1
σοφαὶ γυναῖκες ᾠκοδόμησαν οἴκους ἡ δὲ ἄφρων κατέσκαψεν ταῖς χερσὶν αὐτῆς
Wise women build houses, but the foolish woman tears hers down with her own hands.
The chapter opens with a domestic image of construction and demolition, presenting wisdom as house-building and folly as self-undoing.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
σοφαὶwiseA1 NPF · σοφόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσοφός: meaning 'wise'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γυναῖκεςwomenN3K NPF · γυνήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγυνή: meaning 'women'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ᾠκοδόμησανbuiltVAI AAI3P · οἰκοδομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'built'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἴκουςhousesN2 APM · οἶκοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'houses'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄφρωνfoolish womanA3N NSM · ἄφρωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄφρων: meaning 'foolish woman'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κατέσκαψενtore downVAI AAI3S · σκάπτω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristσκάπτω + κατα: meaning 'tore down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ταῖςwith theRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χερσὶνhandsN3 DPF · χείρdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτῆςof herRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'of her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
2
ὁ πορευόμενος ὀρθῶς φοβεῖται τὸν κύριον ὁ δὲ σκολιάζων ταῖς ὁδοῖς αὐτοῦ ἀτιμασθήσεται
He who walks uprightly fears the Lord, but he who twists his ways will be dishonored.
Straight conduct is linked directly to fear of the Lord, while crookedness is shown to end in shame rather than advantage.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ὁthe oneRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πορευόμενοςwalkingV1 · πμπνσμ πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ πορεύομαι: meaning 'walking'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὀρθῶςuprightlyD · ὀρθῶςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὀρθῶς: meaning 'uprightly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φοβεῖταιfearsV2 PMI3S · φοβέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφοβέω: meaning 'fears'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριονLordN2 ASM · κύριοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὁthe oneRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σκολιάζωνtwistingV1 · παπνσμ σκολιάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ σκολιάζω: meaning 'twisting'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδοῖςwaysN2 DPF · ὁδόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὁδός: meaning 'ways'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀτιμασθήσεταιwill be dishonoredVS FPI3S · ἀτιμάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἀτιμάζω: meaning 'will be dishonored'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
3
ἐκ στόματος ἀφρόνων βακτηρία ὕβρεως χείλη δὲ σοφῶν φυλάσσει αὐτούς
From the mouth of fools comes a rod of insolence, but the lips of the wise guard them.
Speech is portrayed as either a weapon of arrogance or a means of preservation.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
στόματοςmouthN3M GSN · στόμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationστόμα: meaning 'mouth'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀφρόνωνof foolsA3N GPM · ἄφρωνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄφρων: meaning 'of fools'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
βακτηρίαrodN1A NSF · βακτηρίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβακτηρία: meaning 'rod'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὕβρεωςof insolenceN3I GSF · ὕβριςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὕβρις: meaning 'of insolence'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
χείληlipsN3E NPN · χεῖλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχεῖλος: meaning 'lips'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σοφῶνof wise menA1 GPM · σοφόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσοφός: meaning 'of wise men'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
φυλάσσειguardV1 PAI3S · φυλάσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφυλάσσω: meaning 'guard'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
4
οὗ μή εἰσιν βόες φάτναι καθαραί οὗ δὲ πολλὰ γενήματα φανερὰ βοὸς ἰσχύς
Where there are no oxen, the mangers are clean; but by the strength of an ox abundant produce is evident.
The proverb pairs tidy emptiness with fruitful disorder, praising productive strength over sterile neatness.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
οὗwhereRR GSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationοὗ: meaning 'where'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μήnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσινareV9 PAI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'are'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
βόεςoxenN3 NPM · βοῦςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβοῦς: meaning 'oxen'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
φάτναιmangersN1 NPF · φάτνηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφάτνη: meaning 'mangers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καθαραίcleanA1A NPF · καθαρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαθαρός: meaning 'clean'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὗwhereRR GSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationοὗ: meaning 'where'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πολλὰmanyA1 NPN · πολύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπολύς: meaning 'many'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γενήματαcropsN3M NPN · γένημαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγένημα: meaning 'crops'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
φανερὰmanifestA1A NPN · φανερόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφανερός: meaning 'manifest'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
βοὸςof an oxN3 GSM · βοῦςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβοῦς: meaning 'of an ox'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἰσχύςstrengthN3 NSF · ἰσχύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἰσχύς: meaning 'strength'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
5
μάρτυς πιστὸς οὐ ψεύδεται ἐκκαίει δὲ ψεύδη μάρτυς ἄδικος
A faithful witness does not lie, but an unjust witness kindles falsehoods.
Truthful witness stabilizes justice, while corrupt testimony actively spreads deceit.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
μάρτυςwitnessN3 NSM · μάρτυςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμάρτυς: meaning 'witness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πιστὸςfaithfulA1 NSM · πιστόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπιστός: meaning 'faithful'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ψεύδεταιliesV1 PMI3S · ψεύδωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processψεύδω: meaning 'lies'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκκαίειkindlesV1 PAI3S · καίω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processκαίω + ἐκ: meaning 'kindles'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ψεύδηfalsehoodsA3H APN · ψευδήςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationψευδής: meaning 'falsehoods'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μάρτυςwitnessN3 NSM · μάρτυςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμάρτυς: meaning 'witness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἄδικοςunjustA1B NSM · ἄδικοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄδικος: meaning 'unjust'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
6
ζητήσεις σοφίαν παρὰ κακοῖς καὶ οὐχ εὑρήσεις αἴσθησις δὲ παρὰ φρονίμοις εὐχερής
You will seek wisdom among the wicked and not find it, but perception is readily available among the prudent.
Wisdom cannot be sourced from moral corruption; discernment belongs where prudence already governs.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ζητήσειςyou will seekVF FAI2S · ζητέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureζητέω: meaning 'you will seek'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοφίανwisdomN1A ASF · σοφίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσοφία: meaning 'wisdom'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
παρὰamongP · παράpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κακοῖςthe wickedA1 DPM · κακόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκακός: meaning 'the wicked'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐχnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐχ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὑρήσειςyou will findVF FAI2S · εὑρίσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεὑρίσκω: meaning 'you will find'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αἴσθησιςperceptionN3I NSF · αἴσθησιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceαἴσθησις: meaning 'perception'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρὰamongP · παράpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
φρονίμοιςthe prudentA1B DPM · φρόνιμοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceφρόνιμος: meaning 'the prudent'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
εὐχερήςreadily availableA3H NSF · εὐχερήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceεὐχερής: meaning 'readily available'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
7
πάντα ἐναντία ἀνδρὶ ἄφρονι ὅπλα δὲ αἰσθήσεως χείλη σοφά
Everything is contrary to a foolish man, but the lips of the wise are weapons of perception.
The fool is misfitted to reality itself, while wise speech becomes an instrument of discernment.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
πάνταall thingsA3 NPN · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all things'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐναντίαcontraryA1A NPN · ἐναντίοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐναντίος: meaning 'contrary'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνδρὶto a manN3 DSM · ἀνήρdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀνήρ: meaning 'to a man'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἄφρονιfoolishA3N DSM · ἄφρωνdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἄφρων: meaning 'foolish'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὅπλαweaponsN2N NPN · ὅπλονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὅπλον: meaning 'weapons'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἰσθήσεωςof perceptionN3I GSF · αἴσθησιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationαἴσθησις: meaning 'of perception'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
χείληlipsN3E NPN · χεῖλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχεῖλος: meaning 'lips'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σοφάwiseA1 NPN · σοφόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσοφός: meaning 'wise'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
8
σοφία πανούργων ἐπιγνώσεται τὰς ὁδοὺς αὐτῶν ἄνοια δὲ ἀφρόνων ἐν πλάνῃ
The wisdom of the shrewd will understand their ways, but the folly of fools is in wandering.
Prudence is self-knowing and path-aware, whereas folly is characterized by aimless misdirection.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
σοφίαwisdomN1A NSF · σοφίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσοφία: meaning 'wisdom'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πανούργωνof the shrewdA1B GPM · πανοῦργοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπανοῦργος: meaning 'of the shrewd'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐπιγνώσεταιwill understandVF FMI3S · γιγνώσκω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureγιγνώσκω + ἐπι: meaning 'will understand'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδοὺςwaysN2 APF · ὁδόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὁδός: meaning 'ways'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνof themRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'of them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἄνοιαfollyN1A NSF · ἄνοιαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄνοια: meaning 'folly'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφρόνωνof foolsA3N GPM · ἄφρωνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄφρων: meaning 'of fools'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πλάνῃwanderingN1 DSF · πλάνηdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπλάνη: meaning 'wandering'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
9
οἰκίαι παρανόμων ὀφειλήσουσιν καθαρισμόν οἰκίαι δὲ δικαίων δεκταί
The houses of the lawless will owe purification, but the houses of the righteous are acceptable.
Moral disorder leaves impurity and debt behind it, while righteous households are received with favor.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
οἰκίαιhousesN1A NPF · οἰκίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοἰκία: meaning 'houses'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
παρανόμωνof the lawlessA1B GPM · παράνομοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπαράνομος: meaning 'of the lawless'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὀφειλήσουσινwill oweVF FAI3P · ὀφείλωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureὀφείλω: meaning 'will owe'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καθαρισμόνpurificationN2 ASM · καθαρισμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκαθαρισμός: meaning 'purification'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οἰκίαιhousesN1A NPF · οἰκίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοἰκία: meaning 'houses'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δικαίωνof the righteousA1A GPM · δίκαιοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδίκαιος: meaning 'of the righteous'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
δεκταίacceptableA1 NPF · δεκτόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδεκτός: meaning 'acceptable'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
10
καρδία ἀνδρὸς αἰσθητική λυπηρὰ ψυχὴ αὐτοῦ ὅταν δὲ εὐφραίνηται οὐκ ἐπιμείγνυται ὕβρει
The perceptive heart of a man knows the grief of his soul, and when it rejoices it does not mingle with insolence.
The proverb turns inward, describing a heart that knows both sorrow and joy without letting joy harden into arrogance.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνδρὸςof a manN3 GSM · ἀνήρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'of a man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αἰσθητικήperceptiveN1 NSF · αἰσθητικήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceαἰσθητική: meaning 'perceptive'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
λυπηρὰgrievous thingsA1A NSF · λυπηρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλυπηρός: meaning 'grievous things'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ψυχὴsoulN1 NSF · ψυχήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceψυχή: meaning 'soul'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὅτανwhenD · ὅτανadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὅταν: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐφραίνηταιit rejoicesV1 PMS3S · εὐφραίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyεὐφραίνω: meaning 'it rejoices'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιμείγνυταιminglesV5 PMI3S · μίγνυμι + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processμίγνυμι + ἐπι: meaning 'mingles'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὕβρειwith insolenceN3I DSF · ὕβριςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὕβρις: meaning 'with insolence'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
11
οἰκίαι ἀσεβῶν ἀφανισθήσονται σκηναὶ δὲ κατορθούντων στήσονται
The houses of the ungodly will be destroyed, but the tents of those who act rightly will stand.
Built structures do not guarantee permanence; uprightness does.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
οἰκίαιhousesN1A NPF · οἰκίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοἰκία: meaning 'houses'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀσεβῶνof the ungodlyA3H GPM · ἀσεβήςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀσεβής: meaning 'of the ungodly'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀφανισθήσονταιwill be destroyedVS FPI3P · ἵζω + ἀπο + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἵζω + ἀπο + ἀνα: meaning 'will be destroyed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σκηναὶtentsN1 NPF · σκηνήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσκηνή: meaning 'tents'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατορθούντωνof those acting rightlyV4 · παπγπμ ὀρθόω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγπμ ὀρθόω + κατα: meaning 'of those acting rightly'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
στήσονταιwill standVF FMI3P · ἵστημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἵστημι: meaning 'will stand'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
12
ἔστιν ὁδὸς ἣ δοκεῖ ὀρθὴ εἶναι παρὰ ἀνθρώποις τὰ δὲ τελευταῖα αὐτῆς ἔρχεται εἰς πυθμένα ᾅδου
There is a way that seems right to men, but its end comes down to the depths of Hades.
Apparent rightness is not trustworthy in itself; a seemingly straight path may terminate in death.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁδὸςwayN2 NSF · ὁδόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὁδός: meaning 'way'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἣwhichRR NSF · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἣ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
δοκεῖseemsV2 PAI3S · δοκέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processδοκέω: meaning 'seems'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὀρθὴrightA1 NSF · ὀρθόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀρθός: meaning 'right'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἶναιto beV9 PAN · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementεἰμί: meaning 'to be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
παρὰtoP · παράpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀνθρώποιςmenN2 DPM · ἄνθρωποςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἄνθρωπος: meaning 'men'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τὰthe thingsRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τελευταῖαlast thingsA1A NPN · τελευταῖοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτελευταῖος: meaning 'last things'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῆςof itRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'of it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔρχεταιcomesV1 PMI3S · ἔρχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἔρχομαι: meaning 'comes'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πυθμέναdepthN3 ASM · πυθμήνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπυθμήν: meaning 'depth'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ᾅδουof HadesN1M GSM · ᾅδηςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationᾅδης: meaning 'of Hades'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
13
ἐν εὐφροσύναις οὐ προσμείγνυται λύπη τελευταία δὲ χαρὰ εἰς πένθος ἔρχεται
In pleasures grief is not mingled, but the final joy comes into mourning.
Momentary gladness can conceal an approaching reversal, so emotional brightness is not a safe moral guide.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
εὐφροσύναιςpleasuresN1 DPF · εὐφροσύνηdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceεὐφροσύνη: meaning 'pleasures'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσμείγνυταιis mingledV5 PMI3S · μίγνυμι + προςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processμίγνυμι + προς: meaning 'is mingled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
λύπηgriefN1 NSF · λύπηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλύπη: meaning 'grief'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τελευταίαfinalA1A NSF · τελευταῖοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτελευταῖος: meaning 'final'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χαρὰjoyN1A NSF · χαράnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχαρά: meaning 'joy'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πένθοςmourningN3E ASN · πένθοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπένθος: meaning 'mourning'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔρχεταιcomesV1 PMI3S · ἔρχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἔρχομαι: meaning 'comes'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
14
τῶν ἑαυτοῦ ὁδῶν πλησθήσεται θρασυκάρδιος ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν διανοημάτων αὐτοῦ ἀνὴρ ἀγαθός
The bold-hearted man will be filled from his own ways, but a good man from his own thoughts.
Both characters are fed by what is truly theirs: the rash by their chosen ways, the good by sound inward deliberation.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
τῶνof theRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑαυτοῦhis ownRD GSM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: meaning 'his own'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὁδῶνwaysN2 GPF · ὁδόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὁδός: meaning 'ways'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πλησθήσεταιwill be filledVS FPI3S · πίμπλημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπίμπλημι: meaning 'will be filled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θρασυκάρδιοςbold-hearted personA1B NSM · θρασυκάρδιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθρασυκάρδιος: meaning 'bold-hearted person'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διανοημάτωνthoughtsN3M GPN · διανόημαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδιανόημα: meaning 'thoughts'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀγαθόςgoodA1 NSM · ἀγαθόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀγαθός: meaning 'good'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
15
ἄκακος πιστεύει παντὶ λόγῳ πανοῦργος δὲ ἔρχεται εἰς μετάνοιαν
The guileless man believes every word, but the shrewd man comes to repentance.
Naivete is distinguished from prudence: the simple trust too quickly, while the prudent reassess and turn back.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ἄκακοςguileless personA1B NSM · ἄκακοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄκακος: meaning 'guileless person'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πιστεύειbelievesV1 PAI3S · πιστεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπιστεύω: meaning 'believes'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
παντὶeveryA3 DSM · πᾶςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'every'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
λόγῳwordN2 DSM · λόγοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
πανοῦργοςshrewd personA1B NSM · πανοῦργοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπανοῦργος: meaning 'shrewd person'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔρχεταιcomesV1 PMI3S · ἔρχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἔρχομαι: meaning 'comes'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μετάνοιανrepentanceN1A ASF · μετάνοιαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμετάνοια: meaning 'repentance'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
16
σοφὸς φοβηθεὶς ἐξέκλινεν ἀπὸ κακοῦ ὁ δὲ ἄφρων ἑαυτῷ πεποιθὼς μείγνυται ἀνόμῳ
A wise man, being fearful, turns away from evil, but the fool, trusting himself, mixes with lawlessness.
Healthy fear is shown as a means of escape from evil, in contrast to the fool's self-confidence.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
σοφὸςwise manA1 NSM · σοφόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσοφός: meaning 'wise man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
φοβηθεὶςhaving fearedVC · αππνσμ φοβέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateαππνσμ φοβέω: meaning 'having feared'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐξέκλινενturned awayV1I IAI3S · κλίνω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processκλίνω + ἐκ: meaning 'turned away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κακοῦevilA1 GSM · κακόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκακός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὁthe oneRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄφρωνfoolA3N NSM · ἄφρωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄφρων: meaning 'fool'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἑαυτῷto himselfRD DSM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἑαυτῷ: meaning 'to himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πεποιθὼςhaving trustedVX · χαπνσμ πείθωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχαπνσμ πείθω: meaning 'having trusted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μείγνυταιminglesV5 PMI3S · μίγνυμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processμίγνυμι: meaning 'mingles'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀνόμῳwith lawlessnessA1B DSM · ἄνομοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἄνομος: meaning 'with lawlessness'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
17
ὀξύθυμος πράσσει μετὰ ἀβουλίας ἀνὴρ δὲ φρόνιμος πολλὰ ὑποφέρει
A quick-tempered man acts with folly, but a prudent man endures many things.
The chapter opposes impulsive action to patient endurance as rival moral habits.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ὀξύθυμοςquick-temperedA1B NSM · ὀξύθυμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀξύθυμος: meaning 'quick-tempered'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πράσσειactsV1 PAI3S · πράσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπράσσω: meaning 'acts'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀβουλίαςlack of counselN1A GSF · ἀβουλίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀβουλία: meaning 'lack of counsel'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φρόνιμοςprudentA1B NSM · φρόνιμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφρόνιμος: meaning 'prudent'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πολλὰmany thingsA1 APN · πολύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπολύς: meaning 'many things'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὑποφέρειenduresV1 PAI3S · φέρω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφέρω + ὑπο: meaning 'endures'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
18
μεριοῦνται ἄφρονες κακίαν οἱ δὲ πανοῦργοι κρατήσουσιν αἰσθήσεως
Fools will divide up wickedness, but the shrewd will gain possession of perception.
The fool inherits moral ruin, while the prudent secure discernment as a true possession.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
μεριοῦνταιwill inheritVF2 FMI3P · μερίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureμερίζω: meaning 'will inherit'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄφρονεςfoolsA3N NPM · ἄφρωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄφρων: meaning 'fools'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κακίανwickednessN1A ASF · κακίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκακία: meaning 'wickedness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οἱthe onesRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πανοῦργοιshrewdA1B NPM · πανοῦργοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπανοῦργος: meaning 'shrewd'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κρατήσουσινwill seizeVF FAI3P · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκρατέω: meaning 'will seize'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αἰσθήσεωςperceptionN3I GSF · αἴσθησιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationαἴσθησις: meaning 'perception'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
19
ὀλισθήσουσιν κακοὶ ἔναντι ἀγαθῶν καὶ ἀσεβεῖς θεραπεύσουσιν θύρας δικαίων
The wicked will stumble before the good, and the ungodly will attend at the doors of the righteous.
The proverb imagines a future reversal in which evil is brought low before the righteous.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ὀλισθήσουσινwill stumbleVF2 FAI3P · ὀλισθαίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureὀλισθαίνω: meaning 'will stumble'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κακοὶevil menA1 NPM · κακόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκακός: meaning 'evil men'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἔναντιbeforeD · ἔναντιadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἔναντι: meaning 'before'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀγαθῶνgood menA1 GPM · ἀγαθόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀγαθός: meaning 'good men'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀσεβεῖςungodly menA3H NPM · ἀσεβήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀσεβής: meaning 'ungodly men'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
θεραπεύσουσινwill attendVF FAI3P · θεραπεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureθεραπεύω: meaning 'will attend'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θύραςdoorsN1A APF · θύραaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθύρα: meaning 'doors'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δικαίωνof the righteousA1A GPM · δίκαιοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδίκαιος: meaning 'of the righteous'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
20
φίλοι μισήσουσιν φίλους πτωχούς φίλοι δὲ πλουσίων πολλοί
Friends will hate poor friends, but the friends of the rich are many.
The chapter notes the instability of social attachment when wealth and poverty divide relationships.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
φίλοιfriendsA1 NPM · φίλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφίλος: meaning 'friends'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μισήσουσινwill hateVF FAI3P · μισέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureμισέω: meaning 'will hate'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φίλουςfriendsA1 APM · φίλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφίλος: meaning 'friends'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πτωχούςpoorN2 APM · πτωχόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπτωχός: meaning 'poor'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
φίλοιfriendsA1 NPM · φίλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφίλος: meaning 'friends'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλουσίωνof rich peopleA1A GPM · πλούσιοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπλούσιος: meaning 'of rich people'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πολλοίmanyA1 NPM · πολύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπολύς: meaning 'many'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
21
ὁ ἀτιμάζων πένητας ἁμαρτάνει ἐλεῶν δὲ πτωχοὺς μακαριστός
He who dishonors the poor sins, but he who shows mercy to the poor is blessed.
Treatment of the poor becomes a direct moral test, not a secondary social matter.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
ὁthe oneRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀτιμάζωνdishonoringV1 · παπνσμ ἀτιμάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ἀτιμάζω: meaning 'dishonoring'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πένηταςpoor peopleN3T APM · πένηςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπένης: meaning 'poor people'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἁμαρτάνειsinsV1 PAI3S · ἁμαρτάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἁμαρτάνω: meaning 'sins'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐλεῶνshowing mercyV2 · παπνσμ ἐλεέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ἐλεέω: meaning 'showing mercy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πτωχοὺςpoor peopleN2 APM · πτωχόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπτωχός: meaning 'poor people'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μακαριστόςblessedA1 NSM · μακαριστόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμακαριστός: meaning 'blessed'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
22
πλανώμενοι τεκταίνουσι κακά ἔλεον δὲ καὶ ἀλήθειαν τεκταίνουσιν ἀγαθοί οὐκ ἐπίστανται ἔλεον καὶ πίστιν τέκτονες κακῶν ἐλεημοσύναι δὲ καὶ πίστεις παρὰ τέκτοσιν ἀγαθοῖς
Those who wander devise evils, but mercy and truth are devised by the good. The makers of evils do not understand mercy and faithfulness, but acts of mercy and faith are found with makers of good.
This expanded saying contrasts craftsmen of evil with craftsmen of good, making moral life a matter of deliberate construction.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
πλανώμενοιwandering peopleV3 · πμπνπμ πλανάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνπμ πλανάω: meaning 'wandering people'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τεκταίνουσιdeviseV1 PAI3P · τεκταίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processτεκταίνω: meaning 'devise'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κακάevilsA1 APN · κακόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκακός: meaning 'evils'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔλεονmercyN2 ASM · ἔλεοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔλεος: meaning 'mercy'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀλήθειανtruthN1A ASF · ἀλήθειαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀλήθεια: meaning 'truth'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τεκταίνουσινthey deviseV1 PAI3P · τεκταίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processτεκταίνω: meaning 'they devise'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀγαθοίgood peopleA1 NPM · ἀγαθόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀγαθός: meaning 'good people'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπίστανταιthey understandV6 PMI3P · ἵσταμαι + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἵσταμαι + ἐπι: meaning 'they understand'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔλεονmercyN2 ASM · ἔλεοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔλεος: meaning 'mercy'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πίστινfaithfulnessN3I ASF · πίστιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπίστις: meaning 'faithfulness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τέκτονεςmakersN3N NPM · τέκτωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτέκτων: meaning 'makers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κακῶνof evilsA1 GPM · κακόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκακός: meaning 'of evils'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐλεημοσύναιacts of mercyN1 NPF · ἐλεημοσύνηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐλεημοσύνη: meaning 'acts of mercy'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πίστειςfaithsN3I NPF · πίστιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπίστις: meaning 'faiths'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
παρὰwithP · παράpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τέκτοσινmakersN3N DPM · τέκτωνdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceτέκτων: meaning 'makers'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἀγαθοῖςgoodA1 DPM · ἀγαθόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀγαθός: meaning 'good'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
23
ἐν παντὶ μεριμνῶντι ἔνεστιν περισσόν ὁ δὲ ἡδὺς καὶ ἀνάλγητος ἐν ἐνδείᾳ ἔσται
In every careful labor there is abundance, but the pleasant and unfeeling man will be in want.
Attentive toil produces surplus, while easy indifference collapses into need.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
παντὶeveryA3 DSM · πᾶςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'every'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
μεριμνῶντιcareful workerV3 · παπδσμ μεριμνάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπδσμ μεριμνάω: meaning 'careful worker'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔνεστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμί + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί + ἐν: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
περισσόνabundanceA1 NSN · περισσόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπερισσός: meaning 'abundance'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁthe oneRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡδὺςpleasantA3U NSM · ἡδύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἡδύς: meaning 'pleasant'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνάλγητοςinsensibleA1B NSM · ἀνάλγητοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνάλγητος: meaning 'insensible'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐνδείᾳwantN1A DSF · ἔνδειαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἔνδεια: meaning 'want'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἔσταιwill beVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'will be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
24
στέφανος σοφῶν πανοῦργος ἡ δὲ διατριβὴ ἀφρόνων κακή
The crown of the wise is shrewdness, but the occupation of fools is evil.
Prudence is treated as an adornment of wisdom, while folly busies itself with what is bad.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
στέφανοςcrownN2 NSM · στέφανοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceστέφανος: meaning 'crown'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σοφῶνof wise peopleA1 GPM · σοφόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσοφός: meaning 'of wise people'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πανοῦργοςshrewdnessA1B NSM · πανοῦργοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπανοῦργος: meaning 'shrewdness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διατριβὴoccupationN1 NSF · διατριβήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδιατριβή: meaning 'occupation'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀφρόνωνof foolsA3N GPM · ἄφρωνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄφρων: meaning 'of fools'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
κακήevilA1 NSF · κακόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκακός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
25
ῥύσεται ἐκ κακῶν ψυχὴν μάρτυς πιστός ἐκκαίει δὲ ψεύδη δόλιος
A faithful witness will rescue a soul from evils, but a deceitful man kindles falsehoods.
Truthful testimony can be life-saving, while deceit actively inflames harm.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ῥύσεταιwill rescueVF FMI3S · ῥύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureῥύομαι: meaning 'will rescue'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κακῶνevilsA1 GPM · κακόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκακός: meaning 'evils'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ψυχὴνsoulN1 ASF · ψυχήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationψυχή: meaning 'soul'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μάρτυςwitnessN3 NSM · μάρτυςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμάρτυς: meaning 'witness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πιστόςfaithfulA1 NSM · πιστόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπιστός: meaning 'faithful'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐκκαίειkindlesV1 PAI3S · καίω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processκαίω + ἐκ: meaning 'kindles'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ψεύδηfalsehoodsA3H APN · ψευδήςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationψευδής: meaning 'falsehoods'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δόλιοςdeceitful personA1A NSM · δόλιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδόλιος: meaning 'deceitful person'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
26
ἐν φόβῳ κυρίου ἐλπὶς ἰσχύος τοῖς δὲ τέκνοις αὐτοῦ καταλείπει ἔρεισμα
In the fear of the Lord there is strong confidence, and he leaves a support to his children.
Fear of the Lord is not anxiety but durable refuge, extending even to the next generation.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
φόβῳfearN2 DSM · φόβοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceφόβος: meaning 'fear'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
κυρίουof the LordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the Lord'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐλπὶςhopeN3D NSF · ἐλπίςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐλπίς: meaning 'hope'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἰσχύοςof strengthN3U GSF · ἰσχύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἰσχύς: meaning 'of strength'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῖςto theRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τέκνοιςchildrenN2N DPN · τέκνονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceτέκνον: meaning 'children'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καταλείπειhe leaves behindV1 PAI3S · λείπω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processλείπω + κατα: meaning 'he leaves behind'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔρεισμαsupportN3M ASN · ἔρεισμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔρεισμα: meaning 'support'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
27
πρόσταγμα κυρίου πηγὴ ζωῆς ποιεῖ δὲ ἐκκλίνειν ἐκ παγίδος θανάτου
The command of the Lord is a spring of life, and it makes one turn away from the snare of death.
Divine command is not restrictive in a narrow sense; it is life-giving and death-averting.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
πρόσταγμαcommandN3M NSN · πρόσταγμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπρόσταγμα: meaning 'command'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κυρίουof the LordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the Lord'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πηγὴspringN1 NSF · πηγήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπηγή: meaning 'spring'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ζωῆςof lifeN1 GSF · ζωήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationζωή: meaning 'of life'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ποιεῖmakesV2 PAI3S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processποιέω: meaning 'makes'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκκλίνεινto turn awayV1 PAN · κλίνω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementκλίνω + ἐκ: meaning 'to turn away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
παγίδοςsnareN3D GSF · παγίςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπαγίς: meaning 'snare'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
θανάτουof deathN2 GSM · θάνατοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθάνατος: meaning 'of death'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
28
ἐν πολλῷ ἔθνει δόξα βασιλέως ἐν δὲ ἐκλείψει λαοῦ συντριβὴ δυνάστου
In a numerous nation is a king's glory, but in the failing of a people is the ruin of a ruler.
The horizon widens to public order: rulers are measured by the flourishing or collapse of their people.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πολλῷnumerousA1 DSN · πολύςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπολύς: meaning 'numerous'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἔθνειnationN3E DSN · ἔθνοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
δόξαgloryN1S NSF · δόξαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδόξα: meaning 'glory'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
βασιλέωςof a kingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'of a king'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκλείψειfailureN3I DSF · ἔκλειψιςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἔκλειψις: meaning 'failure'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
λαοῦof a peopleN2 GSM · λαόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationλαός: meaning 'of a people'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
συντριβὴruinN1 NSF · συντριβήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσυντριβή: meaning 'ruin'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δυνάστουof a rulerN1M GSM · δυνάστηςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδυνάστης: meaning 'of a ruler'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
29
μακρόθυμος ἀνὴρ πολὺς ἐν φρονήσει ὁ δὲ ὀλιγόψυχος ἰσχυρῶς ἄφρων
A long-suffering man is great in prudence, but the short-spirited man is exceedingly foolish.
Patience is treated as an index of deep understanding, while emotional narrowness exposes folly.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
μακρόθυμοςlong-sufferingA1B NSM · μακρόθυμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμακρόθυμος: meaning 'long-suffering'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πολὺςgreatA1P NSM · πολύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπολύς: meaning 'great'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
φρονήσειprudenceN3I DSF · φρόνησιςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceφρόνησις: meaning 'prudence'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὁthe oneRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀλιγόψυχοςshort-spiritedA1B NSM · ὀλιγόψυχοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀλιγόψυχος: meaning 'short-spirited'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἰσχυρῶςexceedinglyD · ἰσχυρῶςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἰσχυρῶς: meaning 'exceedingly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄφρωνfoolishA3N NSM · ἄφρωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄφρων: meaning 'foolish'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
30
πραύ̈θυμος ἀνὴρ καρδίας ἰατρός σὴς δὲ ὀστέων καρδία αἰσθητική
A gentle-hearted man is a healer of the heart, but a perceptive heart is a moth to the bones.
Interior disposition is described somatically: gentleness heals, while corrosive inner agitation consumes from within.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
πραύ̈θυμοςgentle-heartedA1B NSM · πραύ̈θυμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπραύ̈θυμος: meaning 'gentle-hearted'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καρδίαςof heartN1A GSF · καρδίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκαρδία: meaning 'of heart'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἰατρόςhealerN2 NSM · ἰατρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἰατρός: meaning 'healer'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σὴςmothA1 GSF · σόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσός: meaning 'moth'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀστέωνof bonesN2N GPN · ὀστέονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὀστέον: meaning 'of bones'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αἰσθητικήperceptiveN1 NSF · αἰσθητικήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceαἰσθητική: meaning 'perceptive'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
31
ὁ συκοφαντῶν πένητα παροξύνει τὸν ποιήσαντα αὐτόν ὁ δὲ τιμῶν αὐτὸν ἐλεᾷ πτωχόν
He who oppresses the poor provokes the one who made him, but he who honors him shows mercy to the poor.
To mistreat the poor is to insult their maker; mercy honors God by honoring the vulnerable.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ὁthe oneRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συκοφαντῶνoppressingN1M GPM · συκοφάντηςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσυκοφάντης: meaning 'oppressing'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πένηταpoor manN3T ASM · πένηςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπένης: meaning 'poor man'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
παροξύνειprovokesV1 PAI3S · ὀξύνω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processὀξύνω + παρα: meaning 'provokes'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνthe oneRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιήσανταhaving madeVA · ααπασμ ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateααπασμ ποιέω: meaning 'having made'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὁthe oneRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τιμῶνhonoringV3 · παπνσμ τιμάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ τιμάω: meaning 'honoring'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐλεᾷshows mercy toV3 PAI3S · ἐλεάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἐλεάω: meaning 'shows mercy to'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πτωχόνpoor personN2 ASM · πτωχόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπτωχός: meaning 'poor person'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
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ἐν κακίᾳ αὐτοῦ ἀπωσθήσεται ἀσεβής ὁ δὲ πεποιθὼς τῇ ἑαυτοῦ ὁσιότητι δίκαιος
In his evil the ungodly will be thrust away, but the righteous man, trusting in his own holiness, is secure.
The saying contrasts the instability of wickedness with the settled confidence of righteousness.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κακίᾳevilN1A DSF · κακίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκακία: meaning 'evil'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀπωσθήσεταιwill be thrust awayVC FPI3S · ὠθέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureὠθέω + ἀπο: meaning 'will be thrust away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀσεβήςungodly personA3H NSM · ἀσεβήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀσεβής: meaning 'ungodly person'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁthe oneRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πεποιθὼςhaving trustedVX · χαπνσμ πείθωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχαπνσμ πείθω: meaning 'having trusted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῇin theRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑαυτοῦhis ownRD GSM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: meaning 'his own'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὁσιότητιholinessN3T DSF · ὁσιότηςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὁσιότης: meaning 'holiness'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
δίκαιοςrighteous personA1A NSM · δίκαιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδίκαιος: meaning 'righteous person'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
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ἐν καρδίᾳ ἀγαθῇ ἀνδρὸς σοφία ἐν δὲ καρδίᾳ ἀφρόνων οὐ διαγινώσκεται
In the good heart of a man wisdom rests, but in the heart of fools it is not recognized.
Wisdom dwells where the inner life is good, but folly cannot properly recognize what wisdom is.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
καρδίᾳheartN1A DSF · καρδίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἀγαθῇgoodA1 DSF · ἀγαθόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀγαθός: meaning 'good'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἀνδρὸςof a manN3 GSM · ἀνήρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'of a man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σοφίαwisdomN1A NSF · σοφίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσοφία: meaning 'wisdom'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καρδίᾳheartN1A DSF · καρδίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἀφρόνωνof foolsA3N GPM · ἄφρωνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄφρων: meaning 'of fools'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διαγινώσκεταιis recognizedV1 PMI3S · γιγνώσκω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processγιγνώσκω + δια: meaning 'is recognized'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
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δικαιοσύνη ὑψοῖ ἔθνος ἐλασσονοῦσι δὲ φυλὰς ἁμαρτίαι
Righteousness exalts a nation, but sins diminish tribes.
The climactic public maxim states the chapter's political theology with lapidary force.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
δικαιοσύνηrighteousnessN1 NSF · δικαιοσύνηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδικαιοσύνη: meaning 'righteousness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὑψοῖexaltsN3E DSN · ὕψοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὕψος: meaning 'exalts'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἔθνοςnationN3E ASN · ἔθνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐλασσονοῦσιdiminishV4 PAI3P · ἐλασσονόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἐλασσονόω: meaning 'diminish'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φυλὰςtribesN1 APF · φυλήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφυλή: meaning 'tribes'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἁμαρτίαιsinsN1A NPF · ἁμαρτίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἁμαρτία: meaning 'sins'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
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δεκτὸς βασιλεῖ ὑπηρέτης νοήμων τῇ δὲ ἑαυτοῦ εὐστροφίᾳ ἀφαιρεῖται ἀτιμίαν
An intelligent servant is acceptable to a king, but by his own good conduct he removes disgrace.
The chapter closes on royal service, showing that understanding and upright conduct lift away shame.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
δεκτὸςacceptableA1 NSM · δεκτόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδεκτός: meaning 'acceptable'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
βασιλεῖto a kingN3V DSM · βασιλεύςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'to a king'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὑπηρέτηςservantN1M NSM · ὑπηρέτηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὑπηρέτης: meaning 'servant'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
νοήμωνintelligentA3N NSM · νοήμωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceνοήμων: meaning 'intelligent'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῇby theRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑαυτοῦhis ownRD GSM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: meaning 'his own'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εὐστροφίᾳgood conductN1A DSF · εὐστροφίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceεὐστροφία: meaning 'good conduct'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἀφαιρεῖταιremovesV2 PMI3S · αἱρέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processαἱρέω + ἀπο: meaning 'removes'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀτιμίανdisgraceN1A ASF · ἀτιμίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀτιμία: meaning 'disgrace'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.