1
καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων
And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
The formula καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων is the recurrent header introducing each new legal block in Leviticus (cf. 1:1; 4:1; 6:1); here it opens the book's final appendix on vows, set apart from the covenant blessings-and-curses of ch. 26. The paratactic καί and the redundant participle λέγων calque the Hebrew narrative idiom וַיְדַבֵּר … לֵאמֹר.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (single completed speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak / talk'; renders Hebrew דִּבֶּר (Piel); the aorist ἐλάλησεν opens the divine commission; the full formula καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων marks each new legal section in Leviticus.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the nominative subject marks this as unmediated YHWH-speech to Moses.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (recipient of speech)→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: transliteration of Hebrew מֹשֶׁה; declined as a first/second-declension noun in Rahlfs' LXX (gen. Μωυσῆ, acc. Μωυσῆν); accusative here as the directional object of πρός.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Masc Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing direct speech)→ redundant participle (Hebraism calquing לֵאמֹר)λέγω: the nominative masculine participle λέγων agrees with κύριος; the construction ἐλάλησεν … λέγων reproduces the Hebrew דִּבֶּר … לֵאמֹר, where the participle functions as a quotation-marker introducing the content of the speech.
2
λάλησον τοῖς υἱοῖς Ισραηλ καὶ ἐρεῖς αὐτοῖς ὃς ἂν εὔξηται εὐχὴν ὥστε τιμὴν τῆς ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ τῷ κυρίῳ
Speak to the sons of Israel and say to them: Whoever vows a vow so as to give the value of his life to the LORD —
The paired imperatives λάλησον … καὶ ἐρεῖς (aorist + future) form the standard LXX transmission formula. The relative ὃς ἂν εὔξηται with the aorist subjunctive opens the casuistic case-law ('whoever vows…'); the genitive τιμὴν τῆς ψυχῆς ('value of a soul') defines the vow's object as a person dedicated to the LORD whose monetary equivalence must be paid.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
λάλησονspeakAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (divine imperative to Moses)→ ingressive aorist imperative (commissioned speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak'; the aorist imperative λάλησον frames the transmission of the law as a single decisive act; renders the Hebrew דַּבֵּר.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativedative indirect object (addressees)→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; the phrase οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ('the sons/children of Israel') renders בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, the standard LXX designation of the covenant people.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable in the LXX; here functioning as a possessive genitive with υἱοῖς ('the sons of Israel').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρεῖςyou shall sayFut Act Indic 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb (future with imperatival force)→ volitive future (command expressed as prediction)λέγω (fut. ἐρῶ): 'say'; the future ἐρεῖς has imperatival force, a Hebraism rendering וְאָמַרְתָּ; the pairing λάλησον … καὶ ἐρεῖς is the standard double formula for delivering legislation to Israel.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: third-person pronoun; dative of the addressees (the sons of Israel).
ὃςwhoeverNominativerelative pronoun (subject of casuistic protasis)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; with ἄν and the subjunctive (ὃς ἂν εὔξηται) forms the indefinite-relative 'whoever', the standard opening of casuistic case-law (rendering אִישׁ כִּי / אֲשֶׁר).
ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive in indefinite-relative clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: modal particle generalizing the relative ὅς into 'whoever'; obligatory with the aorist subjunctive in conditional-relative clauses.
εὔξηταιvowsAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · εὔχομαιverb of indefinite-relative protasis→ aorist subjunctive (generalizing condition)εὔχομαι: 'vow / pray / make a vow'; renders Hebrew נָדַר; the cognate-accusative εὔξηται εὐχήν ('vow a vow') calques the Hebrew נֶדֶר נָדַר; the middle voice is normal for this deponent verb of religious commitment.
εὐχὴνa vowAccusativecognate accusative (object of εὔξηται)→ object specificationεὐχή: 'vow / prayer'; renders נֶדֶר; the cognate accusative with εὔχομαι intensifies the act of vowing; here the εὐχή is specifically a votive dedication of a person to the LORD.
ὥστεso as to giveconjunction (result/purpose introducing the vow's object)→ discourse linkage or contrastὥστε: 'so that / so as to'; here introduces the content/result of the vow — the payment of the assessed value; the LXX uses ὥστε to render the construction whereby a vow obligates the giving of an equivalence.
τιμὴνvalueAccusativeaccusative (object implied with the votive obligation)→ object specificationτιμή: 'price / valuation / assessed worth'; renders Hebrew עֵרֶךְ ('assessment'); τιμή is the governing term of the whole chapter, denoting the fixed monetary equivalence owed when a person is vowed to the LORD.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχῆςsoul / lifeGenitivegenitive (the person being valued)→ relational specificationψυχή: 'soul / life / person'; renders נֶפֶשׁ; τιμὴ τῆς ψυχῆς ('value of a soul') denotes the monetary equivalence of the human being dedicated by the vow — the person is not killed but redeemed at the tariff that follows.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with ψυχῆς)→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive; 'of his soul/life' — the person whose value the vower has pledged.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient (the one to whom the vow is made)→ sphere or referenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the dative τῷ κυρίῳ marks YHWH as the recipient of the vow and its valuation — the whole transaction is sacral, directed Godward.
3
ἔσται ἡ τιμὴ τοῦ ἄρσενος ἀπὸ εἰκοσαετοῦς ἕως ἑξηκονταετοῦς ἔσται αὐτοῦ ἡ τιμὴ πεντήκοντα δίδραχμα ἀργυρίου τῷ σταθμῷ τῷ ἁγίῳ
the value of a male from twenty years old to sixty years old shall be — his value shall be fifty didrachmas of silver by the holy standard;
The casuistic apodosis opens the graded tariff. The age-band twenty-to-sixty (prime working years) carries the highest valuation, fifty sanctuary shekels. The doubled ἔσται frames the assessment emphatically; the qualifier τῷ σταθμῷ τῷ ἁγίῳ ('by the holy standard') fixes the currency as the sacred shekel, distinct from common weights.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (predicating the valuation)→ predictive/legislative future (fixed statutory provision)εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; the legislative future states the binding tariff; the future of εἰμί is supplied from the middle deponent γενήσομαι-type stem (ἔσομαι).
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τιμὴvalueNominativesubject of ἔσται→ participant prominenceτιμή: 'valuation / assessed price'; subject of the copula; the chapter's governing noun for the fixed equivalence owed to the LORD.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρσενοςmaleGenitivegenitive (the person valued: a male)→ relational specificationἄρσην (gen. ἄρσενος): 'male'; renders זָכָר; substantivized adjective; the tariff is sex-differentiated, the male consistently valued higher than the female.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (lower bound of age-band)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό … ἕως: the standard LXX construction for an inclusive range ('from … to').
εἰκοσαετοῦςtwenty years oldGenitivegenitive (lower age-bound)→ relational specificationεἰκοσαετής: 'twenty years old'; a compound adjective (εἴκοσι + ἔτος); renders Hebrew בֶּן עֶשְׂרִים שָׁנָה; the lower boundary of the prime age-band.
ἕωςto / untilpreposition + genitive (upper bound of age-band)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until / as far as'; with ἀπό completes the inclusive age-range.
ἑξηκονταετοῦςsixty years oldGenitivegenitive (upper age-bound)→ relational specificationἑξηκονταετής: 'sixty years old'; compound adjective (ἑξήκοντα + ἔτος); the upper boundary of the prime band, beyond which valuation drops (v. 7).
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (resumptive, restating the valuation)→ legislative future (statutory provision)εἰμί (fut.): the resumptive ἔσται restates the verb after the parenthetical age-range, a Hebraizing repetition for clarity.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with τιμή)→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive resuming τοῦ ἄρσενος ('his value').
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τιμὴvalueNominativesubject (resumptive)→ participant prominenceτιμή: resumptive subject after the age-range parenthesis.
πεντήκονταfiftyindeclinable numeral (modifying δίδραχμα)→ measure or countπεντήκοντα: 'fifty'; indeclinable cardinal; the highest valuation in the tariff, for the prime-age male.
δίδραχμαdidrachmas / shekelsAccusativeaccusative of price/measure (the assessed sum)→ object specificationδίδραχμον: 'didrachm / double-drachma'; the LXX's standard equivalent for the Hebrew שֶׁקֶל (shekel); the sanctuary shekel is here the unit of valuation (cf. v. 25, twenty obols to the didrachm).
ἀργυρίουof silverGenitivegenitive of material (with δίδραχμα)→ relational specificationἀργύριον: 'silver / silver money'; renders כֶּסֶף; specifies the metal of the shekel-payment.
τῷby theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σταθμῷstandard / weightDativedative of standard (by which the silver is weighed)→ sphere or referenceσταθμός: 'weight / standard of weighing'; renders שֶׁקֶל הַקֹּדֶשׁ here as the measuring standard; τῷ σταθμῷ τῷ ἁγίῳ ('by the holy standard') fixes the valuation in the sacred shekel-weight of the sanctuary (cf. Exod 30:13).
τῷtheDativearticle (attributive, with ἁγίῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁγίῳholyDativeattributive adjective (modifying σταθμῷ)→ sphere or referenceἅγιος: 'holy / set apart'; renders קֹדֶשׁ; the 'holy standard' is the official sanctuary weight, distinguishing sacral currency from common commercial weights.
4
τῆς δὲ θηλείας ἔσται ἡ συντίμησις τριάκοντα δίδραχμα
but of a female the valuation shall be thirty didrachmas.
δέ marks the male/female contrast within the same age-band. The female valuation (thirty shekels) is three-fifths of the male; the synonym συντίμησις ('assessment') varies the chapter's τιμή vocabulary without semantic difference.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutmild adversative (post-positive: male/female contrast)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive particle marking the contrast between the male tariff (v. 3) and the female.
θηλείαςfemaleGenitivegenitive (the person valued: a female)→ relational specificationθῆλυς (fem. θήλεια): 'female'; renders נְקֵבָה; substantivized; the female valuation runs consistently below the male across all four age-bands.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ legislative future (statutory provision)εἰμί (fut.): the legislative future stating the binding female valuation.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συντίμησιςvaluationNominativesubject of ἔσται→ participant prominenceσυντίμησις: 'assessment / total valuation'; a compound (σύν + τιμάω) synonymous with τιμή; the LXX varies its valuation-vocabulary (τιμή, συντίμησις, τίμημα) without difference of meaning, all rendering forms of עֵרֶךְ.
τριάκονταthirtyindeclinable numeral (modifying δίδραχμα)→ measure or countτριάκοντα: 'thirty'; indeclinable cardinal; the female prime-age valuation, three-fifths of the male fifty.
δίδραχμαdidrachmas / shekelsAccusativeaccusative of price/measure→ object specificationδίδραχμον: 'didrachm / shekel'; the unit of valuation throughout the tariff (vv. 3–7).
5
ἐὰν δὲ ἀπὸ πενταετοῦς ἕως εἴκοσι ἐτῶν ἔσται ἡ τιμὴ τοῦ ἄρσενος εἴκοσι δίδραχμα τῆς δὲ θηλείας δέκα δίδραχμα
And if from five years old to twenty years old, the value of a male shall be twenty didrachmas, but of a female ten didrachmas.
The conditional ἐάν with subjunctive ἔσται (here functioning in the future) opens the second tariff-band, ages five to twenty. Both valuations drop sharply from the prime band (male 20, female 10), reflecting the convention of assessing economic capacity rather than personal worth.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (introducing the case)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces each successive tariff-case; with the ellipsis of the verb ('if [the person is] from five…').
δὲand / nowtransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the move to the next age-band.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (lower age-bound)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (lower age-bound).
πενταετοῦςfive years oldGenitivegenitive (lower age-bound)→ relational specificationπενταετής: 'five years old'; compound adjective (πέντε + ἔτος); the lower boundary of the second band.
ἕωςto / untilpreposition + genitive (upper age-bound)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (upper age-bound).
εἴκοσιtwentyindeclinable numeral (modifying ἐτῶν)→ measure or countεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; indeclinable cardinal; here the upper age-bound (twenty years).
ἐτῶνyearsGenitivegenitive of measure (with εἴκοσι: 'twenty years')→ relational specificationἔτος: 'year'; genitive plural with the numeral; renders שָׁנָה.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ legislative future (statutory provision)εἰμί (fut.): the legislative future stating the tariff for this band.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τιμὴvalueNominativesubject of ἔσται→ participant prominenceτιμή: 'valuation'; the chapter's governing noun.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρσενοςmaleGenitivegenitive (the person valued)→ relational specificationἄρσην: 'male'; renders זָכָר.
εἴκοσιtwentyindeclinable numeral (modifying δίδραχμα)→ measure or countεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; the male valuation for ages five-to-twenty.
δίδραχμαdidrachmasAccusativeaccusative of price/measure→ object specificationδίδραχμον: 'shekel'; the valuation unit.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutmild adversative (post-positive: male/female contrast)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: the male/female contrast within the band.
θηλείαςfemaleGenitivegenitive (the person valued)→ relational specificationθήλεια: 'female'; renders נְקֵבָה.
δέκαtenindeclinable numeral (modifying δίδραχμα)→ measure or countδέκα: 'ten'; the female valuation for this band, half the male.
δίδραχμαdidrachmasAccusativeaccusative of price/measure→ object specificationδίδραχμον: 'shekel'.
6
ἀπὸ δὲ μηνιαίου ἕως πενταετοῦς ἔσται ἡ τιμὴ τοῦ ἄρσενος πέντε δίδραχμα ἀργυρίου τῆς δὲ θηλείας τρία δίδραχμα
And from a month old to five years old, the value of a male shall be five didrachmas of silver, but of a female three didrachmas.
The third band runs from one month (the age at which the firstborn is redeemed, Num 18:16) to five years; the infant valuations are the lowest of the working tariff (male 5, female 3). Children under a month are not assessed at all.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (lower age-bound)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (lower age-bound).
δὲand / nowtransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the move to the next age-band.
μηνιαίουa month oldGenitivegenitive (lower age-bound)→ relational specificationμηνιαῖος: 'a month old / monthly'; from μήν ('month'); the lower threshold of valuation, corresponding to the age of firstborn-redemption (Num 18:16).
ἕωςto / untilpreposition + genitive (upper age-bound)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (upper age-bound).
πενταετοῦςfive years oldGenitivegenitive (upper age-bound)→ relational specificationπενταετής: 'five years old'; the upper boundary of the infant band.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ legislative future (statutory provision)εἰμί (fut.): legislative future.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τιμὴvalueNominativesubject of ἔσται→ participant prominenceτιμή: 'valuation'.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρσενοςmaleGenitivegenitive (the person valued)→ relational specificationἄρσην: 'male'.
πέντεfiveindeclinable numeral (modifying δίδραχμα)→ measure or countπέντε: 'five'; the male infant valuation.
δίδραχμαdidrachmasAccusativeaccusative of price/measure→ object specificationδίδραχμον: 'shekel'.
ἀργυρίουof silverGenitivegenitive of material (with δίδραχμα)→ relational specificationἀργύριον: 'silver'; renders כֶּסֶף.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutmild adversative (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: the male/female contrast.
θηλείαςfemaleGenitivegenitive (the person valued)→ relational specificationθήλεια: 'female'.
τρίαthreeAccusativenumeral adjective (modifying δίδραχμα)→ measure or countτρεῖς, τρία: 'three'; the neuter τρία agrees with δίδραχμα; the female infant valuation.
δίδραχμαdidrachmasAccusativeaccusative of price/measure→ object specificationδίδραχμον: 'shekel'.
7
ἐὰν δὲ ἀπὸ ἑξηκονταετῶν καὶ ἐπάνω ἐὰν μὲν ἄρσεν ᾖ ἔσται ἡ τιμὴ πεντεκαίδεκα δίδραχμα ἀργυρίου ἐὰν δὲ θήλεια δέκα δίδραχμα
And if from sixty years old and upward — if it be male, the value shall be fifteen didrachmas of silver; but if female, ten didrachmas.
The final band covers age sixty and upward, with the μέν…δέ pair (ἐὰν μὲν ἄρσεν … ἐὰν δὲ θήλεια) balancing the two valuations. The elderly tariff (male 15, female 10) drops from the prime band but the female rate falls proportionally less, narrowing the gap in old age.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; opens the fourth case.
δὲand / nowtransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the final age-band.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (lower age-bound)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (lower age-bound).
ἑξηκονταετῶνsixty years oldGenitivegenitive (lower age-bound)→ relational specificationἑξηκονταετής: 'sixty years old'; here genitive plural; the threshold of old age.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάνωupward / aboveadverb (open-ended upper bound: 'and upward')→ clausal contributionἐπάνω: 'above / upward'; the idiom καὶ ἐπάνω ('and upward') renders וָמַעְלָה, leaving the upper age open.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (sub-case: male)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: introduces the male sub-case, paired with μέν.
μὲνindeed / on the one handcorrelative particle (μέν…δέ)→ discourse linkage or contrastμέν: correlative with the following ἐὰν δέ, balancing the male and female sub-cases.
ἄρσενmaleNominativepredicate nominative (with ᾖ)→ participant prominenceἄρσην (neut. ἄρσεν): 'male'; predicate of the copula ᾖ ('if it be male').
ᾖit bePres Act Subj 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of conditional protasis→ present subjunctive (generalizing condition)εἰμί (pres. subj.): 'be'; the subjunctive ᾖ after ἐάν states the condition 'if it be male'.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (apodosis)→ legislative future (statutory provision)εἰμί (fut.): legislative future of the apodosis.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τιμὴvalueNominativesubject of ἔσται→ participant prominenceτιμή: 'valuation'.
πεντεκαίδεκαfifteenindeclinable numeral (modifying δίδραχμα)→ clausal contributionπεντεκαίδεκα: 'fifteen'; indeclinable cardinal; the male valuation for old age.
δίδραχμαdidrachmasAccusativeaccusative of price/measure→ object specificationδίδραχμον: 'shekel'.
ἀργυρίουof silverGenitivegenitive of material→ relational specificationἀργύριον: 'silver'.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (sub-case: female)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: introduces the female sub-case.
δὲbutcorrelative adversative (answering μέν)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: completes the μέν…δέ pair, marking the female counterpart.
θήλειαfemaleNominativepredicate nominative (with elided ᾖ)→ participant prominenceθήλεια: 'female'; predicate of an elided copula ('but if [it be] female').
δέκαtenindeclinable numeral (modifying δίδραχμα)→ measure or countδέκα: 'ten'; the female valuation for old age — two-thirds of the male, the narrowest ratio of any band.
δίδραχμαdidrachmasAccusativeaccusative of price/measure→ object specificationδίδραχμον: 'shekel'.
8
ἐὰν δὲ ταπεινὸς ᾖ τῇ τιμῇ στήσεται ἐναντίον τοῦ ἱερέως καὶ τιμήσεται αὐτὸν ὁ ἱερεύς καθάπερ ἰσχύει ἡ χεὶρ τοῦ εὐξαμένου τιμήσεται αὐτὸν ὁ ἱερεύς
But if he be too poor for the valuation, he shall stand before the priest, and the priest shall value him; according as the hand of the one who vowed can afford, the priest shall value him.
The closing case of the persons-tariff makes a mercy-provision: if the vower is too poor (ταπεινὸς … τῇ τιμῇ) to meet the fixed rate, the priest sets a value scaled to what 'his hand can afford' (καθάπερ ἰσχύει ἡ χεὶρ). The Hebraism ἡ χεὶρ τοῦ εὐξαμένου ('the hand of the one who vowed') denotes economic capacity; the repeated τιμήσεται αὐτὸν ὁ ἱερεύς frames the priest's discretionary assessment as the decisive act.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; opens the poverty-concession case.
δὲbuttransitional/adversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the exceptional case of the poor vower.
ταπεινὸςpoor / lowlyNominativepredicate nominative (with ᾖ)→ participant prominenceταπεινός: 'low / poor / humble'; renders Hebrew מָךְ ('poor / impoverished'); here 'too poor (for the valuation)' — of insufficient means to meet the fixed tariff; the same root underlies the LXX's rich theology of the ταπεινοί, the lowly whom God lifts up.
ᾖhe bePres Act Subj 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of conditional protasis→ present subjunctive (generalizing condition)εἰμί (pres. subj.): 'be'; states the condition of poverty.
τῇfor theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τιμῇvaluationDativedative of respect (poor 'with respect to / for' the valuation)→ sphere or referenceτιμή: 'valuation'; dative of reference — too poor in relation to the assessed price.
στήσεταιhe shall standFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (apodosis: presenting before the priest)→ predictive/legislative future (procedural action)ἵστημι (fut. mid. στήσεται): 'stand / present oneself'; the middle/intransitive future denotes presenting oneself before the priest for assessment; renders עָמַד / הֶעֱמִיד.
ἐναντίονbeforepreposition + genitive (in the presence of)→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before / in the presence of'; Hebraism rendering לִפְנֵי; locates the assessment in the priest's presence.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέωςpriestGenitivegenitive object of ἐναντίον→ relational specificationἱερεύς: 'priest'; renders כֹּהֵן; the priest is the authorized assessor who scales the valuation to the poor man's means.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τιμήσεταιshall valueFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · τιμάωmain verb (priest's assessment)→ predictive/legislative future (priestly act of valuation)τιμάω: 'assess / set a price on / value'; renders הֶעֱרִיךְ; the middle τιμήσεται is the technical verb for the priest's act of fixing a valuation; cognate with τιμή.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object (the person assessed)→ participant referenceαὐτός: third-person pronoun; the poor vower assessed by the priest.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεύςpriestNominativesubject of τιμήσεται→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; the assessing subject.
καθάπερaccording ascomparative conjunction (introducing the means-clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθάπερ: 'just as / according as'; introduces the criterion by which the priest scales the valuation — the vower's economic capacity.
ἰσχύειis able / can affordPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἰσχύωverb of comparative clause→ customary present (habitual capacity)ἰσχύω: 'be strong / be able / have power'; here idiomatic with χείρ — 'as the hand is strong/able', i.e. as one can afford; renders the Hebrew idiom הִשִּׂיגָה יָד ('the hand reaches/attains').
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεὶρhandNominativesubject of ἰσχύει (idiom for means/capacity)→ participant prominenceχείρ: 'hand'; in the idiom ἰσχύει ἡ χείρ ('the hand is able'), 'hand' is a Hebraism (יָד) for economic power or means; the valuation is scaled to what the vower can pay.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with substantivized participle)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐξαμένουthe one who vowedAor Mid Part Gen Masc Sg · εὔχομαιsubstantivized participle (genitive of possession with χείρ)→ constative aorist participle (the completed act of vowing)εὔχομαι: 'vow'; the aorist middle participle substantivized with the article, 'the one who has vowed' — the same verb as v. 2; the genitive specifies whose 'hand' (means) sets the scale.
τιμήσεταιshall valueFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · τιμάωmain verb (resumptive, restating the priest's act)→ predictive/legislative future (priestly assessment)τιμάω: the resumptive τιμήσεται repeats the priest's assessing act for emphasis, a Hebraizing repetition framing the concession.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτός: the assessed vower.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεύςpriestNominativesubject of τιμήσεται→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; the assessing subject (resumptive).
9
ἐὰν δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν κτηνῶν τῶν προσφερομένων ἀπ᾿ αὐτῶν δῶρον τῷ κυρίῳ ὃς ἂν δῷ ἀπὸ τούτων τῷ κυρίῳ ἔσται ἅγιον
And if it be from the animals that are offered as a gift to the LORD, whoever gives any of these to the LORD — it shall be holy.
The vow-law moves from persons (vv. 2–8) to animals. A clean animal — one of the species 'offered as a gift to the LORD' (τῶν προσφερομένων … δῶρον) — once vowed becomes holy (ἅγιον) and is irrevocably the LORD's. The participle τῶν προσφερομένων defines the eligible category; the predicate ἅγιον anticipates the no-exchange rule of v. 10.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; opens the animal-vow case.
δὲand / nowtransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the shift from persons to animals.
ἀπὸfrom / ofpreposition + genitive (partitive: 'from among the animals')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive 'from among'; the vow concerns one taken from the class of offerable beasts.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτηνῶνanimals / cattleGenitivegenitive (partitive with ἀπό)→ relational specificationκτῆνος: 'beast / domestic animal'; renders בְּהֵמָה; here the livestock from which sacrificial gifts are drawn.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with participle)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσφερομένωνthat are offeredPres Pass Part Gen Neut Pl · προσφέρωattributive participle (modifying κτηνῶν)→ customary present passive (the class regularly brought as offering)προσφέρω: 'bring to / offer / present'; the standard LXX verb for presenting sacrifice (rendering הִקְרִיב); the attributive participle defines the clean, sacrificable species as opposed to the unclean of v. 11.
ἀπ᾿of / frompreposition + genitive (partitive, elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive; 'from them' = from such animals.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of ἀπ᾿ (partitive)→ relational specificationαὐτός: refers back to the κτήνη.
δῶρονa gift / offeringAccusativeaccusative in apposition / object (the offered gift)→ object specificationδῶρον: 'gift / offering'; renders קָרְבָּן ('oblation'); the technical term for a sacrificial presentation to the LORD.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; recipient of the offering.
ὃςwhoeverNominativerelative pronoun (subject of δῷ, indefinite-relative)→ participant referenceὅς: with ἄν and subjunctive, 'whoever'; resumes the casuistic frame.
ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: generalizing particle with δῷ.
δῷgivesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · δίδωμιverb of indefinite-relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (generalizing condition)δίδωμι: 'give'; renders נָתַן; the aorist subjunctive δῷ states the votive giving as a single act.
ἀπὸof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive).
τούτωνtheseGenitivedemonstrative (partitive: 'any of these')→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'this'; refers to the offerable animals.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (apodosis)→ legislative future (statutory consequence)εἰμί (fut.): states the legal status conferred — the vowed beast becomes holy.
ἅγιονholyNominativepredicate adjective (with ἔσται)→ participant prominenceἅγιος: 'holy / set apart'; renders קֹדֶשׁ; the vowed clean animal passes irrevocably into the sacred sphere, grounding the no-exchange rule that follows.
10
οὐκ ἀλλάξει αὐτὸ καλὸν πονηρῷ οὐδὲ πονηρὸν καλῷ ἐὰν δὲ ἀλλάσσων ἀλλάξῃ αὐτὸ κτῆνος κτήνει ἔσται αὐτὸ καὶ τὸ ἄλλαγμα ἅγια
He shall not exchange it, good for bad nor bad for good; but if by exchanging he does exchange it, animal for animal, then both it and its substitute shall be holy.
The vowed clean animal is sealed by a double prohibition (καλὸν πονηρῷ … πονηρὸν καλῷ) against substitution. The cognate construction ἀλλάσσων ἀλλάξῃ ('by exchanging exchange') is a Hebraizing emphatic intensifier; the penalty is sacral inflation — not loss of holiness but its doubling: both the original and the substitute become holy (ἅγια).
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἀλλάξει)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negation of the prohibition; with the future ἀλλάξει it expresses a legal interdiction ('he shall not').
ἀλλάξειshall exchangeFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀλλάσσωmain verb (prohibitive future)→ prohibitive future (legal interdiction)ἀλλάσσω: 'change / exchange / substitute'; renders Hebrew הֵמִיר ('exchange'); the future + οὐ functions as an apodictic prohibition; the verb governs the whole no-substitution rule for consecrated beasts.
αὐτὸitAccusativedirect object (the vowed animal)→ participant referenceαὐτός: neuter, referring to the vowed κτῆνος.
καλὸνgoodAccusativeaccusative (predicative/appositional: 'a good one')→ object specificationκαλός: 'good / sound'; renders טוֹב; one may not swap a good beast for a bad (πονηρῷ) — the substitution-pair forbids upgrading or downgrading the consecrated animal.
πονηρῷfor a bad oneDativedative of exchange (the thing swapped in)→ sphere or referenceπονηρός: 'bad / inferior / defective'; renders רַע; dative of exchange — 'good for bad'.
οὐδὲnornegative coordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδέ: 'and not / nor'; couples the reverse case.
πονηρὸνbadAccusativeaccusative (predicative/appositional: 'a bad one')→ object specificationπονηρός: 'bad'; the reverse exchange ('bad for good') is equally forbidden.
καλῷfor a good oneDativedative of exchange→ sphere or referenceκαλός: 'good'; dative of exchange — 'bad for good'.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (penalty case)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: introduces the violation-and-penalty case.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the hypothetical transgression.
ἀλλάσσωνexchangingPres Act Part Nom Masc Sg · ἀλλάσσωcomplementary participle (Hebraizing intensifier with ἀλλάξῃ)→ intensifying participle (rendering the Hebrew infinitive absolute)ἀλλάσσω: the present participle ἀλλάσσων with the finite ἀλλάξῃ ('by exchanging he exchange') calques the Hebrew infinitive-absolute construction הָמֵר יָמִיר, expressing emphatic certainty ('if he actually does exchange it').
ἀλλάξῃexchangesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἀλλάσσωverb of conditional protasis→ aorist subjunctive (hypothetical transgression)ἀλλάσσω (aor. subj.): the finite verb of the cognate construction; states the act of unlawful substitution that triggers the doubling penalty.
αὐτὸitAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτός: the vowed animal.
κτῆνοςanimalAccusativeaccusative (in apposition: 'animal [for] animal')→ object specificationκτῆνος: 'beast'; the exchanged-in animal.
κτήνειfor an animalDativedative of exchange ('animal for animal')→ sphere or referenceκτῆνος (dat. κτήνει): the phrase κτῆνος κτήνει ('beast for beast') specifies the substitution-pair.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (apodosis: penalty)→ legislative future (penalty provision)εἰμί (fut.): states the doubling penalty — both beasts become holy.
αὐτὸitNominativesubject (the original animal)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the original vowed beast, joined with its substitute as subject of ἅγια.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄλλαγμαsubstitute / exchangeNominativesubject (the exchanged-in animal)→ participant prominenceἄλλαγμα: 'thing exchanged / substitute / price'; cognate with ἀλλάσσω; renders תְּמוּרָה ('exchange'); the substitute animal also falls under holiness — the penalty doubles the dedication rather than annulling it.
ἅγιαholyNominativepredicate adjective (neuter plural, with the two subjects)→ participant prominenceἅγιος: 'holy'; the neuter plural ἅγια predicates holiness of both αὐτό and τὸ ἄλλαγμα — both the original and the substitute belong to the LORD.
11
ἐὰν δὲ πᾶν κτῆνος ἀκάθαρτον ἀφ᾿ ὧν οὐ προσφέρεται ἀπ᾿ αὐτῶν δῶρον τῷ κυρίῳ στήσει τὸ κτῆνος ἔναντι τοῦ ἱερέως
But if it be any unclean animal, of those from which no gift is offered to the LORD, he shall stand the animal before the priest,
δέ contrasts with the clean-animal case (vv. 9–10). An unclean beast — ineligible as sacrifice (ἀφ᾿ ὧν οὐ προσφέρεται … δῶρον) — cannot itself be offered, so it is brought (στήσει) before the priest for monetary assessment, paralleling the procedure for the poor man in v. 8.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: opens the unclean-animal case.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: contrasts the unclean with the clean beast.
πᾶνany / everyNominativeadjective (modifying κτῆνος)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'every / any'; the neuter πᾶν agrees with κτῆνος; embraces the whole class of unclean animals.
κτῆνοςanimalNominativenominative (topic of the case-law)→ participant prominenceκτῆνος: 'beast / animal'; here an unclean one.
ἀκάθαρτονuncleanNominativeattributive adjective (modifying κτῆνος)→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean / impure'; renders טָמֵא; the unclean animal is ritually ineligible as a δῶρον and so must be redeemed by valuation rather than offered.
ἀφ᾿of / frompreposition + genitive (partitive, elided)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive; introduces the relative clause defining the class.
ὧνwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive with ἀφ᾿)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; 'from which' — defining the non-offerable class.
οὐnotnegative particle (with προσφέρεται)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negation; these are not brought as offering.
προσφέρεταιis offeredPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · προσφέρωverb of relative clause→ customary present passive (class that is never offered)προσφέρω: 'offer / present'; the passive present states the standing rule that no sacrificial gift is drawn from unclean animals.
ἀπ᾿of / frompreposition + genitive (partitive, elided)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: resumptive partitive ('from them').
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of ἀπ᾿→ relational specificationαὐτός: the unclean animals.
δῶρονa gift / offeringAccusativeaccusative (subject of passive, retained object)→ object specificationδῶρον: 'offering'; renders קָרְבָּן; no oblation may come from such beasts.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton.
στήσειhe shall stand / presentFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (transitive: 'set the animal before')→ predictive/legislative future (procedural act)ἵστημι (fut. act. στήσει): 'cause to stand / present / set'; the transitive active future — the owner sets the unclean beast before the priest for valuation (cf. the intransitive στήσεται of v. 8).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτῆνοςanimalAccusativedirect object of στήσει→ object specificationκτῆνος: 'beast'; the unclean animal presented for assessment.
ἔναντιbeforepreposition + genitive (in the presence of)→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before / in the presence of'; a near-synonym of ἐναντίον; Hebraism rendering לִפְנֵי.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέωςpriestGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationἱερεύς: 'priest'; the authorized assessor of the unclean beast's value.
12
καὶ τιμήσεται αὐτὸ ὁ ἱερεὺς ἀνὰ μέσον καλοῦ καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον πονηροῦ καὶ καθότι ἂν τιμήσεται ὁ ἱερεύς οὕτως στήσεται
and the priest shall value it between good and bad; and as the priest values it, so shall it stand.
The priest's valuation 'between good and bad' (ἀνὰ μέσον καλοῦ … πονηροῦ) is a fair-market assessment splitting the difference between quality grades. The clause καθότι ἂν τιμήσεται … οὕτως στήσεται ('as he values, so it shall stand') makes the priestly assessment legally binding and final.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τιμήσεταιshall valueFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · τιμάωmain verb (priest's assessment)→ predictive/legislative future (priestly valuation)τιμάω: 'assess / set a price'; the priest fixes the redemption value of the unclean beast.
αὐτὸitAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτός: the unclean animal.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject of τιμήσεται→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; the assessor.
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (in idiom ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between')→ spatial or relational framingἀνά: in the idiom ἀνὰ μέσον … καί ('between … and'); renders the Hebrew בֵּין … וּבֵין; a fair valuation midway between quality grades.
μέσονthe midstAccusativeaccusative in the idiom ἀνὰ μέσον→ object specificationμέσος: 'middle'; the idiom ἀνὰ μέσον = 'between / in the midst of'.
καλοῦgoodGenitivegenitive (first term of 'between good and bad')→ relational specificationκαλός: 'good'; the upper grade of the assessment-range.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (linking the idiom's two poles)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (repeated in idiom ἀνὰ μέσον)→ spatial or relational framingἀνά: the repeated ἀνὰ μέσον is a Hebraizing reduplication of the בֵּין … וּבֵין idiom.
μέσονthe midstAccusativeaccusative in the idiom→ object specificationμέσος: 'middle'.
πονηροῦbadGenitivegenitive (second term of 'between good and bad')→ relational specificationπονηρός: 'bad / inferior'; the lower grade of the assessment-range.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθότιaccording ascomparative conjunction (correlative with οὕτως)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθότι: 'according as / in so far as'; with the following οὕτως sets up the 'as … so' correlation that makes the assessment binding.
ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive-equivalent future)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: generalizing particle in the comparative clause.
τιμήσεταιvaluesFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · τιμάωverb of comparative clause→ future with ἄν (generalizing: 'however he values')τιμάω: the repeated valuation-verb; 'however the priest assesses it' — the standard against which the binding result is measured.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεύςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'.
οὕτωςsocorrelative adverb (answering καθότι)→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / so'; completes the 'as … so' correlation, making the priest's figure final.
στήσεταιit shall standFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (the valuation 'stands' = is fixed)→ predictive/legislative future (binding establishment)ἵστημι (fut. mid. στήσεται): 'stand / be established'; here of the valuation being legally fixed — 'so shall it stand', i.e. the priest's figure is binding.
13
ἐὰν δὲ λυτρούμενος λυτρώσηται αὐτό προσθήσει τὸ ἐπίπεμπτον πρὸς τὴν τιμὴν αὐτοῦ
But if, redeeming it, he redeems it, he shall add the fifth part to its valuation.
The redemption of the assessed unclean animal carries a 20% surcharge (τὸ ἐπίπεμπτον, 'the fifth part'), the standard penalty for reclaiming what one has dedicated. The cognate λυτρούμενος λυτρώσηται ('redeeming he redeem') is again a Hebraizing emphatic, marking the act of redemption as deliberate; the same fifth recurs for house (v. 15), field (v. 19), and tithe (v. 31).
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: opens the redemption case.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the redemption alternative.
λυτρούμενοςredeemingPres Mid Part Nom Masc Sg · λυτρόωcomplementary participle (Hebraizing intensifier with λυτρώσηται)→ intensifying participle (rendering the Hebrew infinitive absolute)λυτρόω: 'redeem / ransom / buy back'; the middle participle with the finite λυτρώσηται ('redeeming he redeem') calques the Hebrew infinitive-absolute גָּאֹל יִגְאַל, expressing emphatic certainty; λυτρόω is the great LXX redemption-verb (rendering גָּאַל / פָּדָה).
λυτρώσηταιredeemsAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · λυτρόωverb of conditional protasis→ aorist subjunctive (the act of redemption)λυτρόω (aor. mid. subj.): the finite verb of the cognate construction; the middle voice ('redeem for oneself') marks the owner buying back his dedicated property.
αὐτόitAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτός: the assessed unclean animal.
προσθήσειhe shall addFut Act Indic 3 Sg · προστίθημιmain verb (apodosis: the surcharge)→ predictive/legislative future (mandated surcharge)προστίθημι: 'add / put to'; renders יָסַף; the technical verb for adding the redemption-surcharge; recurs at vv. 15, 19, 27, 31.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπίπεμπτονthe fifth partAccusativedirect object of προσθήσει→ object specificationἐπίπεμπτον: 'a fifth in addition / the added fifth'; from ἐπί + πέμπτος; renders חֲמִישִׁית ('a fifth'); the standard 20% surcharge for redeeming dedicated property (cf. Lev 5:16; 6:5; 22:14).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (addition: 'to the value')→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: 'to / in addition to'; the fifth is added on top of the assessed value.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τιμὴνvaluationAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationτιμή: 'valuation'; the priest's assessed price, to which the fifth is added.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession (with τιμήν)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'its' — the animal's assessed value.
14
καὶ ἄνθρωπος ὃς ἂν ἁγιάσῃ τὴν οἰκίαν αὐτοῦ ἁγίαν τῷ κυρίῳ καὶ τιμήσεται αὐτὴν ὁ ἱερεὺς ἀνὰ μέσον καλῆς καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον πονηρᾶς ὡς ἂν τιμήσεται αὐτὴν ὁ ἱερεύς οὕτως σταθήσεται
And a man who consecrates his house as holy to the LORD — the priest shall value it between good and bad; as the priest values it, so shall it stand.
The vow-law now turns to immovable property, beginning with a house. The verb ἁγιάζω ('consecrate / make holy') governs vv. 14–22. The valuation procedure exactly parallels the unclean animal (v. 12): assessment 'between good and bad' (now feminine καλῆς / πονηρᾶς, agreeing with οἰκίαν), and the binding 'as … so it shall stand' formula (here σταθήσεται, passive).
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (new case)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄνθρωποςa manNominativenominative (subject/topic of the case-law)→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man / person'; renders אִישׁ; the one who consecrates his house.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἁγιάσῃ)→ participant referenceὅς: with ἄν and subjunctive, 'whoever'.
ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: generalizing particle.
ἁγιάσῃconsecratesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἁγιάζωverb of indefinite-relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (generalizing condition)ἁγιάζω: 'consecrate / make holy / dedicate'; renders הִקְדִּישׁ; the key verb for dedicating property (house and field) to the LORD throughout vv. 14–22.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίανhouseAccusativedirect object of ἁγιάσῃ→ object specificationοἰκία: 'house / dwelling'; renders בַּיִת; the first item of immovable property treated in the vow-law.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his' house.
ἁγίανholyAccusativepredicative adjective (object complement: 'as holy')→ object specificationἅγιος: 'holy'; predicative complement — he consecrates the house 'as holy to the LORD'; the dedication transfers it into the sacred sphere.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; recipient of the consecration.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing apodosis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τιμήσεταιshall valueFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · τιμάωmain verb (priest's assessment)→ predictive/legislative future (priestly valuation)τιμάω: 'assess'; the priest fixes the redemption value of the house.
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object (feminine, = the house)→ participant referenceαὐτός: feminine, referring to ἡ οἰκία.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject of τιμήσεται→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'.
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (idiom ἀνὰ μέσον)→ spatial or relational framingἀνά: in ἀνὰ μέσον … καί ('between … and').
μέσονthe midstAccusativeaccusative in idiom→ object specificationμέσος: 'middle'.
καλῆςgoodGenitivegenitive (first term: 'between good')→ relational specificationκαλός (fem. καλή): 'good'; feminine to agree with the implied οἰκία; the upper grade of the assessment.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (repeated idiom)→ spatial or relational framingἀνά: repeated in the Hebraizing idiom.
μέσονthe midstAccusativeaccusative in idiom→ object specificationμέσος: 'middle'.
πονηρᾶςbadGenitivegenitive (second term: 'and bad')→ relational specificationπονηρός (fem. πονηρά): 'bad / poor'; feminine agreeing with the house; the lower grade.
ὡςascomparative conjunction (correlative with οὕτως)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as'; introduces the 'as … so' correlation.
ἂνevermodal particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: generalizing particle in the comparative clause.
τιμήσεταιvaluesFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · τιμάωverb of comparative clause→ future with ἄν (generalizing: 'however he values')τιμάω: 'assess'; the repeated valuation-verb sets the binding standard.
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτός: the house.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεύςpriestNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'.
οὕτωςsocorrelative adverb (answering ὡς)→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / so'; completes the correlation, making the valuation binding.
σταθήσεταιit shall stand / be establishedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (the valuation 'is established')→ predictive/legislative future (binding establishment)ἵστημι (fut. pass. σταθήσεται): 'be set / be established'; the passive future of the binding-formula — the priest's assessment of the house is fixed and final.
15
ἐὰν δὲ ὁ ἁγιάσας αὐτὴν λυτρῶται τὴν οἰκίαν αὐτοῦ προσθήσει ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸ τὸ ἐπίπεμπτον τοῦ ἀργυρίου τῆς τιμῆς καὶ ἔσται αὐτῷ
But if the one who consecrated it would redeem his house, he shall add to it the fifth part of the silver of the valuation, and it shall be his.
The consecrator (ὁ ἁγιάσας, substantivized participle) may reclaim his house by paying the assessed value plus the customary fifth (τὸ ἐπίπεμπτον). The closing καὶ ἔσται αὐτῷ ('and it shall be his') marks the legal reversion of title once the redemption-price is paid.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: opens the house-redemption case.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the redemption alternative.
ὁthe oneNominativearticle (substantivizing the participle)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁγιάσαςthe one who consecratedAor Act Part Nom Masc Sg · ἁγιάζωsubstantivized participle (subject of λυτρῶται)→ constative aorist participle (the completed act of consecrating)ἁγιάζω: 'consecrate'; the substantivized aorist participle ὁ ἁγιάσας ('the one who consecrated [it]') designates the original dedicator, who alone holds the right of redemption.
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object of the participle→ participant referenceαὐτός: feminine, the house.
λυτρῶταιwould redeemPres Mid Subj 3 Sg · λυτρόωverb of conditional protasis→ present subjunctive (contemplated redemption)λυτρόω: 'redeem'; the present middle subjunctive presents the redemption as a contemplated act; the consecrator buys back his own dedicated house.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίανhouseAccusativedirect object of λυτρῶται→ object specificationοἰκία: 'house'.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his' house.
προσθήσειhe shall addFut Act Indic 3 Sg · προστίθημιmain verb (apodosis: the surcharge)→ predictive/legislative future (mandated surcharge)προστίθημι: 'add'; the redemption-surcharge verb.
ἐπ᾿to / uponpreposition + accusative (addition, elided)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'to / upon'; the fifth is added 'onto' the assessed sum.
αὐτὸitAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπ᾿ (the valuation-sum)→ participant referenceαὐτός: neuter, the assessed amount to which the fifth is added.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπίπεμπτονthe fifth partAccusativedirect object of προσθήσει→ object specificationἐπίπεμπτον: 'the added fifth' (20% surcharge); renders חֲמִישִׁית.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀργυρίουsilverGenitivegenitive (the silver of which the fifth is reckoned)→ relational specificationἀργύριον: 'silver / money'; the redemption-price is reckoned in silver.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τιμῆςvaluationGenitivegenitive (the assessed valuation)→ relational specificationτιμή: 'valuation'; the fifth is reckoned on 'the silver of the valuation', i.e. the priest's assessed figure.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (reversion of title)→ legislative future (legal reversion)εἰμί (fut.): 'be'; states the reversion of ownership once the redemption-price is paid.
αὐτῷhisDativedative of possession ('it shall be to/for him')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative of possession — the redeemed house returns to its owner.
16
ἐὰν δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀγροῦ τῆς κατασχέσεως αὐτοῦ ἁγιάσῃ ἄνθρωπος τῷ κυρίῳ καὶ ἔσται ἡ τιμὴ κατὰ τὸν σπόρον αὐτοῦ κόρου κριθῶν πεντήκοντα δίδραχμα ἀργυρίου
And if a man consecrates to the LORD part of the field of his possession, then the value shall be according to its sowing: for a homer of barley-seed, fifty didrachmas of silver.
The vow-law turns to land. An ancestral field (ἀγρὸς τῆς κατασχέσεως, 'field of one's possession/holding') is valued not by area but by sowing-capacity: a κόρος (homer) of barley-seed-land is reckoned at fifty sanctuary shekels. This base rate is then prorated against the Jubilee in vv. 17–18.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: opens the field-vow case.
δὲand / buttransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the shift from house to field.
ἀπὸfrom / part ofpreposition + genitive (partitive: 'part of the field')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive; the consecration concerns a portion of one's ancestral land.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγροῦfieldGenitivegenitive (partitive with ἀπό)→ relational specificationἀγρός: 'field / cultivated land'; renders שָׂדֶה; here ancestral, inalienable land subject to the Jubilee.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατασχέσεωςpossession / holdingGenitivegenitive (defining the field as ancestral holding)→ relational specificationκατάσχεσις: 'possession / hereditary holding'; renders אֲחֻזָּה ('inheritance-property'); the ancestral land allotted to a family, distinguished from a purchased field (v. 22) and reverting at Jubilee.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his' holding.
ἁγιάσῃconsecratesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἁγιάζωverb of conditional protasis→ aorist subjunctive (generalizing condition)ἁγιάζω: 'consecrate / dedicate'; the field-dedication verb.
ἄνθρωποςa manNominativesubject of ἁγιάσῃ→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man'; the consecrator.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton.
καὶand / thencoordinate conjunction (apodosis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: introducing the apodosis (Hebraizing waw-apodosis).
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ legislative future (statutory provision)εἰμί (fut.): states the valuation-rule for the field.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τιμὴvalueNominativesubject of ἔσται→ participant prominenceτιμή: 'valuation'.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard of valuation)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to'; the field is valued in proportion to its seed-capacity, not its area.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σπόρονsowing / seedAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationσπόρος: 'sowing / seed / sown-amount'; renders זֶרַע; the field's worth is reckoned by how much seed it takes to sow it.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession (with σπόρον)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'its' — the field's sowing.
κόρουof a homer / korGenitivegenitive (measure: 'for a kor of seed')→ relational specificationκόρος: 'kor / homer'; a large dry measure (renders חֹמֶר); a kor of barley-seed-land is the standard unit at fifty shekels.
κριθῶνof barleyGenitivegenitive (the grain: 'of barley')→ relational specificationκριθή: 'barley'; renders שְׂעֹרִים; barley, the cheaper grain, is the standard seed-measure here.
πεντήκονταfiftyindeclinable numeral (modifying δίδραχμα)→ measure or countπεντήκοντα: 'fifty'; the base valuation per kor of barley-seed-land.
δίδραχμαdidrachmasAccusativeaccusative of price/measure→ object specificationδίδραχμον: 'shekel'; the valuation unit.
ἀργυρίουof silverGenitivegenitive of material→ relational specificationἀργύριον: 'silver'.
17
ἐὰν δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ τῆς ἀφέσεως ἁγιάσῃ τὸν ἀγρὸν αὐτοῦ κατὰ τὴν τιμὴν αὐτοῦ στήσεται
If he consecrates his field from the year of release, it shall stand at its full valuation.
The valuation is keyed to the Jubilee (ὁ ἐνιαυτὸς τῆς ἀφέσεως, 'the year of release / liberation'). A field consecrated from the Jubilee — with the full cycle ahead — stands at the full fifty-shekel rate (κατὰ τὴν τιμὴν αὐτοῦ). The term ἄφεσις ('release / remission') is the same word the LXX uses for the Jubilee liberty and that resonates in Luke 4:18–19.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: opens the Jubilee-timing sub-case.
δὲand / buttransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the timing distinction.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (temporal: 'from the year')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: temporal 'from'; reckoning the valuation from the Jubilee onward.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνιαυτοῦyearGenitivegenitive (temporal with ἀπό)→ relational specificationἐνιαυτός: 'year'; renders שָׁנָה; here the Jubilee year (the fiftieth).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀφέσεωςrelease / JubileeGenitivegenitive (defining the year: 'of release')→ relational specificationἄφεσις: 'release / remission / liberation'; renders יוֹבֵל (Jubilee) and דְּרוֹר (liberty); ὁ ἐνιαυτὸς τῆς ἀφέσεως is the Jubilee year of land-restoration (Lev 25); the same word lies behind the 'release' proclaimed in Isa 61:1 / Luke 4:18.
ἁγιάσῃconsecratesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἁγιάζωverb of conditional protasis→ aorist subjunctive (generalizing condition)ἁγιάζω: 'consecrate'; the field-dedication verb.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγρὸνfieldAccusativedirect object of ἁγιάσῃ→ object specificationἀγρός: 'field'.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his' field.
κατὰaccording to / atpreposition + accusative (standard: 'at its valuation')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to'; the field stands at its full assessed rate.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τιμὴνvaluationAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationτιμή: 'valuation'; the full fifty-shekel rate applies when the whole Jubilee cycle remains.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession (with τιμήν)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'its' valuation.
στήσεταιit shall standFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (the valuation is fixed)→ predictive/legislative future (binding establishment)ἵστημι (fut. mid.): 'stand / be fixed'; the full valuation stands when reckoned from the Jubilee.
18
ἐὰν δὲ ἔσχατον μετὰ τὴν ἄφεσιν ἁγιάσῃ τὸν ἀγρὸν αὐτοῦ προσλογιεῖται αὐτῷ ὁ ἱερεὺς τὸ ἀργύριον ἐπὶ τὰ ἔτη τὰ ἐπίλοιπα ἕως εἰς τὸν ἐνιαυτὸν τῆς ἀφέσεως καὶ ἀνθυφαιρεθήσεται ἀπὸ τῆς συντιμήσεως αὐτοῦ
But if he consecrates his field last, after the release, the priest shall reckon to him the silver for the remaining years until the year of release, and it shall be deducted from his valuation.
A field consecrated later in the cycle (ἔσχατον … μετὰ τὴν ἄφεσιν) is prorated: the priest reckons the silver only for the years remaining to the next Jubilee, and the elapsed years are deducted (ἀνθυφαιρεθήσεται) from the full valuation. The rare compounds προσλογιεῖται ('reckon in addition / charge') and ἀνθυφαιρεθήσεται ('be subtracted in turn') reflect the LXX's effort to render a precise accounting procedure.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: opens the prorating sub-case.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: contrasts with the Jubilee-timing case of v. 17.
ἔσχατονlast / laterAccusativeadverbial accusative (temporal: 'last / afterward')→ object specificationἔσχατος: 'last / latest'; adverbial accusative 'last / later in the cycle'; renders אַחַר ('after').
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + acc.: 'after'; the consecration falls after a Jubilee has passed.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄφεσινrelease / JubileeAccusativeaccusative object of μετά→ object specificationἄφεσις: 'release / Jubilee'; here the most recent Jubilee, after which the proration begins.
ἁγιάσῃconsecratesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἁγιάζωverb of conditional protasis→ aorist subjunctive (generalizing condition)ἁγιάζω: 'consecrate'.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγρὸνfieldAccusativedirect object→ object specificationἀγρός: 'field'.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his' field.
προσλογιεῖταιshall reckon / chargeFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · προσλογίζομαιmain verb (apodosis: the priest's calculation)→ predictive/legislative future (accounting procedure)προσλογίζομαι: 'reckon in addition / charge to account'; a rare compound (πρός + λογίζομαι); the priest calculates the prorated silver owed for the remaining years; cognate λογίζομαι is Paul's great 'reckoning' verb (Rom 4).
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative — the silver reckoned 'to him', the consecrator.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject of προσλογιεῖται→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; the one who computes the prorated value.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀργύριονsilver / moneyAccusativedirect object of προσλογιεῖται→ object specificationἀργύριον: 'silver / money'; the sum to be reckoned for the remaining years.
ἐπὶfor / according topreposition + accusative (basis: 'for the years')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'for / upon the basis of'; the silver is reckoned in proportion to the remaining years.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationἔτος: 'year'; the years remaining until the next Jubilee.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (attributive with ἐπίλοιπα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπίλοιπαremainingAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἔτη)→ object specificationἐπίλοιπος: 'remaining / left over'; the years still left in the Jubilee cycle, on which the prorated price is based.
ἕωςuntilpreposition/conjunction (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until'; the terminus of the reckoning is the next Jubilee.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (with ἕως: 'up to')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: with ἕως forms the compound 'up to / as far as'.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνιαυτὸνyearAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationἐνιαυτός: 'year'; the Jubilee year as terminus.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀφέσεωςrelease / JubileeGenitivegenitive (defining the year)→ relational specificationἄφεσις: 'release / Jubilee'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνθυφαιρεθήσεταιshall be deductedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀνθυφαιρέωmain verb (the subtraction of elapsed years)→ predictive/legislative future (accounting deduction)ἀνθυφαιρέω: 'subtract in turn / deduct correspondingly'; a rare double-compound (ἀντί + ὑπό + αἱρέω); the elapsed years are deducted from the full valuation, so the consecrator pays only for the years remaining.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source of the deduction)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; the deduction is taken from the total assessment.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συντιμήσεωςvaluationGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationσυντίμησις: 'total valuation / assessment'; synonym of τιμή; the full assessed sum from which the elapsed-year value is deducted.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'its' valuation.
19
ἐὰν δὲ λυτρῶται τὸν ἀγρὸν ὁ ἁγιάσας αὐτόν προσθήσει τὸ ἐπίπεμπτον τοῦ ἀργυρίου πρὸς τὴν τιμὴν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔσται αὐτῷ
But if the one who consecrated it would redeem the field, he shall add the fifth part of the silver to its valuation, and it shall be his.
As with the unclean animal (v. 13) and the house (v. 15), the consecrator may redeem his field by paying value plus a fifth, whereupon title reverts (καὶ ἔσται αὐτῷ). The clause assumes the prorated valuation just established.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: opens the field-redemption case.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the redemption alternative.
λυτρῶταιwould redeemPres Mid Subj 3 Sg · λυτρόωverb of conditional protasis→ present subjunctive (contemplated redemption)λυτρόω: 'redeem'; the consecrator buys back his field.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγρὸνfieldAccusativedirect object of λυτρῶται→ object specificationἀγρός: 'field'.
ὁthe oneNominativearticle (substantivizing the participle)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁγιάσαςthe one who consecratedAor Act Part Nom Masc Sg · ἁγιάζωsubstantivized participle (subject of προσθήσει)→ constative aorist participle (the completed consecration)ἁγιάζω: 'consecrate'; ὁ ἁγιάσας ('the one who consecrated it') — only the original dedicator holds the redemption-right.
αὐτόνitAccusativedirect object of the participle→ participant referenceαὐτός: masculine, = the field (ἀγρός).
προσθήσειhe shall addFut Act Indic 3 Sg · προστίθημιmain verb (apodosis: the surcharge)→ predictive/legislative future (mandated surcharge)προστίθημι: 'add'; the redemption-surcharge verb.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπίπεμπτονthe fifth partAccusativedirect object of προσθήσει→ object specificationἐπίπεμπτον: 'the added fifth' (20% surcharge).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀργυρίουsilverGenitivegenitive (the silver on which the fifth is reckoned)→ relational specificationἀργύριον: 'silver'.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (addition)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: 'to / in addition to'.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τιμὴνvaluationAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationτιμή: 'valuation'.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'its' valuation.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (reversion of title)→ legislative future (legal reversion)εἰμί (fut.): 'be'; the redeemed field reverts to its owner.
αὐτῷhisDativedative of possession ('it shall be to him')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative of possession.
20
ἐὰν δὲ μὴ λυτρῶται τὸν ἀγρὸν καὶ ἀποδῶται τὸν ἀγρὸν ἀνθρώπῳ ἑτέρῳ οὐκέτι μὴ λυτρώσηται αὐτόν
But if he does not redeem the field, and sells the field to another man, he shall no longer be able to redeem it;
If the consecrator neither redeems the field nor leaves it dedicated, but sells it to a third party, he forfeits all future redemption-right. The emphatic double negative οὐκέτι μὴ … (with aorist subjunctive λυτρώσηται) is the strongest LXX form of denial: 'he shall by no means redeem it any more.' The field's destiny is then settled by v. 21.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: opens the non-redemption case.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the contrary case to v. 19.
μὴnotnegative particle (with subjunctive λυτρῶται)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: the negative proper to the subjunctive in conditional clauses.
λυτρῶταιredeemsPres Mid Subj 3 Sg · λυτρόωverb of conditional protasis→ present subjunctive (negated condition)λυτρόω: 'redeem'; here negated — the owner fails to redeem.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγρὸνfieldAccusativedirect object→ object specificationἀγρός: 'field'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (second condition)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποδῶταιsellsAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · ἀποδίδωμιverb of conditional protasis (second condition)→ aorist subjunctive (hypothetical sale)ἀποδίδωμι (mid. 'sell'): 'give back / sell'; the middle ἀποδῶται means 'sell (for one's own profit)'; renders מָכַר; the unlawful sale of consecrated land to a third party triggers forfeiture.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγρὸνfieldAccusativedirect object of ἀποδῶται→ object specificationἀγρός: 'field'.
ἀνθρώπῳto a manDativedative indirect object (the buyer)→ sphere or referenceἄνθρωπος: 'man / person'; the third-party purchaser.
ἑτέρῳanotherDativeattributive adjective (modifying ἀνθρώπῳ)→ sphere or referenceἕτερος: 'other / another'; renders אַחֵר; the field is alienated to someone outside the original transaction.
οὐκέτιno longeradverb (temporal negation)→ clausal contributionοὐκέτι: 'no longer / no more'; with the following μή forms the emphatic denial of any future redemption-right.
μὴnot / by no meansnegative particle (emphatic double negation with οὐκέτι)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: the οὐκέτι μή + aorist subjunctive construction is the strongest LXX/NT form of negation ('he shall by no means…').
λυτρώσηταιshall he redeemAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · λυτρόωmain verb (emphatic future denial)→ aorist subjunctive of emphatic denial (οὐ μή / οὐκέτι μή)λυτρόω: 'redeem'; with οὐκέτι μή the redemption-right is permanently and absolutely forfeited.
αὐτόνitAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτός: masculine, = the field.
21
ἀλλ᾿ ἔσται ὁ ἀγρὸς ἐξεληλυθυίας τῆς ἀφέσεως ἅγιος τῷ κυρίῳ ὥσπερ ἡ γῆ ἡ ἀφωρισμένη τῷ ἱερεῖ ἔσται κατάσχεσις
but when the release has come, the field shall be holy to the LORD, like the land that is set apart; it shall be a possession for the priest.
The strong adversative ἀλλά resolves the forfeiture-case of v. 20: at the Jubilee (the genitive absolute ἐξεληλυθυίας τῆς ἀφέσεως, 'when the release has gone forth') the field does not revert to its original owner but becomes holy to the LORD — likened to herem-land (ἡ γῆ ἡ ἀφωρισμένη, 'land set apart/banned') — and passes permanently into priestly possession.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἀλλ᾿butstrong adversative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλά: 'but'; the strong adversative resolves the non-redemption case — instead of reverting, the field is forfeit to the sanctuary.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ legislative future (statutory consequence)εἰμί (fut.): states the field's permanent sacral status.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγρὸςfieldNominativesubject of ἔσται→ participant prominenceἀγρός: 'field'.
ἐξεληλυθυίαςhaving gone forthPerf Act Part Gen Fem Sg · ἐξέρχομαιgenitive absolute (temporal: 'when the release has gone out')→ perfect participle (completed state with continuing result)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out / come forth'; the perfect participle in the genitive absolute ἐξεληλυθυίας τῆς ἀφέσεως ('the release having gone forth') marks the arrival of the Jubilee; the perfect stresses the settled, effective state of the proclaimed liberty.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (subject of genitive absolute)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀφέσεωςrelease / JubileeGenitivegenitive absolute subject (with the participle)→ relational specificationἄφεσις: 'release / Jubilee'; subject of the genitive-absolute participle.
ἅγιοςholyNominativepredicate adjective (with ἔσται)→ participant prominenceἅγιος: 'holy'; the field passes irrevocably into the sacred sphere.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient/possession→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton.
ὥσπερlike / just ascomparative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: 'just as / like'; introduces the analogy to dedicated/banned land.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandNominativenominative (subject of comparison)→ participant prominenceγῆ: 'land / earth'; renders שָׂדֶה / אֶרֶץ; here land already 'set apart' to the sanctuary.
ἡtheNominativearticle (attributive with participle)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀφωρισμένηset apart / devotedPerf Pass Part Nom Fem Sg · ἀφορίζωattributive participle (modifying γῆ)→ perfect passive participle (settled state of being devoted)ἀφορίζω: 'mark off / separate / set apart'; the perfect passive participle ἡ ἀφωρισμένη ('the land that has been set apart') renders חֵרֶם-land — land under the ban, devoted irrevocably to the sanctuary; the verb is cognate with Paul's self-description ἀφωρισμένος εἰς εὐαγγέλιον (Rom 1:1).
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖpriestDativedative of possession/recipient→ sphere or referenceἱερεύς (dat. ἱερεῖ): 'priest'; the forfeited field becomes the priest's hereditary holding.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (resumptive)→ legislative future (statutory consequence)εἰμί (fut.): the resumptive ἔσται restates the field's destiny as priestly possession.
κατάσχεσιςpossessionNominativepredicate nominative (with ἔσται)→ participant prominenceκατάσχεσις: 'possession / holding'; renders אֲחֻזָּה; the field becomes the priest's permanent inalienable possession — the same term used for the ancestral holding in v. 16, now transferred to the priesthood.
22
ἐὰν δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀγροῦ οὗ κέκτηται ὃς οὐκ ἔστιν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀγροῦ τῆς κατασχέσεως αὐτοῦ ἁγιάσῃ τῷ κυρίῳ
But if he consecrates to the LORD part of a field he has bought, which is not part of the field of his own possession,
A purchased field (ἀγρὸς οὗ κέκτηται, 'a field he has acquired') differs from ancestral land: it is not part of one's permanent κατάσχεσις and at Jubilee reverts to its original family-owner. The relative clause ὃς οὐκ ἔστιν … carefully distinguishes the two kinds of land, governing the special accounting of v. 23.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: opens the purchased-field case.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: distinguishes purchased from ancestral land.
ἀπὸfrom / part ofpreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive 'part of'.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγροῦfieldGenitivegenitive (partitive with ἀπό)→ relational specificationἀγρός: 'field'; here a purchased one.
οὗwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (object of κέκτηται, attracted to genitive)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; 'which he has acquired' — the antecedent is ἀγροῦ.
κέκτηταιhe has acquiredPerf Mid Indic 3 Sg · κτάομαιverb of relative clause→ perfect (completed acquisition with present ownership)κτάομαι: 'acquire / purchase / get'; the perfect κέκτημαι has present force ('possess as acquired'); renders קָנָה; marks the field as bought, not inherited.
ὃςwhichNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἔστιν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun introducing the defining negative clause.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἔστιν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negation distinguishing this field from ancestral land.
ἔστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (of relative clause)→ stative present (defining the field's status)εἰμί (pres.): 'is'; states that the purchased field is not part of the ancestral holding.
ἀπὸof / part ofpreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγροῦfieldGenitivegenitive (partitive)→ relational specificationἀγρός: 'field'.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατασχέσεωςpossession / holdingGenitivegenitive (defining ancestral land)→ relational specificationκατάσχεσις: 'hereditary holding'; the purchased field is precisely not part of one's אֲחֻזָּה, hence the different Jubilee rule.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his' ancestral holding.
ἁγιάσῃconsecratesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἁγιάζωverb of conditional protasis→ aorist subjunctive (generalizing condition)ἁγιάζω: 'consecrate'; the dedication-verb.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton.
23
λογιεῖται πρὸς αὐτὸν ὁ ἱερεὺς τὸ τέλος τῆς τιμῆς ἐκ τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ τῆς ἀφέσεως καὶ ἀποδώσει τὴν τιμὴν ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ ἅγιον τῷ κυρίῳ
the priest shall reckon to him the full amount of the valuation up to the year of release, and he shall pay the valuation on that day as a holy thing to the LORD.
Because a purchased field reverts to its original owner at Jubilee, the consecrator cannot dedicate it beyond his tenure. The priest therefore computes (λογιεῖται) the prorated valuation up to the next Jubilee, and the man pays it at once (ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ) as a holy sum to the LORD. λογιεῖται is the same 'reckoning' verb that resonates in Paul's accounting theology.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
λογιεῖταιshall reckonFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λογίζομαιmain verb (priest's calculation)→ predictive/legislative future (accounting act)λογίζομαι: 'reckon / calculate / credit to account'; renders חָשַׁב; the priest computes the prorated holy price; the verb is foundational to Paul's reckoning of righteousness (Rom 4:3–8).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction: 'reckon to him')→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: 'to / for'; the reckoning is made to the consecrator's account.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceαὐτός: the consecrator.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject of λογιεῖται→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέλοςfull amount / sumAccusativedirect object of λογιεῖται→ object specificationτέλος: 'end / completion / full sum / tax'; here 'the full amount/total' of the valuation; renders the sense of the complete prorated assessment to be paid.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τιμῆςvaluationGenitivegenitive (defining τέλος: 'the total of the valuation')→ relational specificationτιμή: 'valuation'; the assessed sum whose total is computed.
ἐκfrom / up topreposition + genitive (temporal reckoning-point)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'from'; the reckoning is calculated with reference to the Jubilee year as its terminus.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνιαυτοῦyearGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ→ relational specificationἐνιαυτός: 'year'; the Jubilee year fixing the calculation.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀφέσεωςrelease / JubileeGenitivegenitive (defining the year)→ relational specificationἄφεσις: 'release / Jubilee'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποδώσειhe shall payFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποδίδωμιmain verb (the consecrator's payment)→ predictive/legislative future (mandated payment)ἀποδίδωμι: 'give back / pay / render'; renders נָתַן / שִׁלֵּם; the consecrator pays the computed holy price in full and at once.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τιμὴνvaluationAccusativedirect object of ἀποδώσει→ object specificationτιμή: 'valuation'; the assessed sum paid.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (temporal: 'on that day')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: temporal 'on'; the payment is immediate, not deferred.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; renders יוֹם; the payment falls due that very day of consecration.
ἐκείνῃthatDativedemonstrative adjective (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceἐκεῖνος: 'that'; demonstrative specifying the day of dedication.
ἅγιονa holy thingAccusativepredicative/appositional (the payment as holy)→ object specificationἅγιος: 'holy'; the paid sum is itself a sacred dedication to the LORD.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton.
24
καὶ ἐν τῷ ἐνιαυτῷ τῆς ἀφέσεως ἀποδοθήσεται ὁ ἀγρὸς τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ παρ᾿ οὗ κέκτηται αὐτόν οὗ ἦν ἡ κατάσχεσις τῆς γῆς
And in the year of release the field shall be returned to the man from whom he bought it, whose was the possession of the land.
The Jubilee restores the purchased field not to the consecrator but to its hereditary owner (τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ παρ᾿ οὗ κέκτηται), 'whose was the possession of the land.' This protects the inalienability of ancestral holdings (Lev 25:23) and explains why the consecrator could dedicate only the years of his own tenure.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal: 'in the year')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: temporal 'in'.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνιαυτῷyearDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἐνιαυτός: 'year'; the Jubilee.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀφέσεωςrelease / JubileeGenitivegenitive (defining the year)→ relational specificationἄφεσις: 'release / Jubilee'.
ἀποδοθήσεταιshall be returnedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀποδίδωμιmain verb (passive: the field is restored)→ predictive/legislative future (mandated restitution)ἀποδίδωμι (fut. pass.): 'be given back / restored'; renders יָשׁוּב / הוּשַׁב; the field reverts at Jubilee to its hereditary owner — the passive underscores that the restoration is statutorily automatic.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγρὸςfieldNominativesubject of ἀποδοθήσεται→ participant prominenceἀγρός: 'field'.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνθρώπῳmanDativedative indirect object (the recipient of restitution)→ sphere or referenceἄνθρωπος: 'man'; the hereditary owner to whom the land returns.
παρ᾿frompreposition + genitive (source: 'from whom')→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + gen.: 'from (the side of)'; identifies the original seller.
οὗwhomGenitiverelative pronoun (object of παρ᾿)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; 'from whom he acquired it'.
κέκτηταιhe acquiredPerf Mid Indic 3 Sg · κτάομαιverb of relative clause→ perfect (completed acquisition)κτάομαι: 'acquire / buy'; the perfect denotes the consecrator's prior purchase from the original owner.
αὐτόνitAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτός: masculine, = the field.
οὗwhoseGenitiverelative pronoun (possessive: 'whose was')→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun, possessive genitive — 'whose was the possession'.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (of relative clause)→ imperfect (the prior, original possession)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'was'; the imperfect marks the prior, original ownership of the land before its sale.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατάσχεσιςpossessionNominativesubject of ἦν→ participant prominenceκατάσχεσις: 'hereditary possession'; the ancestral title that the Jubilee restores.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive (defining κατάσχεσις: 'possession of the land')→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; renders אֶרֶץ; the inalienable ancestral land-title.
25
καὶ πᾶσα τιμὴ ἔσται σταθμίοις ἁγίοις εἴκοσι ὀβολοὶ ἔσται τὸ δίδραχμον
And every valuation shall be by holy weights: the didrachm shall be twenty obols.
A summarizing rubric closing the property-valuations: all assessments are reckoned in sacred weights (σταθμίοις ἁγίοις), and the conversion is fixed — the didrachm (sanctuary shekel) equals twenty obols (cf. Exod 30:13; Num 3:47). This standardizes every τιμή in the chapter.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶσαeveryNominativeadjective (modifying τιμή)→ participant prominenceπᾶς (fem. πᾶσα): 'every / all'; the rubric covers every valuation in the chapter.
τιμὴvaluationNominativesubject of ἔσται→ participant prominenceτιμή: 'valuation'; the governing noun, here standardized as to currency.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ legislative future (standardizing rubric)εἰμί (fut.): fixes the standard of measure for all valuations.
σταθμίοιςby weightsDativedative of standard/means (the weighing-standard)→ sphere or referenceστάθμιον: 'weight / standard weight'; renders שֶׁקֶל / אֶבֶן; the dative of standard — all valuations reckoned by sanctuary weights.
ἁγίοιςholyDativeattributive adjective (modifying σταθμίοις)→ sphere or referenceἅγιος: 'holy'; the official sanctuary weights (σταθμία ἅγια), distinguishing sacral from commercial measure.
εἴκοσιtwentyindeclinable numeral (modifying ὀβολοί)→ measure or countεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; the number of obols in a sanctuary didrachm.
ὀβολοὶobolsNominativepredicate nominative (the conversion: 'twenty obols')→ participant prominenceὀβολός: 'obol'; a small coin/weight; renders גֵּרָה (gerah); the LXX fixes the didrachm at twenty obols (= twenty gerahs to the shekel, Exod 30:13).
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (conversion-statement)→ legislative future (fixed equivalence)εἰμί (fut.): states the fixed conversion (didrachm = 20 obols).
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δίδραχμονdidrachm / shekelNominativesubject of the second ἔσται→ participant prominenceδίδραχμον: 'didrachm'; the sanctuary shekel, here defined as equal to twenty obols — the unit underlying the whole tariff.
26
καὶ πᾶν πρωτότοκον ὃ ἂν γένηται ἐν τοῖς κτήνεσίν σου ἔσται τῷ κυρίῳ καὶ οὐ καθαγιάσει οὐθεὶς αὐτό ἐάν τε μόσχον ἐάν τε πρόβατον τῷ κυρίῳ ἐστίν
And every firstborn that is born among your cattle shall be the LORD's, and no one shall consecrate it: whether calf or sheep, it is the LORD's.
A category outside the vow-system: the firstborn of clean beasts already belongs to the LORD by prior right (Exod 13:2, 12), so no one may consecrate it as a fresh vow — one cannot dedicate what is not one's own to give. The disjunctive ἐάν τε … ἐάν τε ('whether … or') covers both bovine and ovine firstlings.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (new topic)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶνeveryNominativeadjective (modifying πρωτότοκον)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'every'; embraces all firstborn animals.
πρωτότοκονfirstbornNominativesubject (topic of the exclusion)→ participant prominenceπρωτότοκος: 'firstborn'; renders בְּכוֹר; the firstling of the herd, already claimed by the LORD (Exod 13:2); christologically resonant (πρωτότοκος, Col 1:15; Heb 1:6).
ὃwhichNominativerelative pronoun (subject of γένηται)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; with ἄν and subjunctive, 'whatever is born'.
ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: generalizing particle.
γένηταιis bornAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of indefinite-relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (generalizing)γίνομαι: 'come to be / be born'; here of an animal's birth; renders יִוָּלֵד; whatever firstling is born already belongs to the LORD.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (locative: 'among the cattle')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: 'among / in'.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτήνεσίνcattleDativedative of place (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceκτῆνος (dat. pl. κτήνεσιν): 'beasts / livestock'; the herd among which the firstling is born.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with κτήνεσιν)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. σου): 'your'; second-person address — 'your cattle'.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (predicating ownership)→ legislative future (statutory ownership)εἰμί (fut.): states the LORD's prior claim — the firstling 'shall be the LORD's'.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORD'sDativedative of possession ('belongs to the LORD')→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; dative of possession — the firstling is already his.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotnegative particle (with καθαγιάσει)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negation of the prohibition.
καθαγιάσειshall consecrateFut Act Indic 3 Sg · καθαγιάζωmain verb (prohibitive future)→ prohibitive future (legal interdiction)καθαγιάζω: 'consecrate fully / dedicate'; an intensive compound of ἁγιάζω; the prohibition is that no one may re-dedicate as a vow what already belongs to the LORD.
οὐθεὶςno oneNominativesubject (emphatic negative: 'no one')→ participant prominenceοὐθείς (= οὐδείς): 'no one'; the Hellenistic spelling οὐθείς (with θ) is common in the LXX; reinforces the οὐ — absolutely no one may consecrate the firstling.
αὐτόitAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτός: the firstborn animal.
ἐάνwhetherconjunction (in disjunction ἐάν τε … ἐάν τε)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: with τε forms 'whether … or'; the disjunctive covers both kinds of firstling.
τεboth / whetherenclitic particle (in disjunction)→ discourse linkage or contrastτε: enclitic connective; ἐάν τε … ἐάν τε = 'whether … or'.
μόσχονcalfAccusativeaccusative (predicative in the disjunction)→ object specificationμόσχος: 'calf / young bull'; renders שׁוֹר / עֵגֶל; the bovine firstling.
ἐάνorconjunction (second member of disjunction)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: second member of ἐάν τε … ἐάν τε.
τεorenclitic particle (in disjunction)→ discourse linkage or contrastτε: enclitic connective.
πρόβατονsheepAccusativeaccusative (predicative in the disjunction)→ object specificationπρόβατον: 'sheep'; renders שֶׂה / כֶּשֶׂב; the ovine firstling.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORD'sDativedative of possession→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the firstling, of either kind, is already his.
ἐστίνit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (predicating present ownership)→ stative present (settled ownership)εἰμί (pres.): 'is'; the present ἐστίν underlines that the firstling's belonging to the LORD is an already-existing fact, not a future dedication.
27
ἐὰν δὲ τῶν τετραπόδων τῶν ἀκαθάρτων ἀλλάξει κατὰ τὴν τιμὴν αὐτοῦ καὶ προσθήσει τὸ ἐπίπεμπτον πρὸς αὐτό καὶ ἔσται αὐτῷ ἐὰν δὲ μὴ λυτρῶται πραθήσεται κατὰ τὸ τίμημα αὐτοῦ
But if it be of the unclean four-footed beasts, he shall exchange it according to its valuation and add the fifth part to it, and it shall be his; but if it is not redeemed, it shall be sold according to its assessed price.
The firstling of an unclean animal — which cannot be sacrificed — is redeemed at value plus a fifth, whereupon it reverts to the owner; if not redeemed it is sold at its assessed price (τίμημα). This parallels the unclean-animal vow of vv. 11–13, applied now to firstlings.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: opens the unclean-firstling case.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: contrasts the unclean firstling with the clean.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (partitive)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τετραπόδωνfour-footed beastsGenitivegenitive (partitive: 'of the four-footed')→ relational specificationτετράπους: 'four-footed (animal)'; renders בְּהֵמָה; the quadruped livestock, here the unclean sort.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀκαθάρτωνuncleanGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying τετραπόδων)→ relational specificationἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean'; renders טָמֵא; the firstling of such beasts cannot be offered and so is redeemed or sold.
ἀλλάξειhe shall exchange / redeemFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀλλάσσωmain verb (the redemptive exchange)→ predictive/legislative future (mandated transaction)ἀλλάσσω: 'change / exchange / redeem by substitution'; here of redeeming the unclean firstling by paying its monetary equivalent.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to'; the exchange is reckoned at the assessed value.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τιμὴνvaluationAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationτιμή: 'valuation'.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'its' valuation.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσθήσειhe shall addFut Act Indic 3 Sg · προστίθημιmain verb (the surcharge)→ predictive/legislative future (mandated surcharge)προστίθημι: 'add'; the redemption-surcharge verb.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπίπεμπτονthe fifth partAccusativedirect object of προσθήσει→ object specificationἐπίπεμπτον: 'the added fifth' (20% surcharge).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (addition)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: 'to / in addition to'.
αὐτόitAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the valuation-sum)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the assessed value to which the fifth is added.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (reversion of title)→ legislative future (legal reversion)εἰμί (fut.): the redeemed firstling reverts to its owner.
αὐτῷhisDativedative of possession→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative of possession.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (alternative case)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: opens the non-redemption alternative.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the alternative.
μὴnotnegative particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: negation with the subjunctive λυτρῶται.
λυτρῶταιit is redeemedPres Mid Subj 3 Sg · λυτρόωverb of conditional protasis→ present subjunctive (negated condition)λυτρόω: 'redeem'; here negated and effectively passive ('if it be not redeemed').
πραθήσεταιit shall be soldFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · πιπράσκωmain verb (apodosis: the sale)→ predictive/legislative future (mandated sale)πιπράσκω (fut. pass. πραθήσεται): 'sell'; renders מָכַר; the unredeemed firstling is sold at its assessed price; the same verb describes Joseph 'sold' into Egypt (Gen 37:28) and underlies Paul's πεπραμένος ὑπὸ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν (Rom 7:14).
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to'.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τίμημαassessed priceAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationτίμημα: 'assessed value / price'; a third valuation-synonym (with τιμή and συντίμησις); the fixed sale-price of the unredeemed firstling.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'its' assessed price.
28
πᾶν δὲ ἀνάθεμα ὃ ἐὰν ἀναθῇ ἄνθρωπος τῷ κυρίῳ ἀπὸ πάντων ὅσα αὐτῷ ἐστιν ἀπὸ ἀνθρώπου ἕως κτήνους καὶ ἀπὸ ἀγροῦ κατασχέσεως αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἀποδώσεται οὐδὲ λυτρώσεται πᾶν ἀνάθεμα ἅγιον ἁγίων ἔσται τῷ κυρίῳ
But every devoted thing that a man devotes to the LORD out of all that is his — whether human or beast, or of the field of his possession — shall not be sold nor redeemed: every devoted thing is most holy to the LORD.
The ἀνάθεμα (herem) is a category sharper than the vow: a person, beast, or field irrevocably 'devoted' (ἀναθῇ) passes wholly out of common use into the most-holy sphere (ἅγιον ἁγίων), and so can be neither sold (οὐκ ἀποδώσεται) nor redeemed (οὐδὲ λυτρώσεται). The cognate construction ἀνάθεμα … ἀναθῇ ('devote a devoted thing') frames the act. This is the LXX term, rendering Hebrew חֵרֶם, that Paul takes up as ἀνάθεμα — a thing handed over irreversibly to God (Rom 9:3; 1 Cor 16:22; Gal 1:8–9).
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
πᾶνeveryNominativeadjective (modifying ἀνάθεμα)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'every / all'; embraces every kind of devoted thing.
δὲbut / nowtransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the move to the herem, a category apart from ordinary vows.
ἀνάθεμαdevoted thing / banNominativenominative (topic of the law)→ participant prominenceἀνάθεμα: 'devoted/banned thing'; renders חֵרֶם; that which is wholly given over to God, either for destruction (Deut 7:26; Josh 6:17) or for the sanctuary; in later Greek ἀνάθημα/ἀνάθεμα split (votive offering vs. accursed thing), and Paul uses ἀνάθεμα for one cut off and handed to God's judgment (Rom 9:3; 1 Cor 12:3; 16:22; Gal 1:8–9).
ὃwhichNominativerelative pronoun (object of ἀναθῇ, accusative sense)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; with ἐάν and subjunctive, 'whatever a man devotes'.
ἐὰνevermodal particle (= ἄν, with subjunctive in relative clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: here functioning as the generalizing ἄν after the relative ὅ ('whatever').
ἀναθῇdevotesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἀνατίθημιverb of indefinite-relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (generalizing)ἀνατίθημι: 'set up / dedicate / devote'; the verb cognate with ἀνάθεμα; the construction ἀνάθεμα … ἀναθῇ ('devote a devoted thing') intensifies the irrevocable handing-over; renders the Hebrew החֱרִים (Hiphil of חרם).
ἄνθρωποςa manNominativesubject of ἀναθῇ→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man'; the one who pronounces the ban.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the devoted thing is handed wholly to him.
ἀπὸout ofpreposition + genitive (partitive: 'from all')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive 'out of'; the devoted thing may come from any category of one's property.
πάντωνallGenitivegenitive (partitive with ἀπό)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the whole range of possessions.
ὅσαwhateverNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἐστιν)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much as / whatever'; 'all that is his'.
αὐτῷto himDativedative of possession (with ἐστιν)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative of possession — 'whatever belongs to him'.
ἐστινis / belongsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (of relative clause)→ stative present (possession)εἰμί (pres.): 'is / belongs'; with the dative, 'whatever is his'.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (merism: 'from human')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό … ἕως: the merism 'from man to beast' embraces every living category.
ἀνθρώπουhumanGenitivegenitive (first pole of merism)→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: 'human being'; the herem may extend even to a person (cf. v. 29) — the gravest application of the ban.
ἕωςtopreposition + genitive (end-point of merism)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'to / as far as'; completes the merism.
κτήνουςbeastGenitivegenitive (second pole of merism)→ relational specificationκτῆνος: 'beast'; the animal pole of the 'man-to-beast' merism.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (extending the categories)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfrom / ofpreposition + genitive (third category: field)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive; extends the ban to land.
ἀγροῦfieldGenitivegenitive (with ἀπό)→ relational specificationἀγρός: 'field'; ancestral land too may be devoted irrevocably.
κατασχέσεωςpossessionGenitivegenitive (defining the field as ancestral)→ relational specificationκατάσχεσις: 'hereditary holding'; even one's אֲחֻזָּה, normally restored at Jubilee (v. 21), is permanently lost when placed under the ban.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his' holding.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἀποδώσεται)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negation of the prohibition against sale.
ἀποδώσεταιshall be soldFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀποδίδωμιmain verb (prohibition: no sale)→ prohibitive future (legal interdiction)ἀποδίδωμι (mid. 'sell'): the devoted thing may not be sold — it is removed from all commerce.
οὐδὲnornegative coordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδέ: 'nor'; couples the second prohibition.
λυτρώσεταιshall be redeemedFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λυτρόωmain verb (prohibition: no redemption)→ prohibitive future (legal interdiction)λυτρόω: 'redeem'; unlike the vow, the herem is wholly irredeemable — no fifth-payment can buy it back.
πᾶνeveryNominativeadjective (modifying ἀνάθεμα, resumptive)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'every'; the resumptive πᾶν ἀνάθεμα restates the subject for the climactic predication.
ἀνάθεμαdevoted thingNominativesubject (resumptive)→ participant prominenceἀνάθεμα: 'devoted/banned thing'; resumed for emphasis before the 'most holy' predicate.
ἅγιονholyNominativepredicate (with the genitive ἁγίων: superlative 'most holy')→ participant prominenceἅγιος: 'holy'; the construction ἅγιον ἁγίων ('holy of holies / most holy') renders the Hebrew superlative קֹדֶשׁ קָדָשִׁים; the devoted thing belongs to the highest grade of sanctity.
ἁγίωνof holiesGenitivegenitive (superlative idiom with ἅγιον)→ relational specificationἅγιος (gen. pl.): the genitive in the Hebraizing superlative ἅγιον ἁγίων — 'most holy', the same phrase used of the inner sanctuary and the holiest offerings.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ legislative future (statutory status)εἰμί (fut.): predicates the most-holy status of the devoted thing.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of possession/recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the devoted thing belongs wholly and irrevocably to him.
29
καὶ πᾶν ὃ ἐὰν ἀνατεθῇ ἀπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων οὐ λυτρωθήσεται ἀλλὰ θανάτῳ θανατωθήσεται
And every devoted person, who is devoted from among men, shall not be ransomed but shall surely be put to death.
The gravest application of the ban: a human being placed under the herem is not ransomed (οὐ λυτρωθήσεται) but executed. The cognate-dative θανάτῳ θανατωθήσεται ('with death he shall be put to death') is the LXX's emphatic-infinitive Hebraism (מוֹת יוּמָת), the same construction as Gen 2:17; it marks the sentence as certain and irreversible — the devoted person has passed wholly out of human disposal into God's.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶνeveryNominativeadjective (substantival: 'everyone')→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'every'; here of every devoted person.
ὃwho / whichNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἀνατεθῇ)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; with ἐάν (= ἄν) and subjunctive, 'whoever is devoted'.
ἐὰνevermodal particle (= ἄν, with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: generalizing ἄν after the relative.
ἀνατεθῇis devotedAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · ἀνατίθημιverb of indefinite-relative clause (passive)→ aorist passive subjunctive (the act of being placed under the ban)ἀνατίθημι (aor. pass.): 'be devoted / be placed under the ban'; the passive of the herem-verb; renders יָחֳרַם (Hophal of חרם); the person is put under the irrevocable ban.
ἀπὸfrom amongpreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive 'from among'.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνθρώπωνmenGenitivegenitive (partitive with ἀπό)→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: 'human being'; the ban here falls on a person, not property.
οὐnotnegative particle (with λυτρωθήσεται)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negation of ransom.
λυτρωθήσεταιshall be ransomedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · λυτρόωmain verb (prohibition: no ransom)→ prohibitive future passive (legal interdiction)λυτρόω (fut. pass.): 'be ransomed / redeemed'; the devoted person cannot be bought back — a stark limit to the redemption-theme that pervades the chapter.
ἀλλὰbutstrong adversative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλά: 'but'; sharply opposes ransom to execution.
θανάτῳwith deathDativecognate dative (Hebraism: emphatic infinitive absolute)→ sphere or referenceθάνατος: 'death'; the cognate dative θανάτῳ θανατωθήσεται renders the Hebrew infinitive-absolute מוֹת יוּמָת ('he shall surely be put to death'); the dativus cognatus intensifies the certainty of the sentence (cf. ἀποθανεῖσθε θανάτῳ, Gen 2:17).
θανατωθήσεταιshall be put to deathFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · θανατόωmain verb (the death-sentence)→ predictive/legislative future passive (mandated execution)θανατόω: 'put to death'; renders הוּמַת; with the cognate dative θανάτῳ it expresses the emphatic, irreversible death-penalty for the devoted person.
30
πᾶσα δεκάτη τῆς γῆς ἀπὸ τοῦ σπέρματος τῆς γῆς καὶ τοῦ καρποῦ τοῦ ξυλίνου τῷ κυρίῳ ἐστίν ἅγιον τῷ κυρίῳ
Every tithe of the land, of the seed of the land and of the fruit of the tree, is the LORD's; it is holy to the LORD.
The final statute treats the tithe (δεκάτη). The tithe of all agricultural produce — both grain (σπέρμα) and tree-fruit (καρπὸς ξύλινος) — already belongs to the LORD as holy. Like the firstborn (v. 26), it is not a fresh dedication but a standing divine claim on the tenth of the harvest.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
πᾶσαevery / allNominativeadjective (modifying δεκάτη)→ participant prominenceπᾶς (fem. πᾶσα): 'every / all'; the whole tithe of the land.
δεκάτηtithe / tenthNominativesubject (topic of the law)→ participant prominenceδεκάτη: 'a tenth / tithe'; renders מַעֲשֵׂר; the tenth part of produce owed to the LORD (cf. Gen 14:20; Num 18:21–28; Deut 14:22).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive (source of the tithe)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land / soil'; the tithe of the land's yield.
ἀπὸof / frompreposition + genitive (specifying the produce)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; specifies the two sources, grain and fruit.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σπέρματοςseedGenitivegenitive (with ἀπό: grain)→ relational specificationσπέρμα: 'seed / grain'; renders זֶרַע; the cereal yield of the field.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive of source (with σπέρματος)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; 'the seed of the land'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρποῦfruitGenitivegenitive (with ἀπό: orchard produce)→ relational specificationκαρπός: 'fruit / produce'; renders פְּרִי; the orchard yield.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (attributive with ξυλίνου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ξυλίνουof the treeGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying καρποῦ: 'tree-fruit')→ relational specificationξύλινος: 'of wood / of the tree'; from ξύλον ('tree / wood'); καρπὸς ξύλινος ('fruit of the tree') renders פְּרִי הָעֵץ — the produce of orchards and vineyards.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORD'sDativedative of possession→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the tithe is already his.
ἐστίνisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (predicating ownership)→ stative present (settled divine claim)εἰμί (pres.): 'is / belongs'; the present underlines the tithe as a standing claim, not a fresh vow.
ἅγιονholyNominativepredicate adjective (restating sacral status)→ participant prominenceἅγιος: 'holy'; the tithe is set apart to the LORD; the closing ἅγιον τῷ κυρίῳ seals its consecrated character.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton.
31
ἐὰν δὲ λυτρῶται λύτρῳ ἄνθρωπος τὴν δεκάτην αὐτοῦ τὸ ἐπίπεμπτον προσθήσει πρὸς αὐτό καὶ ἔσται αὐτῷ
But if a man would redeem any of his tithe with a ransom, he shall add the fifth part to it, and it shall be his.
The produce-tithe may be commuted to money, but at the now-familiar cost of value plus a fifth (τὸ ἐπίπεμπτον). The cognate λυτρῶται λύτρῳ ('redeem with a ransom') is a Hebraizing intensifier marking deliberate commutation; once paid, the produce reverts to the owner's use (καὶ ἔσται αὐτῷ).
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: opens the tithe-redemption case.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the redemption alternative.
λυτρῶταιwould redeemPres Mid Subj 3 Sg · λυτρόωverb of conditional protasis→ present subjunctive (contemplated redemption)λυτρόω: 'redeem'; the owner commutes his produce-tithe to a money-payment.
λύτρῳwith a ransomDativecognate dative (Hebraizing intensifier with λυτρῶται)→ sphere or referenceλύτρον: 'ransom / redemption-price'; the cognate dative λυτρῶται λύτρῳ ('redeem with a ransom') intensifies the act; λύτρον is the word behind Jesus' λύτρον ἀντὶ πολλῶν (Mark 10:45).
ἄνθρωποςa manNominativesubject of λυτρῶται→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man'; the tithe-payer.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεκάτηνtitheAccusativedirect object of λυτρῶται→ object specificationδεκάτη: 'tithe / tenth'; the agricultural tithe being commuted.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his' tithe.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπίπεμπτονthe fifth partAccusativedirect object of προσθήσει→ object specificationἐπίπεμπτον: 'the added fifth' (20% surcharge).
προσθήσειhe shall addFut Act Indic 3 Sg · προστίθημιmain verb (the surcharge)→ predictive/legislative future (mandated surcharge)προστίθημι: 'add'; the redemption-surcharge verb.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (addition)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: 'to / in addition to'.
αὐτόitAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the tithe-value)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the tithe-value to which the fifth is added.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (reversion of use)→ legislative future (legal reversion)εἰμί (fut.): the redeemed produce reverts to the owner.
αὐτῷhisDativedative of possession→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative of possession.
32
καὶ πᾶσα δεκάτη βοῶν καὶ προβάτων καὶ πᾶν ὃ ἐὰν ἔλθῃ ἐν τῷ ἀριθμῷ ὑπὸ τὴν ῥάβδον τὸ δέκατον ἔσται ἅγιον τῷ κυρίῳ
And every tithe of oxen and sheep, and every one that passes under the rod in the counting — the tenth shall be holy to the LORD.
The tithe extends to livestock. The vivid image ὑπὸ τὴν ῥάβδον ('under the rod') depicts the shepherd counting his animals as they pass single-file beneath his staff, every tenth one marked off for the LORD (cf. Ezek 20:37). The selection is by count, not by quality — which is why no good-or-bad assessment is permitted (v. 33).
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶσαeveryNominativeadjective (modifying δεκάτη)→ participant prominenceπᾶς (fem. πᾶσα): 'every'; the whole animal-tithe.
δεκάτηtitheNominativesubject→ participant prominenceδεκάτη: 'tithe / tenth'; here of livestock.
βοῶνof oxenGenitivegenitive (source: herd)→ relational specificationβοῦς (gen. pl. βοῶν): 'ox / cattle'; renders בָּקָר; the bovine herd.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προβάτωνof sheepGenitivegenitive (source: flock)→ relational specificationπρόβατον: 'sheep'; renders צֹאן; the ovine flock; 'oxen and sheep' = herd and flock together.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (epexegetic)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶνevery oneNominativesubstantival adjective (subject of the relative clause)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'every (one)'; each animal in the count.
ὃthatNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἔλθῃ)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; with ἐάν and subjunctive, 'whatever passes'.
ἐὰνevermodal particle (= ἄν, with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: generalizing ἄν.
ἔλθῃcomes / passesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιverb of indefinite-relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (generalizing)ἔρχομαι: 'come / pass'; renders עָבַר ('pass over/under'); of each animal passing in the count beneath the shepherd's rod.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner: 'in the counting')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: 'in / by'; the animals are tithed as they are numbered.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀριθμῷcounting / numberDativedative (with ἐν: 'in the count')→ sphere or referenceἀριθμός: 'number / counting'; renders מִסְפָּר; the tithe is taken by numbering the flock, every tenth marked off.
ὑπὸunderpreposition + accusative (position: 'under the rod')→ spatial or relational framingὑπό + acc.: 'under'; the animals pass 'under the rod' as they are counted.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥάβδονrod / staffAccusativeaccusative object of ὑπό→ object specificationῥάβδος: 'rod / staff'; renders שֵׁבֶט; the shepherd's staff under which the flock is counted (cf. Ezek 20:37, 'I will make you pass under the rod'); the vivid image fixes the tithe by mechanical count, removing all choice.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέκατονtenthNominativesubject (the tenth animal)→ participant prominenceδέκατος: 'tenth'; the ordinal — every tenth beast in the count belongs to the LORD.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ legislative future (statutory status)εἰμί (fut.): predicates the tenth animal's holy status.
ἅγιονholyNominativepredicate adjective→ participant prominenceἅγιος: 'holy'; the tithe-animal is set apart to the LORD.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton.
33
οὐκ ἀλλάξεις καλὸν πονηρῷ ἐὰν δὲ ἀλλάσσων ἀλλάξῃς αὐτό καὶ τὸ ἄλλαγμα αὐτοῦ ἔσται ἅγιον οὐ λυτρωθήσεται
You shall not exchange good for bad; but if by exchanging you do exchange it, then both it and its substitute shall be holy; it shall not be redeemed.
The tithe-animal, chosen by count rather than quality, may not be swapped for a better or worse beast — the same prohibition as for vowed clean animals (v. 10), now in the second person (οὐκ ἀλλάξεις). The penalty is identical: both the original and the substitute become holy (ἅγιον) and irredeemable. The shift to direct 'you' address gives the closing statute a personal, hortatory force before the colophon.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἀλλάξεις)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negation of the prohibition.
ἀλλάξειςyou shall exchangeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀλλάσσωmain verb (prohibitive future, 2nd person)→ prohibitive future (apodictic 'you shall not')ἀλλάσσω: 'exchange / substitute'; the second-person prohibitive future (οὐκ ἀλλάξεις) has apodictic force, like the Decalogue's οὐ + future; the tithe-animal may not be swapped.
καλὸνgoodAccusativeaccusative (predicative: 'a good one')→ object specificationκαλός: 'good'; one may not substitute a good animal for the tithed one (or vice versa).
πονηρῷfor a bad oneDativedative of exchange→ sphere or referenceπονηρός: 'bad / inferior'; dative of exchange — 'good for bad'.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (penalty case)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: introduces the violation-and-penalty case.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the hypothetical transgression.
ἀλλάσσωνexchangingPres Act Part Nom Masc Sg · ἀλλάσσωcomplementary participle (Hebraizing intensifier with ἀλλάξῃς)→ intensifying participle (rendering the Hebrew infinitive absolute)ἀλλάσσω: the participle ἀλλάσσων with the finite ἀλλάξῃς ('by exchanging you exchange') calques the Hebrew infinitive-absolute הָמֵר יָמִיר, expressing emphatic certainty; identical construction to v. 10.
ἀλλάξῃςyou exchangeAor Act Subj 2 Sg · ἀλλάσσωverb of conditional protasis (2nd person)→ aorist subjunctive (hypothetical transgression)ἀλλάσσω (aor. subj.): the finite verb of the cognate construction; the unlawful substitution that triggers the doubling penalty.
αὐτόitAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτός: the tithe-animal.
καὶand / bothcoordinate conjunction (correlative 'both … and')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here 'both' in the pairing 'both it and its substitute'.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄλλαγμαsubstitute / exchangeNominativesubject (the exchanged-in animal)→ participant prominenceἄλλαγμα: 'thing exchanged / substitute'; cognate with ἀλλάσσω; renders תְּמוּרָה; the substitute also becomes holy, doubling the dedication (cf. v. 10).
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession (with ἄλλαγμα)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'its' substitute.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (penalty)→ legislative future (penalty provision)εἰμί (fut.): states the doubling penalty — both beasts become holy.
ἅγιονholyNominativepredicate adjective→ participant prominenceἅγιος: 'holy'; both original and substitute belong to the LORD.
οὐnotnegative particle (with λυτρωθήσεται)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negation — no redemption is possible.
λυτρωθήσεταιshall be redeemedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · λυτρόωmain verb (final prohibition: no redemption)→ prohibitive future passive (legal interdiction)λυτρόω (fut. pass.): 'be redeemed'; the doubly-holy tithe-animals cannot be bought back — the chapter's redemption-theme reaches its closing limit, as with the herem (v. 28).
34
αὗταί εἰσιν αἱ ἐντολαί ἃς ἐνετείλατο κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ πρὸς τοὺς υἱοὺς Ισραηλ ἐν τῷ ὄρει Σινα
These are the commandments which the LORD commanded Moses for the sons of Israel on Mount Sinai.
The closing subscription seals not merely ch. 27 but the whole book. The summary formula αὗται αἱ ἐντολαὶ ἃς ἐνετείλατο κύριος … ἐν τῷ ὄρει Σινα grounds all Leviticus' statutes in the single Sinai revelation, echoing the book's opening 'from the tent of meeting' and the like colophon at Lev 26:46. The cognate ἐντολαὶ … ἐνετείλατο ('commandments which he commanded') gives the verse a solemn, ring-closing weight.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
αὗταίtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject)→ participant referenceοὗτος (fem. pl. αὗται): 'these'; the demonstrative gathers up the whole foregoing legislation; the colophon-formula αὗται αἱ ἐντολαί renders אֵלֶּה הַמִּצְוֹת.
εἰσινarePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula→ stative present (summary predication)εἰμί (pres. 3 pl.): 'are'; the present copula of the summarizing subscription.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐντολαίcommandmentsNominativepredicate nominative (with εἰσιν)→ participant prominenceἐντολή: 'commandment / precept'; renders מִצְוָה; the comprehensive term for the whole body of Levitical law here sealed; cognate with the verb ἐνετείλατο that follows.
ἃςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐνετείλατο)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun, feminine accusative agreeing with ἐντολάς; 'which he commanded'.
ἐνετείλατοcommandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (the completed act of commanding)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command / enjoin / charge'; renders צִוָּה; the cognate ἐντολὰς … ἐνετείλατο ('commandments he commanded') is a figura etymologica giving the colophon solemn finality; the middle-deponent aorist sums up the whole Sinai legislation as one decisive divine charge.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ἐνετείλατο→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the sole legislator behind all the book's commandments.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜωυσῇMosesDativedative indirect object (the mediator)→ sphere or referenceΜωυσῆς (dat. Μωυσῇ): transliteration of מֹשֶׁה; the dative marks Moses as the mediator through whom the commandments were given to Israel.
πρὸςfor / topreposition + accusative (beneficiary: 'for the sons of Israel')→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: 'to / for'; the commandments are given through Moses 'for' (on behalf of, addressed to) Israel.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ('the sons of Israel'), the covenant people for whom the law is enacted.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; possessive genitive with υἱούς ('the sons of Israel').
ἐνonpreposition + dative (locative: 'on the mountain')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: locative 'on / at'.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρειmountainDativedative of place (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceὄρος (dat. ὄρει): 'mountain'; renders הַר; ἐν τῷ ὄρει Σινα ('on Mount Sinai') roots the whole law in the Sinai theophany, the foundational locus of Israel's covenant.
ΣιναSinaigenitive of apposition (indeclinable place-name, with ὄρει)→ participant identificationΣινα: transliteration of סִינַי; indeclinable in the LXX; in apposition to ὄρει ('the mountain, Sinai'); the place-name sealing the book anchors Leviticus' entire legislation in the mountain of revelation.