2
πάντα τὰ ἔργα τοῦ ταπεινοῦ φανερὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ οἱ δὲ ἀσεβεῖς ἐν ἡμέρᾳ κακῇ ὀλοῦνται
All the works of the humble are manifest before God, but the ungodly shall perish in an evil day.
The proverb places human conduct under divine visibility. Humble action is seen clearly before God, while the ungodly remain exposed to a coming day of collapse.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
πάνταall thingsA3 NPN · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all things'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργαworksN2N NPN · ἔργονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔργον: meaning 'works'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ταπεινοῦhumble manA1 GSM · ταπεινόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationταπεινός: meaning 'humble man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
φανερὰmanifestA1A NPN · φανερόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφανερός: meaning 'manifest'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
παρὰbesideP · παράpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'beside'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῷfor theRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεῷGodN2 DSM · θεόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀσεβεῖςungodlyA3H NPM · ἀσεβήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀσεβής: meaning 'ungodly'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
κακῇevilA1 DSF · κακόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκακός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὀλοῦνταιwill perishVF2 FMI3P · ὄλλυμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureὄλλυμι: meaning 'will perish'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
5
ἀκάθαρτος παρὰ θεῷ πᾶς ὑψηλοκάρδιος χειρὶ δὲ χεῖρας ἐμβαλὼν ἀδίκως οὐκ ἀθῳωθήσεται
Every proud-hearted man is unclean before God, and one who unjustly clasps hands shall not be acquitted.
Pride is treated not as a private sentiment but as ritual and moral defilement. The clasped hand of unjust alliance or pledge does not shield a person from judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἀκάθαρτοςuncleanA1B NSM · ἀκάθαρτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: meaning 'unclean'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
παρὰbesideP · παράpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'beside'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
θεῷGodN2 DSM · θεόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
πᾶςallA3 NSM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὑψηλοκάρδιοςproud-heartedA1B NSM · ὑψηλοκάρδιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὑψηλοκάρδιος: meaning 'proud-hearted'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
χειρὶhandN3 DSF · χείρdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χεῖραςhandsN3 APF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐμβαλὼνhaving joinedVB · ααπνσμ βάλλω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateααπνσμ βάλλω + ἐν: meaning 'having joined'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀδίκωςunjustlyD · ἀδίκωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἀδίκως: meaning 'unjustly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀθῳωθήσεταιwill be acquittedVC FPI3S · ἀθῳόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἀθῳόω: meaning 'will be acquitted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
7
ἀρχὴ ὁδοῦ ἀγαθῆς τὸ ποιεῖν τὰ δίκαια δεκτὰ δὲ παρὰ θεῷ μᾶλλον ἢ θύειν θυσίας
The beginning of a good way is to do just things; these are more acceptable before God than to sacrifice sacrifices.
The saying relocates acceptable worship into the sphere of justice. Right conduct is presented as a truer beginning than sacrificial display.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἀρχὴdominionsN1 NSF · ἀρχήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀρχή: meaning 'dominions'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁδοῦroadN2 GSF · ὁδόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὁδός: meaning 'road'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀγαθῆςnobleA1 GSF · ἀγαθόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀγαθός: meaning 'noble'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιεῖνto makeV2 PAN · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementποιέω: meaning 'to make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δίκαιαwhat is justA1A APN · δίκαιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδίκαιος: meaning 'what is just'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δεκτὰacceptableA1 APN · δεκτόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδεκτός: meaning 'acceptable'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρὰbesideP · παράpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'beside'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
θεῷGodN2 DSM · θεόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
μᾶλλονmoreD · μᾶλλονadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμᾶλλον: meaning 'more'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θύεινto sacrificeV1 PAN · θύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementθύω: meaning 'to sacrifice'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θυσίαςsacrificesN1A GSF · θυσίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθυσία: meaning 'sacrifices'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
8
ὁ ζητῶν τὸν κύριον εὑρήσει γνῶσιν μετὰ δικαιοσύνης οἱ δὲ ὀρθῶς ζητοῦντες αὐτὸν εὑρήσουσιν εἰρήνην
He who seeks the Lord will find knowledge with righteousness, and those who seek him rightly will find peace.
Seeking the Lord is paired with righteous orientation rather than mere curiosity. The fruit of such rightly ordered pursuit is knowledge and peace.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζητῶνseekingV2 · παπνσμ ζητέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ζητέω: meaning 'seeking'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
εὑρήσειwill findVF FAI3S · εὑρίσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεὑρίσκω: meaning 'will find'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γνῶσινknowledge / discernmentN3I ASF · γνῶσιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγνῶσις: meaning 'knowledge'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δικαιοσύνηςof righteousnessN1 GSF · δικαιοσύνηgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδικαιοσύνη: meaning 'of righteousness'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀρθῶςrightlyD · ὀρθῶςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὀρθῶς: meaning 'rightly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ζητοῦντεςseekingV2 · παπνπμ ζητέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ ζητέω: meaning 'seeking'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εὑρήσουσινwill findVF FAI3P · εὑρίσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεὑρίσκω: meaning 'will find'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰρήνηνpeaceN1 ASF · εἰρήνηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationεἰρήνη: meaning 'peace'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
9
πάντα τὰ ἔργα τοῦ κυρίου μετὰ δικαιοσύνης φυλάσσεται δὲ ὁ ἀσεβὴς εἰς ἡμέραν κακήν
All the works of the Lord are guarded with righteousness, but the ungodly is kept for an evil day.
The Lord's governance is not arbitrary but morally structured. Righteous order preserves his works while the wicked are reserved for a dark end.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
πάνταall thingsA3 NPN · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all things'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργαworksN2N NPN · ἔργονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔργον: meaning 'works'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δικαιοσύνηςof righteousnessN1 GSF · δικαιοσύνηgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδικαιοσύνη: meaning 'of righteousness'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
φυλάσσεταιis guardedV1 PMI3S · φυλάσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφυλάσσω: meaning 'is guarded'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀσεβὴςungodlyA3H NSM · ἀσεβήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀσεβής: meaning 'ungodly'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἡμέρανdayN1A ASF · ἡμέραaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κακήνevilA1 ASF · κακόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκακός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
10
μαντεῖον ἐπὶ χείλεσιν βασιλέως ἐν δὲ κρίσει οὐ μὴ πλανηθῇ τὸ στόμα αὐτοῦ
An oracle is on the lips of a king, and in judgment his mouth shall by no means go astray.
The king's speech carries the weight of public discernment. Royal lips are ideally pictured as aligned with judgment rather than error.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
μαντεῖονoracleN2N NSN · μαντεῖονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμαντεῖον: meaning 'oracle'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπὶoverP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
χείλεσινto lipsN3E DPN · χεῖλοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceχεῖλος: meaning 'to lips'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κρίσειjudgmentN3I DSF · κρίσιςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκρίσις: meaning 'judgment'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλανηθῇgo astrayVC APS3S · πλανάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyπλανάω: meaning 'go astray'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στόμαmouthN3M NSN · στόμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceστόμα: meaning 'mouth'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
11
ῥοπὴ ζυγοῦ δικαιοσύνη παρὰ κυρίῳ τὰ δὲ ἔργα αὐτοῦ στάθμια δίκαια
The inclination of the balance is righteousness before the Lord, and all his works are just weights.
Economic life too belongs under divine order. Honest weighing is not merely civic convention but something grounded in the Lord's own justice.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ῥοπὴinclinationN1 NSF · ῥοπήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceῥοπή: meaning 'inclination'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ζυγοῦof a balanceN2 GSN · ζυγόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationζυγός: meaning 'of a balance'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
δικαιοσύνηdikaiosyneN1 NSF · δικαιοσύνηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδικαιοσύνη: meaning 'dikaiosyne'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
παρὰbesideP · παράpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'beside'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κυρίῳLORDN2 DSM · κύριοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔργαworksN2N NPN · ἔργονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔργον: meaning 'works'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
στάθμιαweightsN2N NPN · στάθμιονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceστάθμιον: meaning 'weights'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δίκαιαrighteousA1A NPN · δίκαιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδίκαιος: meaning 'righteous'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
12
βδέλυγμα βασιλεῖ ὁ ποιῶν κακά μετὰ γὰρ δικαιοσύνης ἑτοιμάζεται θρόνος ἀρχῆς
It is an abomination to a king to do evil things, for a throne of rule is established with righteousness.
Royal power is made dependent on moral order. A throne endures not through force alone but through righteousness that excludes evil doing.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
βδέλυγμαabominationN3M NSN · βδέλυγμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβδέλυγμα: meaning 'abomination'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
βασιλεῖkingN3V DSM · βασιλεύςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιῶνdoV2 · παπνσμ ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ποιέω: meaning 'do'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κακάevilA1 APN · κακόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκακός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δικαιοσύνηςof righteousnessN1 GSF · δικαιοσύνηgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδικαιοσύνη: meaning 'of righteousness'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἑτοιμάζεταιis preparedV1 PMI3S · ἑτοιμάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἑτοιμάζω: meaning 'is prepared'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θρόνοςthroneN2 NSM · θρόνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθρόνος: meaning 'throne'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀρχῆςbeginningN1 GSF · ἀρχήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀρχή: meaning 'beginning'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
13
δεκτὰ βασιλεῖ χείλη δίκαια λόγους δὲ ὀρθοὺς ἀγαπᾷ
Righteous lips are acceptable to a king, and he loves upright words.
The saying turns from abstract justice to royal preference. A good ruler is marked by delight in truthful and upright speech.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
δεκτὰacceptableA1 APN · δεκτόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδεκτός: meaning 'acceptable'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
βασιλεῖkingN3V DSM · βασιλεύςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
χείληlipsN3E APN · χεῖλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχεῖλος: meaning 'lips'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δίκαιαwhat is justA1A APN · δίκαιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδίκαιος: meaning 'what is just'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
λόγουςwordsN2 APM · λόγοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'words'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀρθοὺςuprightA1 APM · ὀρθόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀρθός: meaning 'upright'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀγαπᾷlovesV3 PAI3S · ἀγαπάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἀγαπάω: meaning 'loves'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
14
θυμὸς βασιλέως ἄγγελος θανάτου ἀνὴρ δὲ σοφὸς ἐξιλάσεται αὐτόν
The wrath of a king is a messenger of death, but a wise man will appease him.
The king's anger is imagined as a near-deadly envoy. Wisdom here means the practical skill of pacifying dangerous power.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
θυμὸςvenom / rageN2 NSM · θυμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθυμός: meaning 'venom'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἄγγελοςangelN2 NSM · ἄγγελοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄγγελος: meaning 'angel'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
θανάτουdeathN2 GSM · θάνατοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθάνατος: meaning 'death'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σοφὸςwiseA1 NSM · σοφόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσοφός: meaning 'wise'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐξιλάσεταιwill make expiationVF FMI3S · ἱλάσκομαι + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἱλάσκομαι + ἐκ: meaning 'will make expiation'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
15
ἐν φωτὶ ζωῆς υἱὸς βασιλέως οἱ δὲ προσδεκτοὶ αὐτῷ ὥσπερ νέφος ὄψιμον
In the light of the king's face is life, and those acceptable to him are like a cloud of late rain.
Royal favor, by contrast, is restorative and life-giving. The image of the late-rain cloud casts good government as refreshing and fruitful.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
φωτὶlightN3T DSN · φῶςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceφῶς: meaning 'light'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ζωῆςlifeN1 GSF · ζωήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationζωή: meaning 'life'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσδεκτοὶacceptableA1 NPM · προσδεκτόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπροσδεκτός: meaning 'acceptable'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῷwith himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'with him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νέφοςcloudN3E NSN · νέφοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceνέφος: meaning 'cloud'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὄψιμονlate-rainA1B NSN · ὄψιμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὄψιμος: meaning 'late-rain'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
16
νοσσιαὶ σοφίας αἱρετώτεραι χρυσίου νοσσιαὶ δὲ φρονήσεως αἱρετώτεραι ὑπὲρ ἀργύριον
The gains of wisdom are more desirable than gold, and the gains of prudence are more desirable than silver.
The poem pauses to rank wisdom over wealth. Material preciousness remains real, but prudence and wisdom are named as more choiceworthy goods.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
νοσσιαὶacquisitions / nestsN1A NPF · νοσσιάnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceνοσσιά: meaning 'acquisitions'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σοφίαςwisdomN1A GSF · σοφίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσοφία: meaning 'wisdom'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αἱρετώτεραιmore desirableA1 NPFC · αἱρετόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceαἱρετός: meaning 'more desirable'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
χρυσίουchrysionN2N GSN · χρυσίονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationχρυσίον: meaning 'chrysion'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
νοσσιαὶacquisitions / nestsN1A NPF · νοσσιάnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceνοσσιά: meaning 'acquisitions'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φρονήσεωςφρονήσεωςN3I GSF · φρόνησιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationφρόνησις: meaning 'φρονήσεως'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αἱρετώτεραιmore desirableA1 NPFC · αἱρετόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceαἱρετός: meaning 'more desirable'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὑπὲρunder / byP · ὑπέρpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὲρ: meaning 'under'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀργύριονmoneyN2N ASN · ἀργύριονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀργύριον: meaning 'money'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
17
τρίβοι ζωῆς ἐκκλίνουσιν ἀπὸ κακῶν μῆκος δὲ βίου ὁδοὶ δικαιοσύνης ὁ δεχόμενος παιδείαν ἐν ἀγαθοῖς ἔσται ὁ δὲ φυλάσσων ἐλέγχους σοφισθήσεται ὃς φυλάσσει τὰς ἑαυτοῦ ὁδούς τηρεῖ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ ψυχήν ἀγαπῶν δὲ ζωὴν αὐτοῦ φείσεται στόματος αὐτοῦ
The paths of life turn away from evils, and the ways of righteousness are length of life. He who accepts discipline will be among good things, and he who keeps reproofs will become wise. Whoever guards his own ways keeps his own soul, and he who loves his life will spare his mouth.
This extended saying links life, discipline, reproof, guarded conduct, and restrained speech. Wisdom is shown as a whole way of self-preserving moral order.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
τρίβοιtracksN2 NPF · τρίβοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτρίβος: meaning 'tracks'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ζωῆςlifeN1 GSF · ζωήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationζωή: meaning 'life'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐκκλίνουσινturn asideV1 PAI3P · κλίνω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processκλίνω + ἐκ: meaning 'turn aside'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κακῶνevilsA1 GPM · κακόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκακός: meaning 'evils'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μῆκοςlengthN3E NSN · μῆκοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμῆκος: meaning 'length'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βίουpropertyN2 GSM · βίοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβίος: meaning 'property'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὁδοὶwaysN2 NPF · ὁδόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὁδός: meaning 'ways'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δικαιοσύνηςof righteousnessN1 GSF · δικαιοσύνηgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδικαιοσύνη: meaning 'of righteousness'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεχόμενοςreceivingV1 · πμπνσμ δέχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ δέχομαι: meaning 'receiving'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
παιδείανdiscipline / instructionN1A ASF · παιδείαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπαιδεία: meaning 'discipline'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀγαθοῖςgood thingsA1 DPM · ἀγαθόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀγαθός: meaning 'good things'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἔσταιbeVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φυλάσσωνguard / preserveV1 · παπνσμ φυλάσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ φυλάσσω: meaning 'guard'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐλέγχουςreproofsN2 APM · ἔλεγχοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔλεγχος: meaning 'reproofs'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σοφισθήσεταιwill become wiseVS FPI3S · σοφίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureσοφίζω: meaning 'will become wise'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὃςwhoRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
φυλάσσειkeepsV1 PAI3S · φυλάσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφυλάσσω: meaning 'keeps'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑαυτοῦhis ownRD GSM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: meaning 'his own'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὁδούςwayN2 APF · ὁδόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὁδός: meaning 'way'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τηρεῖkeep / preserveV2 PAI3S · τηρέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processτηρέω: meaning 'keep'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑαυτοῦhis ownRD GSM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: meaning 'his own'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ψυχήνsoulN1 ASF · ψυχήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationψυχή: meaning 'soul'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀγαπῶνloveV3 · παπνσμ ἀγαπάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ἀγαπάω: meaning 'love'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ζωὴνlifeN1 ASF · ζωήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationζωή: meaning 'life'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
φείσεταιφείδομαιVF FMI3S · φείδομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureφείδομαι: meaning 'φείδομαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
στόματοςmouthN3M GSN · στόμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationστόμα: meaning 'mouth'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
18
πρὸ συντριβῆς ἡγεῖται ὕβρις πρὸ δὲ πτώματος κακοφροσύνη
Before destruction pride goes, and before a fall evil-mindedness.
The proverb states a classic moral sequence. Pride and twisted thinking are not merely blameworthy; they are precursors to visible ruin.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
πρὸbeforeP · πρόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸ: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
συντριβῆςcrushingN1 GSF · συντριβήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσυντριβή: meaning 'crushing'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἡγεῖταιleadsV2 PMI3S · ἡγέομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἡγέομαι: meaning 'leads'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὕβριςprideN3I NSF · ὕβριςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὕβρις: meaning 'pride'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πρὸbeforeP · πρόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸ: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πτώματοςfallN3M GSN · πτῶμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπτῶμα: meaning 'fall'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
κακοφροσύνηevil-mindednessN1 NSF · κακοφροσύνηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκακοφροσύνη: meaning 'evil-mindedness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
19
κρείσσων πραύ̈θυμος μετὰ ταπεινώσεως ἢ ὃς διαιρεῖται σκῦλα μετὰ ὑβριστῶν
Better a gentle man with humility than one who divides spoils with the arrogant.
Humility with gentleness is valued over triumph joined to violence. Shared plunder with the arrogant is exposed as an inferior form of success.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
κρείσσωνbetterA3C NSM · κρείσσωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκρείσσων: meaning 'better'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πραύ̈θυμοςgentleA1B NSM · πραύ̈θυμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπραύ̈θυμος: meaning 'gentle'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ταπεινώσεωςafflictionN3I GSF · ταπείνωσιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationταπείνωσις: meaning 'affliction'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὃςwhoRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
διαιρεῖταιdividesV2 PMI3S · αἱρέω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processαἱρέω + δια: meaning 'divides'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σκῦλασκῦλονN2N APN · σκῦλονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσκῦλον: meaning 'σκῦλον'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὑβριστῶνthe arrogantN1 GPM · ὑβριστήςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὑβριστής: meaning 'the arrogant'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
20
συνετὸς ἐν πράγμασιν εὑρετὴς ἀγαθῶν πεποιθὼς δὲ ἐπὶ θεῷ μακαριστός
A prudent man in matters is a finder of good things, and the one who trusts in God is blessed.
The prudent person finds real good in concrete affairs, yet the verse ends by locating blessedness in trust directed toward God.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
συνετὸςsynetosA1 NSM · συνετόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσυνετός: meaning 'synetos'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πράγμασινaffairN3M DPN · πρᾶγμαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπρᾶγμα: meaning 'affair'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
εὑρετὴςεὑρετήςN1M NSM · εὑρετήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceεὑρετής: meaning 'εὑρετής'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀγαθῶνgood thingsA1 GPM · ἀγαθόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀγαθός: meaning 'good things'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πεποιθὼςtrustVX · χαπνσμ πείθωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχαπνσμ πείθω: meaning 'trust'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶoverP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
θεῷGodN2 DSM · θεόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
μακαριστόςblessedA1 NSM · μακαριστόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμακαριστός: meaning 'blessed'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
21
τοὺς σοφοὺς καὶ συνετοὺς φαύλους καλοῦσιν οἱ δὲ γλυκεῖς ἐν λόγῳ πλείονα ἀκούσονται
They call the wise and understanding base, but those sweet in speech will be heard more.
Public reputation can misname the truly wise. Sweet, measured speech may gain a hearing even where wisdom is initially misunderstood.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σοφοὺςwiseA1 APM · σοφόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσοφός: meaning 'wise'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνετοὺςunderstanding menA1 APM · συνετόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσυνετός: meaning 'understanding men'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
φαύλουςbase / worthlessA1 APM · φαῦλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφαῦλος: meaning 'base'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καλοῦσινthey callV2 PAI3P · καλέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processκαλέω: meaning 'they call'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γλυκεῖςsweetA3U NPM · γλυκύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγλυκύς: meaning 'sweet'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
λόγῳmatterN2 DSM · λόγοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceλόγος: meaning 'matter'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
πλείοναmore abundantA3C ASM · πολύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπολύς: meaning 'more abundant'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀκούσονταιwill hearVF FPI3P · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἀκούω: meaning 'will hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
22
πηγὴ ζωῆς ἔννοια τοῖς κεκτημένοις παιδεία δὲ ἀφρόνων κακή
Understanding is a spring of life to those who possess it, but the discipline of fools is evil.
True understanding is pictured as life-giving refreshment. Fools, by contrast, are trapped in a form of discipline that only deepens harm.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
πηγὴfountainN1 NSF · πηγήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπηγή: meaning 'fountain'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ζωῆςlifeN1 GSF · ζωήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationζωή: meaning 'life'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἔννοιαunderstandingN1A NSF · ἔννοιαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔννοια: meaning 'understanding'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῖςfor theRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεκτημένοιςto those possessingVM · χμπδπμ κτάομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπδπμ κτάομαι: meaning 'to those possessing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
παιδείαinstructionN1A NSF · παιδείαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπαιδεία: meaning 'instruction'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφρόνωνfoolishA3N GPM · ἄφρωνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄφρων: meaning 'foolish'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
κακήevilA1 NSF · κακόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκακός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
23
καρδία σοφοῦ νοήσει τὰ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἰδίου στόματος ἐπὶ δὲ χείλεσιν φορέσει ἐπιγνωμοσύνην
The heart of a wise man will understand what comes from his own mouth, and on his lips he will carry discernment.
The wise heart and wise mouth belong together. Inward discernment is not hidden but borne outward in speech that carries recognition and judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σοφοῦwiseA1 GSM · σοφόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσοφός: meaning 'wise'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
νοήσειperceivedVF FAI3S · νοέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureνοέω: meaning 'perceived'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰδίουof his ownA1A GSN · ἴδιοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἴδιος: meaning 'of his own'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
στόματοςmouthN3M GSN · στόμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationστόμα: meaning 'mouth'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐπὶoverP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χείλεσινto lipsN3E DPN · χεῖλοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceχεῖλος: meaning 'to lips'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
φορέσειwill carryVF FAI3S · φορέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureφορέω: meaning 'will carry'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπιγνωμοσύνηνdiscernmentN1 ASF · ἐπιγνωμοσύνηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐπιγνωμοσύνη: meaning 'discernment'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
24
κηρία μέλιτος λόγοι καλοί γλύκασμα δὲ αὐτῶν ἴασις ψυχῆς
Good words are honeycombs of honey, and their sweetness is healing for the soul.
Pleasant speech is not shallow flattery here but nourishing goodness. Its sweetness heals at the level of the soul.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
κηρίαhoneycombsN2N NPN · κηρίονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκηρίον: meaning 'honeycombs'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μέλιτοςthan honeyN3T GSN · μέλιgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμέλι: meaning 'than honey'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
λόγοιthing / wordN2 NPM · λόγοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλόγος: meaning 'thing'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καλοίKaloA1 NPM · καλόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαλός: meaning 'Kalo'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γλύκασμαsweetnessN3M NSN · γλύκασμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγλύκασμα: meaning 'sweetness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἴασιςhealingN3I NSF · ἴασιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἴασις: meaning 'healing'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ψυχῆςlifeN1 GSF · ψυχήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationψυχή: meaning 'life'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
25
εἰσὶν ὁδοὶ δοκοῦσαι εἶναι ὀρθαὶ ἀνδρί τὰ μέντοι τελευταῖα αὐτῶν βλέπει εἰς πυθμένα ᾅδου
There are ways that seem to be straight to a man, yet their ends look into the depth of Hades.
Apparent straightness can mask a deathward path. Human perception alone is therefore an unstable guide when not corrected by wisdom.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
εἰσὶνbeV9 PAI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁδοὶwaysN2 NPF · ὁδόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὁδός: meaning 'ways'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δοκοῦσαιseemingV2 · παπνπφ δοκέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπφ δοκέω: meaning 'seeming'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἶναιbeV9 PAN · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὀρθαὶrightA1 NPF · ὀρθόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀρθός: meaning 'right'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνδρίmanN3 DSM · ἀνήρdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μέντοιhoweverX · μέντοιadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμέντοι: meaning 'however'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τελευταῖαendsA1A NPN · τελευταῖοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτελευταῖος: meaning 'ends'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
βλέπειlookV1 PAI3S · βλέπωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processβλέπω: meaning 'look'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πυθμέναdepthN3 ASM · πυθμήνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπυθμήν: meaning 'depth'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ᾅδουto HadesN1M GSM · ᾅδηςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationᾅδης: meaning 'to Hades'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
26
ἀνὴρ ἐν πόνοις πονεῖ ἑαυτῷ καὶ ἐκβιάζεται ἑαυτοῦ τὴν ἀπώλειαν ὁ μέντοι σκολιὸς ἐπὶ τῷ ἑαυτοῦ στόματι φορεῖ τὴν ἀπώλειαν
A man labors in labors for himself, and he forces his own destruction; yet the crooked man bears destruction upon his own mouth.
Labor may sustain life, but crooked speech can turn exertion toward self-destruction. The verse binds toil, mouth, and ruin together.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πόνοιςpainN2 DPM · πόνοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπόνος: meaning 'pain'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
πονεῖlaborsV2 PAI3S · πονέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπονέω: meaning 'labors'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἑαυτῷfor himselfRD DSM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἑαυτῷ: meaning 'for himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκβιάζεταιforcesV1 PMI3S · βιάζω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processβιάζω + ἐκ: meaning 'forces'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἑαυτοῦhis ownRD GSM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: meaning 'his own'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπώλειανdestructionN1A ASF · ἀπώλειαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀπώλεια: meaning 'destruction'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μέντοιhoweverX · μέντοιadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμέντοι: meaning 'however'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σκολιὸςcrookedA1A NSM · σκολιόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσκολιός: meaning 'crooked'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπὶoverP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑαυτοῦhis ownRD GSM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: meaning 'his own'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
στόματιmouthN3M DSN · στόμαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceστόμα: meaning 'mouth'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
φορεῖbearsV2 PAI3S · φορέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφορέω: meaning 'bears'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπώλειανdestructionN1A ASF · ἀπώλειαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀπώλεια: meaning 'destruction'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
27
ἀνὴρ ἄφρων ὀρύσσει ἑαυτῷ κακά ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν ἑαυτοῦ χειλέων θησαυρίζει πῦρ
A foolish man digs up evils for himself, and on his own lips he stores up fire.
The foolish person excavates harm rather than cultivating good. His lips act like a storehouse of destructive fire.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἄφρωνfoolA3N NSM · ἄφρωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄφρων: meaning 'fool'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὀρύσσειdigsV1 PAI3S · ὀρύσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processὀρύσσω: meaning 'digs'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἑαυτῷfor himselfRD DSM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἑαυτῷ: meaning 'for himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κακάevilA1 APN · κακόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκακός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐπὶoverP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑαυτοῦhis ownRD GSM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: meaning 'his own'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
χειλέωνlipN3E GPN · χεῖλοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationχεῖλος: meaning 'lip'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
θησαυρίζειstores upV1 PAI3S · θησαυρίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processθησαυρίζω: meaning 'stores up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πῦρfireN3 ASN · πῦρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
28
ἀνὴρ σκολιὸς διαπέμπεται κακὰ καὶ λαμπτῆρα δόλου πυρσεύει κακοῖς καὶ διαχωρίζει φίλους
A crooked man sends out evils and kindles a lamp of deceit for evil things, and he separates friends.
Crookedness radiates outward into social damage. Deceit not only harms generally but actively sunders friendship.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σκολιὸςcrookedA1A NSM · σκολιόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσκολιός: meaning 'crooked'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
διαπέμπεταιsends aboutV1 PMI3S · πέμπω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπέμπω + δια: meaning 'sends about'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κακὰevils / calamityA1 APN · κακόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκακός: meaning 'evils'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λαμπτῆραlampN3 ASM · λαμπτήρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλαμπτήρ: meaning 'lamp'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δόλουdeceitN2 GSM · δόλοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδόλος: meaning 'deceit'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πυρσεύειkindlesV1 PAI3S · πυρσεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπυρσεύω: meaning 'kindles'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κακοῖςtroublesA1 DPM · κακόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκακός: meaning 'troubles'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διαχωρίζειseparatesV1 PAI3S · χωρίζω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processχωρίζω + δια: meaning 'separates'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φίλουςfriendA1 APM · φίλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφίλος: meaning 'friend'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
29
ἀνὴρ παράνομος ἀποπειρᾶται φίλων καὶ ἀπάγει αὐτοὺς ὁδοὺς οὐκ ἀγαθάς
A lawless man tests his friends and leads them away into ways that are not good.
Lawlessness here is contagious and relational. The wicked do not fall alone; they attempt to drag their companions onto bad roads.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
παράνομοςlawlessA1B NSM · παράνομοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπαράνομος: meaning 'lawless'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀποπειρᾶταιtestsV3 PMI3S · πειράω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπειράω + ἀπο: meaning 'tests'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φίλωνFriendsA1 GPM · φίλοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationφίλος: meaning 'Friends'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπάγειleads awayV1 PAI3S · ἄγω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἄγω + ἀπο: meaning 'leads away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὁδοὺςwaysN2 APF · ὁδόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὁδός: meaning 'ways'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀγαθάςagathasA1 APF · ἀγαθόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀγαθός: meaning 'agathas'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
30
στηρίζων ὀφθαλμοὺς αὐτοῦ λογίζεται διεστραμμένα ὁρίζει δὲ τοῖς χείλεσιν αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ κακά οὗτος κάμινός ἐστιν κακίας
One who fixes his eyes devises perverse things; by his lips he marks out all evils. This man is a furnace of evil.
The face and mouth become instruments of plotted evil. The proverb culminates by naming such a person as a furnace where wickedness is forged.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
στηρίζωνfixingV1 · παπνσμ στηρίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ στηρίζω: meaning 'fixing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὀφθαλμοὺςeyesN2 APM · ὀφθαλμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eyes'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
λογίζεταιdevisesV1 PMI3S · λογίζομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processλογίζομαι: meaning 'devises'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
διεστραμμέναperverse thingsVP · χμπαπν στρέφω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπαπν στρέφω + δια: meaning 'perverse things'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁρίζειsets boundariesV1 PAI3S · ὁρίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processὁρίζω: meaning 'sets boundaries'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χείλεσινto lipsN3E DPN · χεῖλοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceχεῖλος: meaning 'to lips'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κακάevilA1 APN · κακόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκακός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὗτοςthisRD NSM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceοὗτος: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κάμινόςfurnaceN2 NSM · κάμινοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκάμινος: meaning 'furnace'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐστινisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κακίαςevilN1A GSF · κακίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκακία: meaning 'evil'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
31
στέφανος καυχήσεως γῆρας ἐν δὲ ὁδοῖς δικαιοσύνης εὑρίσκεται
Old age is a crown of boasting, and it is found in ways of righteousness.
Righteous old age is portrayed as honorable adornment rather than mere decline. Longevity gains splendor when it is found along just paths.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
στέφανοςcrownN2 NSM · στέφανοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceστέφανος: meaning 'crown'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καυχήσεωςof boastingN3I GSF · καύχησιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκαύχησις: meaning 'of boasting'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
γῆραςold ageN3 NSN · γῆραςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγῆρας: meaning 'old age'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁδοῖςwayN2 DPF · ὁδόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὁδός: meaning 'way'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
δικαιοσύνηςof righteousnessN1 GSF · δικαιοσύνηgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδικαιοσύνη: meaning 'of righteousness'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
εὑρίσκεταιis foundV1 PMI3S · εὑρίσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεὑρίσκω: meaning 'is found'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
32
κρείσσων ἀνὴρ μακρόθυμος ἰσχυροῦ ὁ δὲ κρατῶν ὀργῆς κρείσσων καταλαμβανομένου πόλιν
A patient man is better than a strong man, and one who masters anger is better than one taking a city.
Self-mastery outranks martial prowess. Rule over anger is depicted as a greater conquest than the seizure of a city.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
κρείσσωνbetterA3C NSM · κρείσσωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκρείσσων: meaning 'better'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μακρόθυμοςmakrothymosA1B NSM · μακρόθυμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμακρόθυμος: meaning 'makrothymos'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἰσχυροῦmightyA1A GSM · ἰσχυρόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἰσχυρός: meaning 'mighty'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κρατῶνruleV2 · παπνσμ κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ κρατέω: meaning 'rule'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὀργῆςwrathN1 GSF · ὀργήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὀργή: meaning 'wrath'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
κρείσσωνbetterA3C NSM · κρείσσωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκρείσσων: meaning 'better'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καταλαμβανομένουthan one takingV1 · πμπγσμ λαμβάνω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπγσμ λαμβάνω + κατα: meaning 'than one taking'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πόλινcityN3I ASF · πόλιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
33
εἰς κόλπους ἐπέρχεται πάντα τοῖς ἀδίκοις παρὰ δὲ κυρίου πάντα τὰ δίκαια
Into the bosom everything comes to the unjust, but from the Lord come all just things.
The final saying draws hidden outcomes back under divine oversight. What appears to fall unpredictably is still ordered by the Lord toward justice.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κόλπουςbosomN2 APM · κόλποςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκόλπος: meaning 'bosom'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐπέρχεταιgoes uponV1 PMI3S · ἔρχομαι + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἔρχομαι + ἐπι: meaning 'goes upon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πάνταall thingsA3 NPN · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all things'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῖςfor theRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδίκοιςunjustA1B DPM · ἄδικοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἄδικος: meaning 'unjust'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
παρὰbesideP · παράpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'beside'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πάνταall thingsA3 NPN · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all things'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δίκαιαrighteousA1A NPN · δίκαιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδίκαιος: meaning 'righteous'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.