyou obeyAor Act Subj 2 Pl · ὑπακούωverb of protasis (negated)→ effective aorist subjunctiveὑπακούω: 'obey / hearken'; the refrain-verb of each cycle (cf. vv. 14, 21, 27).

μουmeGenitivegenitive object of ὑπακούω→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ὑπακούω.

καὶthen / andapodotic καί→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: apodotic, introducing the consequence.

προσθήσωI will add / go onFut Act Indic 1 Sg · προστίθημιmain verb (with articular infinitive)→ minatory futureπροστίθημι: 'add / proceed to'; the construction προσθήσω τοῦ παιδεῦσαι ('I will add to discipline' = 'I will chastise still more') is a Hebraism rendering יָסַף + infinitive (cf. vv. 21); expresses intensification of the judgment.

τοῦtoGenitivearticle governing the epexegetic infinitive παιδεῦσαι→ noun-phrase markingὁ (gen. τοῦ): the articular infinitive τοῦ παιδεῦσαι expresses the content/aim of προσθήσω, a common LXX construction.

παιδεῦσαιto discipline / chastiseAor Act Inf · παιδεύωarticular infinitive (complement of προσθήσω)→ effective aorist infinitiveπαιδεύω: 'instruct / discipline / chastise'; renders יָסַר; the curses are framed not merely as punishment but as παιδεία ('corrective discipline'), aimed at repentance (cf. vv. 40–41; Heb 12:5–11); this pedagogical note is theologically crucial — the judgments seek Israel's return, not its destruction.

ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object of παιδεῦσαι→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of παιδεῦσαι.

ἑπτάκιςseven timesnumerical adverb (measure of intensification)→ clausal contributionἑπτάκις: 'sevenfold / seven times'; renders שֶׁבַע; the chapter's refrain (vv. 18, 21, 24, 28); 'seven' as the number of completeness intensifies the discipline to its fullest measure — not literal arithmetic but proportionate fullness of chastisement.

ἐπὶfor / because ofpreposition + dative (cause/ground)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + dat.: causal, 'on account of / for'; the discipline is grounded in their sins.

ταῖςtheDativearticle (with ἁμαρτίαις)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἁμαρτίαιςsinsDativeobject of ἐπί (cause)→ sphere or referenceἁμαρτία: 'sin / failure'; renders חַטָּאת; the sins that occasion the sevenfold discipline; the same noun recurs in each cycle (vv. 21, 24, 28) and in the confession of vv. 40–41.

καὶ συντρίψω τὴν ὕβριν τῆς ὑπερηφανίας ὑμῶν καὶ θήσω τὸν οὐρανὸν ὑμῖν σιδηροῦν καὶ τὴν γῆν ὑμῶν ὡσεὶ χαλκῆν

And I will shatter the insolence of your pride, and I will make your sky as iron and your land as bronze.

Second cycle: drought (iron sky, bronze earth)καὶ συντρίψω τὴν ὕβριν

The discipline targets Israel's arrogance: συντρίψω τὴν ὕβριν ('I will shatter the insolence,' echoing the yoke-breaking of v. 13 but now turned inward). The drought-curse — a sky of iron yielding no rain and earth of bronze yielding no crop — is the precise reversal of the rain-blessing of v. 4 (cf. Deut 28:23).

Word-by-word analysis· 19 words

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

συντρίψωI will shatterFut Act Indic 1 Sg · συντρίβωmain verb→ minatory futureσυντρίβω: 'crush / shatter'; the same verb that broke the slave-yoke in blessing (v. 13) now shatters Israel's proud self-confidence; renders שָׁבַר.

τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ὕβριν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὕβρινinsolence / prideAccusativedirect object of συντρίψω→ object specificationὕβρις: 'insolence / arrogant violence'; renders גָּאוֹן; the proud self-assertion that provokes judgment; the phrase ἡ ὕβρις τῆς ὑπερηφανίας ('the insolence of the pride') is a Hebraizing intensive genitive.

τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with ὑπερηφανίας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὑπερηφανίαςarrogance / haughtinessGenitivegenitive (intensive/descriptive with ὕβριν)→ relational specificationὑπερηφανία: 'arrogance / haughtiness'; renders עֹז ('strength') in the Hebrew גְּאוֹן עֻזְּכֶם ('the pride of your power'); the paired ὕβρις/ὑπερηφανία doubles the note of overweening pride to be crushed.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

θήσωI will make / setFut Act Indic 1 Sg · τίθημιmain verb (with double accusative: 'make X to be Y')→ minatory futureτίθημι: 'make / set / render'; with double accusative ('make the sky iron') — the verb of transforming the cosmos into an instrument of curse; cf. v. 31 (θήσω τὰς πόλεις ἐρήμους).

τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with οὐρανόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

οὐρανὸνsky / heavenAccusativedirect object of θήσω→ object specificationοὐρανός: 'sky / heaven'; renders שָׁמַיִם; the sky 'as iron' yields no rain — the drought-curse reversing the rain-blessing of v. 4 (cf. Deut 28:23, where the order is reversed: bronze sky, iron earth).

ὑμῖνfor you / over youDativedative of (dis)advantage→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'for you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of (dis)advantage.

σιδηροῦνof ironAccusativepredicate adjective (second accusative: 'as iron')→ object specificationσιδηροῦς: 'made of iron'; renders בַּרְזֶל; the iron sky is impenetrably shut against rain — a vivid image of withheld blessing.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γῆνland / earthAccusativedirect object (with implied θήσω)→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; the land 'as bronze' is hard, barren, yielding no crop — the reversal of vv. 4–5.

ὡσεὶas / likecomparative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastὡσεί: 'as / like'; renders כְּ; introduces the simile 'like bronze' for the barren land.

χαλκῆνof bronzeAccusativepredicate adjective ('as bronze')→ object specificationχαλκοῦς: 'made of bronze / copper'; renders נְחֻשָׁה; the bronze earth, like the iron sky, is sealed and sterile — the cosmos itself enlisted against the disobedient.

καὶ ἔσται εἰς κενὸν ἡ ἰσχὺς ὑμῶν καὶ οὐ δώσει ἡ γῆ ὑμῶν τὸν σπόρον αὐτῆς καὶ τὸ ξύλον τοῦ ἀγροῦ ὑμῶν οὐ δώσει τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ

And your strength shall be spent in vain, and your land shall not give its seed, and the tree of your field shall not give its fruit.

Second cycle: the futility of toil under droughtκαὶ ἔσται εἰς κενόν

The drought issues in fruitless labor: 'your strength shall be spent in vain' (εἰς κενόν), and the land and trees withhold their yield — the verbatim negation of the giving-chain of v. 4 (ἡ γῆ δώσει … τὰ ξύλα … ἀποδώσει), now οὐ δώσει … οὐ δώσει.

Word-by-word analysis· 27 words

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (subject ἡ ἰσχύς)→ minatory futureεἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; ἔσται εἰς κενόν ('will be for nothing') is a Hebraism (הָיָה לָרִיק) for utterly wasted effort.

εἰςfor / untopreposition + accusative (predicate: 'for nothing')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (predicate: 'for nothing').

κενὸνnothing / vanityAccusativeobject of εἰς (predicate: 'in vain')→ object specificationκενός: 'empty / vain'; εἰς κενόν ('to no purpose') renders לָרִיק; their labor produces nothing.

ἡtheNominativearticle (with ἰσχύς)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἰσχὺςstrength / laborNominativesubject of ἔσται→ participant prominenceἰσχύς: 'strength / power / toil'; renders כֹּחַ; here the agricultural labor-power that, under drought, yields nothing.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

οὐnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

δώσειshall giveFut Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (negated, subject ἡ γῆ)→ minatory future (negated)δίδωμι: 'give'; the land's οὐ δώσει ('shall not give') is the verbatim negation of v. 4 (ἡ γῆ δώσει τὰ γενήματα αὐτῆς) — the giving-creation now withholds.

ἡtheNominativearticle (with γῆ)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γῆlandNominativesubject of δώσει→ participant prominenceγῆ: 'land'; the land that 'gave its produce' in blessing now gives nothing.

τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with σπόρον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

σπόρονseed / produceAccusativedirect object of δώσει→ object specificationσπόρος: 'seed / sown crop'; renders יְבוּל / זֶרַע; the land's withheld yield.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὸtheNominativearticle (with ξύλον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ξύλονtreeNominativesubject of the second δώσει→ participant prominenceξύλον: 'tree'; the tree that 'yielded its fruit' in v. 4 now gives nothing — the curse mirrors the blessing clause by clause.

τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ἀγροῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἀγροῦfieldGenitivegenitive (descriptive: 'tree of the field')→ relational specificationἀγρός: 'field / countryside'; renders שָׂדֶה; cf. πεδίων in the parallel blessing (v. 4).

οὐnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

δώσειshall giveFut Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (negated)→ minatory future (negated)δίδωμι: the repeated οὐ δώσει seals the reversal of the fertility-blessing.

τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with καρπόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

καρπὸνfruitAccusativedirect object of δώσει→ object specificationκαρπός: 'fruit'; the withheld tree-fruit, inverting v. 4.

αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession (the tree's)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the tree's).

καὶ ἐὰν μετὰ ταῦτα πορεύησθε πλάγιοι καὶ μὴ βούλησθε ὑπακούειν μου προσθήσω ὑμῖν πληγὰς ἑπτὰ κατὰ τὰς ἁμαρτίας ὑμῶν

And if after these things you walk contrary to me and are unwilling to obey me, I will add to you seven blows according to your sins.

Third curse-cycle: wild beasts (introduced by the πλάγιος motif)καὶ ἐὰν μετὰ ταῦτα πορεύησθε πλάγιοι

The third cycle introduces the recurring leitmotif πλάγιος ('contrary / oblique / hostile') — walking πλάγιοι ('crosswise') against YHWH (cf. vv. 23, 24, 27, 28, 40, 41). The Hebrew קֶרִי ('opposition / contrariness') is rendered by this striking adjective, making the relationship one of mutual 'crookedness': if Israel walks contrary, YHWH will walk contrary in return (v. 24).

Word-by-word analysis· 19 words

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: opens the third cycle's protasis.

μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'after'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (temporal).

ταῦταthese thingsAccusativeobject of μετά (the preceding curses)→ object specificationοὗτος: refers to the prior judgments; 'even after all this.'

πορεύησθεyou walkPres Mid Subj 2 Pl · πορεύομαιverb of protasis→ durative present subjunctive (continued contrary conduct)πορεύομαι: 'walk / conduct oneself'; the same verb as the obedience-protasis (v. 3, 'walk in my statutes'), now with πλάγιοι — walking 'crosswise' to YHWH.

πλάγιοιcontrary / obliquelyNominativepredicate adjective (manner: 'walk contrary')→ participant prominenceπλάγιος: 'slanting / oblique / crosswise / hostile'; the LXX's vivid rendering of קֶרִי ('contrariness / defiant opposition'); the predicate adjective describes a manner of walking — sideways and against — that recurs as the chapter's keyword for covenant-defiance (vv. 23, 24, 27, 28, 40, 41).

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

μὴnotnegative particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

βούλησθεyou are willingPres Mid Subj 2 Pl · βούλομαιverb of protasis (negated)→ durative present subjunctive (settled unwillingness)βούλομαι: 'will / wish / be willing'; renders אָבָה; the negated 'unwilling to obey' stresses that the disobedience is volitional — a refusal of the will, not mere weakness.

ὑπακούεινto obeyPres Act Inf · ὑπακούωcomplementary infinitive (with βούλησθε)→ durative present infinitiveὑπακούω: 'obey'; the complementary infinitive of βούλομαι; the refrain-verb again.

μουmeGenitivegenitive object of ὑπακούειν→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ὑπακούειν.

προσθήσωI will addFut Act Indic 1 Sg · προστίθημιmain verb (apodosis)→ minatory futureπροστίθημι: 'add'; here with direct object πληγάς ('I will add blows'); the escalation-verb of v. 18.

πληγὰςblows / plaguesAccusativedirect object of προσθήσω→ object specificationπληγή: 'blow / stroke / plague'; renders מַכָּה; the sevenfold 'blows' intensify the discipline (cf. the plague-language of Exodus).

ἑπτὰsevenAccusativenumeral (modifying πληγάς)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; indeclinable cardinal; the 'seven blows' echo the ἑπτάκις refrain (v. 18) — completeness of chastisement.

κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (measure/correspondence)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to / in proportion to'; the blows correspond to the measure of their sins.

τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἁμαρτίας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἁμαρτίαςsinsAccusativeobject of κατά→ object specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the judgments are proportioned to the sins, underscoring divine justice.

καὶ ἀποστελῶ ἐφ᾿ ὑμᾶς τὰ θηρία τὰ ἄγρια τῆς γῆς καὶ κατέδεται ὑμᾶς καὶ ἐξαναλώσει τὰ κτήνη ὑμῶν καὶ ὀλιγοστοὺς ποιήσει ὑμᾶς καὶ ἐρημωθήσονται αἱ ὁδοὶ ὑμῶν

And I will send against you the wild beasts of the land, and they shall devour you and utterly consume your cattle and make you few, and your roads shall be made desolate.

Third cycle: the curse of wild beastsκαὶ ἀποστελῶ ἐφ᾿ ὑμᾶς τὰ θηρία

The promised removal of harmful beasts (v. 6, ἀπολῶ θηρία πονηρά) is reversed: YHWH now sends the wild beasts that devour people and cattle, reduce the population, and empty the roads of travelers. The depopulation (ὀλιγοστοὺς ποιήσει) and deserted highways prefigure the desolation-theme that dominates the final cycle.

Word-by-word analysis· 27 words

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἀποστελῶI will sendFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb→ minatory futureἀποστέλλω: 'send forth / dispatch'; renders שָׁלַח; YHWH sends the wild beasts as agents of judgment — the reversal of v. 6's removal of harmful beasts.

ἐφ᾿againstpreposition + accusative (elided ἐπί, hostile)→ spatial or relational framingἐφ᾿: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (elided ἐπί, hostile).

ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of ἐπί→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of ἐπί.

τὰtheAccusativearticle (with θηρία)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θηρίαbeastsAccusativedirect object of ἀποστελῶ→ object specificationθηρίον: 'wild beast'; the same word as v. 6, now sent against rather than removed.

τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ἄγρια, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἄγριαwildAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying θηρία)→ object specificationἄγριος: 'wild / savage'; renders חַיַּת הַשָּׂדֶה ('the beasts of the field'); intensifies θηρία — the truly wild, untamed predators.

τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with γῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γῆςlandGenitivegenitive (descriptive: 'beasts of the land')→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitive (descriptive: 'beasts of the land').

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

κατέδεταιshall devourFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · κατεσθίωmain verb (collective subject θηρία)→ minatory futureκατεσθίω: 'devour / eat up'; the compound κατα- intensifies ('eat down / consume'); renders שִׁכֵּל or אָכַל; the beasts devour the people themselves; the same verb recurs of the enemies' land devouring Israel (v. 38).

ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐξαναλώσειshall utterly consumeFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαναλίσκωmain verb→ minatory futureἐξαναλίσκω: 'consume utterly / use up completely'; the double-compound ἐξ-ανα- intensifies; renders הִכְרִית; the beasts wipe out the livestock; the verb recurs of the sword consuming the people (v. 33) and YHWH's refusal to consume them utterly (v. 44).

τὰtheAccusativearticle (with κτήνη)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

κτήνηcattle / livestockAccusativedirect object of ἐξαναλώσει→ object specificationκτῆνος: 'beast / domestic animal / livestock'; renders בְּהֵמָה; the destruction of the herds compounds the famine.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὀλιγοστοὺςfew / diminishedAccusativepredicate adjective (with ποιήσει: 'make you few')→ object specificationὀλιγοστός: 'very few / least'; renders מָעַט; the depopulation 'make you few' reverses the fruitfulness-blessing of v. 9 (αὐξανῶ … πληθυνῶ).

ποιήσειshall makeFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (with double accusative)→ minatory futureποιέω: 'make / render'; with double accusative 'make you few'; the beasts reduce Israel's number.

ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object of ποιήσει→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ποιήσει.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐρημωθήσονταιshall be made desolateFut Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἐρημόωmain verb (subject αἱ ὁδοί)→ minatory future (passive)ἐρημόω: 'make desolate / lay waste'; renders שָׁמֵם; the deserted roads (no travelers for fear of beasts) introduce the desolation-vocabulary (ἔρημος, ἐρήμωσις) that dominates the final cycle (vv. 31–35, 43).

αἱtheNominativearticle (with ὁδοί)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὁδοὶroads / waysNominativesubject of ἐρημωθήσονται→ participant prominenceὁδός: 'road / way'; renders דֶּרֶךְ; the highways emptied of travelers — an image of a land paralyzed by danger (cf. Judg 5:6; Isa 33:8).

καὶ ἐπὶ τούτοις ἐὰν μὴ παιδευθῆτε ἀλλὰ πορεύησθε πρός με πλάγιοι

And if by these things you are not disciplined, but walk contrary to me,

Fourth curse-cycle protasis: refusal of disciplineκαὶ ἐπὶ τούτοις ἐὰν μὴ παιδευθῆτε

The fourth cycle's protasis turns on the failure of παιδεία: 'if by these things you are not disciplined' (παιδευθῆτε, the passive of the corrective verb of v. 18) but persist in walking πλάγιοι. The point is sharpened — the curses are remedial, and their failure to reform reveals the depth of the contrariness.

Word-by-word analysis· 11 words

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐπὶby / uponpreposition + dative (means/basis)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + dat.: 'by / on the basis of'; ἐπὶ τούτοις ('by these things') = 'even through all these chastisements.'

τούτοιςthese thingsDativeobject of ἐπί (the preceding curses)→ sphere or referenceοὗτος: refers to the chastisements already enumerated.

ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: opens the fourth cycle's protasis.

μὴnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

παιδευθῆτεyou are disciplined / correctedAor Pass Subj 2 Pl · παιδεύωverb of protasis (negated, passive)→ effective aorist subjunctive (passive: 'be brought to correction')παιδεύω (pass.): 'be disciplined / corrected / instructed'; the passive of the verb used actively at v. 18; the failure to 'be disciplined' exposes the futility of the chastisements in producing repentance — until the confession of vv. 40–41.

ἀλλὰbutstrong adversative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλά: 'but rather'; contrasts continued defiance with the hoped-for correction.

πορεύησθεyou walkPres Mid Subj 2 Pl · πορεύομαιverb of protasis→ durative present subjunctiveπορεύομαι: 'walk'; again with πλάγιοι — persistent contrary conduct.

πρόςtoward / againstpreposition + accusative (here adversative: 'against me')→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: with πλάγιοι, 'walk crosswise toward/against me'; the Hebrew קֶרִי-idiom of defiant opposition.

μεmeAccusativeobject of πρός→ participant referenceἐγώ (acc. με): YHWH as the one walked-against.

πλάγιοιcontraryNominativepredicate adjective (manner)→ participant prominenceπλάγιος: 'oblique / contrary / hostile'; the leitmotif again (cf. v. 21).

πορεύσομαι κἀγὼ μεθ᾿ ὑμῶν θυμῷ πλαγίῳ καὶ πατάξω ὑμᾶς κἀγὼ ἑπτάκις ἀντὶ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ὑμῶν

then I also will walk contrary to you in fury, and I myself will strike you seven times for your sins.

Fourth cycle apodosis: the lex talionis of contrarinessπορεύσομαι κἀγὼ μεθ᾿ ὑμῶν

The apodosis applies the principle of measured reciprocity: 'I also (κἀγώ) will walk contrary to you' — YHWH's θυμὸς πλάγιος ('contrary fury') exactly answers Israel's πλάγιος walk. The doubled κἀγώ ('I too / I myself') and the renewed ἑπτάκις stress that the escalating judgment is YHWH's deliberate, proportioned response, not blind wrath.

Word-by-word analysis· 15 words

πορεύσομαιI will walkFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (apodosis)→ minatory futureπορεύομαι: 'walk'; YHWH 'walks contrary' in deliberate correspondence to Israel's contrary walk (v. 23) — the lex talionis of covenant-relationship.

κἀγὼI also / I tooNominativesubject (emphatic, crasis καὶ ἐγώ)→ participant prominenceκἀγώ: crasis of καὶ ἐγώ ('and I / I also'); the emphatic reciprocity-pronoun (Hebrew אַף־אֲנִי) — 'I, in my turn, will walk contrary to you,' mirroring Israel's defiance.

μεθ᾿with / towardpreposition + genitive (elided μετά)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with'; here 'deal with / walk with you' in the hostile sense defined by θυμῷ πλαγίῳ.

θυμῷin fury / wrathDativedative of manner→ sphere or referenceθυμός: 'anger / fury / passion'; renders חֲמַת ('heat of wrath'); the dative of manner 'in fury'; θυμὸς πλάγιος ('contrary fury') recurs at vv. 28, 41.

πλαγίῳcontraryDativeattributive adjective (modifying θυμῷ)→ sphere or referenceπλάγιος: now qualifying θυμός — a 'contrary / oblique fury' answering Israel's contrary walk; the adjective binds the divine response to the human offense by a single word.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

πατάξωI will strikeFut Act Indic 1 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb→ minatory futureπατάσσω: 'strike / smite'; renders הִכָּה / נָכָה; the verb of decisive divine blow, often of plague or military slaughter (cf. Exod 12:29).

ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.

κἀγὼI myselfNominativesubject (emphatic, crasis καὶ ἐγώ)→ participant prominenceκἀγώ: the repeated emphatic pronoun underscores that YHWH personally administers the blow — no mere natural calamity but his direct act.

ἑπτάκιςseven timesnumerical adverb→ clausal contributionἑπτάκις: 'sevenfold'; the refrain of escalation (cf. vv. 18, 21, 28).

ἀντὶfor / in return forpreposition + genitive (exchange/recompense)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί + gen.: 'in return for / as recompense for'; the blow repays the sins — the language of just retribution.

τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἁμαρτιῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἁμαρτιῶνsinsGenitiveobject of ἀντί→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the sins recompensed by the sevenfold blow.

καὶ ἐπάξω ἐφ᾿ ὑμᾶς μάχαιραν ἐκδικοῦσαν δίκην διαθήκης καὶ καταφεύξεσθε εἰς τὰς πόλεις ὑμῶν καὶ ἐξαποστελῶ θάνατον εἰς ὑμᾶς καὶ παραδοθήσεσθε εἰς χεῖρας ἐχθρῶν

And I will bring upon you a sword that avenges with the vengeance of the covenant; and you shall flee for refuge into your cities, and I will send pestilence among you, and you shall be delivered into the hands of enemies.

Fourth cycle: the covenant-avenging sword, pestilence, and siegeκαὶ ἐπάξω ἐφ᾿ ὑμᾶς μάχαιραν

The fourth cycle's signature judgment is the sword ἐκδικοῦσαν δίκην διαθήκης ('avenging the vengeance of the covenant') — the sword as the legal executor of the covenant-curse. Flight into fortified cities only traps them for siege-pestilence (θάνατον) and surrender into enemy hands; the threefold sword–plague–famine triad (cf. Jer 14:12; Ezek 14:21) is here complete.

Word-by-word analysis· 24 words

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐπάξωI will bring uponFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐπάγωmain verb→ minatory futureἐπάγω: 'bring upon / lead against'; the compound ἐπ- marks hostile imposition; renders הֵבִיא; the verb of bringing judgment (cf. v. 36; Exod 11:1); here it brings the avenging sword.

ἐφ᾿uponpreposition + accusative (elided ἐπί)→ spatial or relational framingἐφ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (elided ἐπί).

ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of ἐπί→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of ἐπί.

μάχαιρανswordAccusativedirect object of ἐπάξω→ object specificationμάχαιρα: 'sword'; renders חֶרֶב; the sword that fell on Israel's enemies in blessing (v. 8) is now turned against Israel as the covenant's avenger.

ἐκδικοῦσανavengingPres Act Ptcp Acc Sg Fem · ἐκδικέωattributive participle (modifying μάχαιραν)→ imperfective participle (the sword's executing function)ἐκδικέω: 'avenge / vindicate / execute justice'; renders נָקַם; the participle personifies the sword as agent of the covenant's penal sanction — it 'avenges the vengeance of the covenant.'

δίκηνvengeance / penaltyAccusativecognate accusative (with ἐκδικοῦσαν)→ object specificationδίκη: 'justice / penalty / vengeance'; the cognate accusative δίκην ἐκδικοῦσαν ('avenging a vengeance,' נְקַם־בְּרִית) is a Hebraizing figura etymologica intensifying the juridical force — the sword executes the covenant's legal penalty.

διαθήκηςof the covenantGenitivegenitive (defining the vengeance: 'of the covenant')→ relational specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant'; the genitive marks the sword's vengeance as covenantal — the legal consequence of the broken covenant (v. 15), administered by YHWH as suzerain.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

καταφεύξεσθεyou shall flee for refugeFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · καταφεύγωmain verb→ minatory futureκαταφεύγω: 'flee for refuge / take shelter'; the compound κατα- adds the sense of fleeing down into shelter; the cities meant for safety become traps for siege-plague.

εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal of flight)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal of flight).

τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with πόλεις)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πόλειςcitiesAccusativeobject of εἰς→ object specificationπόλις: 'city'; renders עִיר; the fortified cities, sought as refuge but soon laid waste (v. 31, 33).

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐξαποστελῶI will send outFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωmain verb→ minatory futureἐξαποστέλλω: 'send out / dispatch'; renders שִׁלַּח; here YHWH sends 'death' (pestilence) into the besieged cities — the irony that the place of refuge becomes the place of plague.

θάνατονdeath / pestilenceAccusativedirect object of ἐξαποστελῶ→ object specificationθάνατος: 'death'; here renders דֶּבֶר ('pestilence / plague'), the standard LXX equation (cf. Jer 14:12; Ezek 5:12; Rev 6:8); the besieged die of plague within the walls.

εἰςamong / intopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.

ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of εἰς→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of εἰς.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

παραδοθήσεσθεyou shall be delivered upFut Pass Indic 2 Pl · παραδίδωμιmain verb (passive)→ minatory future (passive)παραδίδωμι: 'hand over / deliver up'; renders נָתַן בְּיַד; the divine passive — YHWH delivers them into enemy hands; the verb of surrender to judgment (cf. Rom 1:24–28).

εἰςintopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.

χεῖραςhandsAccusativeobject of εἰς (idiom: 'into the hands of')→ object specificationχείρ: 'hand'; εἰς χεῖρας ('into the hands of') is the Hebraism בְּיַד for being handed over to an enemy's power.

ἐχθρῶνof enemiesGenitivegenitive (possessor of the hands)→ relational specificationἐχθρός: 'enemy'; the foes into whose power Israel is surrendered.

ἐν τῷ θλῖψαι ὑμᾶς σιτοδείᾳ ἄρτων καὶ πέψουσιν δέκα γυναῖκες τοὺς ἄρτους ὑμῶν ἐν κλιβάνῳ ἑνὶ καὶ ἀποδώσουσιν τοὺς ἄρτους ὑμῶν ἐν σταθμῷ καὶ φάγεσθε καὶ οὐ μὴ ἐμπλησθῆτε

When I afflict you with scarcity of bread, then ten women shall bake your loaves in one oven, and they shall dole out your loaves by weight; and you shall eat and not be satisfied.

Fourth cycle: the famine of the besieged cityἐν τῷ θλῖψαι ὑμᾶς σιτοδείᾳ ἄρτων

The siege-famine: bread so scarce that ten women bake in a single oven and ration the loaves by weight — eating without satisfaction (φάγεσθε καὶ οὐ μὴ ἐμπλησθῆτε), the bitter reversal of the satiety-blessing of v. 5 (φάγεσθε … εἰς πλησμονήν). The emphatic double negative οὐ μὴ ἐμπλησθῆτε seals the futility.

Word-by-word analysis· 29 words

ἐνin / whenpreposition + dative articular infinitive (temporal: 'when')→ spatial or relational framingἐν τῷ + infinitive: temporal construction 'when / while'; a common LXX rendering of בְּ + infinitive construct ('in the … of').

τῷtheDativearticle governing the infinitive θλῖψαι→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θλῖψαιto afflict / breakAor Act Inf · θλίβωarticular infinitive (temporal clause: 'when [I] afflict')→ effective aorist infinitiveθλίβω: 'press / afflict / crush'; renders שָׁבַר here in the sense of 'break the staff of bread'; the infinitive is impersonal/divine ('when one afflicts you' = 'when I cut off your food-supply').

ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeaccusative object of θλῖψαι→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of θλῖψαι.

σιτοδείᾳwith scarcity of foodDativedative of means/cause→ sphere or referenceσιτοδεία: 'dearth / scarcity of grain / famine'; a compound of σῖτος ('grain') + δέομαι ('lack'); the instrument of affliction — the cutting off of the bread-supply (Hebrew מַטֵּה לֶחֶם, 'staff of bread').

ἄρτωνof bread / loavesGenitivegenitive (defining σιτοδείᾳ: 'scarcity of bread')→ relational specificationἄρτος: 'bread / loaf'; the staple whose scarcity defines the famine.

καὶand / thenapodotic καί→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

πέψουσινshall bakeFut Act Indic 3 Pl · πέσσωmain verb (subject δέκα γυναῖκες)→ minatory futureπέσσω (fut. πέψουσιν): 'cook / bake'; renders אָפָה; ten women using a single oven signals that there is so little dough that one oven suffices for ten households — extreme dearth.

δέκαtenNominativenumeral (modifying γυναῖκες, indeclinable)→ measure or countδέκα: 'ten'; indeclinable cardinal; the round number heightens the picture of pooled scarcity.

γυναῖκεςwomenNominativesubject of πέψουσιν→ participant prominenceγυνή: 'woman'; renders נָשִׁים; the women who normally each bake for their own household now share one oven.

τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with ἄρτους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἄρτουςloavesAccusativedirect object of πέψουσιν→ object specificationἄρτος: 'loaf / bread'; the meager bread to be baked and rationed.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).

κλιβάνῳovenDativedative of place (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceκλίβανος: 'oven / furnace'; renders תַּנּוּר; a single oven for ten women's bread vividly conveys the famine.

ἑνὶoneDativenumeral adjective (modifying κλιβάνῳ)→ sphere or referenceεἷς (dat. ἑνί): 'one'; the single oven emphasizes how little there is to bake.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἀποδώσουσινshall give back / dole outFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀποδίδωμιmain verb→ minatory futureἀποδίδωμι: 'give back / render / dole out'; here the bread is returned 'by weight' — measured out in strict rations, the sign of starvation-economics.

τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with ἄρτους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἄρτουςloavesAccusativedirect object of ἀποδώσουσιν→ object specificationἄρτος: 'loaf'; the rationed bread.

ἐνbypreposition + dative (measure)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (measure).

σταθμῷby weightDativedative of measure (with ἐν: 'by weight')→ sphere or referenceσταθμός: 'weight / balance'; renders מִשְׁקָל; doling bread 'by weight' is the proverbial image of famine-rationing (cf. Ezek 4:16).

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

φάγεσθεyou shall eatFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · ἐσθίωmain verb→ minatory futureἐσθίω: 'eat'; the eating without satisfaction directly reverses v. 5 (φάγεσθε … εἰς πλησμονήν).

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

οὐnotnegative particle (part of emphatic οὐ μή)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

μὴby no meansnegative particle (emphatic οὐ μή + subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ μή + aor. subj.: the strongest form of negation in Greek, 'you shall certainly not'; here it underscores the futility — eat as they may, they will never be filled.

ἐμπλησθῆτεyou be satisfied / filledAor Pass Subj 2 Pl · ἐμπίμπλημιmain verb (with οὐ μή, emphatic denial)→ emphatic future denial (aor. subj. with οὐ μή)ἐμπίμπλημι (pass.): 'fill / satisfy'; renders שָׂבַע; the passive 'be satisfied' — the satiety promised in v. 5 is here emphatically denied.

ἐὰν δὲ ἐπὶ τούτοις μὴ ὑπακούσητέ μου καὶ πορεύησθε πρός με πλάγιοι

But if even at these things you will not obey me, but walk contrary to me,

Fifth and final curse-cycle protasisἐὰν δὲ ἐπὶ τούτοις μὴ ὑπακούσητέ μου

The fifth and climactic protasis repeats the refrain (ἐὰν … μὴ ὑπακούσητέ μου … πορεύησθε … πλάγιοι, cf. v. 23), setting up the most terrible apodosis: cannibalism, the desolation of cult and city, and the scattering among the nations (vv. 28–39).

Word-by-word analysis· 12 words

ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: opens the fifth and final cycle's protasis.

δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: mild adversative marking the renewed condition.

ἐπὶat / bypreposition + dative (basis)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + dat.: 'at / on the basis of'; ἐπὶ τούτοις ('at these things') = 'even after all this' (cf. v. 23).

τούτοιςthese thingsDativeobject of ἐπί→ sphere or referenceοὗτος: the preceding judgments.

μὴnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὑπακούσητέyou obeyAor Act Subj 2 Pl · ὑπακούωverb of protasis (negated)→ effective aorist subjunctiveὑπακούω: 'obey'; the refrain-verb of the fifth cycle.

μουmeGenitivegenitive object of ὑπακούσητε→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ὑπακούσητε.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

πορεύησθεyou walkPres Mid Subj 2 Pl · πορεύομαιverb of protasis→ durative present subjunctiveπορεύομαι: 'walk'; again with πλάγιοι (cf. v. 23).

πρόςagainstpreposition + accusative (adversative)→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (adversative).

μεmeAccusativeobject of πρός→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of πρός.

πλάγιοιcontraryNominativepredicate adjective (manner)→ participant prominenceπλάγιος: 'contrary / oblique'; the recurring leitmotif of defiance.

καὶ αὐτὸς πορεύσομαι μεθ᾿ ὑμῶν ἐν θυμῷ πλαγίῳ καὶ παιδεύσω ὑμᾶς ἐγὼ ἑπτάκις κατὰ τὰς ἁμαρτίας ὑμῶν

then I myself will walk with you in contrary fury, and I will discipline you, even I, seven times for your sins.

Fifth cycle apodosis: the final, most intense reciprocityκαὶ αὐτὸς πορεύσομαι μεθ᾿ ὑμῶν

The apodosis of the last cycle heightens the reciprocity with the intensive αὐτός ('I myself') and the explicit ἐγώ: YHWH's contrary fury (θυμὸς πλάγιος) and sevenfold discipline reach their most personal and severe expression, introducing the catalogue of ultimate horrors in vv. 29–39.

Word-by-word analysis· 17 words

καὶand / thenapodotic καί→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

αὐτὸςI myselfNominativeintensive pronoun (subject of πορεύσομαι)→ participant referenceαὐτός: intensive 'myself'; renders אַף־אֲנִי / גַּם־אֲנִי; YHWH stresses his own personal agency in the climactic judgment, leaving no room to attribute it to chance or secondary causes.

πορεύσομαιI will walkFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ minatory futureπορεύομαι: 'walk'; YHWH's contrary walk answering Israel's (v. 27); the reciprocity intensified.

μεθ᾿withpreposition + genitive (elided μετά)→ spatial or relational framingμεθ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (elided μετά).

ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (manner).

θυμῷfuryDativedative of manner (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceθυμός: 'fury / wrath'; cf. v. 24; now ἐν θυμῷ πλαγίῳ — the contrary fury at its height.

πλαγίῳcontraryDativeattributive adjective (modifying θυμῷ)→ sphere or referenceπλάγιος: 'contrary'; binds the divine fury to Israel's contrary walk.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

παιδεύσωI will disciplineFut Act Indic 1 Sg · παιδεύωmain verb→ minatory futureπαιδεύω: 'discipline / chastise'; the corrective verb (cf. vv. 18, 23) — even the most severe judgments retain the pedagogical aim of repentance (vv. 40–41).

ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.

ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic, reinforcing αὐτός)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the redundant emphatic pronoun (with αὐτός) doubly stresses YHWH's direct personal agency in the discipline.

ἑπτάκιςseven timesnumerical adverb→ clausal contributionἑπτάκις: 'sevenfold'; the refrain's final occurrence, at the climax of the curses.

κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (measure)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'in proportion to'; the discipline measured to the sins.

τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἁμαρτίας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἁμαρτίαςsinsAccusativeobject of κατά→ object specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the measure of the discipline.

καὶ φάγεσθε τὰς σάρκας τῶν υἱῶν ὑμῶν καὶ τὰς σάρκας τῶν θυγατέρων ὑμῶν φάγεσθε

And you shall eat the flesh of your sons, and the flesh of your daughters you shall eat.

Fifth cycle: the ultimate horror of siege-cannibalismκαὶ φάγεσθε τὰς σάρκας τῶν υἱῶν ὑμῶν

The siege-famine reaches its unspeakable extreme: the eating of one's own children — the most terrible reversal of all the eating-language of the chapter (vv. 5, 10), the antithesis of the fruitfulness-blessing. The chiastic framing (flesh of sons / flesh of daughters), with φάγεσθε bracketing the verse, drives home the horror; the curse was tragically fulfilled in the sieges of Samaria (2 Kgs 6:28–29) and Jerusalem (Lam 2:20; 4:10).

Word-by-word analysis· 14 words

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

φάγεσθεyou shall eatFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · ἐσθίωmain verb→ minatory futureἐσθίω: 'eat'; the eating-verb of the blessings (vv. 5, 10) reaches its most horrific application — cannibalism of one's own offspring under siege; the supreme inversion of the covenant blessings.

τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with σάρκας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

σάρκαςfleshAccusativedirect object of φάγεσθε→ object specificationσάρξ: 'flesh'; renders בָּשָׂר; the flesh of one's children — the unspeakable food of the besieged (cf. Deut 28:53–57; 2 Kgs 6:28–29; Lam 4:10).

τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with υἱῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive (whose flesh: 'of your sons')→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; renders בֵּן; the sons who were the promised fruitfulness (v. 9) become the food of famine.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with σάρκας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

σάρκαςfleshAccusativedirect object (fronted) of the second φάγεσθε→ object specificationσάρξ: the parallel 'flesh of daughters,' completing the chiasm; the fronting heightens the horror.

τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with θυγατέρων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θυγατέρωνdaughtersGenitivegenitive (whose flesh: 'of your daughters')→ relational specificationθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; renders בַּת; sons and daughters together — the whole next generation consumed.

φάγεσθεyou shall eatFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · ἐσθίωmain verb (repeated, closing the chiasm)→ minatory futureἐσθίω: the repeated φάγεσθε frames the verse (φάγεσθε … φάγεσθε), an emphatic chiastic envelope around the twin horror.

καὶ ἐρημώσω τὰς στήλας ὑμῶν καὶ ἐξολεθρεύσω τὰ ξύλινα χειροποίητα ὑμῶν καὶ θήσω τὰ κῶλα ὑμῶν ἐπὶ τὰ κῶλα τῶν εἰδώλων ὑμῶν καὶ προσοχθιεῖ ἡ ψυχή μου ὑμῖν

And I will lay waste your pillars and destroy your wooden idols, and I will heap your corpses upon the corpses of your idols, and my soul shall loathe you.

Fifth cycle: the destruction of idolatry and the divine loathingκαὶ ἐρημώσω τὰς στήλας ὑμῶν

Judgment falls on the very idols whose prohibition opened the chapter (v. 1): pillars laid waste, wooden idols destroyed, the worshippers' corpses heaped on the corpses of their lifeless gods. The verse closes with the chapter's emotional reversal — προσοχθιεῖ ἡ ψυχή μου ὑμῖν ('my soul shall loathe you'), the dark mirror of v. 11 (οὐ βδελύξεται ἡ ψυχή μου ὑμᾶς), the same loathing Israel first directed at YHWH's judgments (v. 15).

Word-by-word analysis· 28 words

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐρημώσωI will lay wasteFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐρημόωmain verb→ minatory futureἐρημόω: 'make desolate / lay waste'; renders הִשְׁמִיד; YHWH destroys the high-place pillars Israel was forbidden to erect (v. 1, στήλην).

τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with στήλας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

στήλαςpillarsAccusativedirect object of ἐρημώσω→ object specificationστήλη: 'cult-pillar / standing-stone'; the same forbidden object of v. 1, now destroyed — the very idolatry that violated the covenant brings down judgment.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐξολεθρεύσωI will utterly destroyFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐξολεθρεύωmain verb→ minatory futureἐξολεθρεύω: 'destroy utterly / exterminate'; the LXX's strong covenant-destruction verb (rendering הִכְרִית / הִשְׁמִיד); cited in Acts 3:23 of the prophet-like-Moses warning; here it annihilates the wooden idols.

τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ξύλινα χειροποίητα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ξύλιναwoodenAccusativeattributive adjective (with χειροποίητα)→ object specificationξύλινος: 'made of wood / wooden'; renders חַמָּן ('incense-altar / sun-pillar') or the wooden idols; the material emphasizes their lifeless, manufactured nature.

χειροποίηταhandmade idolsAccusativedirect object of ἐξολεθρεύσω→ object specificationχειροποίητος: 'made by hand'; the same pejorative for idols as v. 1; the wooden handmade gods are destroyed along with their makers.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

θήσωI will set / heapFut Act Indic 1 Sg · τίθημιmain verb→ minatory futureτίθημι: 'place / lay'; here heaping the corpses of the idolaters upon the wreckage of their idols — a grim tableau of shared death between worshipper and idol.

τὰtheAccusativearticle (with κῶλα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

κῶλαcorpses / carcassesAccusativedirect object of θήσω→ object specificationκῶλον: 'limb / (dead) body / carcass'; renders פֶּגֶר ('corpse'); the dead bodies of the idolaters cast upon the broken idols — worshippers and gods reduced to the same lifeless refuse.

ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position).

τὰtheAccusativearticle (with κῶλα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

κῶλαcorpsesAccusativeobject of ἐπί→ object specificationκῶλον: here applied (ironically) to the 'corpses' of the idols — the lifeless images treated as dead bodies, sharing the fate of their devotees.

τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with εἰδώλων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

εἰδώλωνidolsGenitivegenitive (whose corpses)→ relational specificationεἴδωλον: 'idol / image'; the LXX's chief term for false gods (rendering גִּלּוּלִים, 'dung-idols'); the worshippers' corpses lie upon the idols' 'corpses' — a polemic on the deadness of idolatry.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

προσοχθιεῖshall loatheFut Act Indic 3 Sg · προσοχθίζωmain verb (subject ἡ ψυχή μου)→ minatory futureπροσοχθίζω: 'loathe / be wearied with'; the chapter's leitmotif at its decisive turn — YHWH's own soul now loathes Israel (προσοχθιεῖ ἡ ψυχή μου ὑμῖν), the exact inverse of v. 11 and the answering of Israel's loathing of his judgments (v. 15); cf. v. 43.

ἡtheNominativearticle (with ψυχή)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ψυχήsoulNominativesubject of προσοχθιεῖ→ participant prominenceψυχή: 'soul'; 'my soul' — the anthropopathic seat of YHWH's disposition, here turned to loathing (cf. vv. 11, 15).

ὑμῖνyouDativedative object of προσοχθιεῖ→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. ὑμῖν): προσοχθίζω governs the dative of the loathed object.

καὶ θήσω τὰς πόλεις ὑμῶν ἐρήμους καὶ ἐξερημώσω τὰ ἅγια ὑμῶν καὶ οὐ μὴ ὀσφρανθῶ τῆς ὀσμῆς τῶν θυσιῶν ὑμῶν

And I will make your cities desolate and lay waste your sanctuaries, and I will not smell the savor of your sacrifices.

Fifth cycle: the desolation of cities and rejection of cultκαὶ θήσω τὰς πόλεις ὑμῶν ἐρήμους

The desolation extends from cities to sanctuaries (τὰ ἅγια — the very holy things Israel was to revere, v. 2). YHWH's refusal to smell the 'savor' of their sacrifices (the formulaic ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας of acceptable offerings, Lev 1:9) signals the total rupture of cult: the emphatic οὐ μὴ ὀσφρανθῶ rejects the worship of an unfaithful people (cf. Isa 1:11–15; Amos 5:21).

Word-by-word analysis· 20 words

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

θήσωI will makeFut Act Indic 1 Sg · τίθημιmain verb (double accusative: 'make X desolate')→ minatory futureτίθημι: 'make / render'; with predicate ἐρήμους — the cities sought as refuge (v. 25) are made desolate.

τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with πόλεις)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πόλειςcitiesAccusativedirect object of θήσω→ object specificationπόλις: 'city'; the cities of refuge (v. 25) now laid waste; cf. v. 33.

ἐρήμουςdesolateAccusativepredicate adjective (second accusative)→ object specificationἔρημος: 'desolate / deserted'; renders חָרְבָּה; the desolation-keyword of the final cycle (cf. vv. 33–35, 43).

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐξερημώσωI will utterly lay wasteFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐξερημόωmain verb→ minatory futureἐξερημόω: 'make utterly desolate'; the double-compound ἐξ- intensifies ἐρημόω; renders הֲשִׁמּוֹתִי; the sanctuaries are completely desolated; the verb recurs of the land in v. 32.

τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ἅγια)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἅγιαsanctuaries / holy placesAccusativedirect object of ἐξερημώσω→ object specificationἅγιος (neut. pl. τὰ ἅγια): 'holy places / sanctuary'; renders מִקְדָּשׁ; the very holy things Israel was commanded to revere (v. 2, ἀπὸ τῶν ἁγίων μου φοβηθήσεσθε) are now laid waste — the desecration answering the failure of reverence.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

οὐnotnegative particle (emphatic οὐ μή)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

μὴby no meansnegative particle (emphatic οὐ μή + subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ μή + aor. subj.: emphatic denial — YHWH will absolutely not accept their sacrifices.

ὀσφρανθῶI smell / accept the savorAor Pass Subj 1 Sg · ὀσφραίνομαιmain verb (with οὐ μή, emphatic denial)→ emphatic future denial (aor. subj. with οὐ μή)ὀσφραίνομαι: 'smell / catch the scent of'; renders רֵיחַ (הֵרִיחַ); 'smelling the savor' is the cultic idiom for accepting a sacrifice (Gen 8:21, ὠσφράνθη … ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας); its emphatic denial means total rejection of their worship.

τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with ὀσμῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὀσμῆςsavor / odorGenitivegenitive object of ὀσφρανθῶ→ relational specificationὀσμή: 'smell / fragrance'; renders רֵיחַ; the 'pleasing savor' (ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας) that normally marks an accepted offering (Lev 1:9) — here pointedly refused.

τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with θυσιῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θυσιῶνsacrificesGenitivegenitive (source of the savor)→ relational specificationθυσία: 'sacrifice / offering'; renders זֶבַח; the sacrifices of a faithless people, no longer acceptable (cf. Isa 1:11; Amos 5:21–22).

καὶ ἐξερημώσω ἐγὼ τὴν γῆν ὑμῶν καὶ θαυμάσονται ἐπ᾿ αὐτῇ οἱ ἐχθροὶ ὑμῶν οἱ ἐνοικοῦντες ἐν αὐτῇ

And I myself will lay waste your land, and your enemies who dwell in it shall be astonished at it.

Fifth cycle: the desolation of the land itselfκαὶ ἐξερημώσω ἐγὼ τὴν γῆν ὑμῶν

The desolation reaches the land itself, emphasized by ἐγώ ('I myself'). The land's ruin will be so complete that the enemies who come to occupy it are appalled (θαυμάσονται) — a desolation that astonishes even its conquerors (cf. Jer 18:16; 19:8), and that prepares the sabbath-rest theology of vv. 34–35.

Word-by-word analysis· 17 words

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐξερημώσωI will utterly lay wasteFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐξερημόωmain verb→ minatory futureἐξερημόω: 'make utterly desolate'; now applied to the land; the same verb as v. 31.

ἐγὼI myselfNominativesubject (emphatic)→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic — YHWH personally desolates the land, lest it be thought the mere work of the invaders.

τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of ἐξερημώσω→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; the promised land itself, desolated — yet the same land that will 'enjoy its sabbaths' (v. 34).

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

θαυμάσονταιshall be astonishedFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · θαυμάζωmain verb (subject οἱ ἐχθροί)→ minatory futureθαυμάζω: 'wonder / be astonished / appalled'; renders שָׁמֵם ('be appalled'); even the enemies who occupy the land are stunned at the totality of its ruin (cf. Jer 18:16; 1 Kgs 9:8).

ἐπ᾿atpreposition + dative (elided ἐπί, cause of astonishment)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (elided ἐπί, cause of astonishment).

αὐτῇitDativeobject of ἐπί (the land)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: refers to the desolated land.

οἱtheNominativearticle (with ἐχθροί)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐχθροὶenemiesNominativesubject of θαυμάσονται→ participant prominenceἐχθρός: 'enemy'; the foes who occupy the land are themselves appalled at its ruin.

οἱthe (ones)Nominativearticle substantivizing the participle ἐνοικοῦντες→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐνοικοῦντεςwho dwell / settlePres Act Ptcp Nom Pl Masc · ἐνοικέωattributive participle (modifying οἱ ἐχθροί)→ imperfective participle (settled occupation)ἐνοικέω: 'dwell in / inhabit'; renders יָשַׁב; the enemies now 'dwell in' the land Israel was to inhabit securely (κατοικήσετε, v. 5); the same root underlies Paul's ἐνοικήσω ἐν αὐτοῖς at 2 Cor 6:16 (alluding to v. 12).

ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).

αὐτῇitDativeobject of ἐν (the land)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: the land in which the enemies settle.

καὶ διασπερῶ ὑμᾶς εἰς τὰ ἔθνη καὶ ἐξαναλώσει ὑμᾶς ἐπιπορευομένη ἡ μάχαιρα καὶ ἔσται ἡ γῆ ὑμῶν ἔρημος καὶ αἱ πόλεις ὑμῶν ἔσονται ἔρημοι

And I will scatter you among the nations, and the advancing sword shall consume you; and your land shall be a desolation, and your cities shall be desolate.

Fifth cycle: the exile (scattering among the nations)καὶ διασπερῶ ὑμᾶς εἰς τὰ ἔθνη

The climactic curse: the exile itself — διασπερῶ ὑμᾶς εἰς τὰ ἔθνη ('I will scatter you among the nations'), the root of the term διασπορά ('Diaspora'). The pursuing sword consumes them as the land and cities lie desolate; this scattering, with the land's enforced sabbath-rest (vv. 34–35), is read by 2 Chron 36:21 as the theological rationale of the Babylonian exile.

Word-by-word analysis· 24 words

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

διασπερῶI will scatterFut Act Indic 1 Sg · διασπείρωmain verb→ minatory futureδιασπείρω: 'scatter / disperse'; renders זָרָה / הֵפִיץ; the noun διασπορά ('Diaspora') derives from this verb; the scattering among the nations is the supreme covenant-curse, the antithesis of secure dwelling in the land (v. 5).

ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.

εἰςamong / intopreposition + accusative (goal of dispersion)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal of dispersion).

τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ἔθνη)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἔθνηnations / GentilesAccusativeobject of εἰς→ object specificationἔθνος: 'nation / Gentile'; renders גּוֹיִם; scattering 'among the nations' is the geographical reality of exile; the term reappears at v. 38 (ἀπολεῖσθε ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν) and v. 45 (ἔναντι τῶν ἐθνῶν).

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐξαναλώσειshall consume utterlyFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαναλίσκωmain verb (subject ἡ μάχαιρα)→ minatory futureἐξαναλίσκω: 'consume utterly'; cf. v. 22; the sword 'consumes' the dispersed — yet YHWH will not let it consume them wholly (v. 44, οὐχ ὑπερεῖδον … ὥστε ἐξαναλῶσαι).

ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.

ἐπιπορευομένηadvancing / pursuingPres Mid Ptcp Nom Sg Fem · ἐπιπορεύομαιattributive participle (modifying ἡ μάχαιρα)→ imperfective participle (the sword's relentless advance)ἐπιπορεύομαι: 'march upon / advance / pursue'; the participle (fem., agreeing with μάχαιρα) personifies the sword as relentlessly pursuing the scattered exiles.

ἡtheNominativearticle (with μάχαιρα)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

μάχαιραswordNominativesubject of ἐξαναλώσει→ participant prominenceμάχαιρα: 'sword'; the covenant-avenging sword of v. 25, now pursuing the dispersed people.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (subject ἡ γῆ)→ minatory futureεἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; the land becomes a desolation.

ἡtheNominativearticle (with γῆ)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γῆlandNominativesubject of ἔσται→ participant prominenceγῆ: 'land'; the emptied land that will then keep its sabbaths (v. 34).

ἔρημοςa desolationNominativepredicate nominative (with ἔσται)→ participant prominenceἔρημος: 'desolate / wilderness'; predicate — the land reduced to wasteland.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

αἱtheNominativearticle (with πόλεις)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πόλειςcitiesNominativesubject of ἔσονται→ participant prominenceπόλις: 'city'; the cities desolate, completing the ruin of v. 31.

ἔσονταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (subject αἱ πόλεις)→ minatory futureεἰμί (fut. ἔσονται): 'be'; the cities shall be desolate.

ἔρημοιdesolateNominativepredicate adjective (with ἔσονται)→ participant prominenceἔρημος: 'desolate'; the desolation-keyword closing the verse.

τότε εὐδοκήσει ἡ γῆ τὰ σάββατα αὐτῆς καὶ πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας τῆς ἐρημώσεως αὐτῆς καὶ ὑμεῖς ἔσεσθε ἐν τῇ γῇ τῶν ἐχθρῶν ὑμῶν τότε σαββατιεῖ ἡ γῆ καὶ εὐδοκήσει τὰ σάββατα αὐτῆς

Then the land shall enjoy its sabbaths all the days of its desolation, while you are in the land of your enemies; then the land shall keep sabbath and enjoy its sabbaths.

The sabbath-rest of the desolated landτότε εὐδοκήσει ἡ γῆ τὰ σάββατα αὐτῆς

A theological turn within the curses: the desolation is reframed as the land's long-deferred sabbath-rest. Because Israel did not keep the sabbatical years (Lev 25), the land now 'enjoys' (εὐδοκήσει) the rest it was owed, all the days of its desolation. 2 Chron 36:21 cites precisely this to explain the seventy years of exile as the land 'paying back' its unkept sabbaths.

Word-by-word analysis· 32 words

τότεthentemporal adverb→ adverbial qualificationτότε: 'then / at that time'; marks the new state — once the land is emptied, its sabbath-rest begins.

εὐδοκήσειshall enjoy / take pleasure inFut Act Indic 3 Sg · εὐδοκέωmain verb (subject ἡ γῆ)→ predictive futureεὐδοκέω: 'be well-pleased / take delight in / enjoy'; renders רָצָה ('accept / enjoy / pay off'); the land 'enjoys' / 'makes up for' its sabbaths — the desolation experienced from the human side is, from the land's, a long-owed rest.

ἡtheNominativearticle (with γῆ)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γῆlandNominativesubject of εὐδοκήσει→ participant prominenceγῆ: 'land'; personified as the keeper and enjoyer of sabbaths.

τὰtheAccusativearticle (with σάββατα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

σάββαταsabbathsAccusativedirect object of εὐδοκήσει→ object specificationσάββατον: 'sabbath'; the sabbatical years of the land (Lev 25); the very sabbaths Israel was to keep (v. 2) the land now keeps for itself; the keyword binds the chapter to the Jubilee legislation.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (with ἡμέρας)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the rest extends through 'all the days' of desolation.

τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἡμέρας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of duration ('all the days')→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the accusative of extent of time — the whole period of desolation.

τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with ἐρημώσεως)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐρημώσεωςof desolationGenitivegenitive (defining the days)→ relational specificationἐρήμωσις: 'desolation / laying waste'; renders שַׁמָּה; the abstract noun of the desolation-theme; the same word underlies the 'abomination of desolation' (βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως, Dan 9:27; Mark 13:14).

αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.

καὶand / whilecoordinating conjunction (here contrastive: 'while')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic) of ἔσεσθε→ participant referenceσύ (nom. pl. ὑμεῖς): the emphatic contrast — while the land rests at home, 'you' are in the enemies' land; the poignant juxtaposition of the land's sabbath and the people's exile.

ἔσεσθεshall beFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · εἰμίmain verb→ predictive futureεἰμί (fut. ἔσεσθε): 'be'; 'you shall be in the land of your enemies' — the same verb-form as the covenant-promise ἔσεσθέ μου λαός (v. 12), now bitterly transposed to exile.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).

τῇtheDativearticle (with γῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γῇlandDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceγῆ: here 'the land of your enemies' — the place of exile, opposed to 'your land' (v. 5).

τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἐχθρῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐχθρῶνenemiesGenitivegenitive (whose land)→ relational specificationἐχθρός: 'enemy'; the land of the enemies is the place of Israel's exile (cf. vv. 36, 38, 39, 44).

τότεthentemporal adverb (resumptive)→ adverbial qualificationτότε: the repeated 'then' frames the land's sabbath as the defining event of the desolation-period.

σαββατιεῖshall keep sabbathFut Act Indic 3 Sg · σαββατίζωmain verb (subject ἡ γῆ)→ predictive futureσαββατίζω: 'keep sabbath / observe rest'; a denominative from σάββατον, rendering שָׁבַת; the land actively 'keeps sabbath' — fulfilling the rest it was denied.

ἡtheNominativearticle (with γῆ)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γῆlandNominativesubject of σαββατιεῖ→ participant prominenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as subject of σαββατιεῖ.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

εὐδοκήσειshall enjoyFut Act Indic 3 Sg · εὐδοκέωmain verb→ predictive futureεὐδοκέω: the repeated verb seals the theme — the land both 'keeps' and 'enjoys' its sabbaths.

τὰtheAccusativearticle (with σάββατα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

σάββαταsabbathsAccusativedirect object of εὐδοκήσει→ object specificationσάββατον: 'sabbath'; the land's owed rest, now enjoyed.

πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας τῆς ἐρημώσεως αὐτῆς σαββατιεῖ ἃ οὐκ ἐσαββάτισεν ἐν τοῖς σαββάτοις ὑμῶν ἡνίκα κατῳκεῖτε αὐτήν

All the days of its desolation it shall keep sabbath—the rest it did not keep in your sabbaths while you dwelt in it.

Explanation of the land's sabbath-debtπάσας τὰς ἡμέρας τῆς ἐρημώσεως αὐτῆς σαββατιεῖ

The principle is stated explicitly: the land now keeps the sabbaths 'which it did not keep' during Israel's occupation — because Israel violated the sabbatical-year law (Lev 25:2–7). The desolation is thus a divine bookkeeping: the land repays, day for day, the rest it was robbed of; this is the exact rationale 2 Chron 36:21 applies to the seventy-year exile.

Word-by-word analysis· 17 words

πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (with ἡμέρας)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the full extent of the desolation-period.

τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἡμέρας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of duration→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the duration of the land's keeping sabbath.

τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with ἐρημώσεως)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐρημώσεωςof desolationGenitivegenitive (defining the days)→ relational specificationἐρήμωσις: 'desolation'; cf. v. 34.

σαββατιεῖshall keep sabbathFut Act Indic 3 Sg · σαββατίζωmain verb (subject the land, implied)→ predictive futureσαββατίζω: 'keep sabbath'; the land keeps the rest it was denied.

ἃwhich (rests)Accusativerelative pronoun (acc. neut. pl.: 'which [sabbaths] it did not keep')→ participant referenceὅς (neut. pl. ἅ): relative pronoun; the antecedent is the unkept sabbaths — 'the rests which it did not keep.'

οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐσαββάτισενit kept sabbathAor Act Indic 3 Sg · σαββατίζωverb of relative clause (negated)→ constative aorist (the unkept rest)σαββατίζω (aor.): the land 'did not keep sabbath' during the occupation because Israel ignored the sabbatical years (Lev 25); the debt now falls due.

ἐνin / duringpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).

τοῖςtheDativearticle (with σαββάτοις)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

σαββάτοιςsabbathsDativedative of time (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceσάββατον: 'sabbath'; 'in your sabbaths' = during the sabbatical years Israel should have observed but did not.

ἡνίκαwhen / whiletemporal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἡνίκα: 'when / at the time when'; renders בְּ + infinitive; introduces the time of Israel's occupation.

κατῳκεῖτεyou dwelt / inhabitedImpf Act Indic 2 Pl · κατοικέωverb of temporal clause→ durative imperfect (ongoing past habitation)κατοικέω: 'dwell / inhabit'; the imperfect of past continuous habitation — 'while you were dwelling in it'; the same verb as the dwelling-blessing of v. 5, here looking back on the occupation during which the sabbaths were neglected.

αὐτήνitAccusativedirect object of κατῳκεῖτε (the land)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the land that Israel inhabited; κατοικέω here takes the accusative of the place inhabited.

καὶ τοῖς καταλειφθεῖσιν ἐξ ὑμῶν ἐπάξω δειλίαν εἰς τὴν καρδίαν αὐτῶν ἐν τῇ γῇ τῶν ἐχθρῶν αὐτῶν καὶ διώξεται αὐτοὺς φωνὴ φύλλου φερομένου καὶ φεύξονται ὡς φεύγοντες ἀπὸ πολέμου καὶ πεσοῦνται οὐθενὸς διώκοντος

And as for those who are left of you, I will bring cowardice into their heart in the land of their enemies; and the sound of a driven leaf shall pursue them, and they shall flee as those who flee from war, and they shall fall with no one pursuing.

The terror of the exiled survivorsκαὶ τοῖς καταλειφθεῖσιν ἐξ ὑμῶν ἐπάξω δειλίαν

The exiled remnant is gripped by a divinely-sent cowardice (δειλία) so extreme that the rustle of a wind-blown leaf sends them fleeing as from war, and they fall though none pursues — the final and most pathetic reversal of the victory-blessing (vv. 7–8) and an intensification of v. 17. The introduction of the 'remnant' (οἱ καταλειφθέντες) prepares the confession of vv. 40–41.

Word-by-word analysis· 33 words

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τοῖςthoseDativearticle substantivizing the participle καταλειφθεῖσιν→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

καταλειφθεῖσινwho are left / the survivorsAor Pass Ptcp Dat Pl Masc · καταλείπωsubstantival participle (dative of disadvantage)→ constative aorist participle (the remnant left after judgment)καταλείπω (aor. pass.): 'leave behind / leave remaining'; the substantival participle οἱ καταλειφθέντες ('those left over') is the remnant-survivors of the judgment; the 'remnant' motif (cf. v. 39; Isa 10:20–22; Rom 9:27) prepares the possibility of confession and return.

ἐξof / from amongpreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive).

ὑμῶνyouGenitivepartitive genitive→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as partitive genitive.

ἐπάξωI will bring uponFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐπάγωmain verb→ minatory futureἐπάγω: 'bring upon'; cf. v. 25; here YHWH brings inner terror upon the survivors.

δειλίανcowardice / terrorAccusativedirect object of ἐπάξω→ object specificationδειλία: 'cowardice / timidity / dread'; renders מֹרֶךְ ('faintness'); a paralyzing, irrational fear sent into the heart — the inner counterpart of the lost ἀσφάλεια (v. 5).

εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).

τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with καρδίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

καρδίανheartAccusativeobject of εἰς→ object specificationκαρδία: 'heart'; renders לֵבָב; the seat of courage, here filled with dread; the same noun is the 'uncircumcised heart' of v. 41.

αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).

τῇtheDativearticle (with γῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γῇlandDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'the land of their enemies' — the place of exile.

τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἐχθρῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐχθρῶνenemiesGenitivegenitive (whose land)→ relational specificationἐχθρός: 'enemy'; cf. v. 34.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

διώξεταιshall pursueFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · διώκωmain verb (subject φωνή)→ minatory futureδιώκω: 'pursue'; the pursuit-verb of the blessings (vv. 7–8) reaches its most pathetic inversion — now even a sound 'pursues' the terrified.

αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.

φωνὴsound / voiceNominativesubject of διώξεται→ participant prominenceφωνή: 'sound / voice'; renders קוֹל; the mere 'sound' of a leaf — the slightest noise — terrorizes them, a vivid image of guilt-stricken panic (cf. Prov 28:1).

φύλλουof a leafGenitivegenitive (source of the sound)→ relational specificationφύλλον: 'leaf'; renders עָלֶה; the driven leaf — the most trivial of sounds — measures the depth of their dread.

φερομένουdriven / borne alongPres Pass Ptcp Gen Sg Neut · φέρωattributive participle (modifying φύλλου)→ imperfective participle (the leaf carried by the wind)φέρω (pass.): 'carry / bear'; the passive participle φερομένου ('being carried / driven') describes the wind-blown leaf; its faint rustle is enough to rout them.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

φεύξονταιthey shall fleeFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · φεύγωmain verb→ minatory futureφεύγω: 'flee'; cf. v. 17; they flee as from war though no war pursues.

ὡςascomparative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like'; introduces the simile of battle-flight.

φεύγοντεςfleeingPres Act Ptcp Nom Pl Masc · φεύγωparticiple (in the simile: 'as those fleeing')→ imperfective participle (the manner of flight)φεύγω (ptcp.): the participle in the comparison — they flee with the headlong panic of men running from battle, though there is no battle.

ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).

πολέμουwar / battleGenitiveobject of ἀπό→ relational specificationπόλεμος: 'war'; the imagined battle from which they flee; cf. v. 6, where war was promised not to pass through the land.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

πεσοῦνταιthey shall fallFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · πίπτωmain verb→ minatory futureπίπτω: 'fall'; they fall in their panic-flight — the verb of the enemies' defeat in blessing (vv. 7–8) now describes Israel's own collapse.

οὐθενὸςno oneGenitivegenitive subject of the genitive-absolute participle→ relational specificationοὐθείς (= οὐδείς): 'no one'; the Hellenistic οὐθενός; subject of the genitive absolute.

διώκοντοςpursuingPres Act Ptcp Gen Sg Masc · διώκωparticiple in genitive absolute (concessive: 'though none pursues')→ imperfective participle (attendant circumstance)διώκω (ptcp.): the genitive absolute οὐθενὸς διώκοντος ('with none pursuing') closes the verse as it closed v. 17 — the signature image of guilt-driven, causeless terror.

καὶ ὑπερόψεται ὁ ἀδελφὸς τὸν ἀδελφὸν ὡσεὶ ἐν πολέμῳ οὐθενὸς κατατρέχοντος καὶ οὐ δυνήσεσθε ἀντιστῆναι τοῖς ἐχθροῖς ὑμῶν

And brother shall overlook brother as in war, though no one is in pursuit; and you shall not be able to withstand your enemies.

The collapse of solidarity and resistanceκαὶ ὑπερόψεται ὁ ἀδελφὸς τὸν ἀδελφόν

The panic dissolves even kinship: in their flight brother tramples brother as in the rout of battle, though none pursues; and they have no power to stand before their foes — the final undoing of the victory in which five chased a hundred (v. 8). The breakdown of fraternal solidarity completes the social disintegration of the curses.

Word-by-word analysis· 18 words

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὑπερόψεταιshall overlook / disregardFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὑπεροράωmain verb (subject ὁ ἀδελφός)→ minatory futureὑπεροράω: 'overlook / disregard / take no heed of'; renders כָּשַׁל ('stumble [over]') — in their headlong flight 'brother disregards brother,' each trampling or ignoring the other in panic; the same verb describes Israel's disregard of YHWH (v. 43, τὰ κρίματά μου ὑπερεῖδον) and YHWH's refusal to disregard them (v. 44).

ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἀδελφός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἀδελφὸςbrotherNominativesubject of ὑπερόψεται→ participant prominenceἀδελφός: 'brother'; renders אָח; the collapse of brotherly solidarity in panic — kinship itself gives way under divine terror.

τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἀδελφόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἀδελφὸνbrotherAccusativedirect object of ὑπερόψεται→ object specificationἀδελφός: the brother disregarded — the doubling ('brother … brother') sharpens the pathos of social breakdown.

ὡσεὶas / as ifcomparative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastὡσεί: 'as if'; introduces the battle-simile.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative, in the simile)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative, in the simile).

πολέμῳwar / battleDativedative of place (in the simile)→ sphere or referenceπόλεμος: 'war'; the imagined battle-rout in which men trample one another.

οὐθενὸςno oneGenitivegenitive subject of the genitive-absolute participle→ relational specificationοὐθείς (= οὐδείς): 'no one'; subject of the genitive absolute.

κατατρέχοντοςpursuing / charging downPres Act Ptcp Gen Sg Masc · κατατρέχωparticiple in genitive absolute (concessive: 'though none charges')→ imperfective participle (attendant circumstance)κατατρέχω: 'run down / charge upon / pursue'; the genitive absolute οὐθενὸς κατατρέχοντος ('with no one charging') varies the οὐθενὸς διώκοντος of vv. 17, 36 — again, terror without a real foe.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

οὐnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

δυνήσεσθεyou shall be ableFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · δύναμαιmain verb (negated, with complementary infinitive)→ minatory future (negated)δύναμαι: 'be able'; the negated 'you shall not be able to withstand' marks total loss of the power to resist — the inverse of the victory-blessing (vv. 7–8).

ἀντιστῆναιto withstand / resistAor Act Inf · ἀνθίστημιcomplementary infinitive (with δυνήσεσθε)→ effective aorist infinitiveἀνθίστημι: 'stand against / resist / withstand'; renders עָמַד / קוּם; the inability to 'stand before' the enemy completes the military collapse (cf. Josh 7:12–13).

τοῖςtheDativearticle (with ἐχθροῖς)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐχθροῖςenemiesDativedative object of ἀντιστῆναι→ sphere or referenceἐχθρός: 'enemy'; ἀνθίστημι takes the dative of the one resisted; the enemies Israel can no longer withstand.

καὶ ἀπολεῖσθε ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν καὶ κατέδεται ὑμᾶς ἡ γῆ τῶν ἐχθρῶν ὑμῶν

And you shall perish among the nations, and the land of your enemies shall devour you.

The perishing of the exiles in foreign landsκαὶ ἀπολεῖσθε ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν

The exile reaches its terminus: perishing among the nations, the enemy land itself 'devouring' them (κατέδεται — a land that consumes its inhabitants, an image of a hostile, death-dealing exile, cf. Num 13:32; Ezek 36:13). The verb ἀπόλλυμι ('perish') here applied to Israel reverses ἀπολῶ ('I will destroy [the beasts]') of v. 6.

Word-by-word analysis· 13 words

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἀπολεῖσθεyou shall perishFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · ἀπόλλυμιmain verb→ minatory futureἀπόλλυμι (mid.): 'perish / be destroyed'; renders אָבַד; Israel now 'perishes' — the same verb by which YHWH destroyed the harmful beasts in blessing (v. 6, ἀπολῶ) and will destroy the foes (v. 41), here turned on Israel itself in exile.

ἐνamongpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).

τοῖςtheDativearticle (with ἔθνεσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἔθνεσινnationsDativeobject of ἐν→ sphere or referenceἔθνος: 'nation'; among the nations of the dispersion (cf. v. 33).

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

κατέδεταιshall devourFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · κατεσθίωmain verb (subject ἡ γῆ)→ minatory futureκατεσθίω: 'devour / eat up'; cf. v. 22; here the enemy land 'devours' its exiled inhabitants — a land that consumes those who dwell in it (cf. Num 13:32; Ezek 36:13).

ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.

ἡtheNominativearticle (with γῆ)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γῆlandNominativesubject of κατέδεται→ participant prominenceγῆ: 'land'; the enemy land personified as a devourer.

τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἐχθρῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐχθρῶνenemiesGenitivegenitive (whose land)→ relational specificationἐχθρός: 'enemy'; the land of exile that consumes them.

καὶ οἱ καταλειφθέντες ἀφ᾿ ὑμῶν καταφθαρήσονται διὰ τὰς ἁμαρτίας ὑμῶν ἐν τῇ γῇ τῶν ἐχθρῶν αὐτῶν τακήσονται

And those who are left of you shall waste away because of their sins, in the land of their enemies they shall melt away.

The remnant pining in exile (transition to the confession)καὶ οἱ καταλειφθέντες ἀφ᾿ ὑμῶν καταφθαρήσονται

The survivors 'waste away' (καταφθαρήσονται … τακήσονται) in exile because of their own and their fathers' sins — a pining that, in the Hebrew, is the rotting-away of guilt. This wasting remnant is precisely the group that, in vv. 40–41, will confess and find mercy; the verse is the hinge between judgment and restoration.

Word-by-word analysis· 17 words

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

οἱthoseNominativearticle substantivizing the participle καταλειφθέντες→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

καταλειφθέντεςwho are left / the survivorsAor Pass Ptcp Nom Pl Masc · καταλείπωsubstantival participle (subject)→ constative aorist participle (the surviving remnant)καταλείπω (aor. pass.): 'be left behind / remain'; the remnant (cf. v. 36) — those who survive the sword and famine to pine in exile; the 'remnant' is the locus of hope in the prophets (Isa 10:20–22) and in Paul (Rom 9:27; 11:5).

ἀφ᾿of / from amongpreposition + genitive (partitive, elided ἀπό)→ spatial or relational framingἀφ᾿: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive, elided ἀπό).

καταφθαρήσονταιshall waste away / be ruinedFut Pass Indic 3 Pl · καταφθείρωmain verb→ minatory future (passive)καταφθείρω (pass.): 'be utterly corrupted / waste away / decay'; renders מָקַק ('rot / pine away'); the survivors rot away in their guilt — a slow consuming, not by sword but by the inner weight of sin.

διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (cause)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + acc.: 'because of / on account of'; the cause of the wasting is their sins.

τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἁμαρτίας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἁμαρτίαςsinsAccusativeobject of διά (cause)→ object specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the sins that occasion the wasting; the Hebrew adds 'and the sins of their fathers,' anticipated in the confession of v. 40.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).

τῇtheDativearticle (with γῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γῇlandDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'the land of their enemies' — the place of exile and pining.

τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἐχθρῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐχθρῶνenemiesGenitivegenitive (whose land)→ relational specificationἐχθρός: 'enemy'; the recurring 'land of their enemies' (cf. vv. 34, 36, 44).

τακήσονταιthey shall melt / pine awayFut Pass Indic 3 Pl · τήκωmain verb (resumptive, intensifying καταφθαρήσονται)→ minatory future (passive)τήκω (pass.): 'melt / dissolve / pine away'; renders מָקַק; cognate in sense to ἐκτήκουσαν (v. 16); the remnant 'melts away' under guilt — a wasting that is at once punishment and the seedbed of the coming confession (v. 40).

καὶ ἐξαγορεύσουσιν τὰς ἁμαρτίας αὐτῶν καὶ τὰς ἁμαρτίας τῶν πατέρων αὐτῶν ὅτι παρέβησαν καὶ ὑπερεῖδόν με καὶ ὅτι ἐπορεύθησαν ἐναντίον μου πλάγιοι

Then they shall confess their sins and the sins of their fathers, that they transgressed and disregarded me, and that they walked contrary to me,

The turn to confession (opening the mercy-movement)καὶ ἐξαγορεύσουσιν τὰς ἁμαρτίας αὐτῶν

The great reversal of the chapter: the remnant confesses (ἐξαγορεύσουσιν) their own and their fathers' sins — transgression, disregard of YHWH, and the πλάγιος walk. This confession is the condition that triggers the covenant-remembrance of v. 42; the verb ἐξαγορεύω ('confess openly') marks a genuine, public acknowledgement of guilt as the path to restoration (cf. Dan 9; Neh 9; 1 John 1:9).

Word-by-word analysis· 22 words

καὶand / thencoordinating conjunction (marking the turn)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐξαγορεύσουσινthey shall confessFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξαγορεύωmain verb→ predictive future (anticipated repentance)ἐξαγορεύω: 'confess / declare openly / acknowledge'; renders הִתְוַדָּה ('make confession'); the open avowal of guilt is the decisive turn from judgment toward mercy — the verb of liturgical confession (cf. the great penitential prayers of Ezra 9; Neh 9; Dan 9).

τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἁμαρτίας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἁμαρτίαςsinsAccusativedirect object of ἐξαγορεύσουσιν→ object specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the sins now openly confessed — the same sins that occasioned the judgments (vv. 18, 21, 24, 28).

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἁμαρτίας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἁμαρτίαςsinsAccusativedirect object (parallel)→ object specificationἁμαρτία: the confession includes 'the sins of their fathers' — corporate and intergenerational guilt acknowledged (cf. Jer 14:20; Dan 9:8).

τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with πατέρων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive (whose sins)→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father / ancestor'; renders אָבוֹת; the confession of the fathers' sins acknowledges the long history of covenant-breaking (cf. the patriarchs named in v. 42, whose covenant nonetheless stands).

ὅτιthat / becauseconjunction (content of the confession)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that'; introduces the content of what is confessed — the specific acts of covenant-violation.

παρέβησανthey transgressedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παραβαίνωverb of content clause→ constative aorist (the completed transgression)παραβαίνω: 'transgress / overstep'; renders מָעַל ('act treacherously'); 'they went aside / broke faith' — the root of παράβασις ('transgression') in Paul (Rom 4:15; 5:14).

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὑπερεῖδόνthey disregarded / despisedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ὑπεροράωverb of content clause→ constative aoristὑπεροράω: 'overlook / disregard / despise'; renders the sense of treating YHWH with contempt; the same verb describes their disregard of his ordinances (v. 43) — and YHWH's refusal to disregard them (v. 44, οὐχ ὑπερεῖδον αὐτούς).

μεmeAccusativedirect object of ὑπερεῖδον→ participant referenceἐγώ (acc. με): YHWH as the one disregarded.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὅτιthatconjunction (second content clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that'; introduces the further content of the confession.

ἐπορεύθησανthey walkedAor Pass(dep) Indic 3 Pl · πορεύομαιverb of content clause→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: 'walk'; the confession echoes the chapter's keyword — 'they walked contrary (πλάγιοι) before me,' acknowledging the very defiance of vv. 21, 23, 27.

ἐναντίονbefore / againstpreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before / in the presence of'; with πλάγιοι, 'walked crosswise before me.'

μουmeGenitiveobject of ἐναντίον→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of ἐναντίον.

πλάγιοιcontraryNominativepredicate adjective (manner)→ participant prominenceπλάγιος: 'contrary / oblique'; the leitmotif now appears in Israel's own confession — they own the 'contrary walk' for which they were judged.

καὶ ἐγὼ ἐπορεύθην μετ᾿ αὐτῶν ἐν θυμῷ πλαγίῳ καὶ ἀπολῶ αὐτοὺς ἐν τῇ γῇ τῶν ἐχθρῶν αὐτῶν τότε ἐντραπήσεται ἡ καρδία αὐτῶν ἡ ἀπερίτμητος καὶ τότε εὐδοκήσουσιν τὰς ἁμαρτίας αὐτῶν

I also walked contrary to them and brought them into the land of their enemies; then their uncircumcised heart shall be humbled, and then they shall make amends for their sins.

The humbling of the uncircumcised heartκαὶ ἐγὼ ἐπορεύθην μετ᾿ αὐτῶν ἐν θυμῷ πλαγίῳ

YHWH acknowledges his own contrary walk (the just response of vv. 24, 28) that brought them to exile; but the verse turns to hope: 'then their uncircumcised heart shall be humbled' (ἐντραπήσεται ἡ καρδία … ἡ ἀπερίτμητος). The 'uncircumcised heart' (cf. Deut 10:16; 30:6; Jer 4:4; Rom 2:29) names the inward resistance that must be broken for restoration; its humbling and their making-amends prepares the covenant-remembrance of v. 42.

Word-by-word analysis· 30 words

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic)→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic — YHWH owns his side of the reciprocity ('I too walked contrary'), the just answer to their contrary walk (vv. 24, 28).

ἐπορεύθηνI walkedAor Pass(dep) Indic 1 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ constative aorist (the completed contrary dealing)πορεύομαι: 'walk'; YHWH's contrary walk now stated as accomplished — the exile is the realization of the threatened θυμὸς πλάγιος (vv. 24, 28).

μετ᾿with / towardpreposition + genitive (elided μετά)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (elided μετά).

αὐτῶνthemGenitiveobject of μετά→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of μετά.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (manner).

θυμῷfuryDativedative of manner→ sphere or referenceθυμός: 'fury'; the 'contrary fury' of vv. 24, 28, now executed.

πλαγίῳcontraryDativeattributive adjective (modifying θυμῷ)→ sphere or referenceπλάγιος: 'contrary'; binds YHWH's response to their offense.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἀπολῶI brought / cut offFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀπόλλυμιmain verb→ minatory future (here looking back on the executed judgment)ἀπόλλυμι: 'destroy'; the LXX reads 'I will destroy them in the land of their enemies' (the Hebrew has 'I brought them into the land of their enemies'); the LXX heightens the note of judgment even as the verse turns toward mercy.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).

τῇtheDativearticle (with γῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γῇlandDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'the land of their enemies' — the place of exile and of the humbling.

τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἐχθρῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐχθρῶνenemiesGenitivegenitive (whose land)→ relational specificationἐχθρός: 'enemy'; cf. vv. 34, 39.

τότεthentemporal adverb (marking the turn to repentance)→ adverbial qualificationτότε: 'then'; the decisive 'then' — at the point of exile and humbling, the heart turns; the same 'then' that introduced the land's sabbath (v. 34) now introduces the heart's repentance.

ἐντραπήσεταιshall be humbled / put to shameFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐντρέπωmain verb (subject ἡ καρδία)→ predictive future (the humbling that opens restoration)ἐντρέπω (pass.): 'be made ashamed / be humbled / turn (inward) in shame'; renders כָּנַע ('be humbled') / the sense of the heart's submission; the humbling of the proud heart is the inward counterpart of the confession (v. 40) and the condition for mercy.

ἡtheNominativearticle (with καρδία)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

καρδίαheartNominativesubject of ἐντραπήσεται→ participant prominenceκαρδία: 'heart'; renders לֵבָב; the seat of will and disposition; the 'uncircumcised heart' must be humbled for the covenant relationship to be restored.

ἡtheNominativearticle (with ἀπερίτμητος)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἀπερίτμητοςuncircumcisedNominativeattributive adjective (modifying ἡ καρδία)→ participant prominenceἀπερίτμητος: 'uncircumcised'; renders עָרֵל; the 'uncircumcised heart' is the metaphor for an unyielding, unconsecrated inner life (Deut 10:16; Jer 4:4; 9:25); its humbling anticipates the promised circumcision of the heart (Deut 30:6) and Paul's 'circumcision of the heart' (Rom 2:29).

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τότεthentemporal adverb→ adverbial qualificationτότε: the repeated 'then' marks the sequence — humbling, then making amends, then (v. 42) divine remembrance.

εὐδοκήσουσινthey shall make amends for / accept (the penalty of)Fut Act Indic 3 Pl · εὐδοκέωmain verb→ predictive futureεὐδοκέω: 'be well-pleased / accept'; renders רָצָה ('pay off / accept as satisfaction'); here 'they shall accept / make satisfaction for their sins' — i.e., they come to acquiesce in the justice of their punishment, the same verb used of the land 'accepting' its sabbaths (v. 34); the penitent embrace of deserved discipline.

τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἁμαρτίας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἁμαρτίαςsinsAccusativedirect object of εὐδοκήσουσιν→ object specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the sins for which they now make amends / accept the penalty.

καὶ μνησθήσομαι τῆς διαθήκης Ιακωβ καὶ τῆς διαθήκης Ισαακ καὶ τῆς διαθήκης Αβρααμ μνησθήσομαι καὶ τῆς γῆς μνησθήσομαι

Then I will remember the covenant of Jacob, and the covenant of Isaac, and the covenant of Abraham I will remember, and I will remember the land.

The covenant-mercy crux: divine remembrance of the patriarchal covenantκαὶ μνησθήσομαι τῆς διαθήκης Ιακωβ

The covenant-mercy climax: in response to the humbled, confessing remnant, YHWH 'will remember' (μνησθήσομαι, thrice repeated) the covenant of Jacob, Isaac, and Abraham, and the land itself. This patriarchal-covenant remembrance is the theological ground of Israel's preservation through judgment and the seedbed of Paul's argument that 'God has not rejected his people' (Rom 11:1–2, 28–29). The reverse order (Jacob → Isaac → Abraham) traces the covenant back to its source.

Word-by-word analysis· 18 words

καὶand / thencoordinating conjunction (apodotic after the repentance)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

μνησθήσομαιI will rememberFut Pass(dep) Indic 1 Sg · μιμνῄσκομαιmain verb→ promissory future (covenant remembrance)μιμνῄσκομαι: 'remember / call to mind / act on behalf of'; renders זָכַר; in covenant contexts 'remembering' is not mere recollection but active, saving faithfulness (cf. Gen 8:1; Exod 2:24; Luke 1:72); the thrice-repeated μνησθήσομαι is the heartbeat of the mercy-movement.

τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with διαθήκης)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

διαθήκηςcovenantGenitivegenitive object of μνησθήσομαι→ relational specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant'; μιμνῄσκομαι takes the genitive of the thing remembered; the patriarchal covenant, distinct from the Sinai covenant that Israel broke, is unconditional and irrevocable — hence the ground of hope.

Ιακωβof Jacobgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliteration of Hebrew יַעֲקֹב; indeclinable in the LXX; the covenant 'of Jacob' is named first — the order Jacob → Isaac → Abraham moves back from the immediate ancestor to the covenant's origin.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with διαθήκης)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

διαθήκηςcovenantGenitivegenitive (parallel)→ relational specificationδιαθήκη: the covenant 'of Isaac.'

Ισαακof Isaacgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσαακ: transliteration of Hebrew יִצְחָק; indeclinable; the middle patriarch.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with διαθήκης)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

διαθήκηςcovenantGenitivegenitive (parallel)→ relational specificationδιαθήκη: the covenant 'of Abraham' — the foundational covenant of Gen 15 and 17.

Αβρααμof Abrahamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑβρααμ: transliteration of Hebrew אַבְרָהָם; indeclinable; the covenant 'of Abraham' is the root from which the whole promise grows (Gen 12; 15; 17); its remembrance secures Israel's future (cf. Mic 7:20; Luke 1:55, 72–73).

μνησθήσομαιI will rememberFut Pass(dep) Indic 1 Sg · μιμνῄσκομαιmain verb (second occurrence, emphatic repetition)→ promissory futureμιμνῄσκομαι: the repeated verb, framing the patriarchal triad, underscores the certainty of YHWH's covenant-faithfulness.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with γῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γῆςlandGenitivegenitive object of μνησθήσομαι→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; YHWH remembers the land too — the gift-land promised to the patriarchs, now to be restored; the land's place in the covenant-remembrance closes the circle opened by its desolation (v. 32) and sabbath-rest (vv. 34–35).

μνησθήσομαιI will rememberFut Pass(dep) Indic 1 Sg · μιμνῄσκομαιmain verb (third occurrence)→ promissory futureμιμνῄσκομαι: the third μνησθήσομαι — a threefold remembrance (patriarchs, then again, then the land) that hammers home the unbreakable faithfulness of God.

καὶ ἡ γῆ ἐγκαταλειφθήσεται ὑπ᾿ αὐτῶν τότε προσδέξεται ἡ γῆ τὰ σάββατα αὐτῆς ἐν τῷ ἐρημωθῆναι αὐτὴν δι᾿ αὐτούς καὶ αὐτοὶ προσδέξονται τὰς αὐτῶν ἀνομίας ἀνθ᾿ ὧν τὰ κρίματά μου ὑπερεῖδον καὶ τοῖς προστάγμασίν μου προσώχθισαν τῇ ψυχῇ αὐτῶν

And the land shall be forsaken by them; then the land shall welcome its sabbaths while it lies desolate because of them; and they shall accept the penalty of their iniquities, because they disregarded my judgments and their soul loathed my ordinances.

Recapitulation: the land's rest and the people's accepted penaltyκαὶ ἡ γῆ ἐγκαταλειφθήσεται ὑπ᾿ αὐτῶν

The verse recapitulates the sabbath-rest theology (vv. 34–35): the forsaken land 'welcomes' (προσδέξεται) its sabbaths in its desolation, while the people 'accept' (προσδέξονται) the penalty of their iniquities — the reason given in the chapter's own terms: they disregarded YHWH's judgments and their soul loathed his ordinances (the προσοχθίζω leitmotif of vv. 15, 30). The paired προσδέχομαι (land welcomes rest / people accept penalty) holds judgment and grace together.

Word-by-word analysis· 39 words

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἡtheNominativearticle (with γῆ)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γῆlandNominativesubject of ἐγκαταλειφθήσεται→ participant prominenceγῆ: 'land'; the land forsaken by its people during the exile.

ἐγκαταλειφθήσεταιshall be forsakenFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐγκαταλείπωmain verb (passive)→ predictive future (passive)ἐγκαταλείπω: 'forsake / abandon / leave behind'; renders עָזַב; the land 'is forsaken by them' (the people removed to exile); the same verb of the cry 'why have you forsaken me' (Ps 21:2 LXX; Matt 27:46) and Paul's 'forsaken but not destroyed' (2 Cor 4:9).

ὑπ᾿bypreposition + genitive (agent, elided ὑπό)→ spatial or relational framingὑπό + gen.: marks the agent — 'forsaken by them.'

αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive of agent→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of agent.

τότεthentemporal adverb→ adverbial qualificationτότε: 'then'; the same 'then' of the land's sabbath (v. 34).

προσδέξεταιshall welcome / acceptFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · προσδέχομαιmain verb (subject ἡ γῆ)→ predictive futureπροσδέχομαι: 'receive / welcome / accept'; the land 'welcomes' its sabbaths — a warmer synonym for εὐδοκέω (v. 34); the same verb is used of the people accepting their penalty later in the verse, pairing land and people.

ἡtheNominativearticle (with γῆ)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γῆlandNominativesubject of προσδέξεται→ participant prominenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as subject of προσδέξεται.

τὰtheAccusativearticle (with σάββατα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

σάββαταsabbathsAccusativedirect object of προσδέξεται→ object specificationσάββατον: 'sabbath'; the land's owed rest, welcomed in its desolation (cf. vv. 34–35).

ἐνin / whilepreposition + dative articular infinitive (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν τῷ + infinitive: temporal 'while / in the … of.'

τῷtheDativearticle governing the infinitive ἐρημωθῆναι→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐρημωθῆναιto be made desolateAor Pass Inf · ἐρημόωarticular infinitive (temporal: 'while it is desolate')→ effective aorist infinitive (passive)ἐρημόω (aor. pass. inf.): 'be made desolate'; the desolation during which the land takes its rest (cf. v. 34, πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας τῆς ἐρημώσεως).

αὐτὴνitAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive ἐρημωθῆναι→ participant referenceαὐτός: the land, subject of the infinitive.

δι᾿because ofpreposition + accusative (cause, elided διά)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + acc.: 'because of'; the desolation is 'because of them' — their sin is its cause.

αὐτούςthemAccusativeobject of διά (cause)→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of διά (cause).

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

αὐτοὶtheyNominativesubject (emphatic) of προσδέξονται→ participant prominenceαὐτός: emphatic 'they themselves' — the people, paralleled with the land; as the land welcomes its rest, they accept their penalty.

προσδέξονταιshall accept / make amends forFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · προσδέχομαιmain verb→ predictive futureπροσδέχομαι: 'accept / receive'; here 'they shall accept (the penalty of) their iniquities' — a penitent embrace of deserved discipline, paired verbally with the land's welcoming of its sabbaths.

τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἀνομίας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (preceding its noun)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (preceding its noun).

ἀνομίαςiniquities / lawlessnessesAccusativedirect object of προσδέξονται→ object specificationἀνομία: 'lawlessness / iniquity'; renders עָוֹן; their lawless deeds, whose penalty they now accept; ἀνομία is a key term in Pauline and Johannine hamartiology (Rom 4:7; 1 John 3:4).

ἀνθ᾿because / in return forpreposition + genitive (cause, in idiom ἀνθ᾿ ὧν, elided ἀντί)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί: in the idiom ἀνθ᾿ ὧν ('because / in return for which'); introduces the ground of the penalty.

ὧνwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (in idiom ἀνθ᾿ ὧν: 'because')→ relational specificationὅς (gen. pl. ὧν): the relative in the causal idiom ἀνθ᾿ ὧν.

τὰtheAccusativearticle (with κρίματα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

κρίματάjudgments / ordinancesAccusativedirect object of ὑπερεῖδον→ object specificationκρίμα: 'judgment / ordinance'; the divine ordinances they disregarded — the same κρίματα their soul loathed in v. 15.

ὑπερεῖδονthey disregardedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ὑπεροράωverb of causal clause→ constative aoristὑπεροράω: 'overlook / disregard / despise'; cf. v. 40; their disregard of YHWH's judgments is the ground of the penalty — and the very disregard YHWH refuses to return in kind (v. 44).

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τοῖςtheDativearticle (with προστάγμασιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

προστάγμασίνordinancesDativedative object of προσώχθισαν→ sphere or referenceπρόσταγμα: 'ordinance / statute'; the ordinances they loathed — the same word as the obedience-protasis (v. 3) and the curse-protasis (v. 15).

προσώχθισανthey loathedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · προσοχθίζωverb of causal clause (with dative object)→ constative aoristπροσοχθίζω: 'loathe / be wearied with'; the chapter's leitmotif at its final occurrence — Israel's loathing of YHWH's ordinances (cf. v. 15, where their soul first loathed his judgments; v. 30, where his soul loathed them); the cycle of mutual loathing is here named as the root of the whole judgment.

τῇtheDativearticle (with ψυχῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ψυχῇsoulDativedative of respect/instrument ('in their soul')→ sphere or referenceψυχή: 'soul'; 'with their soul they loathed' — the inner seat of the loathing, mirroring 'my soul' (vv. 11, 30) and 'your soul' (v. 15).

καὶ οὐδ᾿ ὧς ὄντων αὐτῶν ἐν τῇ γῇ τῶν ἐχθρῶν αὐτῶν οὐχ ὑπερεῖδον αὐτοὺς οὐδὲ προσώχθισα αὐτοῖς ὥστε ἐξαναλῶσαι αὐτοὺς τοῦ διασκεδάσαι τὴν διαθήκην μου τὴν πρὸς αὐτούς ὅτι ἐγώ εἰμι κύριος ὁ θεὸς αὐτῶν

And yet even so, while they are in the land of their enemies, I did not disregard them nor loathe them so as to consume them utterly and break my covenant with them; for I am the LORD their God.

The covenant-mercy climax: God will not utterly forsake his peopleκαὶ οὐδ᾿ ὧς … οὐχ ὑπερεῖδον αὐτούς

The theological summit of the chapter and a second covenant-mercy crux: 'even so' — even in the land of their enemies — YHWH will not disregard (οὐχ ὑπερεῖδον, answering Israel's disregard, v. 43) nor loathe (οὐδὲ προσώχθισα, reversing his own loathing, v. 30) so as to consume them utterly (ἐξαναλῶσαι, cf. v. 33) and break the covenant (διασκεδάσαι τὴν διαθήκην, the very phrase of v. 15). The ground is the covenant name itself: ὅτι ἐγώ εἰμι κύριος ὁ θεὸς αὐτῶν. This is the LXX bedrock of Paul's 'God has not rejected his people whom he foreknew' (Rom 11:1–2).

Word-by-word analysis· 35 words

καὶand yetcoordinating conjunction (adversative force here)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and yet'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

οὐδ᾿not evennegative adverb (elided οὐδέ, with ὧς)→ clausal contributionοὐδέ: 'not even'; in the phrase οὐδ᾿ ὧς ('not even thus / even so … not') — 'even under these conditions, I will not …'; renders אַף גַּם זֹאת ('yet even this').

ὧςthus / sodemonstrative adverb (with οὐδ᾿: 'even so')→ clausal contributionὧς (= ὥς): 'thus / so'; the combination οὐδ᾿ ὧς = 'not even so / yet even so … not' — the hinge that turns the whole movement to mercy.

ὄντωνbeing / while they arePres Act Ptcp Gen Pl Masc · εἰμίparticiple in genitive absolute (concessive: 'though they are')→ imperfective participle (attendant circumstance)εἰμί (ptcp.): the genitive absolute ὄντων αὐτῶν ἐν τῇ γῇ τῶν ἐχθρῶν ('while they are in the land of their enemies') sets the extremity of the situation — even at the lowest point of exile, mercy holds.

αὐτῶνtheyGenitivesubject of the genitive absolute→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'they'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as subject of the genitive absolute.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).

τῇtheDativearticle (with γῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γῇlandDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'the land of their enemies' — the place of exile where mercy nonetheless reaches them.

τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἐχθρῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐχθρῶνenemiesGenitivegenitive (whose land)→ relational specificationἐχθρός: 'enemy'; the final occurrence of the recurring 'land of their enemies.'

οὐχnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐχ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὑπερεῖδονI disregardedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ὑπεροράωmain verb (negated)→ constative aorist (negated: divine refusal to disregard)ὑπεροράω: 'overlook / disregard / abandon'; the same verb Israel's disregard (vv. 40, 43) — now negated of YHWH: he will not disregard them as they disregarded him; grace breaks the cycle of reciprocity.

οὐδὲnornegative coordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδέ: 'nor'; chains the second divine non-action.

προσώχθισαI loathedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · προσοχθίζωmain verb (negated)→ constative aorist (negated)προσοχθίζω: 'loathe'; the leitmotif-verb negated of YHWH — he did not loathe them to the point of annihilation; the reversal of v. 30 (προσοχθιεῖ ἡ ψυχή μου ὑμῖν), grace overruling wrath.

αὐτοῖςthemDativedative object of προσώχθισα→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative object of προσοχθίζω (cf. v. 30, ὑμῖν).

ὥστεso asresult conjunction (+ infinitive)→ discourse linkage or contrastὥστε: 'so as to'; introduces the result that mercy refuses — utter destruction and covenant-annulment.

ἐξαναλῶσαιto consume utterlyAor Act Inf · ἐξαναλίσκωinfinitive of result (with ὥστε)→ effective aorist infinitiveἐξαναλίσκω: 'consume utterly'; cf. vv. 22, 33; the very destruction the sword threatened, here refused — YHWH will not let exile consume them wholly (cf. Rom 11:1).

αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ἐξαναλῶσαι→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐξαναλῶσαι.

τοῦso asGenitivearticle governing the epexegetic infinitive διασκεδάσαι→ noun-phrase markingὁ (gen. τοῦ): the articular infinitive τοῦ διασκεδάσαι expresses the further consequence refused.

διασκεδάσαιto break / annulAor Act Inf · διασκεδάννυμιarticular infinitive (epexegetic of the refused result)→ effective aorist infinitiveδιασκεδάννυμι: 'annul / break'; the very verb of the curse-protasis (v. 15, ὥστε διασκεδάσαι τὴν διαθήκην) — what Israel's disobedience would have done, YHWH himself will not do; the covenant stands because he upholds it.

τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with διαθήκην)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

διαθήκηνcovenantAccusativedirect object of διασκεδάσαι→ object specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant'; the covenant that will not be broken — the irrevocable bond grounded in YHWH's own faithfulness (cf. Rom 11:29).

τὴνthe (one)Accusativearticle (attributive, with πρὸς αὐτούς)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πρὸςwithpreposition + accusative (relation: 'covenant with them')→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: 'with / toward'; ἡ διαθήκη ἡ πρὸς αὐτούς = 'my covenant with them.'

αὐτούςthemAccusativeobject of πρός→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of πρός.

ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'for / because'; grounds the whole mercy in the covenant name that follows.

ἐγώINominativesubject (emphatic) of εἰμι→ participant referenceἐγώ: the self-asseveration ἐγώ εἰμι κύριος ὁ θεὸς αὐτῶν grounds the refusal to forsake — the covenant name is itself the guarantee of covenant mercy.

εἰμιamPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίcopula (self-identification)→ timeless presentεἰμί: copula of the self-predication.

κύριοςLORDNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the covenant name is the ground of the covenant's permanence.

ὁtheNominativearticle (with θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεὸςGodNominativepredicate nominative in apposition→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; 'their God' — even in exile, even after judgment, the covenant relationship 'I will be your God' (v. 12) is not annulled.

αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.

καὶ μνησθήσομαι αὐτῶν τῆς διαθήκης τῆς προτέρας ὅτε ἐξήγαγον αὐτοὺς ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου ἐξ οἴκου δουλείας ἔναντι τῶν ἐθνῶν τοῦ εἶναι αὐτῶν θεός ἐγώ εἰμι κύριος

And I will remember for them the former covenant, when I brought them out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage, in the sight of the nations, to be their God; I am the LORD.

The remembrance of the exodus covenant: the seal of mercyκαὶ μνησθήσομαι αὐτῶν τῆς διαθήκης τῆς προτέρας

The mercy-movement closes by grounding restoration in the exodus: YHWH remembers 'the former covenant' made when he brought them out of Egypt, the house of bondage, before the nations — to be their God. The exodus self-identification (cf. v. 13) frames both the blessings and the final mercy; the purpose τοῦ εἶναι αὐτῶν θεός re-states the covenant-formula of v. 12, sealed by ἐγώ εἰμι κύριος.

Word-by-word analysis· 26 words

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

μνησθήσομαιI will rememberFut Pass(dep) Indic 1 Sg · μιμνῄσκομαιmain verb→ promissory future (covenant remembrance)μιμνῄσκομαι: 'remember'; the climactic remembrance, now of the exodus 'former covenant'; the verb's active, saving sense crowns the mercy-movement (cf. v. 42).

αὐτῶνfor them / theirGenitivegenitive (of advantage / objective: 'remember on their behalf')→ relational specificationαὐτός: the genitive 'their' / 'for them' — YHWH remembers the covenant for their benefit.

τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with διαθήκης)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

διαθήκηςcovenantGenitivegenitive object of μνησθήσομαι→ relational specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant'; the 'former covenant' of the exodus generation, remembered and honored.

τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with προτέρας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

προτέραςformer / earlierGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying διαθήκης)→ relational specificationπρότερος: 'former / earlier'; renders רִאשֹׁנִים ('ancestors / former ones'); 'the former covenant' = the covenant made at the exodus with the previous generation; the adjective προτέρας looks back to the founding act of redemption.

ὅτεwhentemporal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτε: 'when'; introduces the exodus event that constituted the former covenant.

ἐξήγαγονI brought outAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐξάγωverb of temporal clause→ constative aorist (the exodus)ἐξάγω: 'lead out / bring out'; renders הוֹצִיא; the exodus-verb (cf. v. 13, ὁ ἐξαγαγών); the foundational saving act that grounds both blessing and mercy.

ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).

γῆςlandGenitiveobject of ἐκ→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'land'; it serves as object of ἐκ.

Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of relationship (with γῆς)→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος: 'Egypt'; the land of bondage from which they were redeemed (cf. v. 13).

ἐξout ofpreposition + genitive (separation, in apposition)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation, in apposition).

οἴκουhouseGenitiveobject of ἐξ (in apposition to γῆς Αἰγύπτου)→ relational specificationοἶκος: 'house / household'; the phrase οἶκος δουλείας ('house of bondage/slavery') renders בֵּית עֲבָדִים, the standard exodus epithet for Egypt (Exod 13:3; 20:2; Deut 5:6).

δουλείαςof bondage / slaveryGenitivegenitive (defining οἴκου: 'house of slavery')→ relational specificationδουλεία: 'slavery / bondage'; renders עֲבָדִים; Egypt as the 'house of bondage' from which YHWH redeemed them — the very servitude whose yoke he broke (v. 13).

ἔναντιbefore / in the sight ofpreposition + genitive (in view of)→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before / in the sight of'; renders לְעֵינֵי; the exodus was a public act 'in the sight of the nations,' so that YHWH's reputation is bound to his people's redemption (cf. Ezek 20:9).

τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἐθνῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐθνῶνnationsGenitiveobject of ἔναντι→ relational specificationἔθνος: 'nation / Gentile'; the nations before whom the exodus was performed — the same nations among whom Israel was later scattered (v. 33), now witnesses to the covenant's permanence.

τοῦtoGenitivearticle governing the infinitive εἶναι (purpose)→ noun-phrase markingὁ (gen. τοῦ): the articular infinitive τοῦ εἶναι expresses the purpose of the exodus — 'to be their God.'

εἶναιto bePres Act Inf · εἰμίarticular infinitive of purpose→ durative present infinitive (abiding relationship)εἰμί: 'be'; τοῦ εἶναι αὐτῶν θεός ('to be their God') restates the covenant-formula of v. 12 (ἔσομαι ὑμῶν θεός) — the purpose of the exodus and the goal of the covenant.

αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of relationship (predicate: 'their God')→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship (predicate: 'their God').

θεόςGodNominativepredicate nominative (with εἶναι)→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; the predicate of the covenant-formula — the exodus had as its end YHWH's being Israel's God, a purpose the exile cannot finally frustrate.

ἐγώINominativesubject (emphatic) of εἰμι→ participant referenceἐγώ: the closing self-asseveration ἐγώ εἰμι κύριος seals the mercy-promise with the covenant name.

εἰμιamPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίcopula (self-identification)→ timeless presentεἰμί: copula of the self-predication formula.

κύριοςLORDNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the final 'I am the LORD' closes the body of the chapter on the note of YHWH's unchanging identity.

ταῦτα τὰ κρίματα καὶ τὰ προστάγματα καὶ ὁ νόμος ὃν ἔδωκεν κύριος ἀνὰ μέσον αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ ἐν τῷ ὄρει Σινα ἐν χειρὶ Μωυσῆ

These are the judgments and the ordinances and the law that the LORD established between himself and the sons of Israel on Mount Sinai by the hand of Moses.

Colophon: the subscription to the Holiness Codeταῦτα τὰ κρίματα καὶ τὰ προστάγματα καὶ ὁ νόμος

The formal colophon closing the Holiness Code (and, with the appendix of ch. 27, the book): 'These are the judgments and ordinances and law' (the three terms summing the legislation) that YHWH established between himself and Israel at Sinai 'by the hand of Moses.' The Sinai-setting and Mosaic mediation authenticate the whole covenant document.

Word-by-word analysis· 28 words

ταῦταtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'these'; the summarizing demonstrative of a colophon, pointing back over the whole legislation just given.

τὰtheNominativearticle (with κρίματα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

κρίματαjudgments / ordinancesNominativepredicate nominative (in apposition to ταῦτα)→ participant prominenceκρίμα: 'judgment / legal decision'; renders מִשְׁפָּטִים; the first of the three summarizing terms; the same κρίματα Israel's soul loathed (v. 15) and disregarded (v. 43).

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὰtheNominativearticle (with προστάγματα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

προστάγματαordinances / statutesNominativepredicate nominative (in apposition)→ participant prominenceπρόσταγμα: 'ordinance / statute'; renders חֻקִּים; the second summarizing term; the statutes Israel was to walk in (v. 3).

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὁtheNominativearticle (with νόμος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

νόμοςlawNominativepredicate nominative (in apposition)→ participant prominenceνόμος: 'law / Torah'; renders תּוֹרָה; the third and comprehensive term — the whole 'law' of the covenant; νόμος is the key word of Paul's discussion of the Mosaic legislation (Rom 7; Gal 3).

ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἔδωκεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; antecedent the whole triad (construed by attraction to the nearest, ὁ νόμος); 'which the LORD gave.'

ἔδωκενgave / establishedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (the giving of the law at Sinai)δίδωμι: 'give / establish'; renders נָתַן; YHWH 'gave / established' the law — the giving-verb of the blessings (vv. 4, 6) now applied to the gift of the covenant-law itself.

κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ἔδωκεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the divine lawgiver.

ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (in idiom ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between')→ spatial or relational framingἀνά: in the idiom ἀνὰ μέσον ('in the midst of / between'), a Hebraism for בֵּין … וּבֵין ('between … and between').

μέσονmidstAccusativeobject in the idiom ἀνὰ μέσον ('between')→ object specificationμέσος: 'middle / midst'; ἀνὰ μέσον αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ ('between himself and the sons of Israel') marks the law as the bond of the covenant relationship.

αὐτοῦhimselfGenitivegenitive (one party: YHWH)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'himself' — YHWH as the first party of the covenant.

καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (idiom ἀνὰ μέσον)→ spatial or relational framingἀνά: the repeated ἀνὰ μέσον completes the 'between … and between' Hebraism.

μέσονmidstAccusativeobject in the idiom ἀνὰ μέσον→ object specificationμέσος: the second member of the 'between' construction.

τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with υἱῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive (the other party of the covenant)→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ('the sons of Israel') is the standard designation of the covenant people.

Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable in the LXX; the covenant nation, the other party to the Sinai covenant.

ἐνon / atpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).

τῷtheDativearticle (with ὄρει)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὄρειmountainDativedative of place (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceὄρος: 'mountain'; renders הַר; Mount Sinai, the place of covenant-revelation, authenticates the whole Holiness Code.

ΣιναSinaigenitive/appositive (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣινα: transliteration of Hebrew סִינַי; indeclinable in the LXX; Mount Sinai, the mountain of the law-giving (cf. Exod 19–24; Gal 4:24–25).

ἐνbypreposition + dative (means/agency)→ spatial or relational framingἐν χειρί: 'by the hand of' — a Hebraism (בְּיַד) for mediated agency.

χειρὶhandDativedative of means (idiom: 'by the hand of')→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand'; ἐν χειρὶ Μωυσῆ ('by the hand of Moses') marks Moses as the mediator of the covenant-law (cf. Gal 3:19, the law 'ordained through angels by the hand of a mediator').

Μωυσῆof MosesGenitivegenitive (the mediator: 'by the hand of Moses')→ relational specificationΜωυσῆς: transliteration of Hebrew מֹשֶׁה; declined as a first-declension noun in Rahlfs' LXX (gen. Μωυσῆ); Moses the covenant-mediator through whom the law was given.

The Book of Leviticus, Chapter 26ΛΕΥΙΤΙΚΟΝ ΚϚ′

Theme

Translation & textual notes