1
καὶ ἐγενήθη τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ ὀγδόῃ ἐκάλεσεν Μωυσῆς Ααρων καὶ τοὺς υἱοὺς αὐτοῦ καὶ τὴν γερουσίαν Ισραηλ
And it came to pass on the eighth day that Moses called Aaron and his sons and the council of elders of Israel.
The chapter opens with the LXX narrative-setting formula καὶ ἐγενήθη + temporal phrase, rendering the Hebrew וַיְהִי + day-marker. 'The eighth day' is the day after the seven-day ordination of ch. 8 (cf. 8:33–35); it marks the transition from priestly consecration to the first functioning service of the cult — the day on which Aaron, now installed, will officiate for the first time.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγενήθηit came to passAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (impersonal temporal-setting formula)→ constative aorist (narrative onset)γίνομαι (aor. pass.): 'become / happen / come to pass'; the impersonal ἐγενήθη renders the Hebrew narrative formula וַיְהִי ('and it came to pass'); it introduces a new temporal episode and frames the day as the appointed hinge between consecration and active service.
τῇtheDativearticle (with ἡμέρᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (point in time: 'on the day')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; renders יוֹם; the dative of time locates the inaugural service on a precise calendar point — the day immediately following the seven-day ordination period of ch. 8.
τῇtheDativearticle (in attributive repetition with ὀγδόῃ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀγδόῃeighthDativeattributive adjective (ordinal: 'eighth')→ sphere or referenceὄγδοος: 'eighth'; renders שְׁמִינִי; 'the eighth day' carries ritual weight throughout the Pentateuch (circumcision on the eighth day, Gen 17:12; the eighth-day offering of firstlings, Exod 22:30); here it is the day of the cult's inauguration and the LORD's first appearing to the assembled people.
ἐκάλεσενcalledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb (Moses summons the principals)→ constative aorist (single completed act of summoning)καλέω: 'call / summon / invite'; renders קָרָא; Moses, still functioning as the mediator who oversaw the ordination, convenes the new priesthood (Aaron and his sons) together with the elders, the representatives of the whole congregation.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: transliteration of Hebrew מֹשֶׁה; declined as a first/second-declension noun in Rahlfs' LXX (gen. Μωυσῆ, dat. Μωυσῇ, acc. Μωυσῆν); here the nominative subject, still acting as the LORD's mediator at the inauguration.
ΑαρωνAarondirect object (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑαρων: transliteration of Hebrew אַהֲרֹן; indeclinable in the LXX; the newly consecrated high priest, now summoned to perform the inaugural offerings of his office.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with υἱοὺς)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativedirect object (coordinate with Ααρων)→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; renders בֵּן; Aaron's sons (Nadab, Abihu, Eleazar, Ithamar) are the subordinate priests who assist throughout the chapter (cf. vv. 9, 12, 18); their inclusion marks the corporate character of the priestly office.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying υἱοὺς)→ relational specificationαὐτός: personal/possessive pronoun; the genitive αὐτοῦ ('his') identifies the sons as Aaron's.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γερουσίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γερουσίανcouncil of eldersAccusativedirect object (coordinate with Ααρων and υἱοὺς)→ object specificationγερουσία: 'council of elders / senate'; renders זְקֵנִים ('elders'); the LXX uses the collective abstract γερουσία (from γέρων, 'old man') for the body of elders who represent the whole congregation; their summoning signals that the inaugural service is on behalf of all Israel.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable in the LXX; here a genitive of relationship qualifying γερουσίαν ('the council of elders of Israel').
2
καὶ εἶπεν Μωυσῆς πρὸς Ααρων λαβὲ σεαυτῷ μοσχάριον ἐκ βοῶν περὶ ἁμαρτίας καὶ κριὸν εἰς ὁλοκαύτωμα ἄμωμα καὶ προσένεγκε αὐτὰ ἔναντι κυρίου
And Moses said to Aaron, 'Take for yourself a young calf from the herd for a sin offering and a ram for a whole burnt offering, unblemished, and offer them before the LORD.'
Moses' charge to Aaron specifies the high priest's own offerings first: a sin offering (περὶ ἁμαρτίας) and a burnt offering (εἰς ὁλοκαύτωμα). The priest must atone for himself before he can mediate for the people — a structural principle of the Levitical cult (cf. 16:6; Heb 5:3; 7:27). The pair of imperatives λαβέ … προσένεγκε frames the act as a single liturgical movement: take, then offer.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aorist (single speech-act)λέγω: 'say / speak'; the aorist εἶπεν introduces Moses' direct charge to Aaron; Moses still speaks as the LORD's appointed instructor of the cult.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as subject.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΑαρωνAaronaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑαρων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun).
λαβὲtakeAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (imperative to Aaron)→ ingressive aorist imperative (decisive single act)λαμβάνω: 'take / receive'; renders לָקַח; the aorist imperative λαβέ initiates the ritual; the same imperative recurs at v. 3 (λάβετε) addressed to the elders, structuring the parallel charges to priest and people.
σεαυτῷfor yourselfDativedative of advantage (reflexive: 'for yourself')→ sphere or referenceσεαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun, 2nd person singular; the dative σεαυτῷ ('for yourself') renders the Hebrew ethical dative לְךָ and stresses that this first offering is Aaron's own — for his personal atonement, distinct from the people's offerings (v. 7).
μοσχάριονyoung calfAccusativedirect object of λαβέ→ object specificationμοσχάριον: diminutive of μόσχος, 'young calf'; renders עֵגֶל ('calf'); the calf for Aaron's sin offering may recall and counterbalance the golden calf of Exod 32, in which Aaron was implicated — his first priestly act now atones with a calf rather than fashioning one.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source / partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source / partitive).
βοῶνthe herd / cattleGenitivegenitive of source (partitive: 'from the herd')→ relational specificationβοῦς (gen. pl. βοῶν): 'ox / head of cattle'; ἐκ βοῶν renders מִן הַבָּקָר ('from the herd'); specifies the calf's provenance among the larger cattle.
περὶforpreposition + genitive (purpose: 'for a sin offering')→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: the phrase περὶ ἁμαρτίας ('for sin / concerning sin') is the LXX's standard technical rendering of חַטָּאת, the sin offering; it recurs throughout the chapter (vv. 3, 7, 10, 15, 22) as the defining term for the purification sacrifice.
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive object of περί (technical: 'sin offering')→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin / sin offering'; renders חַטָּאת, which denotes both the sin and the sacrifice that removes it; the LXX often leaves the sacrificial sense implicit in the bare περὶ ἁμαρτίας, 'the (offering) for sin.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κριὸνramAccusativedirect object (coordinate with μοσχάριον)→ object specificationκριός: 'ram'; renders אַיִל; the ram is Aaron's burnt offering, the second of his two personal sacrifices; the ram is the characteristic burnt-offering animal in the ordination and inauguration narratives (cf. 8:18).
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose: 'for a burnt offering')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: telic, 'for / as'; εἰς ὁλοκαύτωμα ('for a whole burnt offering') specifies the destined use of the ram.
ὁλοκαύτωμαwhole burnt offeringAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (purpose)→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt offering' (lit. 'wholly burnt thing'); renders עֹלָה; the offering wholly consumed by fire on the altar, symbolising total dedication to the LORD; the term and its variant ὁλοκάρπωσις (v. 3) structure the chapter's burnt-offering vocabulary.
ἄμωμαunblemishedAccusativeattributive adjective (neuter plural: applying to both animals)→ object specificationἄμωμος: 'without blemish / spotless'; renders תָּמִים; the neuter plural ἄμωμα ('unblemished ones') qualifies both the calf and the ram; ritual perfection of the victim is a fundamental requirement of acceptable sacrifice (cf. 22:19–21), and the term acquires later messianic resonance (cf. 1 Pet 1:19).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσένεγκεofferAor Act Impv 2 Sg · προσφέρωmain verb (second imperative to Aaron)→ ingressive aorist imperative (decisive cultic act)προσφέρω: 'bring near / offer / present'; renders הִקְרִיב (the technical sacrificial term, 'cause to draw near'); προσφέρω and its compounds dominate the chapter as the verb of cultic presentation; the pairing λαβέ … προσένεγκε marks the movement from selection to offering.
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object (neuter plural: the calf and ram)→ participant referenceαὐτός: personal pronoun; the neuter accusative plural αὐτά ('them') refers to the two victims, treated grammatically as neuter to match the offering-categories.
ἔναντιbeforepreposition + genitive (cultic locality: 'before the LORD')→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before / in the presence of'; renders לִפְנֵי; ἔναντι κυρίου ('before the LORD') is the recurring cultic refrain of the chapter (vv. 2, 4, 5, 6, 21, 24), marking each act as performed in the LORD's manifest presence at the tent of meeting.
κυρίουLORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι (the Tetragrammaton)→ relational specificationκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the offerings are presented 'before the LORD,' i.e., at the sanctuary where YHWH has promised to appear (v. 4).
3
καὶ τῇ γερουσίᾳ Ισραηλ λάλησον λέγων λάβετε χίμαρον ἐξ αἰγῶν ἕνα περὶ ἁμαρτίας καὶ μοσχάριον καὶ ἀμνὸν ἐνιαύσιον εἰς ὁλοκάρπωσιν ἄμωμα
And to the council of elders of Israel you shall speak, saying, 'Take one he-goat from the goats for a sin offering, and a calf and a year-old lamb for a whole burnt offering, unblemished;
Moses' charge now turns from Aaron's personal offerings to those of the people, mediated through the elders. The imperative λάλησον followed by the redundant participle λέγων ('speak, saying') is a Hebraism (דַּבֵּר … לֵאמֹר) introducing the quoted instruction. The people's offerings comprise the same three categories — sin, burnt, peace — that Aaron will perform on their behalf in vv. 15–21.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῇtheDativearticle (with γερουσίᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γερουσίᾳcouncil of eldersDativedative indirect object of λάλησον (addressees)→ sphere or referenceγερουσία: 'council of elders'; the dative marks the elders as the recipients of Moses' instruction; they represent the whole people, on whose behalf the offerings of vv. 15–21 will be made.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; genitive of relationship qualifying γερουσίᾳ.
λάλησονyou shall speakAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (imperative to Moses)→ ingressive aorist imperative (commissioned speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak'; renders דַּבֵּר (Piel); the aorist imperative commissions Moses to relay the LORD's instruction to the elders; followed by λέγων it forms the standard introduction to quoted command.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · λέγωcircumstantial participle (Hebraism: 'speak, saying')→ redundant participle of speech (calque of לֵאמֹר)λέγω (pres. part.): the participle λέγων after λάλησον is a Semitism rendering the Hebrew infinitive לֵאמֹר ('saying'), the standard particle introducing direct speech; it has no independent semantic weight beyond marking the quotation that follows.
λάβετεtakeAor Act Impv 2 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb (imperative to the people via elders)→ ingressive aorist imperative (decisive single act)λαμβάνω: 'take'; the plural λάβετε (addressed to the people through the elders) parallels the singular λαβέ to Aaron in v. 2, structurally pairing the priest's offerings with the people's.
χίμαρονhe-goatAccusativedirect object of λάβετε→ object specificationχίμαρος: 'he-goat / male kid'; renders שָׂעִיר ('hairy one, male goat'); the goat is the standard animal of the community's sin offering (cf. 4:23; 16:5); it is slaughtered first among the people's offerings (v. 15).
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (source / partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source / partitive).
αἰγῶνthe goatsGenitivegenitive of source (partitive: 'from the goats')→ relational specificationαἴξ (gen. pl. αἰγῶν): 'goat'; ἐξ αἰγῶν renders מִן הָעִזִּים ('from the goats'), specifying the kind from which the χίμαρος is to be selected.
ἕναoneAccusativeattributive numeral (modifying χίμαρον)→ measure or countεἷς, μία, ἕν: 'one'; the masculine accusative ἕνα agrees with χίμαρον; 'one he-goat' specifies the single victim of the community sin offering.
περὶforpreposition + genitive (purpose: 'for a sin offering')→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (purpose: 'for a sin offering').
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive object of περί (technical: 'sin offering')→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin / sin offering'; renders חַטָּאת; here the people's sin offering, parallel to Aaron's in v. 2.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μοσχάριονcalfAccusativedirect object (coordinate with χίμαρον)→ object specificationμοσχάριον: 'young calf'; here part of the people's burnt offering, paired with the year-old lamb.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀμνὸνlambAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationἀμνός: 'lamb'; renders כֶּבֶשׂ; the lamb, with the calf, constitutes the people's burnt offering; ἀμνός is the term the LXX elsewhere uses of the paschal and tamid lambs, and gains christological resonance (cf. John 1:29).
ἐνιαύσιονa year oldAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἀμνόν)→ object specificationἐνιαύσιος: 'a year old / yearling'; renders בֶּן־שָׁנָה ('son of a year'); the prescribed age of the lamb for many offerings, marking it as mature yet unblemished and in its prime.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose).
ὁλοκάρπωσινwhole burnt offeringAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (purpose)→ object specificationὁλοκάρπωσις: 'whole burnt offering' (lit. 'wholly-fruited [offering]'); a near-synonym of ὁλοκαύτωμα, both rendering עֹלָה; the LXX varies between the two terms; here it designates the people's burnt offering (the calf and lamb).
ἄμωμαunblemishedAccusativeattributive adjective (neuter plural: applying to the burnt-offering animals)→ object specificationἄμωμος: 'without blemish'; the neuter plural ἄμωμα qualifies the calf and lamb collectively; ritual perfection is required of every victim (cf. v. 2).
4
καὶ μόσχον καὶ κριὸν εἰς θυσίαν σωτηρίου ἔναντι κυρίου καὶ σεμίδαλιν πεφυραμένην ἐν ἐλαίῳ ὅτι σήμερον κύριος ὀφθήσεται ἐν ὑμῖν
and a bull and a ram for a sacrifice of deliverance before the LORD, and fine flour mingled with oil; for today the LORD will appear among you.'
The list of the people's offerings concludes with the peace offering (θυσία σωτηρίου) and the grain offering (σεμίδαλις mingled with oil). The verse climaxes in the motive clause introduced by ὅτι ('for'): σήμερον κύριος ὀφθήσεται ἐν ὑμῖν — the promise of theophany that governs the whole chapter and is fulfilled in v. 23 (ὤφθη ἡ δόξα κυρίου). The future passive ὀφθήσεται anticipates the verbal echo at v. 23.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing offering-list)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μόσχονbull / oxAccusativedirect object (still governed by λάβετε of v. 3)→ object specificationμόσχος: 'young bull / ox'; renders שׁוֹר; the larger of the peace-offering animals; together with the ram it constitutes the people's θυσία σωτηρίου (peace offering), the only offering of which the worshippers themselves partake.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κριὸνramAccusativedirect object (coordinate with μόσχον)→ object specificationκριός: 'ram'; here the second animal of the people's peace offering, paired with the bull (cf. v. 18).
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose).
θυσίανsacrificeAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (purpose)→ object specificationθυσία: 'sacrifice / offering'; renders זֶבַח; in the phrase θυσία σωτηρίου it denotes the shared sacrificial meal of the peace offering.
σωτηρίουof deliverance / peaceGenitivegenitive of definition (qualifying θυσίαν: 'peace offering')→ relational specificationσωτήριον: 'deliverance / salvation / well-being'; θυσία σωτηρίου renders זֶבַח שְׁלָמִים ('sacrifice of peace-offerings'); the LXX interprets שְׁלָמִים (from שָׁלוֹם, 'wholeness, peace') with σωτήριον ('that which pertains to deliverance/welfare'); it is the fellowship offering expressing communion and well-being between the worshipper and God.
ἔναντιbeforepreposition + genitive (cultic locality)→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before / in the presence of'; the recurring refrain ἔναντι κυρίου marks the offering as presented in the LORD's manifest presence.
κυρίουLORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι (the Tetragrammaton)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σεμίδαλινfine flourAccusativedirect object (the grain offering)→ object specificationσεμίδαλις: 'fine wheat flour'; renders סֹלֶת; the basic material of the grain offering (μαναα / θυσία); mingled with oil it constitutes the bloodless offering that accompanies the animal sacrifices (cf. v. 17).
πεφυραμένηνmingled / mixedPerf Pass Part Acc Sg Fem · φυράωattributive participle (modifying σεμίδαλιν)→ resultative perfect participle (settled state: 'already mixed')φυράω: 'mix / knead / moisten'; renders בָּלַל ('mingle'); the perfect passive participle πεφυραμένην describes the flour in its prepared state, already kneaded with oil; the perfect stresses the resultant condition of the prepared offering.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrumental: 'with oil')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrumental: 'with oil').
ἐλαίῳoilDativedative of means (with πεφυραμένην)→ sphere or referenceἔλαιον: 'olive oil'; renders שֶׁמֶן; the oil mingled into the fine flour is a standard component of the grain offering (cf. 2:1–7).
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction (introducing motive clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; introduces the theological motive for the whole inaugural service: the offerings are commanded because the LORD is about to appear; the causal clause grounds the ritual in the promised theophany.
σήμερονtodaytemporal adverb→ clausal contributionσήμερον: 'today'; renders הַיּוֹם; the emphatic 'today' marks the eighth day as the appointed moment of the LORD's self-manifestation to the assembled people.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ὀφθήσεται→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the subject of the promised appearing.
ὀφθήσεταιwill appearFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (promise of theophany)→ predictive future passive (the LORD's self-manifestation)ὁράω (fut. pass.): 'be seen / appear'; the passive ὀφθήσεται ('will be seen / will appear') renders נִרְאָה (Niphal of רָאָה), the technical verb of theophany (cf. Gen 12:7; 17:1; Exod 16:10); the same form anticipates the fulfilment ὤφθη ἡ δόξα κυρίου at v. 23 — the chapter is framed by promise and fulfilment of the LORD's appearing.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (locative: 'among you')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'among you').
ὑμῖνyouDativedative object of ἐν (2nd person plural: 'among you')→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl. ὑμῖν): the 2nd person plural pronoun; ἐν ὑμῖν ('among you') marks the people as the corporate locus of the theophany — the LORD will appear in the midst of the assembled congregation.
5
καὶ ἔλαβον καθὸ ἐνετείλατο Μωυσῆς ἀπέναντι τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ μαρτυρίου καὶ προσῆλθεν πᾶσα συναγωγὴ καὶ ἔστησαν ἔναντι κυρίου
And they took the things just as Moses commanded, before the tent of testimony, and the whole congregation drew near and stood before the LORD.
The narrative now reports the people's obedient compliance with the command of vv. 2–4: 'they took just as Moses commanded' (καθὸ ἐνετείλατο Μωυσῆς). The whole congregation (πᾶσα συναγωγή) draws near and stands 'before the LORD' (ἔναντι κυρίου), setting the stage for the theophany; the verb προσῆλθεν ('drew near') belongs to the cultic vocabulary of approach to the sanctuary.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβονthey tookAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb (compliance: the people take the offerings)→ constative aorist (completed act of obedience)λαμβάνω: 'take'; the plural ἔλαβον reports the people's compliance with the imperatives λαβέ / λάβετε of vv. 2–3; the object ('the things commanded') is left implicit, supplied by the preceding instructions.
καθὸjust ascomparative conjunction (correspondence: 'according as')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθό: 'according as / just as'; introduces the standard of compliance; the clause καθὸ ἐνετείλατο Μωυσῆς ('just as Moses commanded') is the recurring obedience-formula of the chapter, echoing the priestly refrain 'as the LORD commanded' (vv. 7, 10).
ἐνετείλατοcommandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιverb of comparative clause→ constative aorist (the prior command as fixed standard)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command / charge / enjoin'; renders צִוָּה (Piel); a deponent middle; the verb of authoritative instruction; here Moses' command is the measure of the people's obedience, itself derivative of the LORD's command (cf. v. 7).
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject of ἐνετείλατο→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as subject of ἐνετείλατο.
ἀπέναντιbefore / in front ofpreposition + genitive (locality: 'in front of')→ spatial or relational framingἀπέναντι: 'over against / in front of / before'; renders לִפְנֵי / נֶגֶד; locates the gathering directly before the entrance of the tent of testimony, the place of the LORD's appointed meeting with Israel.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with σκηνῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῆςtentGenitivegenitive object of ἀπέναντι→ relational specificationσκηνή: 'tent / tabernacle'; renders אֹהֶל / מִשְׁכָּן; in the phrase σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου ('tent of testimony / meeting') it designates the portable sanctuary, the locus of the LORD's presence and the place of the cult inaugurated in this chapter.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with μαρτυρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουof testimonyGenitivegenitive of definition (qualifying σκηνῆς: 'tent of testimony')→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: 'testimony / witness'; σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου renders אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד ('tent of meeting'); the LXX construes מוֹעֵד ('appointed meeting') via the related sense of the עֵדוּת ('testimony', the tablets of the covenant kept in the ark), yielding 'tent of testimony' — the dwelling where the LORD meets and bears witness to his people.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσῆλθενdrew nearAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσέρχομαιmain verb (the congregation approaches)→ constative aorist (single act of approach)προσέρχομαι: 'come / draw near / approach'; renders קָרַב; a verb of cultic approach to the sanctuary; the singular agrees with the collective singular subject πᾶσα συναγωγή.
πᾶσαall / wholeNominativeattributive adjective (modifying συναγωγή)→ participant prominenceπᾶς (fem. πᾶσα): 'all / whole'; πᾶσα συναγωγή ('the whole congregation') stresses the corporate totality of Israel present for the inauguration — the entire assembled people.
συναγωγὴcongregationNominativesubject of προσῆλθεν→ participant prominenceσυναγωγή: 'gathering / assembly / congregation'; renders עֵדָה / קָהָל; the assembled community of Israel; the collective singular takes a singular verb (προσῆλθεν) but a plural follows (ἔστησαν) by sense-construction (constructio ad sensum).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστησανthey stoodAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἵστημιmain verb (the people take their stand)→ constative aorist (the people's standing posture established)ἵστημι: 'stand / set / take a stand'; the intransitive aorist ἔστησαν ('they stood') describes the congregation's reverent posture of attendance 'before the LORD'; the plural (after the singular συναγωγή) is a sense-construction reflecting the many individuals composing the assembly.
ἔναντιbeforepreposition + genitive (cultic locality)→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before / in the presence of'; ἔναντι κυρίου marks the congregation's standing as an act of attendance in the LORD's presence, awaiting his appearing.
κυρίουLORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι (the Tetragrammaton)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.
6
καὶ εἶπεν Μωυσῆς τοῦτο τὸ ῥῆμα ὃ εἶπεν κύριος ποιήσατε καὶ ὀφθήσεται ἐν ὑμῖν δόξα κυρίου
And Moses said, 'This is the word that the LORD spoke: Do it, and the glory of the LORD will appear among you.'
Moses authenticates the ritual program as the LORD's own word (τοῦτο τὸ ῥῆμα ὃ εἶπεν κύριος) and ties obedience to theophany: ποιήσατε καὶ ὀφθήσεται … δόξα κυρίου ('do it, and the glory of the LORD will appear'). The imperative-plus-future construction is functionally conditional ('if you do it, then the glory will appear'); v. 6 restates the promise of v. 4, now naming the object of the appearing as 'the glory of the LORD' (δόξα κυρίου), the technical term for the visible kabod.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aorist (single speech-act)λέγω: 'say'; Moses speaks as mediator, declaring the divine origin and the promised outcome of the prescribed service.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as subject.
τοῦτοthisNominativedemonstrative pronoun (predicate: 'this is the word')→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; the neuter τοῦτο, in agreement with τὸ ῥῆμα, points to the prescribed ritual program as the content of the divine command; nominal clause without an expressed copula ('this [is] the word').
τὸtheNominativearticle (with ῥῆμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαword / matterNominativepredicate nominative (with τοῦτο)→ participant prominenceῥῆμα: 'word / utterance / matter'; renders דָּבָר; like the Hebrew, it spans both the spoken command and the deed it enjoins; here it identifies the foregoing instructions as the authoritative divine word.
ὃwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of εἶπεν, modifying ῥῆμα)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; the neuter accusative ὅ ('which') introduces the relative clause defining the ῥῆμα as the word the LORD himself spoke; attraction-free, it stands as direct object of εἶπεν.
εἶπενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (the prior divine utterance)λέγω: 'say / speak'; here the LORD is the speaker; the clause grounds Moses' instruction in YHWH's own command, distancing the ritual prescription from any human invention.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of relative-clause εἶπεν (the Tetragrammaton)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the divine origin of the command.
ποιήσατεdo / performAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (imperative to the people)→ ingressive aorist imperative (decisive obedience)ποιέω: 'do / make / perform'; renders עָשָׂה; the aorist imperative ποιήσατε ('do it') commands the prescribed ritual; the construction imperative + καί + future indicative (ποιήσατε … καὶ ὀφθήσεται) functions as an implicit conditional promise.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (with consequential/conditional force)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here links imperative to future indicative, yielding a quasi-conditional sense ('do it, and [then] the glory will appear').
ὀφθήσεταιwill appearFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (promised theophany as consequence)→ predictive future passive (the glory's self-manifestation)ὁράω (fut. pass.): 'be seen / appear'; the passive ὀφθήσεται restates the theophany-promise of v. 4, here with δόξα κυρίου as subject; the verb is fulfilled at v. 23 (ὤφθη ἡ δόξα κυρίου), framing the chapter by promise and realization.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (locative: 'among you')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'among you').
ὑμῖνyouDativedative object of ἐν (2nd person plural)→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl. ὑμῖν): 2nd person plural pronoun; ἐν ὑμῖν ('among you') again marks the assembled people as the locus of the LORD's appearing (cf. v. 4).
δόξαgloryNominativesubject of ὀφθήσεται→ participant prominenceδόξα: 'glory / splendor'; renders כָּבוֹד; in the LXX δόξα κυρίου is the technical term for the visible manifestation of YHWH's presence (the kabod, cf. Exod 16:10; 24:16; 40:34); its appearing is the climactic event the whole chapter anticipates and v. 23 records.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source/possession (qualifying δόξα)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the genitive defines the glory as YHWH's own self-manifesting presence.
7
καὶ εἶπεν Μωυσῆς τῷ Ααρων πρόσελθε πρὸς τὸ θυσιαστήριον καὶ ποίησον τὸ περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας σου καὶ τὸ ὁλοκαύτωμά σου καὶ ἐξίλασαι περὶ σεαυτοῦ καὶ τοῦ οἴκου σου καὶ ποίησον τὰ δῶρα τοῦ λαοῦ καὶ ἐξίλασαι περὶ αὐτῶν καθάπερ ἐνετείλατο κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ
And Moses said to Aaron, 'Approach the altar and perform your sin offering and your whole burnt offering, and make atonement for yourself and for your house; and perform the offerings of the people and make atonement for them, just as the LORD commanded Moses.'
Moses directs Aaron to begin officiating, laying out the order of atonement: first the priest's own sin and burnt offerings, to atone (ἐξιλάσαι) for himself and his house, then the people's offerings, to atone for them. The principle — the priest must be cleansed before he can mediate — is foundational to the Levitical cult and is taken up theologically at Heb 7:27. The closing comparative καθάπερ ἐνετείλατο κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ grounds the whole sequence in prior divine command.
Word-by-word analysis· 43 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aorist (single speech-act)λέγω: 'say'; Moses gives Aaron the operative command to begin the inaugural service.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as subject.
τῷtoDativearticle (dative, marking Ααρων as indirect object)→ noun-phrase markingthe dative article τῷ before the indeclinable Ααρων supplies the case, marking Aaron as the recipient of the speech ('said to Aaron').
ΑαρωνAaronindirect object (indeclinable, case borne by article τῷ)→ noun-phrase markingΑαρων: indeclinable; the dative force is carried by the preceding article τῷ.
πρόσελθεapproachAor Act Impv 2 Sg · προσέρχομαιmain verb (imperative to Aaron)→ ingressive aorist imperative (decisive cultic approach)προσέρχομαι: 'come near / approach'; the aorist imperative πρόσελθε commands Aaron's first official approach to the altar as functioning high priest; the same verb describes his actual approach in v. 8 (προσῆλθεν).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with θυσιαστήριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (goal of approach)→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar' (lit. 'place of sacrifice'); renders מִזְבֵּחַ; a distinctively biblical Greek coinage (from θυσιάζω) reserved by the LXX for the legitimate altar of YHWH, as opposed to βωμός (pagan altar); the focal cultic installation of the chapter.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποίησονperformAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (imperative: perform the offering)→ ingressive aorist imperative (decisive cultic act)ποιέω: 'do / make / perform'; here a technical cultic sense, 'offer / perform (a sacrifice)', rendering עָשָׂה used of sacrificial performance; ποιέω with offerings as object recurs in vv. 7, 16, 22.
τὸthe [offering]Accusativesubstantival article (with περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας: 'the sin offering')→ noun-phrase markingthe neuter article τό substantivizes the prepositional phrase περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας into a noun-equivalent, 'the (offering) for sin' = the sin offering; this articular periphrasis is the LXX's idiom for the named sacrifice.
περὶforpreposition + genitive (within substantivized phrase)→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (within substantivized phrase).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with ἁμαρτίας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive object of περί (technical: 'sin offering')→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin / sin offering'; τὸ περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας is the full articular form of the sin-offering designation; renders חַטָּאת.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying the sin offering)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. σου): 2nd person singular pronoun; 'your sin offering' marks this as Aaron's own, distinguishing it from the people's offering later in the verse.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὁλοκαύτωμά)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαύτωμάwhole burnt offeringAccusativedirect object of ποίησον (coordinate with τὸ περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας)→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt offering'; renders עֹלָה; Aaron's own burnt offering, the second of his two personal sacrifices (cf. v. 2); the acute accent on the ultima (ὁλοκαύτωμά) reflects the enclitic σου following.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying ὁλοκαύτωμα)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. σου): 'your'; again marks the burnt offering as Aaron's own.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξίλασαιmake atonementAor Mid Impv 2 Sg · ἐξιλάσκομαιmain verb (imperative: make atonement)→ ingressive aorist imperative (decisive priestly act of expiation)ἐξιλάσκομαι: 'make atonement / expiate / propitiate'; renders כִּפֶּר (Piel of כפר, 'cover / atone'); the central priestly verb of expiation; the middle voice frames the priest as the one effecting atonement; the same imperative recurs later in the verse for the people's atonement.
περὶforpreposition + genitive (object of atonement)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'concerning / on behalf of'; with ἐξιλάσκομαι it marks the beneficiary of atonement (ἐξιλάσασθαι περί τινος, 'make atonement for someone').
σεαυτοῦyourselfGenitivegenitive object of περί (reflexive: 'for yourself')→ relational specificationσεαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun, 2nd person singular; Aaron must atone first for himself — the priest is not exempt from the sin he mediates against (cf. Heb 5:3; 7:27).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with οἴκου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουhouseGenitivegenitive object of περί (coordinate with σεαυτοῦ)→ relational specificationοἶκος: 'house / household'; renders בַּיִת; 'your house' = Aaron's household, the priestly family; the atonement extends from the priest to his sons who serve with him.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying οἴκου)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. σου): 'your'; identifies the house as Aaron's own.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the people's offerings)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποίησονperformAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (imperative: perform the people's offerings)→ ingressive aorist imperative (decisive cultic act)ποιέω: 'perform (a sacrifice)'; the second ποίησον turns to the people's offerings, which Aaron presents on their behalf in vv. 15–21.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with δῶρα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δῶραofferings / giftsAccusativedirect object of ποίησον (the people's offerings)→ object specificationδῶρον: 'gift / offering'; renders קָרְבָּן ('that which is brought near, offering'); the neuter plural τὰ δῶρα τοῦ λαοῦ designates the totality of the people's sacrifices (sin, burnt, peace) to be performed by Aaron.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with λαοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive of possession (qualifying δῶρα: 'the people's offerings')→ relational specificationλαός: 'people'; renders עַם; the covenant community of Israel, on whose behalf Aaron now mediates.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξίλασαιmake atonementAor Mid Impv 2 Sg · ἐξιλάσκομαιmain verb (imperative: make atonement for the people)→ ingressive aorist imperative (decisive priestly act of expiation)ἐξιλάσκομαι: 'make atonement'; the repetition of the verb (first for Aaron, now for the people) marks the two-stage structure of priestly mediation: self first, then community.
περὶforpreposition + genitive (object of atonement)→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (object of atonement).
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of περί (the people as beneficiaries)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. pl. αὐτῶν): personal pronoun; 'for them' refers back to the people (λαός), the beneficiaries of the corporate atonement.
καθάπερjust ascomparative conjunction (correspondence to command)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθάπερ: 'just as / exactly as'; an emphatic comparative; introduces the obedience-formula grounding the whole ritual in prior divine command.
ἐνετείλατοcommandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιverb of comparative clause→ constative aorist (the prior divine command as standard)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command / charge'; renders צִוָּה; the LORD's command to Moses is the authoritative standard; the formula 'as the LORD commanded Moses' recurs verbatim (vv. 10) and in variant form (vv. 5, 21), stamping the entire service with divine sanction.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ἐνετείλατο (the Tetragrammaton)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.
τῷtoDativearticle (with Μωυσῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜωυσῇMosesDativedative indirect object of ἐνετείλατο (recipient of command)→ sphere or referenceΜωυσῆς (dat. Μωυσῇ): the dative names Moses as the recipient of the LORD's command; Aaron's obedience is mediated through the Mosaic instruction.
8
καὶ προσῆλθεν Ααρων πρὸς τὸ θυσιαστήριον καὶ ἔσφαξεν τὸ μοσχάριον τὸ περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας
And Aaron approached the altar and slaughtered the calf of the sin offering which was for himself.
Aaron's first priestly act: he approaches the altar (προσῆλθεν, fulfilling the imperative πρόσελθε of v. 7) and slaughters the calf of his own sin offering. The verb ἔσφαξεν ('slaughtered') is the technical term for ritual killing; the chapter's main sacrificial narrative now begins, proceeding act by act through Aaron's offerings (vv. 8–14).
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσῆλθενapproachedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσέρχομαιmain verb (Aaron approaches the altar)→ constative aorist (completed act of approach)προσέρχομαι: 'approach / draw near'; the aorist προσῆλθεν fulfils Moses' imperative πρόσελθε (v. 7); Aaron now functions as officiating priest for the first time.
ΑαρωνAaronsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑαρων: indeclinable; here the nominative subject of προσῆλθεν, taking up his priestly office.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with θυσιαστήριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (goal of approach)→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; renders מִזְבֵּחַ; the altar of burnt offering, focal point of the sacrificial action.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσφαξενslaughteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · σφάζωmain verb (ritual slaughter of the victim)→ constative aorist (single completed ritual act)σφάζω: 'slaughter / slay (for sacrifice)'; renders שָׁחַט; the technical verb for the ritual killing of the sacrificial victim, normally by cutting the throat; it is the first action of the sin-offering rite, preceding the manipulation of the blood (v. 9).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with μοσχάριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μοσχάριονcalfAccusativedirect object of ἔσφαξεν→ object specificationμοσχάριον: 'young calf'; the victim of Aaron's own sin offering, specified in v. 2.
τὸthe [one]Accusativearticle in attributive position (substantivizing the phrase: 'the [calf] for sin')→ noun-phrase markingthe repeated article τό in attributive position links the phrase περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας to μοσχάριον, identifying the calf precisely as the sin-offering animal — 'the calf, the one for the sin offering.'
περὶforpreposition + genitive (technical: 'for the sin offering')→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (technical: 'for the sin offering').
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with ἁμαρτίας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive object of περί (technical: 'sin offering')→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin / sin offering'; τὸ περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας identifies the calf as Aaron's sin offering; renders חַטָּאת.
9
καὶ προσήνεγκαν οἱ υἱοὶ Ααρων τὸ αἷμα πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ ἔβαψεν τὸν δάκτυλον εἰς τὸ αἷμα καὶ ἐπέθηκεν ἐπὶ τὰ κέρατα τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου καὶ τὸ αἷμα ἐξέχεεν ἐπὶ τὴν βάσιν τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου
And the sons of Aaron brought the blood to him, and he dipped his finger into the blood and put it on the horns of the altar, and the blood he poured out at the base of the altar.
The blood manipulation of the sin offering: Aaron's sons bring the blood; Aaron applies it with his finger to the horns of the altar and pours the rest at its base. This is the prescribed blood-rite of the sin offering (cf. 4:25, 30, 34): the daubing on the horns sanctifies the altar's points of greatest holiness, and the pouring at the base disposes of the remaining blood, the carrier of atoning life (cf. 17:11).
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσήνεγκανbrought / presentedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · προσφέρωmain verb (the sons present the blood)→ constative aorist (completed act of presentation)προσφέρω: 'bring near / present / offer'; renders הִקְרִיב; here of the priestly assistants bringing the collected blood to Aaron for the rite; the plural subject (the sons) assist the high priest's officiating.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with υἱοὶ)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject of προσήνεγκαν→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; Aaron's sons, the subordinate priests; they handle the blood but Aaron alone performs the daubing and pouring — a division of priestly labor.
Ααρωνof Aarongenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'the sons of Aaron')→ participant identificationΑαρων: indeclinable; genitive of relationship qualifying υἱοί ('the sons of Aaron').
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with αἷμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἷμαbloodAccusativedirect object of προσήνεγκαν→ object specificationαἷμα: 'blood'; renders דָּם; in the sacrificial system blood is the carrier of life and the agent of atonement (17:11: 'the life of the flesh is in the blood … it is the blood that makes atonement'); its careful manipulation is the heart of the sin-offering rite.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
αὐτόνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (Aaron, recipient of the blood)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. αὐτόν): personal pronoun; 'to him' = to Aaron, who alone manipulates the blood.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔβαψενdippedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βάπτωmain verb (Aaron dips his finger)→ constative aorist (single act of dipping)βάπτω: 'dip / immerse'; renders טָבַל; Aaron dips his finger in the blood to apply it to the altar's horns; the verb (and its intensive βαπτίζω) later carries the technical sense of ritual immersion.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with δάκτυλον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δάκτυλονfingerAccusativedirect object of ἔβαψεν→ object specificationδάκτυλος: 'finger'; renders אֶצְבַּע; the priest applies the blood with his finger, a gesture of precise, hands-on consecration of the altar's horns.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with αἷμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἷμαbloodAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationαἷμα: 'blood'; the substance into which Aaron dips his finger.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέθηκενput / appliedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (Aaron applies the blood to the horns)→ constative aorist (single completed act)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon / put on / apply'; renders נָתַן ('put') in cultic contexts; the verb recurs in the chapter for placing pieces on the altar (vv. 13, 14, 20); here it describes the daubing of blood on the altar's horns.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (place upon which)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place upon which).
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with κέρατα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κέραταhornsAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationκέρας (pl. κέρατα): 'horn'; renders קֶרֶן; the upward projections at the four corners of the altar, its most sacred points; daubing them with sin-offering blood consecrates and purifies the altar (cf. Exod 29:12; Lev 4:7).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with θυσιαστηρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive of possession (the altar's horns)→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the genitive marks the horns as belonging to the altar.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with αἷμα, fronted as object)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἷμαbloodAccusativedirect object of ἐξέχεεν (fronted for emphasis)→ object specificationαἷμα: 'blood'; the remaining blood, fronted before its verb (τὸ αἷμα ἐξέχεεν), is disposed of at the altar base — the standard handling of the sin-offering's residual blood.
ἐξέχεενpoured outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκχέωmain verb (disposal of remaining blood)→ constative aorist (single completed act)ἐκχέω: 'pour out / shed'; renders שָׁפַךְ; the remaining blood is poured at the base of the altar (cf. 4:7); the verb is also used of violent bloodshed and, in prophetic/NT usage, of the pouring out of the Spirit and of sacrificial death.
ἐπὶat / uponpreposition + accusative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with βάσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βάσινbaseAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationβάσις: 'base / foundation / pedestal'; renders יְסוֹד ('base of the altar'); the place where the residual sin-offering blood is poured; later βάσις can also denote 'foot/step' (cf. Acts 3:7).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with θυσιαστηρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive of possession (the altar's base)→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the genitive marks the base as belonging to the altar.
10
καὶ τὸ στέαρ καὶ τοὺς νεφροὺς καὶ τὸν λοβὸν τοῦ ἥπατος τοῦ περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας ἀνήνεγκεν ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον ὃν τρόπον ἐνετείλατο κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ
And the fat and the kidneys and the lobe of the liver of the sin offering he offered up on the altar, in the manner the LORD commanded Moses.
The fat portions of the sin offering — the suet, the kidneys, and the lobe of the liver — are burned on the altar (cf. 4:8–10). The fat (στέαρ) belongs to the LORD as the choicest part and is wholly burned (cf. 3:16–17, the perpetual statute against eating fat or blood). The verse closes with the formula ὃν τρόπον ἐνετείλατο κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ ('as the LORD commanded Moses'), the seal of exact obedience that punctuates the chapter.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with στέαρ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στέαρfat / suetAccusativedirect object of ἀνήνεγκεν→ object specificationστέαρ: 'fat / suet'; renders חֵלֶב; the hard fat around the inner organs, reserved exclusively for the LORD and burned on the altar (3:16–17); στέαρ recurs through the chapter as the LORD's portion (vv. 19, 20, 24).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with νεφροὺς)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεφροὺςkidneysAccusativedirect object (coordinate with στέαρ)→ object specificationνεφρός (pl. νεφροί): 'kidney'; renders כְּלָיוֹת; the kidneys with their surrounding fat are among the portions burned for the LORD; in the OT the kidneys are also figuratively the seat of the inmost self (cf. Ps 7:9 LXX).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with λοβὸν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοβὸνlobeAccusativedirect object (coordinate with στέαρ, νεφρούς)→ object specificationλοβός: 'lobe / appendage'; here the caudate lobe of the liver; renders יֹתֶרֶת ('the appendage / lobe on the liver'); the third of the burned inner portions specified for the sin offering (4:9).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ἥπατος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἥπατοςliverGenitivegenitive of relationship (the lobe of the liver)→ relational specificationἧπαρ (gen. ἥπατος): 'liver'; renders כָּבֵד; the lobe attached to the liver is burned for the LORD; the liver was also a prominent organ in ancient divinatory practice, here reclaimed for legitimate cult.
τοῦthe [one]Genitivesubstantival article (linking περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας to the foregoing portions)→ noun-phrase markingthe genitive article τοῦ substantivizes the phrase περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας, identifying the burned portions as belonging to the sin-offering victim — 'the (parts) of the (offering) for sin.'
περὶforpreposition + genitive (technical: 'sin offering')→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (technical: 'sin offering').
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with ἁμαρτίας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive object of περί (technical: 'sin offering')→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin / sin offering'; the portions belong to the sin-offering victim of v. 8.
ἀνήνεγκενoffered upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναφέρωmain verb (burns the portions on the altar)→ constative aorist (single completed cultic act)ἀναφέρω: 'bring up / offer up'; renders הֶעֱלָה / הִקְטִיר; the compound ἀνα- ('up') suits the placing of portions up onto the altar to be turned to smoke; the verb is taken up in the NT for Christ's self-offering (Heb 7:27; 1 Pet 2:24).
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (place upon which)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place upon which).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with θυσιαστήριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the place where the fat portions are turned to smoke for the LORD.
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (with τρόπον: 'in the manner which')→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; the accusative ὅν in the fixed phrase ὃν τρόπον ('in which manner / just as') forms an adverbial comparative — a common LXX rendering of כַּאֲשֶׁר ('according as').
τρόπονmanner / wayAccusativeadverbial accusative (with ὅν: 'in the manner that')→ object specificationτρόπος: 'manner / way'; the accusative of manner ὃν τρόπον ('in the way which') introduces the obedience-clause; the whole rite conforms exactly to the LORD's prior command.
ἐνετείλατοcommandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιverb of comparative clause→ constative aorist (the prior command as standard)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command'; renders צִוָּה; the obedience-formula ὃν τρόπον ἐνετείλατο κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ ('as the LORD commanded Moses') seals each act with divine sanction (cf. v. 7).
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ἐνετείλατο (the Tetragrammaton)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.
τῷtoDativearticle (with Μωυσῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜωυσῇMosesDativedative indirect object of ἐνετείλατο→ sphere or referenceΜωυσῆς (dat. Μωυσῇ): the recipient of the LORD's command; the inaugural rite executes the Mosaic prescriptions of chs. 1–7.
11
καὶ τὰ κρέα καὶ τὴν βύρσαν κατέκαυσεν αὐτὰ πυρὶ ἔξω τῆς παρεμβολῆς
And the flesh and the hide he burned up with fire outside the camp.
The flesh and hide of Aaron's sin offering are burned outside the camp, not on the altar (cf. 4:11–12). Because the blood of this sin offering was applied to the altar for the priest's own atonement, the carcass may not be eaten but must be destroyed outside the sacred precinct — a detail Hebrews 13:11–12 takes up typologically of Jesus suffering 'outside the gate.'
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with κρέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρέαflesh / meatAccusativedirect object (fronted, resumed by αὐτά)→ object specificationκρέας (pl. κρέα): 'flesh / meat'; renders בָּשָׂר; the flesh of the priestly sin offering, which (unlike the people's sin offering, which the priests eat, cf. 10:17) must be burned outside the camp.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with βύρσαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βύρσανhide / skinAccusativedirect object (coordinate with κρέα)→ object specificationβύρσα: 'hide / skin (of an animal)'; renders עוֹר; the hide of the sin-offering victim, burned with the flesh outside the camp; for the burnt offering, by contrast, the hide went to the officiating priest (7:8).
κατέκαυσενburned upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατακαίωmain verb (destruction of the carcass)→ constative aorist (single completed act of incineration)κατακαίω: 'burn up / consume by fire'; renders שָׂרַף; the perfective compound κατα- ('completely') distinguishes this destructive burning from the altar-burning (ἀναφέρω); the carcass is incinerated, not offered as a pleasing aroma.
αὐτὰthemAccusativeresumptive direct object (neuter plural, resuming κρέα and βύρσαν)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. pl. αὐτά): personal pronoun; the resumptive 'them' picks up the fronted objects (flesh and hide), a Hebraizing pleonastic construction (the fronted noun + resumptive pronoun).
πυρὶwith fireDativedative of means (instrument of burning)→ sphere or referenceπῦρ (dat. πυρί): 'fire'; renders אֵשׁ; the dative of means; this ordinary fire of disposal stands in pointed contrast to the divine fire (πῦρ παρὰ κυρίου) that will fall on the altar in v. 24.
ἔξωoutsideadverb / improper preposition + genitive (place: 'outside')→ spatial or relational framingἔξω: 'outside / without'; with the genitive τῆς παρεμβολῆς it marks the place of disposal beyond the sacred camp; the locus 'outside the camp' is significant for purity law and for the typology of Heb 13:11–13.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with παρεμβολῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολῆςcampGenitivegenitive object of ἔξω→ relational specificationπαρεμβολή: 'camp / encampment'; renders מַחֲנֶה; the LXX's standard term for Israel's wilderness camp (and later for an army's bivouac); 'outside the camp' is the zone of impurity and disposal, beyond the ordered holiness of the tabernacle-centered community.
12
καὶ ἔσφαξεν τὸ ὁλοκαύτωμα καὶ προσήνεγκαν οἱ υἱοὶ Ααρων τὸ αἷμα πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ προσέχεεν ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον κύκλῳ
And he slaughtered the whole burnt offering, and the sons of Aaron brought the blood to him, and he poured it against the altar all around.
Aaron turns to his own burnt offering (the ram of v. 2). The blood-rite of the burnt offering differs from the sin offering: rather than daubing the horns, the blood is dashed all around (κύκλῳ) against the sides of the altar (cf. 1:5). The sons again assist by presenting the blood; Aaron performs the manipulation.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσφαξενslaughteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · σφάζωmain verb (ritual slaughter of the burnt offering)→ constative aorist (single completed ritual act)σφάζω: 'slaughter (for sacrifice)'; renders שָׁחַט; the same verb used of the sin offering (v. 8), now of Aaron's burnt offering.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὁλοκαύτωμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαύτωμαwhole burnt offeringAccusativedirect object of ἔσφαξεν→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt offering'; renders עֹלָה; here Aaron's own burnt offering (the ram of v. 2), wholly consumed on the altar (v. 14).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσήνεγκανbrought / presentedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · προσφέρωmain verb (the sons present the blood)→ constative aorist (completed act of presentation)προσφέρω: 'bring near / present'; the sons again assist by bringing the blood, as at v. 9; the repetition underscores the cooperative priestly procedure.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with υἱοὶ)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject of προσήνεγκαν→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; Aaron's sons, the assisting priests.
Ααρωνof Aarongenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑαρων: indeclinable; genitive of relationship qualifying υἱοί.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with αἷμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἷμαbloodAccusativedirect object of προσήνεγκαν→ object specificationαἷμα: 'blood'; the blood of the burnt offering, handled differently from the sin offering — dashed against the altar rather than daubed on the horns.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
αὐτόνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (Aaron)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. αὐτόν): 'him' = Aaron, who performs the blood manipulation.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσέχεενpoured against / dashedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσχέωmain verb (Aaron dashes the blood on the altar)→ constative aorist (single completed act)προσχέω: 'pour upon / dash against'; renders זָרַק ('throw, dash'); the compound προσ- ('against') with κύκλῳ ('all around') describes the dashing of the blood against the sides of the altar — the characteristic blood-rite of the burnt and peace offerings (cf. 1:5; 3:2), distinct from ἐξέχεεν (pouring at the base) of the sin offering.
ἐπὶupon / againstpreposition + accusative (place upon which)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place upon which).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with θυσιαστήριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the blood is dashed against its sides.
κύκλῳall aroundDativeadverbial dative (manner/place: 'round about')→ sphere or referenceκύκλος (dat. κύκλῳ): 'circle'; the dative κύκλῳ functions adverbially, 'all around / round about'; renders סָבִיב; it specifies that the blood is dashed against all sides of the altar, encompassing it.
13
καὶ τὸ ὁλοκαύτωμα προσήνεγκαν αὐτῷ κατὰ μέλη αὐτὰ καὶ τὴν κεφαλήν καὶ ἐπέθηκεν ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον
And the whole burnt offering they brought to him piece by piece, and the head, and he placed them on the altar.
The dismembered burnt offering — its pieces (μέλη) and the head — is handed to Aaron, who arranges them on the altar (cf. 1:6–9). The fronting of τὸ ὁλοκαύτωμα topicalizes the offering; the phrase κατὰ μέλη ('limb by limb') reflects the prescribed dismemberment of the burnt offering before its total combustion.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὁλοκαύτωμα, fronted as topic)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαύτωμαwhole burnt offeringAccusativedirect object of προσήνεγκαν (fronted for topical emphasis)→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt offering'; renders עֹלָה; here the dismembered victim, handed piece by piece to Aaron for arrangement on the altar.
προσήνεγκανbrought / presentedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · προσφέρωmain verb (the sons hand up the pieces)→ constative aorist (completed act of presentation)προσφέρω: 'bring near / present'; the sons hand the cut portions to Aaron for arrangement; the plural again marks the assistants' role.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object (Aaron)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. αὐτῷ): 'to him' = to Aaron, who arranges the pieces on the altar.
κατὰby / according topreposition + accusative (distributive: 'piece by piece')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: distributive, 'limb by limb / piece by piece'; the phrase κατὰ μέλη reflects the prescribed cutting of the burnt offering into its pieces (1:6) before they are arranged on the altar.
μέληpieces / limbsAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (distributive)→ object specificationμέλος (pl. μέλη): 'limb / member / piece'; renders נֵתַח ('cut piece'); the dismembered portions of the burnt-offering victim; the word later denotes the 'members' of the body in Pauline ecclesiology (Rom 12:4–5; 1 Cor 12).
αὐτὰthem / itsAccusativeresumptive/appositional accusative (the pieces of it)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. pl. αὐτά): personal pronoun; 'them' resumes the pieces (κατὰ μέλη αὐτά, 'by its pieces'), a Hebraizing pleonasm specifying the parts of the one victim.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with κεφαλήν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλήνheadAccusativedirect object (coordinate with μέλη: the head separately)→ object specificationκεφαλή: 'head'; renders רֹאשׁ; the head is named separately from the other pieces (as in 1:8), being arranged on the altar with them; the whole victim, head included, is consumed.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέθηκενplacedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (Aaron arranges the pieces on the altar)→ constative aorist (single completed act)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon / lay on'; here of arranging the burnt-offering pieces on the altar fire; the same verb used of the blood-daubing (v. 9) and the fat (v. 20).
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (place upon which)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place upon which).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with θυσιαστήριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the place where the pieces are arranged to be wholly burned.
14
καὶ ἔπλυνεν τὴν κοιλίαν καὶ τοὺς πόδας ὕδατι καὶ ἐπέθηκεν ἐπὶ τὸ ὁλοκαύτωμα ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον
And he washed the entrails and the legs with water and placed them on the whole burnt offering on the altar.
The entrails and legs are washed with water (cf. 1:9) before being placed on the altar with the rest, completing Aaron's burnt offering. The washing removes impurity from the inner parts and lower extremities so that the whole animal may ascend as a 'pleasing aroma' to the LORD. This finishes the priest's own offerings (vv. 8–14); the narrative now turns to the people's (vv. 15–21).
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔπλυνενwashedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πλύνωmain verb (washing of the inner parts)→ constative aorist (single completed act)πλύνω: 'wash / cleanse (objects)'; renders רָחַץ / כִּבֵּס; used of washing things (as opposed to νίπτω for parts of the body); the ritual washing of the entrails and legs prepares them for combustion as part of the wholly-offered victim (1:9).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with κοιλίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοιλίανentrails / bellyAccusativedirect object of ἔπλυνεν→ object specificationκοιλία: 'belly / entrails / inner parts'; renders קֶרֶב ('inward parts'); the viscera, washed before being placed on the altar; the same word denotes the womb and, figuratively, the inmost being.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with πόδας)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόδαςlegs / feetAccusativedirect object (coordinate with κοιλίαν)→ object specificationπούς (pl. πόδας): 'foot / leg'; renders כְּרָעַיִם ('lower legs'); the lower limbs of the victim, washed with the entrails since both contact the ground and dung and must be cleansed before burning.
ὕδατιwith waterDativedative of means (instrument of washing)→ sphere or referenceὕδωρ (dat. ὕδατι): 'water'; renders מַיִם; the dative of means; the ritual water cleanses the inner parts and legs for the altar.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέθηκενplacedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (places the washed parts on the offering)→ constative aorist (single completed act)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon'; the washed entrails and legs are added to the rest of the burnt offering on the altar, completing the whole.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (place upon which)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place upon which).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὁλοκαύτωμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαύτωμαwhole burnt offeringAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the rest of the burnt offering already on the altar)→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt offering'; the washed parts are laid upon the portions already arranged, so the whole victim is consumed together.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (place: repeated for the altar)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί repeated (ἐπὶ τὸ ὁλοκαύτωμα ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον): a layered locative specifying both the offering-heap and the altar beneath it; a Hebraizing double localization.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with θυσιαστήριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the locus of the whole combustion.
15
καὶ προσήνεγκαν τὸ δῶρον τοῦ λαοῦ καὶ ἔλαβεν τὸν χίμαρον τὸν περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας τοῦ λαοῦ καὶ ἔσφαξεν αὐτὸ καθὰ καὶ τὸ πρῶτον
And they brought the offering of the people, and he took the goat of the people's sin offering and slaughtered it as also the first one.
Having completed his own offerings, Aaron now turns to the people's (cf. the command of v. 7). He begins with their sin offering, the goat (χίμαρος) of v. 3, slaughtering it 'as also the first' (καθὰ καὶ τὸ πρῶτον) — i.e., following the same rite he performed on his own sin-offering calf. The comparison τὸ πρῶτον binds the people's purification to the priest's, the established pattern now applied on the community's behalf.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσήνεγκανbrought / presentedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · προσφέρωmain verb (the people's offering is brought forward)→ constative aorist (completed act of presentation)προσφέρω: 'bring near / present'; the plural subject (the assisting priests / the people) brings forward the community's offering for Aaron to officiate.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with δῶρον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δῶρονoffering / giftAccusativedirect object of προσήνεγκαν→ object specificationδῶρον: 'gift / offering'; renders קָרְבָּן; the people's offering, collectively, here as the singular τὸ δῶρον τοῦ λαοῦ (cf. the plural τὰ δῶρα in v. 7).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with λαοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive of possession (the people's offering)→ relational specificationλαός: 'people'; renders עַם; the covenant community on whose behalf Aaron now offers.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (Aaron takes the goat)→ constative aorist (single completed act)λαμβάνω: 'take'; Aaron takes the sin-offering goat to slaughter it; the singular subject is the officiating high priest.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with χίμαρον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χίμαρονhe-goatAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationχίμαρος: 'he-goat'; renders שָׂעִיר; the goat of the people's sin offering, specified in v. 3.
τὸνthe [one]Accusativearticle in attributive position (substantivizing περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας)→ noun-phrase markingthe repeated article τόν links περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας to χίμαρον, identifying the goat precisely as the sin-offering animal — 'the goat, the one for the sin offering.'
περὶforpreposition + genitive (technical: 'sin offering')→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (technical: 'sin offering').
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with ἁμαρτίας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive object of περί (technical: 'sin offering')→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin / sin offering'; the goat is the people's sin offering; renders חַטָּאת.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with λαοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive of possession (the people's sin offering)→ relational specificationλαός: 'people'; the sin offering belongs to the people, distinguishing it from Aaron's own (v. 8).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσφαξενslaughteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · σφάζωmain verb (ritual slaughter of the goat)→ constative aorist (single completed ritual act)σφάζω: 'slaughter (for sacrifice)'; renders שָׁחַט; the same verb used for Aaron's offerings (vv. 8, 12); the goat is slaughtered by the same sin-offering rite.
αὐτὸitAccusativedirect object (neuter, agreeing with the offering-category)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. αὐτό): personal pronoun; the neuter 'it' refers to the goat construed as the (neuter) sin offering.
καθὰjust ascomparative conjunction (correspondence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθά: 'just as / according as'; introduces the comparison with the first sin offering (Aaron's), marking the people's purification as following the identical established rite.
καὶalsoadverbial (adjunctive: 'as also')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here adjunctive, 'also / even'; καθὰ καί ('just as also') strengthens the comparison: exactly as he did with the first.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing πρῶτον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρῶτονfirst oneAccusativesubstantival adjective (object of implied verb: 'the first [offering]')→ object specificationπρῶτος: 'first'; τὸ πρῶτον ('the first one') refers to Aaron's own sin-offering calf (v. 8); the comparison establishes that the people's sin offering follows the same procedure already performed for the priest.
16
καὶ προσήνεγκεν τὸ ὁλοκαύτωμα καὶ ἐποίησεν αὐτό ὡς καθήκει
And he presented the whole burnt offering and performed it as is fitting.
Aaron presents the people's burnt offering (the calf and lamb of v. 3) and performs it 'as is fitting' (ὡς καθήκει) — the impersonal καθήκει pointing to the established legal procedure for the burnt offering (ch. 1). The terse summary contrasts with the detailed description of Aaron's own burnt offering (vv. 12–14): the rite, once narrated in full, is now simply said to be done according to ordinance.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσήνεγκενpresentedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσφέρωmain verb (Aaron offers the people's burnt offering)→ constative aorist (single completed cultic act)προσφέρω: 'bring near / offer'; the singular subject is Aaron, now presenting the people's burnt offering.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὁλοκαύτωμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαύτωμαwhole burnt offeringAccusativedirect object of προσήνεγκεν→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt offering'; renders עֹלָה; here the people's burnt offering (the calf and lamb of v. 3).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενperformedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (Aaron performs the rite)→ constative aorist (single completed cultic act)ποιέω: 'do / perform (a sacrifice)'; the cultic sense 'perform the offering'; the summary ἐποίησεν αὐτὸ ὡς καθήκει abbreviates the full rite already detailed for Aaron's burnt offering.
αὐτόitAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν (the burnt offering)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. αὐτό): personal pronoun; the neuter 'it' refers to the burnt offering.
ὡςascomparative conjunction (manner: 'as')→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / according as'; introduces the comparative clause of conformity to ordinance.
καθήκειis fittingPres Act Indic 3 Sg · καθήκωimpersonal verb (in comparative clause: 'as is proper')→ gnomic present (standing requirement of ordinance)καθήκω: 'come down to / be fitting / be proper'; the impersonal καθήκει ('it is fitting / as is due') denotes conformity to the prescribed regulation; the gnomic present states the abiding legal norm; the participle τὸ καθῆκον later becomes a technical Stoic and biblical term for 'duty / what is proper' (cf. Rom 1:28).
17
καὶ προσήνεγκεν τὴν θυσίαν καὶ ἔπλησεν τὰς χεῖρας ἀπ᾿ αὐτῆς καὶ ἐπέθηκεν ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον χωρὶς τοῦ ὁλοκαυτώματος τοῦ πρωινοῦ
And he presented the grain offering and filled his hands from it and placed it on the altar, apart from the morning whole burnt offering.
Aaron presents the grain offering (θυσία = the σεμίδαλις of v. 4), taking a handful (ἔπλησεν τὰς χεῖρας ἀπ᾿ αὐτῆς, 'he filled his hands from it') as the 'memorial portion' (cf. 2:2) to burn on the altar. This is done 'apart from the morning burnt offering' (χωρὶς τοῦ ὁλοκαυτώματος τοῦ πρωινοῦ) — the regular daily tamid sacrifice (Exod 29:38–42) — showing the inaugural offerings supplement, not replace, the standing daily cult.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσήνεγκενpresentedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσφέρωmain verb (Aaron offers the grain offering)→ constative aorist (single completed cultic act)προσφέρω: 'bring near / offer'; Aaron presents the bloodless grain offering after the burnt offering.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with θυσίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσίανgrain offeringAccusativedirect object of προσήνεγκεν→ object specificationθυσία: 'offering / sacrifice'; here specifically the cereal/grain offering (the σεμίδαλις mingled with oil of v. 4), rendering מִנְחָה ('grain offering / tribute'); θυσία in Leviticus can denote the bloodless cereal offering as well as animal sacrifice.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔπλησενfilledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πίμπλημιmain verb (Aaron takes a handful)→ constative aorist (single completed act)πίμπλημι: 'fill'; renders מָלֵא; ἔπλησεν τὰς χεῖρας ('he filled his hands') describes taking the handful (the קֹמֶץ, 'fistful') that constitutes the memorial portion of the grain offering burned on the altar (cf. 2:2); the rest belongs to the priests.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with χεῖρας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραςhandsAccusativedirect object of ἔπλησεν→ object specificationχείρ (pl. χεῖρας): 'hand'; renders יָד / כַּף; the handful taken from the grain offering; 'filling the hands' (πληροῦν τὰς χεῖρας) is also the LXX idiom for priestly ordination/consecration (cf. 8:33), giving the gesture a resonance with Aaron's recent installation.
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (partitive: 'from it')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό (elided ἀπ᾿): 'from'; partitive, marking the handful as taken from the larger mass of the grain offering.
αὐτῆςitGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (partitive: 'from it' = the grain offering)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. fem. αὐτῆς): personal pronoun; the feminine 'it' refers back to ἡ θυσία (the grain offering).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέθηκενplacedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (burns the handful on the altar)→ constative aorist (single completed act)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon'; the handful (memorial portion) is placed on the altar to be burned, the LORD's portion of the grain offering.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (place upon which)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place upon which).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with θυσιαστήριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the place of the burning of the memorial handful.
χωρὶςapart fromimproper preposition + genitive (exception: 'besides')→ spatial or relational framingχωρίς: 'apart from / besides / without'; with the genitive it marks the inaugural offerings as additional to, not in place of, the standing daily burnt offering.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ὁλοκαυτώματος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαυτώματοςwhole burnt offeringGenitivegenitive object of χωρίς→ relational specificationὁλοκαύτωμα (gen. ὁλοκαυτώματος): 'whole burnt offering'; here the regular morning tamid offering (Exod 29:38–42; Num 28:3–4), the standing daily sacrifice distinct from the inaugural offerings of this chapter.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with πρωινοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρωινοῦmorningGenitiveattributive adjective (qualifying ὁλοκαυτώματος: 'the morning [offering]')→ relational specificationπρωινός: 'of the morning / early'; renders שֶׁל בֹּקֶר; specifies the daily burnt offering offered each morning; its mention shows the inaugural rites are supplementary to the perpetual cult already in operation.
18
καὶ ἔσφαξεν τὸν μόσχον καὶ τὸν κριὸν τῆς θυσίας τοῦ σωτηρίου τῆς τοῦ λαοῦ καὶ προσήνεγκαν οἱ υἱοὶ Ααρων τὸ αἷμα πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ προσέχεεν πρὸς τὸ θυσιαστήριον κύκλῳ
And he slaughtered the bull and the ram of the sacrifice of deliverance, which was the people's, and the sons of Aaron brought the blood to him, and he poured it against the altar all around.
Aaron slaughters the ox and ram of the people's peace offering (the θυσία σωτηρίου of v. 4). As with the burnt offering, the blood is dashed all around (κύκλῳ) against the altar (cf. 3:2, 8). The genitival chain τῆς θυσίας τοῦ σωτηρίου τῆς τοῦ λαοῦ ('of the sacrifice of deliverance, the one of the people') carefully identifies these as the community's fellowship offering.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσφαξενslaughteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · σφάζωmain verb (ritual slaughter of the peace-offering animals)→ constative aorist (single completed ritual act)σφάζω: 'slaughter (for sacrifice)'; renders שָׁחַט; here of the ox and ram of the peace offering.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with μόσχον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόσχονbull / oxAccusativedirect object of ἔσφαξεν→ object specificationμόσχος: 'young bull / ox'; the larger peace-offering animal (cf. v. 4).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with κριὸν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κριὸνramAccusativedirect object (coordinate with μόσχον)→ object specificationκριός: 'ram'; the second peace-offering animal (cf. v. 4).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with θυσίας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσίαςsacrificeGenitivegenitive of definition (qualifying μόσχον and κριόν: 'of the sacrifice')→ relational specificationθυσία: 'sacrifice'; in θυσία σωτηρίου, the peace/fellowship offering; the genitive defines the animals' offering-category.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with σωτηρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σωτηρίουof deliverance / peaceGenitivegenitive of definition (qualifying θυσίας: 'peace offering')→ relational specificationσωτήριον: 'deliverance / welfare'; θυσία σωτηρίου renders זֶבַח שְׁלָמִים, the fellowship/peace offering; the only offering the worshippers themselves share in eating, expressing communion and well-being with God.
τῆςthe [one]Genitivearticle (substantivizing τοῦ λαοῦ: 'the one belonging to the people')→ noun-phrase markingthe feminine genitive article τῆς (agreeing with θυσίας) substantivizes the following genitive τοῦ λαοῦ — 'the sacrifice, namely the one of the people'; a doubly articulated possessive specifying whose peace offering this is.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with λαοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive of possession (the peace offering belongs to the people)→ relational specificationλαός: 'people'; the peace offering is the people's, offered by Aaron on their behalf.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσήνεγκανbrought / presentedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · προσφέρωmain verb (the sons present the blood)→ constative aorist (completed act of presentation)προσφέρω: 'bring near / present'; the sons again hand the blood to Aaron, as at vv. 9, 12.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with υἱοὶ)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject of προσήνεγκαν→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; Aaron's sons, the assisting priests.
Ααρωνof Aarongenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑαρων: indeclinable; genitive of relationship qualifying υἱοί.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with αἷμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἷμαbloodAccusativedirect object of προσήνεγκαν→ object specificationαἷμα: 'blood'; the blood of the peace offering, dashed against the altar.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
αὐτόνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (Aaron)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. αὐτόν): 'him' = Aaron.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσέχεενpoured against / dashedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσχέωmain verb (Aaron dashes the blood on the altar)→ constative aorist (single completed act)προσχέω: 'pour against / dash'; renders זָרַק; the peace-offering blood is dashed all around the altar, as for the burnt offering (v. 12).
πρὸςagainstpreposition + accusative (place: 'against the altar')→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: here 'against / upon'; with προσέχεεν it marks the surface against which the blood is dashed (πρὸς τὸ θυσιαστήριον, varying the ἐπί of v. 12).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with θυσιαστήριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the blood is dashed against its sides.
κύκλῳall aroundDativeadverbial dative (manner/place: 'round about')→ sphere or referenceκύκλος (dat. κύκλῳ): 'circle'; adverbial 'all around'; renders סָבִיב; the blood encompasses the altar (cf. v. 12).
19
καὶ τὸ στέαρ τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ μόσχου καὶ τοῦ κριοῦ τὴν ὀσφὴν καὶ τὸ στέαρ τὸ κατακαλύπτον ἐπὶ τῆς κοιλίας καὶ τοὺς δύο νεφροὺς καὶ τὸ στέαρ τὸ ἐπ᾿ αὐτῶν καὶ τὸν λοβὸν τὸν ἐπὶ τοῦ ἥπατος
And the fat from the bull and from the ram — the fat tail and the fat covering the entrails, and the two kidneys with the fat that is on them, and the lobe on the liver —
A detailed inventory of the fat portions of the peace offering reserved for burning (cf. 3:3–4, 9–10): the fat tail (ὀσφύς), the fat covering the entrails, the two kidneys with their fat, and the lobe of the liver. These accusatives have no verb in this verse; they are the dangling objects taken up by ἐπέθηκεν / ἀνήνεγκαν in v. 20 — a long anticipatory list typical of ritual prose. The fat (στέαρ) is the LORD's exclusive portion (3:16–17).
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with στέαρ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στέαρfat / suetAccusativeaccusative (dangling object, resumed by v. 20's verbs)→ object specificationστέαρ: 'fat / suet'; renders חֵלֶב; the fat portions of the peace offering, listed here for burning; the LORD's exclusive portion (3:16–17).
τὸthe [that]Accusativearticle in attributive position (with ἀπὸ τοῦ μόσχου: 'the [fat] from the bull')→ noun-phrase markingthe article τό in attributive position links the prepositional phrase ἀπὸ τοῦ μόσχου to στέαρ — 'the fat, the (fat) from the bull.'
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with μόσχου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόσχουbull / oxGenitivegenitive of source (the fat from the bull)→ relational specificationμόσχος: 'bull / ox'; the source of part of the fat; the peace-offering victim of v. 18.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with κριοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κριοῦramGenitivegenitive of source (coordinate: the fat from the ram)→ relational specificationκριός: 'ram'; the other source of fat; the second peace-offering victim of v. 18.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ὀσφὴν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀσφὴνfat tail / loinAccusativeaccusative in apposition (specifying a fat portion)→ object specificationὀσφύς: 'loin / hip / (here) fat tail'; renders אַלְיָה ('fat tail of the sheep'); the fatty tail of the broad-tailed sheep, a prized portion specifically reserved for the altar in the peace offering (cf. 3:9); the term elsewhere denotes the loins as seat of strength and procreation.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with στέαρ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στέαρfatAccusativeaccusative (coordinate fat portion)→ object specificationστέαρ: 'fat'; the fat covering the entrails, a further altar-portion.
τὸthe [that]Accusativearticle in attributive position (with κατακαλύπτον)→ noun-phrase markingthe article τό substantivizes the participle κατακαλύπτον into an attributive ('the fat, the [part] covering …').
κατακαλύπτονcoveringPres Act Part Acc Sg Neut · κατακαλύπτωattributive participle (modifying στέαρ)→ imperfective present participle (the fat as continually covering the entrails)κατακαλύπτω: 'cover over / veil'; renders כָּסָה; the present participle describes the membrane of fat (the omentum) that overlays the viscera (cf. 3:3); the compound κατα- intensifies the sense of complete covering.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (place: 'on the entrails')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (place: 'on the entrails').
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with κοιλίας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοιλίαςentrails / bellyGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationκοιλία: 'belly / entrails'; the viscera over which the fat membrane lies; renders קֶרֶב.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with νεφροὺς)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δύοtwoAccusativenumeral (modifying νεφρούς; indeclinable in form)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; indeclinable numeral; specifies the two kidneys, both reserved for the altar with their surrounding fat (cf. 3:4).
νεφροὺςkidneysAccusativeaccusative (coordinate fat-bearing portion)→ object specificationνεφρός (pl. νεφροί): 'kidney'; renders כְּלָיוֹת; the kidneys with their fat are burned for the LORD.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with στέαρ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στέαρfatAccusativeaccusative (coordinate fat portion)→ object specificationστέαρ: 'fat'; the fat on the kidneys, another altar-portion.
τὸthe [that]Accusativearticle in attributive position (with ἐπ᾿ αὐτῶν)→ noun-phrase markingthe article τό links the phrase ἐπ᾿ αὐτῶν to στέαρ — 'the fat, the (fat) that is on them.'
ἐπ᾿onpreposition + genitive (place: 'on them')→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (place: 'on them').
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (the kidneys)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. pl. αὐτῶν): personal pronoun; 'them' = the kidneys, on which the fat lies.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with λοβὸν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοβὸνlobeAccusativeaccusative (final coordinate portion)→ object specificationλοβός: 'lobe'; the caudate lobe of the liver; renders יֹתֶרֶת; burned for the LORD as in the sin offering (v. 10).
τὸνthe [that]Accusativearticle in attributive position (with ἐπὶ τοῦ ἥπατος)→ noun-phrase markingthe article τόν links the phrase ἐπὶ τοῦ ἥπατος to λοβόν — 'the lobe, the (one) on the liver.'
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (place: 'on the liver')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (place: 'on the liver').
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ἥπατος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἥπατοςliverGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationἧπαρ (gen. ἥπατος): 'liver'; the organ to which the burned lobe is attached; renders כָּבֵד.
20
καὶ ἐπέθηκεν τὰ στέατα ἐπὶ τὰ στηθύνια καὶ ἀνήνεγκαν τὰ στέατα ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον
And he placed the fat portions on the breasts, and they offered up the fat portions on the altar.
The dangling accusatives of v. 19 are now resolved: the fat portions are laid on the breasts (στηθύνια) and burned on the altar. The plural τὰ στέατα ('the fat portions') sums up the inventory of v. 19. The breasts will be the priest's portion (waved before the LORD, v. 21), but the fat is first placed on them and then burned, the LORD's portion ascending first.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέθηκενplacedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (Aaron lays the fat on the breasts)→ constative aorist (single completed act)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon'; the fat portions are laid on the breasts in preparation for their elevation and burning (cf. 7:30, the fat with the breast brought as a wave-offering).
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with στέατα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στέαταfat portionsAccusativedirect object of ἐπέθηκεν (summing up v. 19's list)→ object specificationστέαρ (pl. στέατα): 'fat portions'; renders חֲלָבִים; the plural gathers up the various fat parts enumerated in v. 19; the LORD's portion of the peace offering.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (place upon which)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place upon which).
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with στηθύνια)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στηθύνιαbreastsAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationστηθύνιον (pl. στηθύνια): 'breast (of an animal)'; renders חָזֶה; the breast of the peace offering, which becomes the priests' portion through the wave-offering (cf. 7:30–34); the fat is laid on the breasts before being burned.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνήνεγκανoffered upAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀναφέρωmain verb (the priests burn the fat on the altar)→ constative aorist (single completed cultic act)ἀναφέρω: 'bring up / offer up'; the plural subject (the priests together) raise the fat onto the altar to be turned to smoke; the same verb used of the sin-offering fat in v. 10.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with στέατα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στέαταfat portionsAccusativedirect object of ἀνήνεγκαν→ object specificationστέαρ (pl. στέατα): 'fat portions'; the LORD's portion, burned on the altar as a pleasing aroma.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (place upon which)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place upon which).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with θυσιαστήριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the place where the fat portions are burned.
21
καὶ τὸ στηθύνιον καὶ τὸν βραχίονα τὸν δεξιὸν ἀφεῖλεν Ααρων ἀφαίρεμα ἔναντι κυρίου ὃν τρόπον συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ
And the breast and the right shoulder Aaron set apart as a contribution before the LORD, in the manner the LORD directed Moses.
Aaron sets apart the breast and the right shoulder as a 'contribution' (ἀφαίρεμα) before the LORD — the priestly portion of the peace offering (cf. 7:31–34). The cognate-accusative construction ἀφεῖλεν … ἀφαίρεμα ('he set apart … as a thing set apart') is a Hebraism rendering the dedicatory presentation. The closing formula ὃν τρόπον συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ once more grounds the act in divine command, concluding the sacrificial sequence (vv. 8–21).
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with στηθύνιον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στηθύνιονbreastAccusativedirect object of ἀφεῖλεν (fronted)→ object specificationστηθύνιον: 'breast (of an animal)'; renders חָזֶה; the breast of the peace offering, the perpetual portion of the priests presented as a wave-offering (7:31).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with βραχίονα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βραχίοναshoulder / armAccusativedirect object (coordinate with στηθύνιον)→ object specificationβραχίων: 'arm / foreleg / shoulder'; renders שׁוֹק ('thigh / leg') or זְרוֹעַ ('shoulder'); the right shoulder is the priest's portion as a contribution (7:32–33); βραχίων is also the great OT metaphor for divine power ('the outstretched arm').
τὸνtheAccusativearticle in attributive position (with δεξιὸν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεξιὸνrightAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying βραχίονα: 'the right shoulder')→ object specificationδεξιός: 'right (hand/side)'; renders יָמִין; the right shoulder is the choicest, assigned to the officiating priest (7:33); the right side carries connotations of honor and strength throughout Scripture.
ἀφεῖλενset apart / removedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφαιρέωmain verb (Aaron sets apart the priestly portion)→ constative aorist (single completed act of separation)ἀφαιρέω: 'take away / remove / set apart'; renders הֵנִיף / הֵרִים ('wave / lift as a contribution'); the cognate construction ἀφεῖλεν … ἀφαίρεμα ('set apart … as a thing set apart') is a Hebraism rendering the dedicatory elevation of the priestly portion before the LORD.
ΑαρωνAaronsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑαρων: indeclinable; nominative subject of ἀφεῖλεν.
ἀφαίρεμαcontribution / set-apart portionAccusativecognate accusative (with ἀφεῖλεν: Hebraism)→ object specificationἀφαίρεμα: 'that which is set apart / contribution / heave-offering'; renders תְּרוּמָה ('contribution / heave-offering'); the cognate accusative ἀφεῖλεν … ἀφαίρεμα reproduces the Hebrew dedicatory idiom, designating the breast and shoulder as the portion lifted out and consecrated for the priests.
ἔναντιbeforepreposition + genitive (cultic locality)→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before / in the presence of'; the portion is set apart 'before the LORD,' a presentation in his manifest presence (cf. the refrain of vv. 2, 4, 5, 24).
κυρίουLORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι (the Tetragrammaton)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (with τρόπον: 'in the manner which')→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; ὃν τρόπον ('in which manner / just as'), the adverbial comparative introducing the obedience-formula.
τρόπονmanner / wayAccusativeadverbial accusative (with ὅν: 'in the manner that')→ object specificationτρόπος: 'manner / way'; the accusative of manner; the rite conforms exactly to the LORD's prior directive.
συνέταξενdirected / orderedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντάσσωverb of comparative clause→ constative aorist (the prior directive as standard)συντάσσω: 'arrange together / order / direct'; renders צִוָּה ('command'); a near-synonym of ἐντέλλομαι (used in vv. 7, 10), here varying the obedience-formula; the LORD's directive to Moses is the standard governing the priestly portions.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of συνέταξεν (the Tetragrammaton)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.
τῷtoDativearticle (with Μωυσῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜωυσῇMosesDativedative indirect object of συνέταξεν→ sphere or referenceΜωυσῆς (dat. Μωυσῇ): the recipient of the LORD's directive concerning the priestly portions.
22
καὶ ἐξάρας Ααρων τὰς χεῖρας ἐπὶ τὸν λαὸν εὐλόγησεν αὐτούς καὶ κατέβη ποιήσας τὸ περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας καὶ τὰ ὁλοκαυτώματα καὶ τὰ τοῦ σωτηρίου
And Aaron, lifting up his hands over the people, blessed them; and he came down, having performed the sin offering and the whole burnt offerings and the offerings of deliverance.
Having completed the offerings, Aaron lifts his hands over the people and blesses them — the first exercise of the priestly benediction (cf. the Aaronic blessing of Num 6:22–27). He then descends from the altar, the aorist participle ποιήσας ('having performed') summarizing the whole threefold service (sin, burnt, peace offerings). This blessing is the first of two (cf. v. 23), framing the theophany that follows.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξάραςlifting up / raisingAor Act Part Nom Sg Masc · ἐξαίρωcircumstantial participle (attendant: 'lifting his hands')→ antecedent aorist participle (the gesture preceding the blessing)ἐξαίρω: 'lift up / raise'; renders נָשָׂא ('lift'); the aorist participle describes the priestly gesture of lifting the hands over the people in blessing; the same posture is the OT image of benediction (cf. Sir 50:20–21, of the high priest Simon).
ΑαρωνAaronsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑαρων: indeclinable; subject of the participle ἐξάρας and the main verbs εὐλόγησεν, κατέβη.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with χεῖρας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραςhandsAccusativedirect object of ἐξάρας→ object specificationχείρ (pl. χεῖρας): 'hand'; the hands lifted over the people in priestly blessing; the gesture mediates the LORD's favor to the congregation.
ἐπὶover / towardpreposition + accusative (direction of blessing)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'over / toward'; the hands are extended over the people, the recipients of the benediction.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with λαὸν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸνpeopleAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationλαός: 'people'; the congregation of Israel, recipients of the priestly blessing.
εὐλόγησενblessedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εὐλογέωmain verb (the priestly benediction)→ constative aorist (single completed act of blessing)εὐλογέω: 'speak well of / bless'; renders בֵּרַךְ; the verb of the priestly benediction (cf. Num 6:23–27); Aaron's first exercise of his blessing office; εὐλογέω recurs in v. 23 of the joint blessing by Moses and Aaron.
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object of εὐλόγησεν (the people)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. pl. αὐτούς): personal pronoun; 'them' = the people, the object of the blessing (a constructio ad sensum, masculine plural for the collective λαόν).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέβηcame downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb (Aaron descends from the altar)→ constative aorist (single completed act of descent)καταβαίνω: 'go down / descend'; renders יָרַד; Aaron descends from the raised altar-platform after completing the offerings; the descent marks the end of the active sacrificial service.
ποιήσαςhaving performedAor Act Part Nom Sg Masc · ποιέωcircumstantial participle (antecedent: 'after performing')→ antecedent aorist participle (summarizing the completed service)ποιέω: 'do / perform (a sacrifice)'; the aorist participle ποιήσας ('having performed') gathers up the whole sacrificial sequence (sin, burnt, peace offerings) as a single completed work prior to the descent.
τὸthe [offering]Accusativesubstantival article (with περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας: 'the sin offering')→ noun-phrase markingthe article τό substantivizes the phrase περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας into 'the sin offering' (cf. v. 7).
περὶforpreposition + genitive (technical: 'sin offering')→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (technical: 'sin offering').
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with ἁμαρτίας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive object of περί (technical: 'sin offering')→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin / sin offering'; the sin offering, first of the three categories summarized; renders חַטָּאת.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ὁλοκαυτώματα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαυτώματαwhole burnt offeringsAccusativedirect object (coordinate with τὸ περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας)→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα (pl. ὁλοκαυτώματα): 'whole burnt offerings'; the plural gathers Aaron's and the people's burnt offerings; renders עֹלוֹת.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰthe [offerings]Accusativesubstantival article (with τοῦ σωτηρίου: 'the peace offerings')→ noun-phrase markingthe neuter plural article τά substantivizes the genitive τοῦ σωτηρίου — 'the (offerings) of deliverance' = the peace offerings.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with σωτηρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σωτηρίουof deliverance / peaceGenitivegenitive of definition (qualifying τά: 'the peace offerings')→ relational specificationσωτήριον: 'deliverance / welfare'; τὰ τοῦ σωτηρίου ('the things of the peace offering') sums up the fellowship offerings; renders שְׁלָמִים; the third of the three categories completed by Aaron.
23
καὶ εἰσῆλθεν Μωυσῆς καὶ Ααρων εἰς τὴν σκηνὴν τοῦ μαρτυρίου καὶ ἐξελθόντες εὐλόγησαν πάντα τὸν λαόν καὶ ὤφθη ἡ δόξα κυρίου παντὶ τῷ λαῷ
And Moses and Aaron entered into the tent of testimony, and coming out they blessed all the people; and the glory of the LORD appeared to all the people.
The climax of the chapter and the fulfilment of the promise of vv. 4, 6: after Moses and Aaron enter the tent and come out to bless the people a second time, ὤφθη ἡ δόξα κυρίου παντὶ τῷ λαῷ ('the glory of the LORD appeared to all the people'). The aorist passive ὤφθη answers the future ὀφθήσεται of vv. 4, 6, sealing the inauguration with the visible kabod — the divine self-manifestation that authenticates the newly established cult and the mediation of Moses and Aaron.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσῆλθενenteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (Moses and Aaron enter the tent)→ constative aorist (single completed act of entry)εἰσέρχομαι: 'enter / go in'; renders בָּא; the singular verb with the compound subject (Moses and Aaron) is regular Greek (verb agrees with the first/nearest subject); they enter the tent of meeting together, the place of the LORD's presence.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject (first member of compound subject)→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: the mediator; he enters with Aaron, perhaps to instruct the new priest in the inner service or to intercede before the appearing of the glory.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining compound subject)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑαρωνAaronsubject (second member of compound subject; indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑαρων: indeclinable; the high priest, entering the tent with Moses.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction of entry)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of entry).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with σκηνὴν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνὴνtentAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationσκηνή: 'tent / tabernacle'; in σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου, the tent of meeting, the locus of the LORD's presence; cf. v. 5.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with μαρτυρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουof testimonyGenitivegenitive of definition (qualifying σκηνὴν: 'tent of testimony')→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: 'testimony / witness'; σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου renders אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד ('tent of meeting'); cf. v. 5; the sanctuary where the LORD meets and witnesses to his people, from which the glory now appears.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξελθόντεςcoming outAor Act Part Nom Pl Masc · ἐξέρχομαιcircumstantial participle (antecedent: 'having come out')→ antecedent aorist participle (action prior to the blessing)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out / come out'; renders יָצָא; the plural participle (Moses and Aaron) describes their emergence from the tent before pronouncing the joint blessing; the emergence sets the stage for the appearing of the glory.
εὐλόγησανthey blessedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · εὐλογέωmain verb (Moses and Aaron bless the people)→ constative aorist (single completed act of blessing)εὐλογέω: 'bless'; renders בֵּרַךְ; the second blessing of the chapter, now by Moses and Aaron together (the plural εὐλόγησαν, contrasting with the singular εὐλόγησεν of v. 22); the double blessing brackets the theophany.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying λαόν: 'all the people')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / whole'; πάντα τὸν λαόν ('all the people') stresses that the blessing extends to the entire assembled congregation.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with λαόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόνpeopleAccusativedirect object of εὐλόγησαν→ object specificationλαός: 'people'; the whole congregation, blessed before the glory appears.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the theophany)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὤφθηappearedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (the theophany: the glory appears)→ constative aorist passive (the decisive divine self-manifestation)ὁράω (aor. pass.): 'be seen / appear'; renders נִרְאָה (Niphal of רָאָה), the technical verb of theophany; the aorist ὤφθη fulfils the future ὀφθήσεται promised at vv. 4 and 6; it is the same form used of the LORD's appearings to the patriarchs (Gen 12:7; 17:1; 18:1) and, in the NT, of resurrection appearances (1 Cor 15:5–8) — here the visible manifestation of the divine glory authenticating the inaugurated cult.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with δόξα)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δόξαgloryNominativesubject of ὤφθη→ participant prominenceδόξα: 'glory / splendor'; renders כָּבוֹד; ἡ δόξα κυρίου is the visible manifestation of YHWH's presence (the kabod), the same glory that filled the tabernacle at Exod 40:34–35; its appearing here is the climactic event the chapter has anticipated since v. 4.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source/possession (qualifying δόξα; the Tetragrammaton)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the glory is YHWH's own self-manifesting presence.
παντὶto allDativeattributive adjective (modifying λαῷ: 'to all the people')→ sphere or referenceπᾶς (dat. παντί): 'all'; παντὶ τῷ λαῷ ('to all the people') marks the theophany as a public, universal event — witnessed by the whole congregation, not by Moses or Aaron alone.
τῷtheDativearticle (with λαῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαῷpeopleDativedative of indirect object (the people to whom the glory appears)→ sphere or referenceλαός (dat. λαῷ): 'people'; the dative marks the whole congregation as the recipients/witnesses of the appearing glory.
24
καὶ ἐξῆλθεν πῦρ παρὰ κυρίου καὶ κατέφαγεν τὰ ἐπὶ τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου τά τε ὁλοκαυτώματα καὶ τὰ στέατα καὶ εἶδεν πᾶς ὁ λαὸς καὶ ἐξέστη καὶ ἔπεσαν ἐπὶ πρόσωπον
And fire came out from before the LORD and consumed the things on the altar — both the whole burnt offerings and the fat portions; and all the people saw and were amazed and fell on their faces.
The chapter's climactic crux: fire comes out from before the LORD (ἐξῆλθεν πῦρ παρὰ κυρίου) and consumes (κατέφαγεν) the offerings on the altar. The divine fire is the visible token of YHWH's acceptance of the inaugurated cult and Aaron's mediation (cf. the descent of fire at Solomon's dedication, 2 Chr 7:1, and Elijah's contest, 1 Kgs 18:38). The people's threefold response — they saw (εἶδεν), were amazed (ἐξέστη), and fell on their faces (ἔπεσαν ἐπὶ πρόσωπον) — is the proper reaction of awe before the divine self-revelation. The same fire that here signifies acceptance becomes, in the very next chapter, the instrument of judgment on Nadab and Abihu (10:1–2), who offer 'strange fire.'
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆλθενcame outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (the divine fire issues forth)→ constative aorist (single decisive divine act)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out / come forth'; renders יָצָא; the fire 'came out from before the LORD' — i.e., from the glory just manifested (v. 23) or from the inner sanctuary; the verb marks the fire as a direct divine effusion, not human-kindled.
πῦρfireNominativesubject of ἐξῆλθεν→ participant prominenceπῦρ: 'fire'; renders אֵשׁ; the divine fire, here a token of acceptance; it stands in deliberate contrast to the ordinary fire of disposal (πυρί, v. 11) and anticipates the lethal fire against Nadab and Abihu (10:2, the same phrase ἐξῆλθεν πῦρ παρὰ κυρίου); fire is the recurrent medium of YHWH's self-manifestation (Exod 3:2; 19:18; 24:17).
παρὰfrom beforepreposition + genitive (source: 'from beside / from the presence of')→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + gen.: 'from (the side of) / from before'; renders מִלִּפְנֵי ('from before'); marks the fire's origin in the LORD's own presence, underscoring its divine, accepting character.
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of παρά (source; the Tetragrammaton)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the fire proceeds from YHWH's presence as the sign of his acceptance of the offerings.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέφαγενconsumed / devouredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατεσθίωmain verb (the fire consumes the offerings)→ constative aorist (single decisive act of consumption)κατεσθίω: 'eat up / devour / consume'; renders אָכַל ('eat / consume'); the vivid κατα- compound depicts the fire 'devouring' the offerings, a metaphor of total acceptance — the LORD himself, as it were, receives and consumes the sacrifice (cf. the same image at 1 Kgs 18:38; 2 Chr 7:1).
τὰthe thingsAccusativesubstantival article (with ἐπὶ τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου: 'the things on the altar')→ noun-phrase markingthe neuter plural article τά substantivizes the locative phrase ἐπὶ τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου — 'the (things) on the altar' = the offerings lying on it.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (place: 'on the altar')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (place: 'on the altar').
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with θυσιαστηρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the offerings consumed by the divine fire lie upon it.
τάtheAccusativearticle (with ὁλοκαυτώματα; in apposition, specifying 'the things')→ noun-phrase markingτά: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεboth / andcoordinating enclitic particle (τε … καί: 'both … and')→ discourse linkage or contrastτε: enclitic coordinating particle; in the correlative τε … καί ('both … and') it links the two specified items (burnt offerings and fat portions) that make up 'the things on the altar.'
ὁλοκαυτώματαwhole burnt offeringsAccusativeaccusative in apposition (specifying τὰ ἐπὶ τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου)→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα (pl. ὁλοκαυτώματα): 'whole burnt offerings'; the first of the two items consumed by the fire; renders עֹלוֹת.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (correlative with τε)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with στέατα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στέαταfat portionsAccusativeaccusative in apposition (second item consumed)→ object specificationστέαρ (pl. στέατα): 'fat portions'; the LORD's portion of the peace offering (vv. 19–20), now consumed by the divine fire together with the burnt offerings; renders חֲלָבִים.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the people's response)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (the people witness the fire)→ constative aorist (single completed act of perception)ὁράω (aor. act. εἶδεν): 'see / perceive'; the people's seeing answers the ὤφθη ('was seen') of v. 23 — what the LORD made to appear, the people behold; the singular agrees with the collective πᾶς ὁ λαός.
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying λαός: 'all the people')→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all / whole'; πᾶς ὁ λαός ('all the people') again stresses the universal, public character of the event — the entire congregation witnesses the consuming fire.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with λαὸς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject of εἶδεν, ἐξέστη, ἔπεσαν→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; the whole congregation, subject of the threefold response (saw, was amazed, fell).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξέστηwas amazed / astonishedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξίστημιmain verb (the people's astonishment)→ constative aorist (the onset of amazement)ἐξίστημι (intrans. aor. ἐξέστη): 'be amazed / be beside oneself / be astonished'; lit. 'stand out (of oneself)'; renders רָנַן ('shout for joy') or a sense of overwhelmed astonishment; the verb captures the awe-struck reaction to the theophany; in the NT it describes amazement at miracles and divine acts (cf. Mark 2:12; Acts 2:7).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔπεσανthey fellAor Act Indic 3 Pl · πίπτωmain verb (the people prostrate themselves)→ constative aorist (single completed act of prostration)πίπτω: 'fall'; renders נָפַל; the plural ἔπεσαν (after the collective singulars) by sense-construction; falling on the face (ἔπεσαν ἐπὶ πρόσωπον) is the posture of worship and awe before the divine presence (cf. Gen 17:3; Num 16:22; Ezek 1:28; Matt 17:6) — the fitting climax to the LORD's appearing and the fire's acceptance.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (place: 'on their face')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place: 'on their face').
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the posture of prostration)→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / countenance'; renders פָּנִים; the (collective) singular 'face' for the prostrate congregation; falling 'on the face' is the supreme gesture of reverent worship and self-abasement before the manifest glory of God.