1
κρείσσων ψωμὸς μεθ' ἡδονῆς ἐν εἰρήνῃ ἢ οἶκος πλήρης πολλῶν ἀγαθῶν καὶ ἀδίκων θυμάτων μετὰ μάχης
Better is a morsel with enjoyment in peace than a house full of many good things and unjust sacrifices with strife.
The chapter opens by valuing peaceful sufficiency over abundance tainted by conflict and injustice.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
κρείσσωνbetterA3C NSM · κρείσσωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκρείσσων: meaning 'better'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ψωμὸςmorselN2 NSM · ψωμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceψωμός: meaning 'morsel'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μεθ'withP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμεθ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἡδονῆςenjoymentN1 GSF · ἡδονήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἡδονή: meaning 'enjoyment'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
εἰρήνῃpeaceN1 DSF · εἰρήνηdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceεἰρήνη: meaning 'peace'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἢthanC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'than'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἶκοςhouseN2 NSM · οἶκοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πλήρηςfullA3H NSM · πλήρηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπλήρης: meaning 'full'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πολλῶνmanyA1 GPM · πολύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπολύς: meaning 'many'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀγαθῶνgood thingsA1 GPM · ἀγαθόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀγαθός: meaning 'good things'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀδίκωνunjustA1B GPN · ἄδικοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄδικος: meaning 'unjust'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
θυμάτωνsacrificesN3M GPN · θῦμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθῦμα: meaning 'sacrifices'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μάχηςstrifeN1 GSF · μάχηgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμάχη: meaning 'strife'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
2
οἰκέτης νοήμων κρατήσει δεσποτῶν ἀφρόνων ἐν δὲ ἀδελφοῖς διελεῖται μέρη
A prudent servant will rule foolish masters, and among brothers he will divide the portions.
Prudence, not birth alone, is shown capable of elevating a servant above foolish household leadership.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
οἰκέτηςservantN1M NSM · οἰκέτηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοἰκέτης: meaning 'servant'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
νοήμωνprudentA3N NSM · νοήμωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceνοήμων: meaning 'prudent'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κρατήσειwill ruleVF FAI3S · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκρατέω: meaning 'will rule'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δεσποτῶνmastersN1M GPM · δεσπότηςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδεσπότης: meaning 'masters'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀφρόνωνfoolishA3N GPM · ἄφρωνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄφρων: meaning 'foolish'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀδελφοῖςbrothersN2 DPM · ἀδελφόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀδελφός: meaning 'brothers'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
διελεῖταιwill divideVF2 FMI3S · αἱρέω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureαἱρέω + δια: meaning 'will divide'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μέρηportionsN3E APN · μέροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμέρος: meaning 'portions'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
3
ὥσπερ δοκιμάζεται ἐν καμίνῳ ἄργυρος καὶ χρυσός οὕτως ἐκλεκταὶ καρδίαι παρὰ κυρίῳ
As silver and gold are tested in a furnace, so chosen hearts are before the Lord.
The saying frames the inner life as the true object of divine assay.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δοκιμάζεταιis testedV1 PMI3S · δοκιμάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processδοκιμάζω: meaning 'is tested'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
καμίνῳfurnaceN2 DSM · κάμινοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκάμινος: meaning 'furnace'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἄργυροςsilverN2 NSM · ἄργυροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄργυρος: meaning 'silver'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χρυσόςgoldA1 NSM · χρυσόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχρυσός: meaning 'gold'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὕτωςsoD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'so'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκλεκταὶchosenA1 NPF · ἐκλεκτόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐκλεκτός: meaning 'chosen'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καρδίαιheartsN1A NPF · καρδίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'hearts'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
παρὰbeforeP · παράpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κυρίῳthe LordN2 DSM · κύριοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος: meaning 'the Lord'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
4
κακὸς ὑπακούει γλώσσης παρανόμων δίκαιος δὲ οὐ προσέχει χείλεσιν ψευδέσιν
An evil man listens to the tongue of the lawless, but the righteous pays no attention to lying lips.
Moral character is disclosed by what kind of speech one welcomes or refuses.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
κακὸςevilA1 NSM · κακόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκακός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὑπακούειlistens toV1 PAI3S · ἀκούω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἀκούω + ὑπο: meaning 'listens to'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γλώσσηςtongueN1S GSF · γλῶσσαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγλῶσσα: meaning 'tongue'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
παρανόμωνlawlessA1B GPM · παράνομοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπαράνομος: meaning 'lawless'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
δίκαιοςrighteousA1A NSM · δίκαιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδίκαιος: meaning 'righteous'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσέχειpays attentionV1 PAI3S · ἔχω + προςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἔχω + προς: meaning 'pays attention'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
χείλεσινto lipsN3E DPN · χεῖλοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceχεῖλος: meaning 'to lips'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ψευδέσινlyingA3H DPM · ψευδήςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceψευδής: meaning 'lying'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
5
ὁ καταγελῶν πτωχοῦ παροξύνει τὸν ποιήσαντα αὐτόν ὁ δὲ ἐπιχαίρων ἀπολλυμένῳ οὐκ ἀθῳωθήσεται ὁ δὲ ἐπισπλαγχνιζόμενος ἐλεηθήσεται
Whoever mocks the poor provokes the one who made him; whoever rejoices over one who is perishing will not go unpunished, but the one who shows compassion will be shown mercy.
Contempt for the vulnerable is treated as an affront to the Creator, while compassion is answered with mercy.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταγελῶνmockingV3 · παπνσμ γελάω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ γελάω + κατα: meaning 'mocking'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πτωχοῦpoorN2 GSM · πτωχόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπτωχός: meaning 'poor'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
παροξύνειprovokesV1 PAI3S · ὀξύνω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processὀξύνω + παρα: meaning 'provokes'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιήσανταwho madeVA · ααπασμ ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateααπασμ ποιέω: meaning 'who made'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιχαίρωνrejoicing overV1 · παπνσμ χαίρω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ χαίρω + ἐπι: meaning 'rejoicing over'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπολλυμένῳone perishingV5 · πμπδσμ ὀλλύω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπδσμ ὀλλύω + ἀπο: meaning 'one perishing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀθῳωθήσεταιwill be acquittedVC FPI3S · ἀθῳόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἀθῳόω: meaning 'will be acquitted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπισπλαγχνιζόμενοςshowing compassionV1 · πππνσμ σπλαγχνίζω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπππνσμ σπλαγχνίζω + ἐπι: meaning 'showing compassion'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐλεηθήσεταιwill be shown mercyVC FPI3S · ἐλεέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἐλεέω: meaning 'will be shown mercy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
6
στέφανος γερόντων τέκνα τέκνων καύχημα δὲ τέκνων πατέρες αὐτῶν τοῦ πιστοῦ ὅλος ὁ κόσμος τῶν χρημάτων τοῦ δὲ ἀπίστου οὐδὲ ὀβολός
The crown of elders is their children's children, and the boast of children is their fathers. For the faithful, the whole world of wealth matters; for the faithless, not even a small coin.
The proverb links generational honor to fidelity, then relativizes wealth by the presence or absence of faithfulness.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
στέφανοςcrownN2 NSM · στέφανοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceστέφανος: meaning 'crown'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γερόντωνof eldersN3 GPM · γέρωνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγέρων: meaning 'of elders'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τέκναchildrenN2N NPN · τέκνονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτέκνον: meaning 'children'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τέκνωνof childrenN2N GPN · τέκνονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτέκνον: meaning 'of children'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καύχημαboastN3M NSN · καύχημαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαύχημα: meaning 'boast'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τέκνωνof childrenN2N GPN · τέκνονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτέκνον: meaning 'of children'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πατέρεςfathersN3 NPM · πατήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπατήρ: meaning 'fathers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πιστοῦfaithfulA1 GSM · πιστόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπιστός: meaning 'faithful'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὅλοςwholeA1 NSM · ὅλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὅλος: meaning 'whole'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κόσμοςworldN2 NSM · κόσμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκόσμος: meaning 'world'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρημάτωνwealthN3M GPN · χρῆμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationχρῆμα: meaning 'wealth'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπίστουfaithlessA1B GSM · ἄπιστοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄπιστος: meaning 'faithless'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οὐδὲnot evenC · οὐδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'not even'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀβολόςsmall coinN2 NSM · ὀβολόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀβολός: meaning 'small coin'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
7
οὐχ ἁρμόσει ἄφρονι χείλη πιστὰ οὐδὲ δικαίῳ χείλη ψευδῆ
Faithful lips do not suit a fool, nor lying lips a righteous man.
Speech ought to match character; the saying exposes the incongruity of truth with folly and falsehood with righteousness.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
οὐχnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐχ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἁρμόσειwill suitVF FAI3S · ἁρμόζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἁρμόζω: meaning 'will suit'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄφρονιfoolA3N DSM · ἄφρωνdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἄφρων: meaning 'fool'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
χείληlipsN3E NPN · χεῖλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχεῖλος: meaning 'lips'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πιστὰfaithfulA1 NPN · πιστόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπιστός: meaning 'faithful'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐδὲnot evenC · οὐδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'not even'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δικαίῳrighteousA1A DSM · δίκαιοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceδίκαιος: meaning 'righteous'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
χείληlipsN3E NPN · χεῖλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχεῖλος: meaning 'lips'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ψευδῆfalseA3H NPN · ψευδήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceψευδής: meaning 'false'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
8
μισθὸς χαρίτων ἡ παιδεία τοῖς χρωμένοις οὗ δ' ἂν ἐπιστρέψῃ εὐοδωθήσεται
Instruction is a reward of favors to those who use it; wherever it turns, it will prosper.
Discipline is presented as a gracious asset whose wise use yields success.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
μισθὸςrewardN2 NSM · μισθόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμισθός: meaning 'reward'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
χαρίτωνof favorsN3T GPF · χάριςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationχάρις: meaning 'of favors'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδείαinstructionN1A NSF · παιδείαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπαιδεία: meaning 'instruction'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῖςto thoseRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρωμένοιςusingV3 · πμπδπμ χράομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπδπμ χράομαι: meaning 'using'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὗwhereRR GSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationοὗ: meaning 'where'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
δ'butX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδ': meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἂνeverX · ἄνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιστρέψῃit turnsVF FMI2S · στρέφω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureστρέφω + ἐπι: meaning 'it turns'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εὐοδωθήσεταιwill prosperVC FPI3S · εὐοδόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεὐοδόω: meaning 'will prosper'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
9
ὃς κρύπτει ἀδικήματα ζητεῖ φιλίαν ὃς δὲ μισεῖ κρύπτειν διίστησιν φίλους καὶ οἰκείους
Whoever covers wrongs seeks friendship, but whoever hates to conceal them separates friends and intimates.
The proverb commends discretion that preserves fellowship and warns against exposure that fractures relationships.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ὃςwhoeverRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'whoever'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κρύπτειcoversV1 PAI3S · κρύπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processκρύπτω: meaning 'covers'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀδικήματαwrongsN3M APN · ἀδίκημαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀδίκημα: meaning 'wrongs'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ζητεῖseeksV2 PAI3S · ζητέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processζητέω: meaning 'seeks'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φιλίανfriendshipN1A ASF · φιλίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφιλία: meaning 'friendship'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὃςwhoeverRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'whoever'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μισεῖhatesV2 PAI3S · μισέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processμισέω: meaning 'hates'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κρύπτεινto concealV1 PAN · κρύπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementκρύπτω: meaning 'to conceal'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
διίστησινseparatesV6 PAI3S · ἵστημι + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἵστημι + δια: meaning 'separates'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φίλουςfriendsA1 APM · φίλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφίλος: meaning 'friends'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἰκείουςintimatesA1A APM · οἰκεῖοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἰκεῖος: meaning 'intimates'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
10
συντρίβει ἀπειλὴ καρδίαν φρονίμου ἄφρων δὲ μαστιγωθεὶς οὐκ αἰσθάνεται
A threat crushes the heart of the prudent, but a fool, even when scourged, does not perceive it.
The wise respond inwardly to warning, whereas the fool remains insensible even under severe correction.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
συντρίβειcrushesV1 PAI3S · τρίβω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processτρίβω + συν: meaning 'crushes'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπειλὴthreatN1 NSF · ἀπειλήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀπειλή: meaning 'threat'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καρδίανheartN1A ASF · καρδίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
φρονίμουof the prudentA1B GSM · φρόνιμοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationφρόνιμος: meaning 'of the prudent'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἄφρωνfoolA3N NSM · ἄφρωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄφρων: meaning 'fool'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μαστιγωθεὶςbeing scourgedVC · αππνσμ μαστιγόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateαππνσμ μαστιγόω: meaning 'being scourged'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἰσθάνεταιperceivesV1 PMI3S · αἰσθάνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processαἰσθάνομαι: meaning 'perceives'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
11
ἀντιλογίας ἐγείρει πᾶς κακός ὁ δὲ κύριος ἄγγελον ἀνελεήμονα ἐκπέμψει αὐτῷ
Every evil person stirs up contradiction, but the Lord will send a merciless messenger against him.
Persistent contentiousness is met not with indulgence but with severe divine opposition.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἀντιλογίαςcontradictionN1A APF · ἀντιλογίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀντιλογία: meaning 'contradiction'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐγείρειstirs upV1 PAI3S · ἐγείρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἐγείρω: meaning 'stirs up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πᾶςeveryA3 NSM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'every'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κακόςκακόςA1 NSM · κακόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκακός: meaning 'κακός'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἄγγελονmessengerN2 ASM · ἄγγελοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄγγελος: meaning 'messenger'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀνελεήμοναmercilessA3N ASM · ἀνελεήμωνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀνελεήμων: meaning 'merciless'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐκπέμψειwill send outVF FAI3S · πέμπω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπέμπω + ἐκ: meaning 'will send out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῷagainst himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'against him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
12
ἐμπεσεῖται μέριμνα ἀνδρὶ νοήμονι οἱ δὲ ἄφρονες διαλογιοῦνται κακά
Anxious care will fall upon a prudent man, but fools devise evil things.
The prudent feel the weight of circumstances, while fools turn their thought toward harmful schemes.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ἐμπεσεῖταιwill fallVF2 FMI3S · πίπτω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπίπτω + ἐν: meaning 'will fall'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μέριμναanxious careN1A NSF · μέριμναnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμέριμνα: meaning 'anxious care'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνδρὶupon a manN3 DSM · ἀνήρdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀνήρ: meaning 'upon a man'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
νοήμονιprudentA3N DSM · νοήμωνdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceνοήμων: meaning 'prudent'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄφρονεςfoolA3N NPM · ἄφρωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄφρων: meaning 'fool'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
διαλογιοῦνταιdeviseVF2 FMI3P · λογίζομαι + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureλογίζομαι + δια: meaning 'devise'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κακάevil thingsA1 APN · κακόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκακός: meaning 'evil things'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
13
ὃς ἀποδίδωσιν κακὰ ἀντὶ ἀγαθῶν οὐ κινηθήσεται κακὰ ἐκ τοῦ οἴκου αὐτοῦ
Whoever repays evil for good, evil will not be moved away from his house.
The moral order is stated starkly: ingratitude invites lasting calamity upon one's household.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ὃςwhoeverRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'whoever'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀποδίδωσινrepaysV8 PAI3S · δίδωμι + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processδίδωμι + ἀπο: meaning 'repays'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κακὰevil thingsA1 APN · κακόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκακός: meaning 'evil things'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀντὶforP · ἀντίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀντὶ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀγαθῶνgood thingsA1 GPM · ἀγαθόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀγαθός: meaning 'good things'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κινηθήσεταιwill be movedVC FPI3S · κινέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκινέω: meaning 'will be moved'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κακὰevil thingsA1 APN · κακόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκακός: meaning 'evil things'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦαὐτόςRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'αὐτός'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
14
ἐξουσίαν δίδωσιν λόγοις ἀρχὴ δικαιοσύνης προηγεῖται δὲ τῆς ἐνδείας στάσις καὶ μάχη
Authority gives itself to words; the beginning of righteousness comes first, but before want come faction and strife.
The saying connects ordered speech with just beginnings and warns that division ushers in deprivation.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἐξουσίανauthorityN1A ASF · ἐξουσίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐξουσία: meaning 'authority'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δίδωσινgivesV8 PAI3S · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processδίδωμι: meaning 'gives'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
λόγοιςto wordsN2 DPM · λόγοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceλόγος: meaning 'to words'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἀρχὴbeginningN1 NSF · ἀρχήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀρχή: meaning 'beginning'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δικαιοσύνηςof righteousnessN1 GSF · δικαιοσύνηgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδικαιοσύνη: meaning 'of righteousness'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
προηγεῖταιgoes beforeV2 PMI3S · ἡγέομαι + προverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἡγέομαι + προ: meaning 'goes before'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῆςof theRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνδείαςwantN1A GSF · ἔνδειαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἔνδεια: meaning 'want'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
στάσιςfactionN3I NSF · στάσιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceστάσις: meaning 'faction'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μάχημάχηN1 NSF · μάχηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμάχη: meaning 'μάχη'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
15
ὃς δίκαιον κρίνει τὸν ἄδικον ἄδικον δὲ τὸν δίκαιον ἀκάθαρτος καὶ βδελυκτὸς παρὰ θεῷ
Whoever judges the righteous as unjust, and the unjust as righteous, is unclean and abominable before God.
The proverb condemns judicial inversion as ritually and morally abhorrent in God's sight.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ὃςwhoeverRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'whoever'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
δίκαιονrighteousA1A ASM · δίκαιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδίκαιος: meaning 'righteous'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κρίνειjudgesV1 PAI3S · κρίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processκρίνω: meaning 'judges'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄδικονunjustA1B ASM · ἄδικοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄδικος: meaning 'unjust'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἄδικονunjustA1B ASM · ἄδικοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄδικος: meaning 'unjust'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δίκαιονrighteousA1A ASM · δίκαιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδίκαιος: meaning 'righteous'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀκάθαρτοςuncleanA1B NSM · ἀκάθαρτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀκάθαρτος: meaning 'unclean'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βδελυκτὸςabominableA1 NSM · βδελυκτόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβδελυκτός: meaning 'abominable'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
παρὰbeforeP · παράpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
θεῷGodN2 DSM · θεόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
16
ἵνα τί ὑπῆρξεν χρήματα ἄφρονι κτήσασθαι γὰρ σοφίαν ἀκάρδιος οὐ δυνήσεται ὃς ὑψηλὸν ποιεῖ τὸν ἑαυτοῦ οἶκον ζητεῖ συντριβήν ὁ δὲ σκολιάζων τοῦ μαθεῖν ἐμπεσεῖται εἰς κακά
Why has a fool come to possess money? For he will not be able to acquire wisdom, since he is senseless. Whoever makes his own house high seeks ruin, and the one who twists himself away from learning will fall into evils.
Wealth without understanding is exposed as futile, and self-exalting resistance to instruction is marked for collapse.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ἵναwhyC · ἵναconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'why'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίwhatRI ASN · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὑπῆρξενhas there beenVAI AAI3S · ἄρχω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἄρχω + ὑπο: meaning 'has there been'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
χρήματαmoneyN3M APN · χρῆμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχρῆμα: meaning 'money'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἄφρονιfoolA3N DSM · ἄφρωνdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἄφρων: meaning 'fool'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
κτήσασθαιto acquireVA AMN · κτάομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementκτάομαι: meaning 'to acquire'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σοφίανwisdomN1A ASF · σοφίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσοφία: meaning 'wisdom'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀκάρδιοςsenselessA1B NSM · ἀκάρδιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀκάρδιος: meaning 'senseless'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δυνήσεταιwill be ableVF FMI3S · δύναμαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureδύναμαι: meaning 'will be able'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὃςwhoeverRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'whoever'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὑψηλὸνhighA1 ASM · ὑψηλόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὑψηλός: meaning 'high'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ποιεῖmakesV2 PAI3S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processποιέω: meaning 'makes'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑαυτοῦhis ownRD GSM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: meaning 'his own'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ζητεῖseeksV2 PAI3S · ζητέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processζητέω: meaning 'seeks'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
συντριβήνruinN1 ASF · συντριβήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσυντριβή: meaning 'ruin'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σκολιάζωνtwisting himself awayV1 · παπνσμ σκολιάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ σκολιάζω: meaning 'twisting himself away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῦof theRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαθεῖνto learnVB AAN · μανθάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementμανθάνω: meaning 'to learn'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐμπεσεῖταιwill fallVF2 FMI3S · πίπτω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπίπτω + ἐν: meaning 'will fall'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κακάevil thingsA1 APN · κακόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκακός: meaning 'evil things'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
17
εἰς πάντα καιρὸν φίλος ὑπαρχέτω σοι ἀδελφοὶ δὲ ἐν ἀνάγκαις χρήσιμοι ἔστωσαν τούτου γὰρ χάριν γεννῶνται
Let a friend be yours at every time, and let brothers be useful in necessities, for they are born for this reason.
The saying defines friendship and kinship by constancy and practical help in distress.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πάνταeveryA3 ASM · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'every'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καιρὸνtimeN2 ASM · καιρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκαιρός: meaning 'time'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
φίλοςfriendA1 NSM · φίλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφίλος: meaning 'friend'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὑπαρχέτωlet ... beV1 PAD3S · ἄρχω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἄρχω + ὑπο: meaning 'let ... be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀδελφοὶἀδελφόςN2 NPM · ἀδελφόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀδελφός: meaning 'ἀδελφός'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀνάγκαιςnecessitiesN1 DPF · ἀνάγκηdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀνάγκη: meaning 'necessities'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
χρήσιμοιusefulA1 NPM · χρήσιμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχρήσιμος: meaning 'useful'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἔστωσανlet them beV9 PAD3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateεἰμί: meaning 'let them be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τούτουfor thisRD GSM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationτούτου: meaning 'for this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χάρινfor the sake ofN3 ASF · χάριςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχάρις: meaning 'for the sake of'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
γεννῶνταιare bornV3 PPI3P · γεννάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processγεννάω: meaning 'are born'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
18
ἀνὴρ ἄφρων ἐπικροτεῖ καὶ ἐπιχαίρει ἑαυτῷ ὡς καὶ ὁ ἐγγυώμενος ἐγγύῃ τὸν ἑαυτοῦ φίλον
A foolish man claps and rejoices over himself, just like the one who gives surety for his own friend.
Self-congratulating folly is likened to reckless self-endangerment through imprudent surety.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἄφρωνfoolA3N NSM · ἄφρωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄφρων: meaning 'fool'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπικροτεῖclapsV2 PAI3S · κροτέω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processκροτέω + ἐπι: meaning 'claps'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιχαίρειrejoices overV1 PAI3S · χαίρω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processχαίρω + ἐπι: meaning 'rejoices over'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἑαυτῷover himselfRD DSM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἑαυτῷ: meaning 'over himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὡςjust likeC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'just like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandD · καίadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐγγυώμενοςgiving suretyV3 · πμπνσμ ἐγγυάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ ἐγγυάω: meaning 'giving surety'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐγγύῃwith a pledgeN1 DSF · ἐγγύηdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἐγγύη: meaning 'with a pledge'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑαυτοῦhis ownRD GSM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: meaning 'his own'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
φίλονfriendA1 ASM · φίλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφίλος: meaning 'friend'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
19
φιλαμαρτήμων χαίρει μάχαις
One who loves sin rejoices in quarrels.
Delight in conflict is diagnosed as an affection for sin itself.
Word-by-word analysis· 3 words
φιλαμαρτήμωνloving sinA3N NSM · φιλαμαρτήμωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφιλαμαρτήμων: meaning 'loving sin'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
χαίρειrejoicesV1 PAI3S · χαίρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processχαίρω: meaning 'rejoices'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μάχαιςin quarrelsN1 DPF · μάχηdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceμάχη: meaning 'in quarrels'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
20
ὁ δὲ σκληροκάρδιος οὐ συναντᾷ ἀγαθοῖς ἀνὴρ εὐμετάβολος γλώσσῃ ἐμπεσεῖται εἰς κακά
The hard-hearted man does not meet with good things; a man changeable in tongue will fall into evils.
A stubborn interior and unstable speech together mark the path away from good.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σκληροκάρδιοςhard-heartedA1B NSM · σκληροκάρδιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσκληροκάρδιος: meaning 'hard-hearted'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συναντᾷmeets withV3 PAI3S · ἀντάω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἀντάω + συν: meaning 'meets with'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀγαθοῖςgood thingsA1 DPM · ἀγαθόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀγαθός: meaning 'good things'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εὐμετάβολοςchangeableA1B NSM · εὐμετάβολοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceεὐμετάβολος: meaning 'changeable'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γλώσσῃin tongueN1S DSF · γλῶσσαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceγλῶσσα: meaning 'in tongue'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐμπεσεῖταιwill fallVF2 FMI3S · πίπτω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπίπτω + ἐν: meaning 'will fall'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κακάevil thingsA1 APN · κακόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκακός: meaning 'evil things'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
21
καρδία δὲ ἄφρονος ὀδύνη τῷ κεκτημένῳ αὐτήν οὐκ εὐφραίνεται πατὴρ ἐπὶ υἱῷ ἀπαιδεύτῳ υἱὸς δὲ φρόνιμος εὐφραίνει μητέρα αὐτοῦ
The heart of a fool is pain to the one who possesses it; a father does not rejoice over an undisciplined son, but a prudent son gladdens his mother.
The saying combines inward grief with family disappointment, then restores the maternal joy theme through prudent sonship.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄφρονοςof a foolA3N GSM · ἄφρωνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄφρων: meaning 'of a fool'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὀδύνηpainN1 NSF · ὀδύνηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀδύνη: meaning 'pain'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῷto theRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεκτημένῳwho possessesVM · χμπδσμ κτάομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπδσμ κτάομαι: meaning 'who possesses'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτήναὐτόςRD ASF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτήν: meaning 'αὐτός'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐφραίνεταιrejoicesV1 PMI3S · εὐφραίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεὐφραίνω: meaning 'rejoices'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πατὴρfatherN3 NSM · πατήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπὶoverP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
υἱῷa sonN2 DSM · υἱόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceυἱός: meaning 'a son'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἀπαιδεύτῳundisciplinedA1B DSM · ἀπαίδευτοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀπαίδευτος: meaning 'undisciplined'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φρόνιμοςprudentA1B NSM · φρόνιμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφρόνιμος: meaning 'prudent'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εὐφραίνειgladdensV1 PAI3S · εὐφραίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεὐφραίνω: meaning 'gladdens'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μητέραmotherN3 ASF · μήτηρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμήτηρ: meaning 'mother'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦαὐτόςRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'αὐτός'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
22
καρδία εὐφραινομένη εὐεκτεῖν ποιεῖ ἀνδρὸς δὲ λυπηροῦ ξηραίνεται τὰ ὀστᾶ
A cheerful heart makes a man thrive, but the bones of a sorrowful man are dried up.
Inner gladness is treated as bodily strengthening, while sorrow corrodes from within.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εὐφραινομένηcheerfulV1 · πμπνσφ εὐφραίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσφ εὐφραίνω: meaning 'cheerful'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εὐεκτεῖνto thriveV2 PAN · εὐεκτέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementεὐεκτέω: meaning 'to thrive'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ποιεῖmakesV2 PAI3S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processποιέω: meaning 'makes'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀνδρὸςa manN3 GSM · ἀνήρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'a man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λυπηροῦsorrowfulA1A GSM · λυπηρόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationλυπηρός: meaning 'sorrowful'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ξηραίνεταιis dried upV1 PMI3S · ξηραίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processξηραίνω: meaning 'is dried up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀστᾶbonesN2N APN · ὀστέονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀστέον: meaning 'bones'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
23
λαμβάνοντος δῶρα ἐν κόλπῳ ἀδίκως οὐ κατευοδοῦνται ὁδοί ἀσεβὴς δὲ ἐκκλίνει ὁδοὺς δικαιοσύνης
When one takes gifts unjustly in the bosom, the ways are not directed aright; but the ungodly turns aside the ways of righteousness.
Secret bribery distorts moral direction and belongs to the broader crookedness of the wicked.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
λαμβάνοντοςtakingV1 · παπγσμ λαμβάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγσμ λαμβάνω: meaning 'taking'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δῶραgiftsN2N APN · δῶρονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδῶρον: meaning 'gifts'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κόλπῳin the bosomN2 DSM · κόλποςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκόλπος: meaning 'in the bosom'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἀδίκωςunjustlyD · ἀδίκωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἀδίκως: meaning 'unjustly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατευοδοῦνταιare directed arightV4 PMI3P · εὐοδόω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεὐοδόω + κατα: meaning 'are directed aright'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁδοίwaysN2 NPF · ὁδόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὁδός: meaning 'ways'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀσεβὴςungodlyA3H NSM · ἀσεβήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀσεβής: meaning 'ungodly'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκκλίνειturns asideV1 PAI3S · κλίνω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processκλίνω + ἐκ: meaning 'turns aside'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁδοὺςwaysN2 APF · ὁδόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὁδός: meaning 'ways'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δικαιοσύνηςof righteousnessN1 GSF · δικαιοσύνηgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδικαιοσύνη: meaning 'of righteousness'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
24
πρόσωπον συνετὸν ἀνδρὸς σοφοῦ οἱ δὲ ὀφθαλμοὶ τοῦ ἄφρονος ἐπ' ἄκρα γῆς
The face of an intelligent man belongs to a wise man, but the eyes of a fool are on the ends of the earth.
Wisdom is attentive and present, whereas folly is scattered and distracted by what lies far away.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
πρόσωπονfaceN2N NSN · πρόσωπονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
συνετὸνintelligentA1 NSN · συνετόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσυνετός: meaning 'intelligent'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνδρὸςa manN3 GSM · ἀνήρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'a man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σοφοῦwiseA1 GSM · σοφόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσοφός: meaning 'wise'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀφθαλμοὶeyesN2 NPM · ὀφθαλμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eyes'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄφρονοςof a foolA3N GSM · ἄφρωνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄφρων: meaning 'of a fool'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐπ'ἐπίP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'ἐπί'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἄκραendsA1A APN · ἄκροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄκρος: meaning 'ends'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
γῆςof the earthN1 GSF · γῆgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'of the earth'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
25
ὀργὴ πατρὶ υἱὸς ἄφρων καὶ ὀδύνη τῇ τεκούσῃ αὐτοῦ
A foolish son is anger to a father and pain to the woman who bore him.
The family sorrow motif returns to seal the chapter's recurring warning about undisciplined sonship.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ὀργὴangerN1 NSF · ὀργήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀργή: meaning 'anger'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πατρὶto a fatherN3 DSM · πατήρdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπατήρ: meaning 'to a father'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἄφρωνfoolA3N NSM · ἄφρωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄφρων: meaning 'fool'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀδύνηpainN1 NSF · ὀδύνηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀδύνη: meaning 'pain'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεκούσῃwho boreVB · ααπδσφ τίκτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateααπδσφ τίκτω: meaning 'who bore'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοῦαὐτόςRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'αὐτός'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
26
ζημιοῦν ἄνδρα δίκαιον οὐ καλόν οὐδὲ ὅσιον ἐπιβουλεύειν δυνάσταις δικαίοις
To punish a righteous man is not good, nor is it holy to plot against righteous rulers.
The saying joins personal justice and public integrity in rejecting attacks on the righteous.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ζημιοῦνto punishV4 PAN · ζημιόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementζημιόω: meaning 'to punish'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄνδραἀνήρN3 ASM · ἀνήρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'ἀνήρ'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δίκαιονrighteousA1A ASM · δίκαιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδίκαιος: meaning 'righteous'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καλόνgoodA1 NSN · καλόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαλός: meaning 'good'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐδὲnot evenC · οὐδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'not even'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅσιονholyA1A ASM · ὅσιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὅσιος: meaning 'holy'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐπιβουλεύεινto plot againstV1 PAN · βουλεύω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementβουλεύω + ἐπι: meaning 'to plot against'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δυνάσταιςrulersN1M DPM · δυνάστηςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceδυνάστης: meaning 'rulers'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
δικαίοιςrighteousA1A DPM · δίκαιοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceδίκαιος: meaning 'righteous'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
27
ὃς φείδεται ῥῆμα προέσθαι σκληρόν ἐπιγνώμων μακρόθυμος δὲ ἀνὴρ φρόνιμος
Whoever restrains himself from uttering a hard word is discerning; and a patient man is prudent.
Measured speech and long-suffering are identified as the outward marks of real understanding.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ὃςwhoeverRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'whoever'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
φείδεταιrestrains himself fromV1 PMI3S · φείδομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφείδομαι: meaning 'restrains himself from'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ῥῆμαwordN3M ASN · ῥῆμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationῥῆμα: meaning 'word'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
προέσθαιutteringVB AMN · ἵημι + προverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἵημι + προ: meaning 'uttering'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σκληρόνhardA1A ASN · σκληρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσκληρός: meaning 'hard'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐπιγνώμωνdiscerningA3N NSM · ἐπιγνώμωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐπιγνώμων: meaning 'discerning'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μακρόθυμοςpatientA1B NSM · μακρόθυμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμακρόθυμος: meaning 'patient'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
φρόνιμοςprudentA1B NSM · φρόνιμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφρόνιμος: meaning 'prudent'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
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ἀνοήτῳ ἐπερωτήσαντι σοφίαν σοφία λογισθήσεται ἐνεὸν δέ τις ἑαυτὸν ποιήσας δόξει φρόνιμος εἶναι
To a senseless man asking about wisdom, wisdom will be reckoned; but someone who makes himself mute will seem to be prudent.
The chapter closes with an ironic observation that silence can preserve the appearance of wisdom where speech would expose folly.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἀνοήτῳsenseless manA1B DSM · ἀνόητοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀνόητος: meaning 'senseless man'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐπερωτήσαντιaskingVA · ααπδσμ ἐρωτάω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateααπδσμ ἐρωτάω + ἐπι: meaning 'asking'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοφίανwisdomN1A ASF · σοφίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσοφία: meaning 'wisdom'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σοφίασοφίαN1A NSF · σοφίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσοφία: meaning 'σοφία'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
λογισθήσεταιwill be reckonedVS FPI3S · λογίζομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureλογίζομαι: meaning 'will be reckoned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνεὸνmuteA1A ASM · νέοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationνέος: meaning 'mute'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δέbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τιςsomeoneRI NSM · τιςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτις: meaning 'someone'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἑαυτὸνhimselfRD ASM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἑαυτὸν: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ποιήσαςmakingVA · ααπνσμ ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateααπνσμ ποιέω: meaning 'making'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δόξειwill seemVF FAI3S · δοκέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureδοκέω: meaning 'will seem'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φρόνιμοςprudentA1B NSM · φρόνιμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφρόνιμος: meaning 'prudent'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἶναιto beV9 PAN · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementεἰμί: meaning 'to be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.