1
προφάσεις ζητεῖ ἀνὴρ βουλόμενος χωρίζεσθαι ἀπὸ φίλων ἐν παντὶ δὲ καιρῷ ἐπονείδιστος ἔσται
A man wishing to separate from friends seeks excuses, and at every opportunity he will be liable to reproach.
The saying treats self-chosen isolation as something usually masked by pretexts rather than by principled wisdom.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
προφάσειςpretextsN3I APF · πρόφασιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπρόφασις: meaning 'pretexts'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ζητεῖseeksV2 PAI3S · ζητέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processζητέω: meaning 'seeks'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
βουλόμενοςwishingV1 · πμπνσμ βούλομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ βούλομαι: meaning 'wishing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
χωρίζεσθαιto separateV1 PMN · χωρίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementχωρίζω: meaning 'to separate'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
φίλωνfriendsA1 GPM · φίλοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationφίλος: meaning 'friends'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
παντὶeveryA3 DSM · πᾶςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'every'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καιρῷseasonN2 DSM · καιρόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκαιρός: meaning 'season'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐπονείδιστοςopen to reproachA1B NSM · ἐπονείδιστοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐπονείδιστος: meaning 'open to reproach'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἔσταιwill beVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'will be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
2
οὐ χρείαν ἔχει σοφίας ἐνδεὴς φρενῶν μᾶλλον γὰρ ἄγεται ἀφροσύνῃ
A man lacking sense has no need of wisdom, for he is led along rather by folly.
The fool does not welcome wisdom's discipline, since his course is already being driven by foolishness.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χρείανneedN1A ASF · χρείαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχρεία: meaning 'need'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔχειhasV1 PAI3S · ἔχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἔχω: meaning 'has'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοφίαςof wisdomN1A GSF · σοφίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσοφία: meaning 'of wisdom'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐνδεὴςlackingA3H NSM · ἐνδεήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐνδεής: meaning 'lacking'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
φρενῶνof senseN3 GPF · φρήνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationφρήν: meaning 'of sense'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μᾶλλονratherD · μᾶλλονadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμᾶλλον: meaning 'rather'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄγεταιis ledV1 PMI3S · ἄγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἄγω: meaning 'is led'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀφροσύνῃby follyN1 DSF · ἀφροσύνηdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀφροσύνη: meaning 'by folly'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
3
ὅταν ἔλθῃ ἀσεβὴς εἰς βάθος κακῶν καταφρονεῖ ἐπέρχεται δὲ αὐτῷ ἀτιμία καὶ ὄνειδος
When the ungodly comes into the depth of evils, he grows contemptuous, and dishonor and reproach come upon him.
The proverb traces contempt itself to moral descent, then names shame as the fitting aftermath.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ὅτανwhenD · ὅτανadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὅταν: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλθῃcomesVB AAS3S · ἔρχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἔρχομαι: meaning 'comes'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀσεβὴςungodlyA3H NSM · ἀσεβήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀσεβής: meaning 'ungodly'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
βάθοςdepthN3E ASN · βάθοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβάθος: meaning 'depth'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κακῶνof evilsA1 GPM · κακόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκακός: meaning 'of evils'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καταφρονεῖdespisesV2 PAI3S · φρονέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processφρονέω + κατα: meaning 'despises'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπέρχεταιcomes uponV1 PMI3S · ἔρχομαι + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἔρχομαι + ἐπι: meaning 'comes upon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτῷhimRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀτιμίαdishonorN1A NSF · ἀτιμίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀτιμία: meaning 'dishonor'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄνειδοςreproachN3E NSN · ὄνειδοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὄνειδος: meaning 'reproach'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
4
ὕδωρ βαθὺ λόγος ἐν καρδίᾳ ἀνδρός ποταμὸς δὲ ἀναπηδύει καὶ πηγὴ ζωῆς
A word in a man's heart is deep water, and it leaps forth like a river and a spring of life.
Speech is first hidden in inward depth and then pictured as overflowing into life-giving abundance.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ὕδωρwaterN3 NSN · ὕδωρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
βαθὺdeepA3U NSN · βαθύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβαθύς: meaning 'deep'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
λόγοςwordN2 NSM · λόγοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
καρδίᾳheartN1A DSF · καρδίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἀνδρόςof a manN3 GSM · ἀνήρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'of a man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ποταμὸςriverN2 NSM · ποταμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceποταμός: meaning 'river'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναπηδύειleaps upV1 PAI3S · πηδύω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπηδύω + ἀνα: meaning 'leaps up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πηγὴspringN1 NSF · πηγήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπηγή: meaning 'spring'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ζωῆςof lifeN1 GSF · ζωήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationζωή: meaning 'of life'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
5
θαυμάσαι πρόσωπον ἀσεβοῦς οὐ καλόν οὐδὲ ὅσιον ἐκκλίνειν τὸ δίκαιον ἐν κρίσει
To admire the face of the ungodly is not good, nor is it holy to turn aside what is just in judgment.
Partiality toward the wicked and the bending of justice are treated as morally unfit acts.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
θαυμάσαιto show favor toVA AAN · θαυμάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementθαυμάζω: meaning 'to show favor to'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πρόσωπονfaceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀσεβοῦςof the ungodlyA3H GSM · ἀσεβήςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀσεβής: meaning 'of the ungodly'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καλόνgoodA1 NSN · καλόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαλός: meaning 'good'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅσιονholyA1A NSN · ὅσιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὅσιος: meaning 'holy'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐκκλίνεινto turn asideV1 PAN · κλίνω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementκλίνω + ἐκ: meaning 'to turn aside'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δίκαιονjust thingA1A ASN · δίκαιοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδίκαιος: meaning 'just thing'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κρίσειjudgmentN3I DSF · κρίσιςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκρίσις: meaning 'judgment'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
6
χείλη ἄφρονος ἄγουσιν αὐτὸν εἰς κακά τὸ δὲ στόμα αὐτοῦ τὸ θρασὺ θάνατον ἐπικαλεῖται
The lips of a fool lead him into evils, and his bold mouth calls for death.
Foolish speech is not harmless noise; it draws the speaker toward disaster and summons mortal consequences.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
χείληlipsN3E NPN · χεῖλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχεῖλος: meaning 'lips'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἄφρονοςof a foolA3N GSM · ἄφρωνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄφρων: meaning 'of a fool'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἄγουσινleadV1 PAI3P · ἄγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἄγω: meaning 'lead'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κακάevilsA1 APN · κακόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκακός: meaning 'evils'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
στόμαmouthN3M NSN · στόμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceστόμα: meaning 'mouth'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θρασὺboldA3U NSN · θρασύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθρασύς: meaning 'bold'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
θάνατονdeathN2 ASM · θάνατοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθάνατος: meaning 'death'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐπικαλεῖταιcalls downV2 PMI3S · καλέω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processκαλέω + ἐπι: meaning 'calls down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
7
στόμα ἄφρονος συντριβὴ αὐτῷ τὰ δὲ χείλη αὐτοῦ παγὶς τῇ ψυχῇ αὐτοῦ
A fool's mouth is ruin to him, and his lips are a snare to his soul.
The proverb narrows from public speech to personal ruin: the same lips that speak become the trap that catches the speaker.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
στόμαmouthN3M NSN · στόμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceστόμα: meaning 'mouth'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἄφρονοςof a foolA3N GSM · ἄφρωνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄφρων: meaning 'of a fool'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
συντριβὴruinN1 NSF · συντριβήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσυντριβή: meaning 'ruin'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χείληlipsN3E NPN · χεῖλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχεῖλος: meaning 'lips'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
παγὶςsnareN3D NSF · παγίςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπαγίς: meaning 'snare'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῇto theRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχῇsoulN1 DSF · ψυχήdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceψυχή: meaning 'soul'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
8
ὀκνηροὺς καταβάλλει φόβος ψυχαὶ δὲ ἀνδρογύνων πεινάσουσιν
Fear casts down the slothful, and the souls of the effeminate will hunger.
Cowardice and softness leave people exposed to collapse and want rather than to steady action.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
ὀκνηροὺςslothful onesA1A APM · ὀκνηρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀκνηρός: meaning 'slothful ones'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καταβάλλειcasts downV1 PAI3S · βάλλω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processβάλλω + κατα: meaning 'casts down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φόβοςfearN2 NSM · φόβοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφόβος: meaning 'fear'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ψυχαὶsoulsN1 NPF · ψυχήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceψυχή: meaning 'souls'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνδρογύνωνof the effeminateA1B GPM · ἀνδρόγυνοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀνδρόγυνος: meaning 'of the effeminate'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πεινάσουσινwill hungerVF FAI3P · πεινάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπεινάω: meaning 'will hunger'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
9
ὁ μὴ ἰώμενος ἑαυτὸν ἐν τοῖς ἔργοις αὐτοῦ ἀδελφός ἐστιν τοῦ λυμαινομένου ἑαυτόν
The one who does not heal himself in his works is brother to the one who destroys himself.
Neglect and active self-ruin are treated as near kin, since refusal to set one's work right already joins one to destruction.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰώμενοςhealingV3 · πμπνσμ ἰάομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ ἰάομαι: meaning 'healing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἑαυτὸνhimselfRD ASM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἑαυτὸν: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργοιςworksN2N DPN · ἔργονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἔργον: meaning 'works'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀδελφόςbrotherN2 NSM · ἀδελφόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀδελφός: meaning 'brother'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐστινisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λυμαινομένουdestroyingV1 · πμπγσμ λυμαίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπγσμ λυμαίνω: meaning 'destroying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἑαυτόνhimselfRD ASM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἑαυτόν: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
10
ἐκ μεγαλωσύνης ἰσχύος ὄνομα κυρίου αὐτῷ δὲ προσδραμόντες δίκαιοι ὑψοῦνται
The name of the Lord is a greatness of strength; running to it, the righteous are lifted high.
True security is located not in possessions but in the Lord's name as the strong refuge of the righteous.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μεγαλωσύνηςgreatnessN1 GSF · μεγαλωσύνηgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμεγαλωσύνη: meaning 'greatness'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἰσχύοςof strengthN3U GSF · ἰσχύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἰσχύς: meaning 'of strength'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὄνομαnameN3M NSN · ὄνομαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὄνομα: meaning 'name'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κυρίουof the LordN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the Lord'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῷto itRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσδραμόντεςhaving run toVB · ααπνπμ τρέχω + προςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateααπνπμ τρέχω + προς: meaning 'having run to'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δίκαιοιrighteous onesA1A NPM · δίκαιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδίκαιος: meaning 'righteous ones'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὑψοῦνταιare lifted highV4 PPI3P · ὑψόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processὑψόω: meaning 'are lifted high'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
11
ὕπαρξις πλουσίου ἀνδρὸς πόλις ὀχυρά ἡ δὲ δόξα αὐτῆς μέγα ἐπισκιάζει
The possessions of a rich man are a strong city, and its glory casts a great shadow.
Wealth appears as an imagined fortress whose prestige looms large over its owner.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ὕπαρξιςpossessionsN3I NSF · ὕπαρξιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὕπαρξις: meaning 'possessions'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πλουσίουof a richA1A GSM · πλούσιοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπλούσιος: meaning 'of a rich'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀνδρὸςmanN3 GSM · ἀνήρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πόλιςcityN3I NSF · πόλιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὀχυράstrongA1A NSF · ὀχυρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀχυρός: meaning 'strong'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δόξαgloryN1S NSF · δόξαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδόξα: meaning 'glory'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῆςof itRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'of it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μέγαgreatlyA1P ASN · μέγαςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμέγας: meaning 'greatly'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐπισκιάζειovershadowsV1 PAI3S · σκιάζω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processσκιάζω + ἐπι: meaning 'overshadows'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
12
πρὸ συντριβῆς ὑψοῦται καρδία ἀνδρός καὶ πρὸ δόξης ταπεινοῦται
Before destruction a man's heart is exalted, and before glory it is humbled.
The saying places pride on the brink of collapse and humility on the path toward honor.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
πρὸbeforeP · πρόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸ: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
συντριβῆςdestructionN1 GSF · συντριβήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσυντριβή: meaning 'destruction'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὑψοῦταιis lifted upV4 PPI3S · ὑψόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processὑψόω: meaning 'is lifted up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνδρόςof a manN3 GSM · ἀνήρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'of a man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρὸbeforeP · πρόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸ: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δόξηςgloryN1S GSF · δόξαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδόξα: meaning 'glory'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ταπεινοῦταιis humbledV4 PMI3S · ταπεινόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processταπεινόω: meaning 'is humbled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
13
ὃς ἀποκρίνεται λόγον πρὶν ἀκοῦσαι ἀφροσύνη αὐτῷ ἐστιν καὶ ὄνειδος
Whoever answers a matter before hearing it, it is folly and reproach to him.
Premature reply exposes a person to the double shame of foolishness and public disgrace.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ὃςwhoRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀποκρίνεταιanswersV1 PMI3S · κρίνω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processκρίνω + ἀπο: meaning 'answers'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
λόγονa wordN2 ASM · λόγοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'a word'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πρὶνbeforeD · πρίνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπρὶν: meaning 'before'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκοῦσαιto hearVA AAN · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἀκούω: meaning 'to hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀφροσύνηfollyN1 NSF · ἀφροσύνηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀφροσύνη: meaning 'folly'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐστινisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄνειδοςreproachN3E NSN · ὄνειδοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὄνειδος: meaning 'reproach'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
14
θυμὸν ἀνδρὸς πραύ̈νει θεράπων φρόνιμος ὀλιγόψυχον δὲ ἄνδρα τίς ὑποίσει
A prudent attendant calms a man's anger, but who will bear a fainthearted man?
Measured service can soothe wrath, but collapsed spirit becomes a burden few can sustain.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
θυμὸνangerN2 ASM · θυμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθυμός: meaning 'anger'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀνδρὸςof a manN3 GSM · ἀνήρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'of a man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πραύ̈νειcalmsV1 PAI3S · πραύ̈νωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπραύ̈νω: meaning 'calms'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θεράπωνattendantN3W NSM · θεράπωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθεράπων: meaning 'attendant'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
φρόνιμοςprudentA1B NSM · φρόνιμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφρόνιμος: meaning 'prudent'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὀλιγόψυχονfaintheartedA1B ASM · ὀλιγόψυχοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀλιγόψυχος: meaning 'fainthearted'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄνδραmanN3 ASM · ἀνήρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τίςwhoRI NSM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὑποίσειwill bearVF FAI3S · φέρω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureφέρω + ὑπο: meaning 'will bear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
15
καρδία φρονίμου κτᾶται αἴσθησιν ὦτα δὲ σοφῶν ζητεῖ ἔννοιαν
The heart of the prudent acquires discernment, and the ears of the wise seek understanding.
Wisdom is portrayed as active acquisition: inward judgment and outward listening work together.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
φρονίμουof the prudentA1B GSM · φρόνιμοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationφρόνιμος: meaning 'of the prudent'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
κτᾶταιacquiresV3 PMI3S · κτάομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processκτάομαι: meaning 'acquires'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αἴσθησινdiscernmentN3I ASF · αἴσθησιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationαἴσθησις: meaning 'discernment'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὦταearsN3T NPN · οὖςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοὖς: meaning 'ears'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σοφῶνof the wiseA1 GPM · σοφόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσοφός: meaning 'of the wise'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ζητεῖseekV2 PAI3S · ζητέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processζητέω: meaning 'seek'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔννοιανunderstandingN1A ASF · ἔννοιαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔννοια: meaning 'understanding'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
16
δόμα ἀνθρώπου ἐμπλατύνει αὐτὸν καὶ παρὰ δυνάσταις καθιζάνει αὐτόν
A person's gift makes room for him and seats him before rulers.
The proverb notes the social leverage of a gift, which opens space and access before powerful people.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
δόμαgiftN3M NSN · δόμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδόμα: meaning 'gift'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνθρώπουof a personN2 GSM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'of a person'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐμπλατύνειmakes broadV1 PAI3S · πλατύνω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπλατύνω + ἐν: meaning 'makes broad'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρὰbeforeP · παράpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δυνάσταιςrulersN1M DPM · δυνάστηςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceδυνάστης: meaning 'rulers'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καθιζάνειseatsV1 PAI3S · ἱζάνω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἱζάνω + κατα: meaning 'seats'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
17
δίκαιος ἑαυτοῦ κατήγορος ἐν πρωτολογίᾳ ὡς δ' ἂν ἐπιβάλῃ ὁ ἀντίδικος ἐλέγχεται
A man may seem righteous in his opening plea, but when the opposing party presses the case, he is exposed.
First statements in a dispute can sound convincing; testing by the adversary brings the matter to light.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
δίκαιοςrighteousA1A NSM · δίκαιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδίκαιος: meaning 'righteous'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἑαυτοῦof himselfRD GSM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: meaning 'of himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κατήγοροςaccuserN2 NSM · κατήγοροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκατήγορος: meaning 'accuser'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πρωτολογίᾳopening pleaN1A DSF · πρωτολογίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπρωτολογία: meaning 'opening plea'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δ'butX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδ': meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἂνperhapsX · ἄνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning 'perhaps'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιβάλῃpresses chargesVB AAS3S · βάλλω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyβάλλω + ἐπι: meaning 'presses charges'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀντίδικοςopposing partyA1B NSM · ἀντίδικοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀντίδικος: meaning 'opposing party'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐλέγχεταιis examinedV1 PMI3S · ἐλέγχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἐλέγχω: meaning 'is examined'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
18
ἀντιλογίας παύει κλῆρος ἐν δὲ δυνάσταις ὁρίζει
The lot puts an end to disputes, and among rulers it sets boundaries.
The saying commends the lot as a means of stopping contention and fixing limits in powerful circles.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
ἀντιλογίαςdisputesN1A APF · ἀντιλογίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀντιλογία: meaning 'disputes'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
παύειstopsV1 PAI3S · παύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπαύω: meaning 'stops'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κλῆροςlotN2 NSM · κλῆροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκλῆρος: meaning 'lot'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δυνάσταιςrulersN1M DPM · δυνάστηςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceδυνάστης: meaning 'rulers'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὁρίζειsets boundariesV1 PAI3S · ὁρίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processὁρίζω: meaning 'sets boundaries'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
19
ἀδελφὸς ὑπὸ ἀδελφοῦ βοηθούμενος ὡς πόλις ὀχυρὰ καὶ ὑψηλή ἰσχύει δὲ ὥσπερ τεθεμελιωμένον βασίλειον
A brother helped by a brother is strong like a fortified and lofty city, like a well-founded palace.
Mutual aid among brothers is pictured not as sentiment alone but as the concrete strength of a defended structure.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ἀδελφὸςbrotherN2 NSM · ἀδελφόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀδελφός: meaning 'brother'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὑπὸbyP · ὑπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὸ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀδελφοῦa brotherN2 GSM · ἀδελφόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀδελφός: meaning 'a brother'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
βοηθούμενοςbeing helpedV2 · πμπνσμ βοηθέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ βοηθέω: meaning 'being helped'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡςlikeC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πόλιςcityN3I NSF · πόλιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὀχυρὰfortifiedA1A NSF · ὀχυρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀχυρός: meaning 'fortified'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑψηλήloftyA1 NSF · ὑψηλόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὑψηλός: meaning 'lofty'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἰσχύειis strongV1 PAI3S · ἰσχύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἰσχύω: meaning 'is strong'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὥσπερlikeD · ὥσπερadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τεθεμελιωμένονwell-foundedVM · χππασμ θεμελιόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχππασμ θεμελιόω: meaning 'well-founded'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
βασίλειονpalaceN2N ASN · βασίλειονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβασίλειον: meaning 'palace'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
20
ἀπὸ καρπῶν στόματος ἀνὴρ πίμπλησιν κοιλίαν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ δὲ καρπῶν χειλέων αὐτοῦ ἐμπλησθήσεται
From the fruits of his mouth a man fills his belly, and from the fruits of his lips he will be satisfied.
Speech is treated as productive: what a person says becomes nourishment or consequence that returns to him.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
καρπῶνfruitsN2 GPM · καρπόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκαρπός: meaning 'fruits'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
στόματοςof mouthN3M GSN · στόμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationστόμα: meaning 'of mouth'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πίμπλησινfillsV6 PAI3S · πίμπλημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπίμπλημι: meaning 'fills'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κοιλίανbellyN1A ASF · κοιλίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκοιλία: meaning 'belly'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καρπῶνfruitsN2 GPM · καρπόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκαρπός: meaning 'fruits'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
χειλέωνof lipsN3E GPN · χεῖλοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationχεῖλος: meaning 'of lips'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'of him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐμπλησθήσεταιwill be filledVS FPI3S · πίμπλημι + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπίμπλημι + ἐν: meaning 'will be filled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
21
θάνατος καὶ ζωὴ ἐν χειρὶ γλώσσης οἱ δὲ κρατοῦντες αὐτῆς ἔδονται τοὺς καρποὺς αὐτῆς
Death and life are in the hand of the tongue, and those who master it will eat its fruits.
The tongue is granted real agency, and those who learn to govern it must live with what it yields.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
θάνατοςdeathN2 NSM · θάνατοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθάνατος: meaning 'death'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ζωὴlifeN1 NSF · ζωήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceζωή: meaning 'life'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
χειρὶhandN3 DSF · χείρdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
γλώσσηςof the tongueN1S GSF · γλῶσσαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγλῶσσα: meaning 'of the tongue'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οἱthe onesRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κρατοῦντεςmasteringV2 · παπνπμ κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ κρατέω: meaning 'mastering'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῆςitRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔδονταιwill eatVF FMI3P · ἐσθίωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἐσθίω: meaning 'will eat'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρποὺςfruitsN2 APM · καρπόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκαρπός: meaning 'fruits'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςof itRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'of it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
22
ὃς εὗρεν γυναῖκα ἀγαθήν εὗρεν χάριτας ἔλαβεν δὲ παρὰ θεοῦ ἱλαρότητα ὃς ἐκβάλλει γυναῖκα ἀγαθήν ἐκβάλλει τὰ ἀγαθά ὁ δὲ κατέχων μοιχαλίδα ἄφρων καὶ ἀσεβής
Whoever found a good wife found favors and received cheerfulness from God. Whoever casts out a good wife casts out good things, but the one who keeps an adulteress is foolish and ungodly.
The final proverb sets the good wife within divine favor and opposes that blessing to adulterous folly.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ὃςwhoRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εὗρενfoundVB AAI3S · εὑρίσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: meaning 'found'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γυναῖκαwifeN3K ASF · γυνήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγυνή: meaning 'wife'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀγαθήνgoodA1 ASF · ἀγαθόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀγαθός: meaning 'good'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
εὗρενfoundVB AAI3S · εὑρίσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: meaning 'found'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
χάριταςfavorsN3T APF · χάριςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχάρις: meaning 'favors'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔλαβενreceivedVBI AAI3S · λαμβάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: meaning 'received'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρὰfromP · παράpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἱλαρότηταcheerfulnessN3T ASF · ἱλαρότηςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἱλαρότης: meaning 'cheerfulness'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὃςwhoRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκβάλλειcasts outV1 PAI3S · βάλλω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processβάλλω + ἐκ: meaning 'casts out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γυναῖκαwifeN3K ASF · γυνήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγυνή: meaning 'wife'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀγαθήνgoodA1 ASF · ἀγαθόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀγαθός: meaning 'good'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐκβάλλειcasts outV1 PAI3S · βάλλω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processβάλλω + ἐκ: meaning 'casts out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγαθάgood thingsA1 APN · ἀγαθόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀγαθός: meaning 'good things'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὁthe oneRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέχωνkeepingV1 · παπνσμ ἔχω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ἔχω + κατα: meaning 'keeping'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μοιχαλίδαan adulteressN3D ASF · μοιχαλίςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμοιχαλίς: meaning 'an adulteress'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἄφρωνfoolishA3N NSM · ἄφρωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄφρων: meaning 'foolish'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀσεβήςungodlyA3H NSM · ἀσεβήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀσεβής: meaning 'ungodly'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.